那些本来可以忙着准备考试的人 Everyone who could had been busy studying for the exam,
发送者在 暗黑破坏神1 中也投入了一些时间 the sender putting some time into a party to diablo one as well.
这个视频是关于例题1到12的讨论因为我们已经做过第1题了 So this video is a discussion of the sample exam questions one to twelve now because we already did question one,
我要再放一遍那个视频这样在我们继续其他问题之前它就在同一个地方了 I'm just going to play that video again so that it's in the same spot before we go on to the other questions.
我现在要停止了 I'm just gonna stop that now.
第一个被问到的问题是 为什么学生罗马系统是一个信息系统 这很重要 And the first question asked refuges are so that's important is grace why the student Roman system is an information system,
这是问题的第一部分 so that's the first part of the question,
然后第二部分要求你描述它的主人 and then the second part asked you to describe its keeping owner.
所以你需要注意三件事 So three things that you need to be aware of it.
一是它是一个特定的系统 One is that it is a specific system.
这不仅仅是问什么是信息系统 然后要求你描述学生注册系统的关键组成部分 It's not just asking what an information system is and then has asked you to describe the key components of the student enrollment system.
好吧 OK,
建议把死记硬背放在一边 把它放在答案里并不能解决问题 suggest rote learning aside and sticking it in the answer is not going to cut it.
现在我们选择了一个你们都知道的系统 Now we have chosen a system that all of you would be aware of,
因为你们所有人都参与过一个单元 所以你们不属于这个单元 as all of you have involved in a unit you wouldn't be in the subject,
我很害怕 and that was scared.
如果你遇到这样的问题 So if you get this type of question,
它将指向一个你知道的系统 it will be referring to a system that you are aware of.
好的 OK.
那么学生为什么会这样呢 So why is the student?
为什么学生参与系统是一个信息系统 Why is the student involvement system an information system?
首先 它是一个收集数据的系统 The first thing is that it is a system that collects data.
它收集学生错误的日期第一个 第二个是它存储那天 It collects student in wrong date number one the second is that it stores that day,
但是我们真的需要它吗 but can we need it?
我们使用这些数据将你的结果添加到系统中 让讲师看到一门课 We use that data to add your results to the system to get the lecturer a class looks,
例如 for example,
然后我们对这些数据进行处理 以了解他们完成课程的进度 then we process that data to process the data to know where they are on track to complete your course,
例如 for example,
所以请注意 so notice how,
在这些事情中 in each of these things,
收集和存储处理 举个例子 the collecting and storing the processing and giving a little example,
我简单的地方 I simply place.
这不是战斗 it's not fighting,
你知道每一个可能的例子 you know every possible example.
最后 And finally,
通过这个系统传递信息 with delivering information from that system,
有可能我们她知道他们可以通过系统了解他们在做什么 it could be that we any she knows what they could look at the system and know what they're rolling.
讲师可以看看这个系统 发现他们不可信 A lecturer could look at the system and see their trustless,
这是对特定主题的所有情感的总结 which is a summary of all the emotions for particular subject,
他说 he said.
这就是为什么它是一个环境系统 因为它有收集故事的四个部分 That is why it is an environment system because it has those four bits of collecting the story,
信息的处理和传递 the processing and the delivery of information.
现在让我们看一下组件 Now let's look at the components.
一个典型的信息系统的组成部分是什么和黄昏学生招生系统有那些臭名昭著的第一个是人 What are the components of a typical information system and dusk student enrollment system had those infamous the first is people.
它有昨天爆炸的人吗学生注册系统的学生使用了一天的时间而那些放置数据的人平均星级使用儿童漫游助手 Does it have people for yesterday's blast students students enroll in the systems were using a day and the people who had put the data the average star uses children roaming assistant.
他们会注明定制的日期 在特定的学期里有哪些科目或单元可以使用 They'd put the date of the tailors of what subjects or units are available in a particular semester.
像我这样的学术股 用这个系统来知道有多少学生在我的单位注册 an academic stock like me and use the system to know how many students are enrolled in my unit,
例如 for example,
这是第一个 so that's the first one.
第二个是程序 the second on the procedures,
系统中的一个程序 one of the procedures in the system,
很多很多 the lots of them.
Flowshop是为学生准备的 Flow shop is for the students,
包括他们的数据 including their data,
到系统中 into the system.
它验证了数据是 it validates that data is,
这相当于假设我装修 it amounts to just assumed I decorate.
他们在巴厘岛的课程单元是否合适 Are they in Bali in the right units for that course?
他们是否符合课程的先决条件 Had they matched the prerequisites for the course.
所以这个系统有一个程序性的处理元素 So there is a procedural processing element to this system,
这是心率 and this is the heart rate.
这个系统的硬件是什么 计算机的服务器 What does the hardware used for this system a computer's their servers,
他们的笔记本电脑或打印机 their laptops or printers,
为学生输入数据的笔记本电脑或台式电脑以便存储和处理所有的数据打印机不断打印出一些东西 laptops for students to enter the data or desktops so as to store and process all the data printers to constantly print out something,
但这有点拗口 but that's a mouthful.
我需要打印一个无类的 I need to print out a classless,
她跟着她的 which she followed hers.
为什么会在屏幕上看到数据的输出 Why may look on a screen and see the output for that data?
然后是软件 Then there's the software,
这个应用软件实际上是用来编写程序的让我允许你的学生输入数据 the application software for actually writing the programs that allow me to allow your students to enter the data.
允许我是一个拉丁学术人员访问那些数据 Allow me is a Latin academic staff to access to that data.
然后这个辅助软件 Then this assistance software,
那些电脑运行的操作系统 the operating systems that those computers work on,
系统软件允许我编写程序 SymbianRoman系统将在许多软件中编写 以交付使用的业务功能 and the system software that allowed me to write the programs that the Symbian Roman system will be written in some lots of software to deliver the business functionality to use.
作为一个学者 这个学生告诉我 The student told me as an academic.
然后 Then,
只要这个系统在房子里收集数据 as far as this system be gathering data at the house,
存储在数据库中 it stored in databases,
数据仓库和数据存储在系统中 data warehouses and the data is stored within the system.
这些数据必须存储一段时间 并以多种方式使用 That data has to be stored for a period of time and used in a number of ways.
最后 And finally,
我们可以挡住他的去路 we could hold his tideway.
它们是如何相互交流的呢 How does this communicating with each other?
当你输入数据时 When you input your data,
你可能正坐在一个远离澳大利亚的国家 you may be sitting in a country very far away from Australia.
它必须进入数据库 It has to get into that database.
有哪些网络能确保学生输入的数据能让他们成为助理 What networks exist to ensure that the data entered by a student gets them to assistant.
我是一个学者 I'm an academic.
但它可能是由于某些原因无法访问系统 使用通信努力来确保我在需要时获得我想要的信息 But it may be the cook for somewhat cannot access the system using the communication efforts to ensure that I get the information I want when I need it.
好吧 OK,
这是一个非常高的水平所需要的 so that's what would be required at a very high level.
我们抓不到的 只是很弱而已 we cannot catch more than just very weak.
我做的可能比你需要的多 I've probably done more than you would need,
这就是我们所需要的 and that's what could be required.
这类问题很典型 Typically for this type of question.
好吧 Okay,
这是一个问题 so that was questioned one.
现在我们来看第二个问题 Let's now move on to question two,
你正在和朋友谈论你的工作 so you're chatting with a friend about your job.
作为一个骑士 As a Knight,
他开发人员 He developer.
并要求简要描述RT系统是如何开发的 简要描述了清醒系统开发的关键阶段和每个阶段在开发过程中的重要性两部分 and they ask for a brief description and how RT systems are developed briefly described the key phase and sobriety systems development and the importance of each phase in the development process of two parts.
再一次 Again,
它们描述的是关键的面孔 而不是Y they're describing the key faces than Y.
每个阶段都很重要 Each phase is important.
现在你可能记得我说过你肯定会有一个关于系统开发的问题 Now you may recall that I said you would absolutely be getting a question about systems development,
所以理解这一点非常重要因为如果你想成为一名系统开发者 so it's really important that you understand this because if you want to be a systems developer,
这是你的面包和黄油 this is your bread and butter,
有些事你必须知道 something that you have to know.
让我们把脸看作是第一个第一个是起始阶段 So let's think about the face as first the first one is the initiation phase,
那就是你 and that is where you.
评估项目是否可行 Assess whether the project is feasible or not,
因为你不想开发一个不可行的系统因为你不想浪费时间或金钱这样做 because you do not want to develop a system that is not feasible because you don't want to waste time or money doing back so.
你需要弄清楚客户需要花多少钱 甚至是否在大致范围内 You need to find out how much money the client has to spend and whether it's even vaguely in the ballpark.
他们能负担得起建设这个系统吗 Can they afford to build the system?
有时间限制吗 Are there any time constraints?
我能在他们要求的时间内完成 I can it be done within the time frame that they require.
是否有现成的专业知识 Is the expertise available,
或者我们可以在需要的时候购买它以及与之相关的费用 or can we buy it in if required and the costs associated with them.
为了让你能做到这一点 So to enable you to do that,
你需要做一个快速而粗略的分析 you need to do a quick and dirty analysis for you.
理解需求是什么 understand what the requirements are,
这样你就可以 so that you can.
事实上啊 In fact ah.
一旦你知道你已经准备好进入下一个阶段了 要确定你是否能在时间和预算范围内建立一个系统 Work out whether you can build a system on time and within the budget once you know that you are ready to move to the next stage.
为什么这很重要呢 So why is this important?
因为它决定了去不去 Because it determines whether to go,
不管你能不能继续 whether you can go ahead or not,
不这样做是愚蠢的 因为你只是在有效地浪费你的钱 it would be foolish not to do that because you just be throwing your money down the drain effectively,
这是第一张脸 so that's the first face.
一旦你决定可以继续了 Once you've decided that it is fine to go ahead,
然后进入分析阶段 you then move on to the analysis phase.
现在 now,
即使你做了一个快速的分析 even though you've done a quick and dirty analysis in.
需要的开始阶段你现在正在做详细的分析现在你可能在想他们的孩子和瀑布 The required the initiation phase you are now doing your detailed analysis now you may be thinking about with their child vs waterfall,
等 etc.
无所谓 doesn't matter,
可能在这两种情况下你仍然会看这些脸 It may be that you in either of those you still go through these faces,
我要你在短时间内把它们看一遍然后在大时间里把它们看一遍在整个敏捷系统中 and I tell you go through them in the small while and more fully go through them in the big where you do it for the whole system of an agile,
你只针对你正在处理的特定功能 you do it for the particular bits of functionality that you're working on.
但是在分析阶段 But with the analysis phase,
你所看到的 what you're looking at,
啊 ah,
它的关键方面是 as the key aspects of it is,
用户 what is it that the users,
一旦你决定了 once you are determining?
正是他们所需要的 Exactly what they require,
有时他们很清楚自己需要什么 and sometimes they know really well what they require.
这很好其他时候我们会花很多时间试图理解你在做采访的时候要做一个问题 That's great are other times we're going to spend quite a bit of time trying to understand that you got to do a question as you were doing interviews.
你可以观察一下 You may do observation.
你可以研究竞争对手在做什么 you may research what competitors are doing,
但是 but.
你必须 You have to,
在这一阶段的最后 at the end of this phase,
对他们的要求有非常扎实的理解 really have a very solid understanding of what they require.
为什么这很重要 Why is that important?
好吧 Well,
这非常重要 因为最终 it's super important because ultimately,
如果你不了解用户想要什么 if you don't understand what the users want,
你不可能建立一个系统来满足他们的需求 而且非常痛苦 you cannot build a system that is going to meet their requirements and richly and painful.
因此 这一阶段对该体系的成功至关重要 So this phase is vital to the success of the system.
一旦你理解了用户的需求 Once you understand what the users want,
下一件事是你必须要做 the next thing is you have to work out.
你将如何建造它你可能记得我们谈论过建造一所房子 How are you going to build it and you may remember us talking about building a house you know,
你可能会说 我想把卧室折叠起来 有数百种建造它的方式 you may say I want to fold bedroom past that there are hundreds of ways of building it,
所以设计阶段真的很顺利 so the design phase is really working out.
但是你要怎么建造它呢 But how are you going to build it?
在吗 And in?
计算机系统的建设 The building of computer systems,
我们有一些技术来帮助我们确保我们正在建造这样的组件我们可以尽可能的使用有时候你可能会发现 we have some techniques to help us make sure that we're building it so that the components as we usable as possible in a sometimes you may find,
说 say,
例如 for example,
用莫纳什系统 with a Monash system.
如果其中一个组件是验证学生ID If one of the components is validate a student ID,
有一个很好的机会 你已经在一个库中使用了不同的组件 所以你可以只带那一天 there's a very good chance you've got that component vary in a library to use so you can just bring that day.
所以在这一点上 你也在考虑接口 So at this point you are also thinking about the interface.
这样你就可以做一个原型了 does that and you may have done a prototype.
但他现在终于敲定了 But he finalizing them now.
是的 Yeah,
你在考虑系统的安全性 you're considering the security of the system,
你可能在考虑网络 you may be considering the networks,
的数据库 the databases.
有时他们真的会开发它 Sometimes they will really developed it.
这是一个正在进行的系统 This is an ongoing system,
但在其他时候 but other at other times,
如果是全新的 if it's brand new,
这是你第一次这么做 you're doing it for the first time.
这是非常重要的 因为你想要一个健全的系统 Now this is vitally important because you want a system that is robust,
一个易于维护的系统 a system that is easy to maintain,
这只有在你真正迅速地设计它而不是仅仅把它折叠起来的情况下才可能实现 and that's only possible if you really designed it promptly rather than just fold it together.
你只需要把它们拼凑在一起 就可以得到一个工作系统 You may get a working system by just throwing it together,
但如果设计不当 就会有很多问题 but you're going to have lots of problems on going if it's not designed properly.
所以一旦你设计好了他的系统 So once you've designed his system,
下一阶段实际上是现在实施它 the next phase is actually implementing it now.
很明显 obviously,
你必须建立它 you've got to build it,
这就是它的编程 so that's doing on the programming for it.
现在这是可能的 Now it is possible.
对不起 Sorry,
我应该在分析阶段说你可能会决定买一个现成的系统所以你要考虑构建还是购买 and I should have said this in the analysis phase that you may decide to actually buy a readymade system so you gotta think about the build versus buy,
这个决定通常在分析阶段做出 and that decision is usually made at the analysis stage.
一旦你完成了细节要求 Once you've done the detail requirement,
有时甚至在开始阶段 sometimes even at the initiation phase.
如果很明显有什么东西完全符合你的要求 或者非常接近 If it's fairly obvious that there's something out there that exactly meets your requirements or pretty close,
你决定在那一点上得到它 you decide at that point to get it.
回到实现 so going back to implementation,
如果你已经做出了构建决策你就会开始构建你的系统 then this is where if you've made the build decision that you actually go about building your system,
你看到一场决斗 you see a duel.
你需要对程序进行测试你需要验证它是否有效 The program you've got to do the testing you've got a validate that it works.
不仅单个单元或者单个组件可以进行单元测试 not only the individually units or can the individual components with unit testing,
但即使把所有这些放在一起进行集成测试然后用系统测试来测试所有的东西 but even putting all those together with integration testing and then testing the whole lot with system testing.
最后 确保用户喜欢它并接受它的测试 And finally making sure the users like it with accept its testing.
你必须确保你的数据被转换 You've got to make sure that your data is converted,
您将使用创建的文档和您的用户进行交易 以便他们能够实际使用系统 you'll use the documentation is created and your users the trade so that they can actually use the system.
最后 继续安装和部署系统 And finally you then go ahead with installing and deploying the system.
现在 Now.
为什么说这很重要呢因为用户和开发者都要确保他们所开发的产品是用户想要的 Why is this important Because the user's and the developer's get to make sure that what they're building in what they're using is actually the product that the users want?
这是用户说了算的地方 It's where the users get to say.
是的 Yeah,
难以置信 fabulous.
好吧 Well,
上帝 God,
啊 ah,
你造了我想要的东西 you built what I wanted.
这也是非常重要的 因为如果你在计划阶段没有考虑到所有这些 你没有接受过培训 And it's also very important because if you haven't thought about all of this in your planning stages and you haven't trained,
用户转换你的数据 the users are converted your data,
它可能都是普通股 你已经有了一个系统 it may all common stock where you've got a system ready to go,
但是用户不知道如何使用它 but the users don't know how to use it.
为例 For example.
最后 And finally,
你有最后的支持维护阶段 you've got that final support maintenance stage,
所以你有你的系统 你必须 so you've got your system and you've gotta.
准备好交出它 Be ready to hand it over.
你必须确保你的操作维护人员已经准备好照顾这个系统 You've got to make sure that your operations maintenance staff are ready to look after the system.
可能是他们必须修复错误 可能是他们必须增强监视性能的系统 It may be that they have to fix errors that may be they have to enhance the system that had monitored the performance,
确保它能像预期的那样工作 过了一段时间 to make sure that it's working as well as expected and then after a while,
通常比你晚两到六个月 usually two to six months later than you do,
在实现后的回顾中 你思考你在整个开发阶段做了什么 并从中学习 a post implementation review where you think about what you've done throughout that whole development stage and you learn from it.
为什么这很重要呢 So why is that important?
好吧 Well,
显然 你想要能够移交 否则如果你不移交给山和星 如果出现问题 你会处理 obviously you want to be able to hand over otherwise you'll handle if you don't do a hand over to the mountain and star if something goes wrong.
当整个系统分崩离析 生意陷入困境的时候课程实施的回顾是非常重要的因为第一 你可以得到一些好处 while the whole system is going to fall apart and the business is gonna be in trouble and the course implementation reviews are very important because number one you can get some benefit.
她没有意识到 She did not realize where possible,
但非常重要的是 but very importantly,
它给了你一个反思和学习的机会 it gives you an opportunity to reflect and to learn.
好吧 OK,
因此 这些是您需要记住的关于系统开发生命周期的关键事情 并且能够谈论它 So those are the key things that you need to remember with the systems development lifecycle and be able to talk about it.
现在你可能会在特定的情况下谈论它们 Now it may be that you talk about them for a specific case.
什么可能是更一般类型的问题 What may be a more generic type question?
这是第三个问题 在面试中你可以展示案例 It's a question three where you get to show case during an interview.
你所拥有的技能能够确保你获得一份系统开发者的工作 The skills that you have to ensure that you get a job as a system of developer.
这是一个很好的问题 因为希望它在你参加工作面试时也能帮到你 This is a great question because hopefully it will help you when you go for your job interviews as well.
你打算展示什么 So what are you going to showcase?
帮助开发人员需求的关键技能是什么 What are those key skills that assist in developer needs?
首先是对业务的理解 First is an understanding of the business.
这要求你在面试的时候 Now that would require you when you're in an interview,
在做了研究之后 having done the research,
在做了背景调查以表明你了解业务之后 having done the background checks to show that you understand the business,
如果你回去 if you go back,
你知道在银行部门发生了什么在那个特定的背部发生了什么 you know what's happening in the banking sector and what is happening in that particular back.
其次是对这项技术的广泛和最新的理解 The next is a broad and up to date understanding of the technology.
现在 Now,
这意味着 this means that throughout,
你要证明你不仅了解你在大学里使用的技术 you're going to have to show that not only do you understand the technology that you've used at university,
而是你跟上了科技世界的最新发展 but that you're keeping up to date with what is happening in the world of technology.
因为为了找到最好的解决方案 Because to develop the best solutions,
你需要了解如何将技术应用到问题中 you need to understand how to apply technology to the problem.
第三件事是能够证明你可以从不同的角度看问题 The third thing is being able to show that you can look at things from different perspectives.
从用户的角度从技术的角度来看 you know from the user's perspective from the tech perspective,
并且在你想出最好的解决方案之前 你愿意从不同的角度去考虑这些问题 and that you're willing to look at those various perspectives before you come up with the best solution.
一个至关重要的技能是那些掌握了软技能 A vitally important skill are those caught a soft skills.
这些人际交往技能你与人良好互动的能力 理解 在团队中成功工作 管理团队问题 those people skills your ability to interact well with people to understand that to work successfully in a team to manage team problems.
这些在眼茶行业非常重要 最后 and those are vitally important in the eye tea industry and finally,
你在艺术行业不断学习的能力 your ability to continually learn in the art industry.
你不能只说我的学位 You can't just say about my degree,
就是这样 and that's it,
但你的理解能力 你将必须成为一个终身学习者 以确保你在前进的过程中跟上你的技能 but your capacity to understand that you will have to be a lifelong learner to make sure that you are keeping up with your skills as you go along.
我们会问你一些问题来说服你 With question for you will be asked to convince you will,
管理敏捷方法与瀑布方法的适用性 manager of the suitability of an agile approach when compared to a waterfall approach.
在例题中 Now in the sample question,
这在考试中是很普遍的 this is quite generic in the exam.
对于这类问题 With this type of question,
实际上 你会得到关于答案的非常具体的指南 you will actually be given quite specific guidelines in terms of the answer,
也许这样说我有三个原因为什么你应该考虑三个原因为什么你不应该考虑我们会指导你不会不知道写过这样令人作呕的比然后继续提供三个原因 so it may say something like I get three reasons why you should consider it or three reasons why you should not consider it so we will have that guidelines so you will not know not to kind of write ad nauseum just to kind of provided three reasons than then move on.
在这种情况下 So in this case,
我们必须思考为什么敏捷方法适合这个例子 we've got to think about why and agile approaches suitable and in this instance,
将其与瀑布式方法进行比较 be comparing it to a waterfall approach.
所以你要明白两者之间存在比较是非常重要的 So it's really important that you understand that there is a comparison.
让我们想想为什么你会把安吉丽娜放在第一位 so let's think about some of the reasons why you would consider an Angelina put by the first.
是 Is that,
啊 ah,
客户经常有早期的机会看到交付的工作 the customer has frequent an early opportunities to see the work being delivered.
所以他们不会像在瀑布公园那样等到最后 so rather than waiting like they do in waterfall until the end,
在这里他们可以很快地看到 and here they get to see it very quickly.
所以他们很快就能看到 这是一种贯穿始终的深度参与 That heavily involves so they get to see quickly is one the heavily involved throughout,
因此 他们得到他们想要的东西的机会大大增加 因为他们是这个过程的重要组成部分 so the chances of them getting what they want increased dramatically because they are very much so part of the process.
现在 Now,
因为它们是过程的一部分 because they are part of the process,
他们有很强的所有权意识 他们拒绝这种制度的可能性非常大 they get a very strong sense of ownership and the chances of them rejecting the system are very loud.
现在 Now,
如果上市的时间 我的意思是他们需要的时间非常短 if the time to market and by that I mean when they need that system is very short.
好消息是 一个记者 the good news with that a journalist,
你可以给他们系统的一部分 you can give them a part of the system.
他们可以很早就获得商业价值 They can get some business value very early,
这对瀑布来说是一个很大的好处 which is a big positive while with waterfall,
他们必须等到传统瀑布全部完工 they do have to wait till it all completed traditional waterfall,
至少在交付之前是这样的 at least before it is actually delivered.
啊 Ah,
而且因为发展更注重的是他们最终会很开心的机会 and because the development is more use a focused the chances that they are going to be very happy at the end.
现在我可以很好地回答你们 Now I can answer may very well say to you all,
但你知道 在我们确切知道之前 我们可以更好地计划 因为我们确切知道需要多长时间 but you know with more before we know exactly we can plan much better because we know exactly how long it's going to take,
等 etc.
你对此有什么看法 on What's what would you say about that?
为什么是敏捷方法的水 Why is the water for agile approach?
菲德尔 FEDER,
你要看 you gotta think?
它总是更好吗 is it always better?
公司或项目 The company or the project,
但是我们的规格是经过深思熟虑的 but our specification is really well thought out.
他们确切地知道他们想要的用途 指定到你可以直接运行它的程度 They know exactly what they want the uses of specified to the degree that its fine you can just go and run with it.
如果每个人都知道该做什么 If everybody knows exactly what needs to be done,
你为什么要分阶段来做 why would you do it in a staged approach?
为什么要用说明性的方法呢 And why would you do it an illustrative approach?
那么 So then,
是的 yes,
这很好 that's fine.
所以如果你能做到 So if you'll manage,
它告诉你不是那样的 it says to you not that's it.
我们每次都清楚地知道我们在做什么 We know exactly what we are pulling every single time.
是的 while yes,
那么瀑布式的方法会更好 then the waterfall approach would be better.
但如果不是这样的话 But if that was not the case,
那么很可能瀑布方法不是积极的 因为用户在分析的一开始就参与了 then the chances are that the waterfall approach is not positive because the users are involved at the start during analysis.
然后他们花上几个小时和几天 and then they spend hours and days.
这个人有时写得很详细 The man sometimes write in great big specifications.
他们不能主动地 nothing that they can actively C,
直到最后他们才见到任何人 and then they don't see anybody until the end,
他们经常受到可怕的打击 where they often get a horrible shock,
因为正在开发的系统并不是他们想要的系统 because the system that's develop is not the system that they want.
瀑布 So with waterfall,
用户并没有完全参与其中 the users are not involved throughout there.
开发不是用重点 The development is not used a focused,
很有可能你的用户最后会非常不开心 And there's a very good chance that you can have very unhappy users at the end.
这就是你让项目管理器开发这种系统的原因 so that would be the reasons that you would give your item manager for developing this type of system.
现在 Now,
在问题的B部分 in part B of the question,
你需要在主要文章中对团队的敏捷方法和主要活动进行简要描述 you are asked to provide a brief description of the agile approach to the team and the main activities in the main article.
让我们快速地看一下 So let's just look at these quickly.
这是对短跑的典型描述 so this is a typical description of a sprint.
但就描述敏捷方法而言 But in terms of describing the agile approach,
它是什么 what is it?
这是一个治疗 It's a treat.
如果这是关键 If that's a key thing,
它是以团队为基础的 it's a team based.
这是一种发展的方式 It was an approach to development,
重点是应用程序 功能和功能组件的快速交付 and the focus is on rapid delivery of the application and functions and functional components.
所以 与其在一段时间内创建任务和时间表 So rather than creating tasks and schedules for a whole period of time,
它专注于冲刺阶段 it focuses on the sprints,
每个交付 each delivery.
产品的一些功能在最后和整个过程中都在不断地审查 Some bit of product functionality at the end and throughout that process were continually reviewing,
每次都想变得更好 提高自己 trying to get better and improve each and every time.
敏捷的重点是 And the beak of the focus with agile is.
用户是这个过程的重要参与者 the user is heavily involved in this process.
简而言之 So in a nutshell,
这就是你对团队说的话 that's what you would say to the team.
我们来描述一下这些组成部分是什么 So let's let's describe what these components are.
第一个阶段是sprint计划阶段 The first is the sprint planning phase.
这基本上就是确定产品待办事项列表中的内容来决定我们在这个特定的sprint中要做什么 Now that is basically determining what comes out of the product backlog to decide how what we're going to do in this particular sprint.
然后 Then.
哦 Oh,
然后你就会有一点弹性 then you've got a little spring back long,
有了这些你实际执行的任务的故事 and with that the stories of the tasks that you actually implement,
然后你有你的每日scrum或每日站在学校 and then you've got your daily scrum or daily stand up at school,
那基本上是一个简短的站立会议 T协调他们当天要做的活动 并报告自上次每日scrum以来他们已经做的活动 and that is basically a short stand up meeting where the T coordinates what activities they're going to do for that day and report on the activities that they've done since the last daily scrum.
啊 Ah,
上次会议之后我做了什么 so what did I do since the last meeting?
我今天打算做什么 what am I planning on working on today?
这也是非常重要的 And this is also a very important.
有什么阻碍吗有什么东西阻止我去做我必须做的工作 Are there any blockers is there's something that is stopping me from doing the work that I have to do.
啊 Ah,
然后我们要做一个sprint回顾 then we've got a sprint review.
当我们完成工作后 我们和利益相关者坐在一起 我们说 From where we sit together with our stakeholders after we finished doing our work and we say,
好吧 OK,
我们所做的一切 we've done everything.
你觉得现在是我们展示工作成果的时候了吗 Are you happy where it's the time for us to show off our work and say,
恶心 Yuck,
我们都做过了 we've done it all.
是不是每个人都很开心 我们也很有效率 Is everyone happy yet fantastic and we've got effectively,
一点点工作 a bit of work,
这就完成了 that is done.
最后 And finally,
我们有很好的视角 we've got us with great perspective.
在哪里 where.
这个团队仔细考虑事情是如何发展的 The team reflects on how things went forth expert.
关键是要尝试 下次可以改进土地 The key thing there is to actually try and land can be improved for next time.
或者我们做得很好的是什么 Or what did we do really well?
因为这是我们一直想做的 Because that's what we want to keep doing.
好吧 OK,
这就是我们的sprint so that's our sprint.
简而言之 In a nutshell,
按摩的工件 massage the artifacts.
所以我们有了我们的产品待办事项列表 基本上就是所有新特性的列表 so we've got our product backlog that is basically all the list of new features.
随着我们对现有功能的改变 and as we go along changes to existing features,
可能是基础设施的改变导致了今天的一切 possibly infrastructure changes may be other activities that lead there all is today.
大的事情 The big thing.
在那里 There,
不过 though,
列出的价值通常是AA产品负责人做的 is the listed in terms of value usually done by the AA product owner,
他们是自己选择的人 and they're the ones who choose.
产品里的哪一项 Which of those items from the product.
待办事项变成了sprint待办事项 Backlog move into the sprint backlog,
他们通常是根据业务价值来做的 对于sprintbacklog来说 它基本上是一个特定sprint中将要开发的功能列表 and they usually do it based on business value and for the sprint backlog is basically a list of features that are going to be developed in that particular sprint,
或者他们希望 or they hoped to any rate,
实际上 每个公司的sprint都不一样 the sprint varies from company to company any way actually,
从一到四周 from one to four weeks,
她很少会超过四周 she very rarely more than four weeks.
那我们有十个人在边境 Then we've got a ten men border,
一个任务板 我们看最简单的形式 a task board where we look at the simplest form,
我们要做的 what we have to do,
正在做的事情和已经完成的事情 这个朋友的目标是完成产品的增值 what is being done and what has been completed and the aim of that friend is to complete a product increment.
现在你可能不会真的部署它 Now you may not actually deploy that,
但它已经准备好部署了 But it's ready to be deployed.
在实际部署交付产品之前 您可能需要一些产品增量 You may want a few product increments before you actually deploy a shipping product,
可以这么说 so to speak,
但在那一刻 如果你需要的话 它已经准备好了 but at that point it's ready to go if you need to go.
然后是敬畏 And then we've got awe.
烧毁 burn down.
显示剩余时间的图表 charts which show the amount of time left.
对于那个特定的冲刺 For that particular sprint,
根据你现在实际完成的工作量 based on how much work you've actually completed at the moment.
问题五是另一个系统开发问题 Questioned five is another systems development question,
它给了你一些背景信息系统和软件开发通常会导致用户不高兴他们不相信为他们构建的系统满足他们的需求 and it gives you a little bit of background information system and software development often leads to unhappy users who do not believe that the system built for them meets their requirements.
这很重要 给了你们一些思考的食物 That's important was given you some food for thought there,
然后 and then.
于是它问你 Thus it asks you,
对于开发一个涉及高度不确定性的软件系统 你会推荐哪种类型的系统开发方法 what type of systems development approach would you recommend for developing a software system that involves the high level of uncertainty?
这是他们问你的第一个问题这是第一个问题 So that's the first thing they ask you what that's the first question,
只是很简单的 just very simple,
用一个词回答 然后描述这个方法 just a one word answer and then describe this approach,
详细说明它如何帮助引导客户的需求 detailing how it helps lead the clients' requirements.
一顶帽子 A cap so.
他们谈到了一个不满意的用户 他们谈到了一个具有高度不确定性的系统 They've talked about an unhappy users and they've talked about a system with a high level of uncertainty.
好吧 OK,
所以真的 so really.
这是另一个问题 This is another question,
问软件开发问题的另一种方式 a different way of asking a question about software development,
系统开发的方法我们在这里寻找的是 approaches of system development approaches and what we're looking for here is,
你知道的 you know,
想想传统方法和敏捷方法 thinking about the traditional approaches versus the agile approaches.
我们知道 虽然是瀑布 We know that though a waterfall,
传统方法适合具有高度确定性的系统 用户可以如此直接地确切知道他们想要什么 traditional approach suits systems with the high level of certainty where the user knows exactly what they want so straight away.
如果有高度的不确定性 If there is a high level of uncertainty,
当用户不知道他们想要什么时 敏捷方法会更好 when the user doesn't know what they want and agile approaches better.
这就是你的答案 That would be your answer.
这是一种敏捷方法 It's an agile approach.
现在描述一下这种方法 now describe this approach,
详细说明它如何帮助满足客户的需求 detailing how it helps meet the clients' requirements.
所以很少被质疑的foray对这一点有一些想法 So rarely questioned foray has some thoughts with this spot.
首先你需要提到的是它是迭代的 The first thing you need to mention is that it is iterative,
所以你一次做一点 so you're doing it a little bit at a time.
你把工作分解成小块 这样客户 You're breaking down the work into small chunks so that this client,
不太了解系统的人可以在系统的一小部分上工作 who doesn't quite know what the system is all about can work on a small bit of the system.
这一点非常重要 So that's very important.
工作在这些短周期的迭代中执行 Work is executed in these short cycles of iterations,
他们将在第一代之后看到这个系统 they will be able to see after the first generation a bit of the system,
这将真正帮助他们思考他们想要什么 and that's going to really help them think about what they want,
他们在地球上乞讨的时候可能会很开心 that they may be really happy with it on their begging on earth.
这不是我想要的 That's kind of not really what I wanted.
我是这样的 I am so.
这将有助于敏捷的过程 That's gonna help that process with agile.
我们知道敏捷非常以客户为中心 We know that agile is very customer focused.
他们是团队的重要组成部分 They're very much part of the team,
这有助于消除不确定性因为他们会伴随你的旅程 so that helps with that uncertainty because they are with you on the journey.
他们不需要事先尝试解决所有问题 They do not have to try and work out everything up front.
正如他们所见 And as they see,
新的事物和系统的不同部分出现了 new things and different bits of the system emerged,
这可能会让他们考虑更多他们想要的比特 it may get them to think about more bits that they would like.
所以即使当你开发越来越多的系统时他们有很高的不确定性 So even though they've got a high level of uncertainty as you move through developing more and more of the system,
你可以增加确定性 你可能会在你进行的过程中到达一个点 他们非常自信他们需要的四 you can increase the certainty and you may get to a point as you go along that they are very confident about what they required from four.
他们的系统和你发现的是 即使员工有高度的不确定性 确定性也会很快出现 然后冲刺会变得非常快 因为用户最终会知道他们想要什么 Their system and what you find is even though there was a high degree of uncertainty at the staff that certainty emerges very quickly and then the sprints can become quite fast because the users and end up knowing exactly what they want.
现在 Now,
问题6 with questions six,
你花时间仔细阅读这个小描述真的很重要 it's really important that you spend the time carefully reading the little description.
这是一个关于利益相关者分析的问题 So this is a question about stakeholder analysis.
当你读的时候 and as you're reading it,
认真思考你得到的信息 really think about the information you have been given so.
我很快地过一遍 I'm just gonna go through it very quickly.
这是在采购主管的要求下启动的 他认为该系统将是他部门的关键改进 It was initiated at the request of the purchasing director with thinks the system is gonna be key improvement for his department.
这是直接的 So that's straight away,
告诉你采购主管认为这很重要 telling you that the purchasing director thinks it's important.
啊 Ah,
他要么是导演 要么是重要人物 he's the directors or he's an important,
有影响力的人是要记住的 influential persons are that's something to remember.
接下来 它得到了首席执行官的批准 这是一个非常高的级别的人 The next it was approved by the chief executive officer so again a very high level persons,
高几个人的陪伴 the company of the high several person,
这家公司 the company.
啊 Ah,
但他一直在做一个秘鲁人做的很多项目你知道这是非常忙的一个项目 but he's been going through a Peruvian revealing lots of projects you know is very busy one.
如果这是40个项目之一 if this is one of forty projects.
然而 他不会仅仅关心这个特殊的项目 Yet he's not going to be that keen on just worried about this particular project.
现在我们有了采购人员 Now we've got the purchasing staff,
他们不愿意合作 they are not keen to cooperate,
所以他们不高兴 so they're not happy about it.
认为明星的组织和低水平的成员一直担心可能会导致同样的供应商的失业 that the star of low level members of the Organization and there have been worried that may lead to job losses in the same of the suppliers.
他们已经得到了20个补给 其中有不少 and they've gotten twenty supplies of quite a few of them.
他们也不热心 因为他们认为这会给他们带来更多的工作 not keen either because they think it's going to be more work for them.
最后 And finally,
项目管理人员支持开发 因为他希望开发能够真正成功 the item manager supports the development as he expects it to be really successful,
他认为这会增加他晋升的机会 and he thinks it's going to improve his chances of promotion.
所以我们需要考虑一些信息 So we've got a few little bits of information to consider.
在那里 There.
首先 So first,
我们必须确定利益相关者 把他们放在肖像上 考虑他们的影响和权力 以及他们在电子采购系统发展中的利益 we've got to identify the stakeholders and placed them on the portraits and considering their influence and power and their interest in the development of the electronic purchasing system.
对于每一个 And then for each one,
我们需要讨论为什么你的位置在一个特定的象限 we need to discuss why the place in thee in a particular quadrant.
我在这里画了个图 I've just done a little diagram here.
好吧 Okay,
所以 so.
第一个是首席执行官 The first is the chief executive officer.
他有很大的权力因为如果我们只想阻止这个系统 He's got very high power because if we just wanted to stop the system,
你可以直接 you could straight away,
所以他掌握了大权 so he's in the high power.
但他的兴趣可能很低 But his interest is probably quite low.
这是40个项目之一 This is one of forty projects,
所以他不太担心 so he's not too worried about it.
下一位是我们的采购主任吗 There are next person is our purchasing director right now?
很明显他的水平很高 He's obviously again high level he's put.
这个项目向前推进是公司的一位董事 他把这个项目向前推进 this project forward is a director of the company and he split the project forward.
他认为这对公司很重要 他会对公司的发展产生很大的影响 He thinks it's important for the organization and he's going to have a great deal of influence on its development.
所以他斯科特 So he Scott,
他有很高的兴趣和影响力 he's in the high interest high influence,
象限 quadrant.
下个星期 The next week,
上帝是正确的 God is right,
他又是这里的经理 he manager here again,
aB的冰冻设施经理 a manager of the icy facility of the A B,
C电子什么的 C electron or whatever.
它被称为 It's called.
他会有很大的影响力 因为他 He's going to have a lot of influence because he's.
他们实际上在过去的很多时候让这个系统运作起来 they're actually getting the system to work in a lot of past.
如果他做得不好 If he doesn't do a good job,
这将是一个真正的问题 他对此很感兴趣 因为他认为这可能在某种程度上导致了他的晋升 that's going to be a real problem and he's very interested because he thinks it may somehow led to his promotion so again.
高的影响 High influence,
高利息 high interest.
现在我们有了采购部员工和供应商 Now we've got the purchasing department employees and the suppliers.
我把它们放在两个象限 and I've put them in two quadrants,
因为现在有一个有趣的问题 because there's a little bit of an interesting issue with these now.
当你只有一个雇员时 when you've got one employee,
她显然没有多少权力 she obviously had very little power.
但一旦你开始把他们分成一个小组你有一组员工或一组供应商 But as soon as you start to move them into a group so you got a group of employees or a group of suppliers,
然后突然间 权力急剧增加 因为他们可能会通过工会 停止一些供应 或者联合起来 决定不供应一个有级的风险投资 then suddenly the power increases quite dramatically because they may go through their union and stop bit of the supplies or band together and decided not to supply a VC that rung.
那你就有麻烦了 Then you have a problem,
好吧 OK,
这样他们就有了 so they can have that.
我们有很高的利息 So we've got very high interest.
啊 Ah,
很明显 obviously.
但他们的力量各不相同 But their power can vary,
取决于它们是否以单独的低功率组合在一起 depending on whether they band together in individually low power,
聚集在一起的力量非常强大 banding together very high power.
如果你有这样的问题 So if you have a question like that,
确定 made sure,
如果你在做这样的事情 if you're doing something like that,
当你描述的时候 when you describe it,
你真的应该更深入地思考这个问题 you really would think about that a little bit more deeply.
问题7 8是另一个问题 你有一个小案例 你需要阅读 并表明你可以根据特定情况选择正确的大卫收集技巧 Question seven eight is another question where you have a little case that you've got to read and show that you can choose the right David gathering technique based on a particular situation.
所以在这个特殊的案例研究中 So in this particular case study,
他们想从一万五百家供应公司那里得到一些信息 they want some information from ten thousand five hundred supply companies,
他们想知道新系统对他们的供给的功能性需求有什么影响 and they want to find out what the impact of the new system is functional requirements with them on their supply.
这一点爱 A blob of love for this,
他们想要的一些信息 他们想知道的只是他们是否愿意继续 some information that they want and all they want to know is whether they would prefer to continue,
或者他们是否愿意遵守他们和新的变化 as is or whether they are willing to comply with them and the new change,
所以需要非常具体的信息 so quite specific information that's required.
想想看 So thinking about that,
你知道的 you know,
面试合适吗 is an interview suitable.
好吧 Well,
显然不是 因为可以非常 obviously not because can be very,
对着一万五千个供应进行演讲是非常昂贵的 甚至意味着你可以继续考虑焦点小组的敌人 very costly to go and speak to ten thousand five hundred supplies or even mean you could continue to consider a foe of Focus group,
然后我有20个左右 and then I have twenty of them or so on.
但即便如此 这也是供应商的真正代表 But even that is that really representative of the suppliers.
所以一旦你有了大量的数据 So as soon as you've got a large amount of data,
很明显 it becomes very apparent that.
问卷调查是你需要考虑的 A questionnaire is what you would be considering,
尤其是我们收集的信息非常有限 especially since we're gathering very limited information.
即使我们只得到25%的人的回应 and even if we just get twenty five percent of the people responding,
这仍然是获取数据的好方法 that would still be a great way of getting that data.
所以我选择他的原因是第一 So the reasons I would choose his number one.
我们得到的数据有限 We're getting limited data,
所以很容易让他们快速回答 so very easy for them to answer quickly.
有很多人 There's a huge number of people,
所以用其他任何方法都太贵了 so it'd be too expensive to do it any other way.
所以这两点是我选择问卷调查的关键原因因为这一点非常重要 so those two together would be the key reasons I would give as to why I would choose questionnaire for that has very important,
面对这种类型的公司你应该知道它的优点和缺点 with this type of firm questioned that you kind of aware of the advantages and disadvantages.
所以对于凯瑟琳去世的方法 除了你需要随身携带一些优点和缺点之外 so with any of the dead Catherine methods other than you really need to always have in your back pocket and a few of the advantages and disadvantages,
所以你总是能适用于任何情况 so you always able to apply to any situation.
现在 Now,
这里又有7个B并且给了一个小型的场景系统分析师在制造组织的摩托车上根据审查工作实践因为他们的工厂车间经常出现问题 with this there are seven B again and given a little scenario system analyst at a motorcycle in manufacturing organization according to review work practices because their constant problems on the factory floor,
您已经从查看文档和从文档开始 you have started by reviewing the documentation and from the documentation.
看来一切都会好起来的 It appears that everything should be fine.
没有问题吧 No problems right.
所以现在 so now.
你是做什么的 What do you do?
用于评审的数据收集技术是什么 What data gathering technique for reviews?
你知道的 You know,
去面试好吗 那可能行得通 那不是不合理的事情 would it be good to interview then that may work that that's not an unreasonable thing.
你可以联系别人 you can contact people.
我们已经说过研究方法不会是最好的 We've already said that the research method is not going to be the best one,
不过如此 but so.
你还需要什么来证明这是工厂车间的问题 What else would you need to see that this is about problems on the factory floor?
我现在要做的是考虑观察 What I would be doing at this point is considering observation,
这样你就能看到妮娜了 because then you can have a little look and see Nina.
他们在做什么 What are they doing?
这与导致问题的过程文档文档不同 That's different to the process document documentation that is causing problems.
在这种情况下 so in this case,
你可以做任何一种 you could actually do either.
啊 Ah,
啊 ah,
面试或观察 interview or observation.
两者都是合理的 both would be reasonable.
观察可能更好 Observation is probably better,
但它确实有这样的问题 but it does have that problem way.
因为你在观察他们 他们可能会开始改变做事的方式 They may actually start changing the way that they do things because you are observing them,
但这也许是个好办法 but that may be a great way,
所以你选择这个方法的原因是第一个 so the reason you would choose this technique is number one.
尽管研究方法可以作为一个很好的起点 Even though the research method is fine as a starting point,
文件经常过期 documentation often out of date,
所以这是不合适的 而实际上 如果没有霍桑效应 你就会看到这些问题 so that's not appropriate and then actually going in there and watching them is very likely to allow you to see the problems providing we don't have the Hawthorne effect.
带着问题看 With questions see,
我们没有案子 we don't have a case,
所以这是一个更一般的问题 它要求你描述在面试时你需要考虑的两个问题和好处 so this is more generic question and it asks you to describe two problems and to benefits that you need to consider when using interviews.
好吧 Well,
几个 a couple of.
你在面试中遇到的几个拇指问题是 如果你参加了一个面试 它会非常耗时 A couple of thumb problems that you had with interviews is that it can be very time consuming if you've got an interview,
很多人 a lot of people,
这显然会增加成本 参加者也会及时赶到 你可能会发现如果你遇到了一些人 你会花整个时间重新安排面试 and that obviously increases the cost and participants are up in time for and you may find if you've got into a few that you spend your whole time rescheduling interviews.
有时候 如果这是一个要接管人们工作的系统 and sometimes if it's a system that's gonna take over people's jobs,
你会发现他们可能会给你错误的信息 you will find that they may actually give you the wrong information,
所以他们不一定会告诉你所有的事情 给你不超过两个 so they don't necessarily tell you everything and giving you for no more than two,
但另一个问题是 有时你会认为他们告诉你一切 but another problem is sometimes you think that they are telling you everything,
但他们不一定记得所有事情 but they don't necessarily remember everything,
所以他们可能只会告诉你他们知道的一些事情 so they may only tell you some of the things that they know.
但是好处是什么好处是你可以得到关于这个系统的详细信息 But what are the benefits the benefits are You can get detailed information about the system you can ask.
跟进的问题 Follow up questions.
他们可能给了你描述 They may have given you a description,
但它可能没有你知道的所有细节 but it may not have all the details that you know.
如果你看过文档 If you've looked at documentation,
你可能会发现它并没有涵盖事情的实际情况 you may find that it doesn't cover how things actually are.
面试可以让你这么做 An interview allows you to do that.
其他优点 The other positives,
特别是如果你面对的是一个高度政治化的体系 Especially if you're dealing with a highly political system,
如你所见 as you can see,
使用 不安 或 恼怒 这个词时的肢体语言 the body language of the use of the term upset or irritated about the system.
现在来看第八题 So moving on to question eight,
这个是关于功能性和非功能性需求的 then for this one is about functional and nonfunctional requirements,
你们被要求给出三个例子周日的考官会非常具体地指出这些数字是有罪的 and the difference and you are asked to give three examples Sunday Examiner will be will be quite specific in the numbers are sinful,
所以功能性需求实际上是关于一个人的用途 so functional requirements is really about what the use of one.
所以 So,
例如 for example,
对于我们之前谈到的学生注册系统 for the student enrollment system that we were talking about before,
确保学生可以注册他们想要的课程 it's making sure that students can enroll in the units that they want to.
确保它检查了先决条件 It's making sure that it checks the prerequisites,
确保讲师可以访问无课和那些系统的功能 making sure that a lecturer can get access to classless and those of the functions of the system.
非功能性需求是系统运行的方式 The nonfunctional requirements is really how the system operates,
比如 so it would be things like,
系统安全吗 is that system secure?
我能去帮你报名吗 Can I go and enrolled for you?
例如 For example,
它对那个系统有正确的访问权限吗 does it have the right sort of access for that system?
它讲的是响应时间之类的东西 It talks about things like response times.
系统的可接受响应时间是多少 What is an acceptable response time for the system?
系统可接受的停机时间是多少 What is the acceptable downtime for the system?
是每天关机5个小时 还是突然间 Can it be offline for five hours a day or suddenly,
每天五分钟 five minutes a day?
没有人能被公司接受 因为这些例子 你需要有一些他的袖子 你可以谈论 No one is acceptable to the business since those sorts of examples and you need to have a few up his sleeve that you can talk about.
线问题 Question Line,
它是关于活动图的 要求你描述你看到的活动图 which is about activity diagrams that is asking you to describe the activity diagram that you see.
确保你们读到了问题的第二部分 Make sure you read the second bit of the question that says,
使用对我们来说比较容易的要点 以确保你在描述时涵盖了所有要点 use bullet points just a bit easier for us for marking to make sure you've covered all the points when you are describing it.
所以在这里我们要游灯 So in here we've got to swim lights,
行政长官和竞选经理 the administrator and the campaign manager,
他们表现出了不同的行为 and they are showing the different act.
不同的人做不同的活动 Different activities are done by different people,
因此 我们用黑色的折叠和圆圈开始活动图 它显示了起始点 so we start the activity diagram with the black fold and circle that shows the starting point.
第一个活动是添加一个新的客户端 The first activity is adding a new client.
下一个活动 The next activity,
这是一个连续的活动 which is a sequential activity,
是一个签名员工联系人 is a signing staff contact.
然后我们到了一个决策点 We then come to a decision making point where,
取决于是否要增加竞选活动 depending on whether there is a campaign to add,
或者如果没有竞选活动需要补充 or if there's no campaign to add,
去不同的点 be go to different points.
所以没有行动 so there's no campaign to act.
我们结束了活动图 We end the activity diagram.
还有一项运动需要补充 There is a campaign to add.
然后竞选经理接手 Then the campaign manager takes over.
我们已经移到了那条泳道 We've moved to that swim lane.
我们会以比序列更快的速度添加新战役 We add a new campaign faster than it's just a sequence.
在那之后 他得到了另一个决策要点 And after that he got another decision making point.
如果不需要任何资源 If there are no resources required,
我们刚刚结束 we just end.
如果需要资源 If there are resources required,
我们指派人员参加竞选活动 we assign staff to the campaign.
在那之后 我们又有了另一个父亲 After that we have another alternative father,
一个决策点 a decision point.
需要更多的资源 There are more resources required.
我们回去和一名科学工作人员参加竞选 we go back and a science staff to the campaign.
如果不需要更多的资源 If there are no more resources required,
我们结束了活动 we end the activity.
第10题和第9题很相似 他知道现在要描述一个图表和考试 A question ten is similar to question nine and that its ask he knew to describe a diagram now and the exam.
你可能会被要求描述一个潜水员 或者在你需要完全做好准备的时候把它抽出来 you may be asked I that describe a diver or to actually draw it out when you need to absolutely be prepared to do either of them.
在这个用例图中 So in this particular use case diagram,
我们有地球的主要反应堆 we've got the prime reactor of the earth,
顾客和他们首先在寻找航班 the customer and they are searching for a flight first up,
这是第一个用例 so that's the first use case.
然后他们做了一个预约 看看错误的类型我们在这里得到了概括 They then make a reservation and looking at the types of errors we have got generalizations shown here,
这意味着makereservation是一个抽象用例 which means that make reservation is an abstract use case.
取决于是国内预订还是国际预订 And depending on whether it's a domestic or international reservation,
其中一个会发生 它们会取代 one of those would occur and they would replace.
预约非常重要记住预约只是抽象的 Make reservation very important to remember that that make reservations just abstract.
你 You,
然后将通过购买机票和购买机票 then would go through purchasing the ticket and with purchasing the ticket.
这里我们有一个两个座位是一个延伸关系 Here we have got a two seat is an extends relationship,
这意味着可能不会被调用 或者只有在客户决定购买时才会调用 which means that may not be invoked or will only be invoked if the customer decides as part of their purchasing,
实际选择 to actually choose.
另一方面 On the other hand,
验证信用公园 validate credit park.
汽车付款是前男友关系的一部分 A car payment is part of an ex includes relationship and includes relationship,
这表明它总是被完成的 which shows that it is always done.
但是分开的原因是有效的 But the reason that it is separated as valid.
Dave信用卡支付可能是一个被使用的用例 还有系统的许多其他部分 它们被分离出来以方便重用 Dave Credit card payment may be a use case that's used and lots of other parts of the system and its separated to facilitate reuse.
然后我们检查航班状态 抱歉 回到信用卡支付 We then check the flight status or sorry going back to credit card payment.
它还需要第二个反应堆付款系统 It's also requires a second reactor payment system.
作为信用卡检查的一部分 As part of that credit card checking the cut,
顾客可以随时查看他们的航班状况 a car customer can check their flight status at any time.
他们也可以取消预订 They can also cancel their reservation.
作为癌症保留地的一部分 and as part of the cancer reservation,
我们有另一个延长的关系重新安排航班他们可能会选择 也可能不会选择 we've got another extends relationship of rescheduling the flight which they may or may not choose to do.
所以它不会总是出现在书中 so it would not always be in books.
这个盒子 The box around,
啊 ah,
分离参与者的用例图定义了系统的边界 the use case diagram separating the actor's defines the boundary of the system.
问题11 Question eleven,
这是一个相当理论性的问题 它问你耦合和内聚以及它们是如何用来评估设计模型的质量的 just a quite a theoretical question where it's asking you about coupling and cohesion and how they used to assess the quality of design models.
现在耦合是对特定类模型中的类通过数据相互连接的紧密程度的定量度量 Now coupling is a quantitative measure of how closely the classes in a particular class model are interconnected by the data.
在通过类传递的消息中 In the messages that are passed through the classes.
然后你可以回到你的课上看看它是什么样子的 then you can go back to your lecture to have a look at what that looks like.
我们要找的是低耦合或松散耦合 What we're looking for is low or loose coupling,
因为这让系统更容易理解 because that makes the system is easier to understand,
因为没有很多数据来来回回 because there's not a lot of data going back and forth,
我们希望每一个类都尽可能地具有内聚性 不需要太多的数据 and we want each class to be as cohesive as possible with not lots of data,
因为如果你想修复那个类 because if you want to fix that class,
如果有大量的数据来往太多不同的类 if there's lots of data going back and forth too many different classes,
当你试图维护系统时 就会产生非常强烈的连锁反应 then there'll be a very strong ripple effect when you're trying to maintain the system.
啊 Ah,
啊 ah.
所以如果你的耦合是紧的 So if you're a coupling is tight,
它增加了不同类型类之间的依赖性 it increases the dependence between the different types of classes,
这使得填充她的便利重用变得非常困难 维护起来也更加困难 making it very difficult to fill her facilitate reuse and much more difficult to maintain.
凝聚力是人们对各个阶级一致性的一种定性的衡量 他们把各个阶级统一起来 Cohesion is a qualitative men measure of the consistency of classes that they united the whole,
他们一心一意做事 their single minded in their actions.
这就是我们现在要找的 And that's what we're looking for now.
如果你有很高的凝聚力 If you have high cohesion,
它确保在不同的类之间有明确的责任分离 您会发现这自动导致低到低耦合 it ensures that there is a clear separation of responsibility between the different classes and you'll find that that automatically leads to low up low coupling,
这太棒了 因为这就是我们想要的 which is fantastic because that's what we want and again,
如果你有高内聚和低耦合 if you've got your high cohesion and low coupling,
这样你就可以很容易地重用你的模块 then you are going to be able to reuse your modules very easily.
并质疑12 and questioned twelve.
有人给了你一点 先生 You've been given a little sir.
一个场景告诉你你的老板热衷于开玩笑 a scenario where tells you that your boss is keen to jest.
你只需要继续在系统下开发 而不需要担心类型 你需要和他谈谈原型的优点和缺点 这样他才能做出明智的决定 For you just get on with developing under the system and not worrying about whether types and you've got to talk to him about some of the advantages and disadvantages of prototyping so that he can make an informed decision.
所以这个问题实际上是让你讨论优点和缺点 So here this question is really asking you to discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
他也应该有一些这样的想法 and again he should have a few of them.
显然如此 obviously so,
如果你遇到这类问题 and if you get this type of question,
考官会说像天空 the examiner will say something like the sky.
讨论其中的5个优点或3个缺点 给你一个具体的数字 这样你就可以比较具体地说明 discuss five of the advantages or three of the disadvantages that will give you a number so that you can be quite specific.
我只是把它放在了样本代码中我希望你们尽可能多地记住一些你们会记住一些的 I've just put it not done that with the sample code I want you to have as many slip and you had to remember some you'll have a few that you can remember.
好吧 OK,
所以第一个优点是 你可以在实际投资之前探索一些用途很少的想法 so the first advantages you can explore ideas with few uses before actually investing in them.
如果你真的做了开发并且花了钱 If you actually do the development and have spent the money,
那你就会浪费钱 then you're going to waste money.
所以如果你刚刚做了一个快速的原型 so if you've just done a quick prototype,
太好了 that's great,
你不需要浪费钱 you don't have to waste money,
所以你说时间和资源 因为你只是有一个假象 就像那些好莱坞电影 So then you say both time and resources because you've just got a facade right is like those Hollywood movies.
除了用星星建造一座真正的城市之外 没有其他的事情可以做了 there's nothing really behind rather than building a real city you've just built of Star,
用同样的方法得到一些线框 so in the same way you just got some wire frames,
或者即使你有一个高保真的系统 or even if you've got a high fidelity system,
它的缺点是比开发系统更便宜 而且速度更快 it's the downside cheaper and danced like quicker than actually developing the system.
下一个 The next.
如果下一个是概念验证 if the next is proof of concept.
所以如果你跟随他们 so if you follow them.
尤其是如果你对我们的产品有意见分歧 It's especially if you've got a disagreement about our product,
这是一种更好的方式向人们展示你想要的东西 it's a greater a way of showing people something and going now is that kind of what you want it,
很快你就会有其他的同意或反对意见你可以继续 也可以停止 and very quickly you'll have other agreement or disagreement and you can move forward or you can stop.
这太棒了 So that's fantastic.
另一个重要的事情是设计探索 The other important thing is design exploration.
当你有了一个用户可以使用的原型 When you've got a prototype that your users can use,
它实际上可以帮助我们判断这个系统是否真的有用 it can actually help with working out whether the system is actually usable or not.
啊 Ah,
这是一种很好的与用户沟通的方式 it's a great way of communicating with your users.
当用户与生命原型交互时 As users interact with the life prototypes,
他们有机会验证自己的想法 they get a chance to test their ideas,
他们有机会和开发者讨论这个问题 they get a chance to talk to the developers about it,
通常情况下 他们会和你坐在一起使用这个系统 这样你就可以愉快地讨论他们想要什么 and often times they will actually be sitting with you using the system so you can discuss it in with a happy and what they want,
补充说 added,
等 etc.
到它 to it.
很明显 Obviously,
通过建立一个原型并与你的用户讨论 by having a prototype and discussing this with your users,
你可以减少相当多的风险 you reduce the risk of quite considerably of them.
我在最后会得到一个惊喜而不是他们想要的 I'm getting a surprise at the end and not getting what they want.
因此 and as a result of that,
你也减少了维护 因为他们得到了他们想要的 you also reduce the maintenance because they've got what they want.
您不必在以后花费所有的时间来修复它以确保它满足他们的需求 You don't have to spend all your time fixing it later to make sure that it meets their requirements.
结果 and as a result,
你的用户满意度更高 you've got much greater user satisfaction,
这正是我们一直在寻找的 which is exactly what we're always looking for.
它们都是紧密联系在一起的 它们是创建原型的主要优势 They are all quite heavily linked that they are the main advantages of going with prototyping.
否则 Otherwise,
你可能会遇到一些问题 you could potentially have a few problems.
基本上是一个用户不想要的系统 Basically a system that the users don't want.
第一个缺点是 There are a few disadvantages that the first one is that,
这有点奇怪 and this is kind of a bit of a strange when,
特别是如果你使用高保真原型 especially if you use high fidelity prototypes,
用户认为系统是开发出来的 你必须确保让他们意识到它只是一个表象 uses do think that the system is developed and you really have to make sure that you make them realize that it is just a facade.
而对于软件来说 这变得相当困难 因为它看起来很好 and with software that becomes quite difficult because it looks so good,
这样他们就可以表明他们理解了另一方面 有时人们会忘乎所以地建造这个华丽的原型 然后就可以实现了 So they can show they understand that then the other is sometimes people get so carried away with building this fancy prototype and can actually be implemented.
所以当你开发铁路系统的时候 它并不能真正地扩展 So it doesn't actually scale when you're developing the rail system and associated with that,
以及人们在原型上花费的大量时间 as well as people spending so much time on the prototype.
啊 Ah,
这只是在浪费时间 而不是确保他们理解用户的需求 and just wasting time rather than doing just enough to make sure that they understand what the users want.
最后一个可能的问题是有时如果你建立了原型 And the last possible problem is that sometimes if you built the prototype,
使用你的应用软件 using your application a software,
有10个保存用户的 there's a kind of ten save the user's,
让你再多做一点 pushing you to just do a little bit more.
不要花太多时间设计宣传 Don't spend too much time designing publicity,
放入适当的安全措施 等等 然后释放它 putting in the proper security and so on and releasing it.
所以你并没有一个非常强大的系统 And so you don't have a very robust system that cheaper list.
所以这是你需要考虑的事情 So there are the sorts of things that you need to think about.
当谈到原型设计时 When talking about prototyping.
好吧 Okay,
这就是第一个样本溶液的结束 so that's the end of the first sample solutions.
好吧 Well,
样品溶液 sample solution,
讨论视频 discussion video,
希望这对你们有帮助 hope that was helpful for you.
我过几天再做下一个 I will do the next one in the next couple of days.
像往常一样 As always,
在接下来的几个星期里 我可以随时接受公众咨询 I'm available for constant public consultation quite a bit over the next couple of weeks.
或者如果你不能腾出时间来调整邮件 Or if you can't make those times to adjust email,
询问和讨论 并且非常乐意和你一起讨论任何事情 asking and discussion and more than happy to go through anything with you.
还有一件小事就是很多学生问秋天的教学方案 Just one other little thing is a number of students have asked fall tutorial solutions,
弱 weak.
不太喜欢解决方案 Not a big fan of solutions,
如你所知 as you know,
但我们有很多支持信息 but we have a lot of support information,
这实际上是两个讲习班的所有内容 which is effectively everything that the tutors had for the two workshops.
这是每个周末都张贴在那里的所有东西 It's all that was put up there at the end of each week.
这些都是可以使用的 请好好利用这些资源 so that's all available to use a please make use of that resource.
这是非常详细的一天 希望对你们有帮助 It's very day a detail and hopefully helpful to you.
非常感谢大家 下个视频见 Thank you so much guys see you in the next video.