1 00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:07,849 [Music] 2 00:00:14,750 --> 00:00:20,550 funding for this program is provided by 3 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:25,260 Annenberg CPD to advance excellent 4 00:00:20,550 --> 00:00:28,439 teaching he thought greatness in 5 00:00:25,260 --> 00:00:31,800 everything he did he conquered the known 6 00:00:28,439 --> 00:00:35,969 world in a few years and was thought to 7 00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:39,930 be more God than man and when he died he 8 00:00:35,969 --> 00:00:43,710 left behind warring empires a common 9 00:00:39,930 --> 00:00:48,600 basis of Greek culture and a memory that 10 00:00:43,710 --> 00:00:52,379 has fascinated men ever since Alexander 11 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:54,559 the Great this line on the Western 12 00:00:52,379 --> 00:00:54,559 tradition 13 00:00:55,020 --> 00:01:22,559 [Music] 14 00:01:29,390 --> 00:01:33,770 and now UCLA professor Eugen Weber 15 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:38,530 continuing journey through the history 16 00:01:33,770 --> 00:01:42,920 of Western civilization in the year 401 17 00:01:38,530 --> 00:01:46,310 bc a persian prince raised a force a 18 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:49,670 very large force of about 12,000 Greek 19 00:01:46,310 --> 00:01:53,300 mercenaries to fight his older brother 20 00:01:49,670 --> 00:01:56,600 the King for the Persian thrill how the 21 00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:59,210 prince was killed in the first major 22 00:01:56,600 --> 00:02:02,869 battle and even though his Greek 23 00:01:59,210 --> 00:02:06,770 mercenaries defeated the huge Persian 24 00:02:02,869 --> 00:02:09,759 army the Greeks found themselves in the 25 00:02:06,770 --> 00:02:12,980 middle of persia very close to Babylon 26 00:02:09,758 --> 00:02:16,700 without any friends and without any 27 00:02:12,980 --> 00:02:20,120 leaders they had to march a thousand 28 00:02:16,700 --> 00:02:23,030 miles to the Black Sea coast and then 29 00:02:20,120 --> 00:02:26,480 five hundred more miles along the coast 30 00:02:23,030 --> 00:02:29,980 to Byzantium across horrible terrain and 31 00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:35,570 fighting all the way but they made and 32 00:02:29,980 --> 00:02:38,690 this epic long nah persuaded both Greeks 33 00:02:35,570 --> 00:02:43,370 and non-greeks that the mercenaries 34 00:02:38,690 --> 00:02:47,600 hoplite phalanx this wedge formation of 35 00:02:43,370 --> 00:02:50,950 heavily armed infantry that the Phalanx 36 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:55,430 was invincible and they reasoned further 37 00:02:50,950 --> 00:02:59,630 that if only the Greek infantry had good 38 00:02:55,430 --> 00:03:03,620 cavalry support no power on earth could 39 00:02:59,630 --> 00:03:09,400 withstand a prediction that turned out 40 00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:13,280 to be as accurate as it seemed sweeping 41 00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:17,420 the story of these mercenaries who were 42 00:03:13,280 --> 00:03:21,190 known as the ten thousand was told by 43 00:03:17,420 --> 00:03:25,070 one of them an Athenian soldier named 44 00:03:21,190 --> 00:03:30,410 Xenophon and by the time telephone died 45 00:03:25,070 --> 00:03:32,329 around 365 bc a new power was rising in 46 00:03:30,410 --> 00:03:35,390 the ancient world that would bear out 47 00:03:32,329 --> 00:03:40,330 the inspiration of the ten thousand 48 00:03:35,390 --> 00:03:43,760 famous march the power of Macedon 49 00:03:40,330 --> 00:03:46,040 the Macedonians were really Greeks but 50 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:49,159 the Greeks didn't consider them to be so 51 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:53,959 any more than 16th century Scots were 52 00:03:49,159 --> 00:03:56,659 considered English these are Macedonian 53 00:03:53,959 --> 00:03:59,420 ruins back in the 5th century before 54 00:03:56,659 --> 00:04:02,450 Christ Macedonia was still a wild 55 00:03:59,420 --> 00:04:07,370 country with a feudal system of rural 56 00:04:02,450 --> 00:04:09,859 tribes and clans a hereditary King had 57 00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:12,709 religious and military power over all 58 00:04:09,859 --> 00:04:18,500 this and over his people at least in 59 00:04:12,709 --> 00:04:22,250 theory this is what remains of the royal 60 00:04:18,500 --> 00:04:24,860 palace although the macedonian royal 61 00:04:22,250 --> 00:04:28,460 house and nobles were attracted by Greek 62 00:04:24,860 --> 00:04:32,030 culture and quite Hellenized the land 63 00:04:28,460 --> 00:04:37,370 remained a backwater until mid 4th 64 00:04:32,030 --> 00:04:42,350 century BC when a Macedonian King named 65 00:04:37,370 --> 00:04:44,750 Philip tamed the local wall he did it by 66 00:04:42,350 --> 00:04:47,630 subjecting all free men to conscription 67 00:04:44,750 --> 00:04:52,849 and by making him serve in regular royal 68 00:04:47,630 --> 00:04:55,220 troops under his own office till it 69 00:04:52,849 --> 00:04:57,590 copied the military methods of these 70 00:04:55,220 --> 00:05:00,199 Greek soldiers but improved on them 71 00:04:57,590 --> 00:05:04,190 combining the Phalanx with light 72 00:05:00,199 --> 00:05:09,160 infantry and more importantly with a 73 00:05:04,190 --> 00:05:12,500 heavy cavalry that the 10,000 never had 74 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:15,530 the macedonians could mount a formidable 75 00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:18,530 cavalry force because their country had 76 00:05:15,530 --> 00:05:21,740 great plains and broad estates where the 77 00:05:18,530 --> 00:05:23,260 nobles especially road from their early 78 00:05:21,740 --> 00:05:27,760 youth 79 00:05:23,260 --> 00:05:31,120 as the world had surmised 50 years 80 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:34,540 before no power on earth was able to 81 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:37,450 stop them Philip set out with his army 82 00:05:34,540 --> 00:05:42,160 to dominate or conquer most of the Greek 83 00:05:37,450 --> 00:05:44,590 cities and he succeeded brilliantly not 84 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:48,310 only because he has a superior fighting 85 00:05:44,590 --> 00:05:51,520 force highly integrated very loyal to 86 00:05:48,310 --> 00:05:54,520 him but also because the Greek police 87 00:05:51,520 --> 00:05:58,570 were divided even more divided than 88 00:05:54,520 --> 00:06:00,970 usual the Persians have been working 89 00:05:58,570 --> 00:06:02,680 hard to keep him that way so that they 90 00:06:00,970 --> 00:06:08,110 would continue to fight each other 91 00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:12,160 instead of the Persian Empire Philip was 92 00:06:08,110 --> 00:06:14,080 able to beat the Greek poly handily but 93 00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:16,750 the only thing that could then unite 94 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:20,890 them under his rule was an appeal to 95 00:06:16,750 --> 00:06:25,900 them not as Athenians or as Corinthians 96 00:06:20,890 --> 00:06:29,110 but as haley's Philip knew well to be a 97 00:06:25,900 --> 00:06:33,550 Greek in those days was to be a free 98 00:06:29,110 --> 00:06:37,540 citizen as contrasted to a barbarian 99 00:06:33,550 --> 00:06:41,110 subject of a dead spot as the Persians 100 00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:44,140 were it was to cherish the pride of 101 00:06:41,110 --> 00:06:48,250 shallowness and Plataea great victories 102 00:06:44,140 --> 00:06:51,760 over the Persian most important it was 103 00:06:48,250 --> 00:06:54,910 to aspire to a fuller vengeance on the 104 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:57,940 invader of the past the Persians again 105 00:06:54,910 --> 00:07:03,310 who still rule the Greek cities of the 106 00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:06,870 Near East there was also the lost wealth 107 00:07:03,310 --> 00:07:09,810 of those eastern cities to regain 108 00:07:06,870 --> 00:07:13,230 and there were the presidents of myth 109 00:07:09,810 --> 00:07:19,890 and legend in which heroes like Heracles 110 00:07:13,230 --> 00:07:22,560 had done great deeds in here in fact 111 00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:27,240 when Philips son Alexander the Great 112 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:30,450 crossed into Asia in 334 bc he took a 113 00:07:27,240 --> 00:07:33,320 side trip to the site of ancient Troy to 114 00:07:30,450 --> 00:07:36,540 convince his public that a new actually 115 00:07:33,320 --> 00:07:41,570 Alexander himself was arming for the 116 00:07:36,540 --> 00:07:41,570 traditional feud between Greek and Asia 117 00:07:41,750 --> 00:07:49,020 and so from the beginning of the 4th 118 00:07:45,660 --> 00:07:51,780 century BC we find the idea growing 119 00:07:49,020 --> 00:07:55,800 among the Greeks of a war of reprisal 120 00:07:51,780 --> 00:07:58,260 against the person a war of conquest in 121 00:07:55,800 --> 00:08:01,170 Asia that would diffuse internal 122 00:07:58,260 --> 00:08:07,800 conflict by turning Greek violence and 123 00:08:01,170 --> 00:08:11,040 energy outward from the home such a war 124 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:14,640 could also open new areas for commercial 125 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:17,040 expansion and for colonization as it 126 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:20,570 were the Greeks were checked in the west 127 00:08:17,040 --> 00:08:23,010 by the power of Carthage and they were 128 00:08:20,570 --> 00:08:27,240 encountering local resistance to their 129 00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:29,550 colonies in Italy in fact the Greek 130 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:33,390 colonial world haven't grown since the 131 00:08:29,550 --> 00:08:36,300 seventh and the sixth centuries BC but 132 00:08:33,390 --> 00:08:38,760 it needed to grow because constant 133 00:08:36,299 --> 00:08:41,459 warfare so hurt the economy and 134 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:47,070 especially the agriculture that it could 135 00:08:41,460 --> 00:08:49,380 support even a stagnant population so 136 00:08:47,070 --> 00:08:53,580 Greece sent out some of its success 137 00:08:49,380 --> 00:08:57,910 people art event like this blacksmith 138 00:08:53,580 --> 00:09:01,120 the young and adventurous artists and 139 00:08:57,910 --> 00:09:04,660 scholars and engineers and traders but 140 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:07,420 it founded no new cities and it found no 141 00:09:04,660 --> 00:09:14,020 real solution to its problems of 142 00:09:07,420 --> 00:09:16,420 overpopulation except for war all these 143 00:09:14,020 --> 00:09:19,810 arguments for a war against the Persians 144 00:09:16,420 --> 00:09:22,930 were invoked by the macedonians but they 145 00:09:19,810 --> 00:09:25,840 didn't always work because many Greeks 146 00:09:22,930 --> 00:09:28,180 liked the macedonians even less than 147 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:32,290 they like the Persians who were further 148 00:09:28,180 --> 00:09:34,950 away and not as familiar still as long 149 00:09:32,290 --> 00:09:37,690 as Philip and his son Alexander 150 00:09:34,950 --> 00:09:40,660 proclaimed themselves champions of 151 00:09:37,690 --> 00:09:43,060 hellenism even if they couldn't talk 152 00:09:40,660 --> 00:09:45,880 some cities into supporting them at 153 00:09:43,060 --> 00:09:50,500 least they could chain them into staying 154 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:53,950 neutral the Macedonians also worked hard 155 00:09:50,500 --> 00:09:56,170 to intimidate the Greek mercenaries who 156 00:09:53,950 --> 00:09:58,210 were in the habit of helling themselves 157 00:09:56,170 --> 00:10:00,550 to the highest bidder which was 158 00:09:58,210 --> 00:10:02,800 dangerous because the great king of 159 00:10:00,550 --> 00:10:07,210 Persia could bid a lot higher than 160 00:10:02,800 --> 00:10:10,660 Philip and Alexander good but the 161 00:10:07,210 --> 00:10:12,970 mercenaries quickly got the message when 162 00:10:10,660 --> 00:10:16,680 they were declared traitors to the 163 00:10:12,970 --> 00:10:19,480 national cause to the Hellenic cause and 164 00:10:16,680 --> 00:10:22,510 massacred or sent off to work in the 165 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:26,170 minds of slaves which was a lot worse 166 00:10:22,510 --> 00:10:29,040 than being killed and so a national war 167 00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:35,740 to conquer the Persian Empire in Asia 168 00:10:29,040 --> 00:10:39,550 became the grand design although King 169 00:10:35,740 --> 00:10:42,340 Philip was assassinated in 336 BC before 170 00:10:39,550 --> 00:10:45,930 he could carry it out his son Alexander 171 00:10:42,340 --> 00:10:48,520 proved equal to the top 172 00:10:45,930 --> 00:10:52,330 alexander who was 20 when he succeeded 173 00:10:48,520 --> 00:10:55,240 his father was a pupil of aristotle he 174 00:10:52,330 --> 00:10:58,600 had red telephone and he knew what could 175 00:10:55,240 --> 00:11:03,160 be done and what could be one in asia so 176 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:06,070 in 334 bc he led the greek and 177 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:10,990 macedonian forces across the Hellespont 178 00:11:06,070 --> 00:11:14,560 into Asia Minor he then overthrew the 179 00:11:10,990 --> 00:11:18,130 Persian Empire he conquered all the 180 00:11:14,560 --> 00:11:22,000 lands from Libya to Afghanistan he 181 00:11:18,130 --> 00:11:24,910 created a Grieco macedonian empire that 182 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:27,910 would spread Greeks and hellenism all 183 00:11:24,910 --> 00:11:32,080 over the east and he did all this in 184 00:11:27,910 --> 00:11:40,690 only 11 years after which he died of a 185 00:11:32,080 --> 00:11:42,910 fever in babylon aged 32 or 33 alexander 186 00:11:40,690 --> 00:11:47,730 was truly one of the greatest generals 187 00:11:42,910 --> 00:11:50,890 of all time and a megalomaniac of genius 188 00:11:47,730 --> 00:11:53,080 time has softened his more brutal 189 00:11:50,890 --> 00:11:56,080 aspects but it's worth remembering that 190 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:59,710 the ruthless macedonian general 191 00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:03,130 cassandra knew Alexander as a young men 192 00:11:59,710 --> 00:12:07,750 could never pass his statue without 193 00:12:03,130 --> 00:12:11,620 shuddering because Alexander's conquest 194 00:12:07,750 --> 00:12:13,630 seemed impossible everybody except those 195 00:12:11,620 --> 00:12:20,410 who knew him thought he was more than a 196 00:12:13,630 --> 00:12:22,900 hero he was a god soon Alexander decided 197 00:12:20,410 --> 00:12:25,600 that he should be treated as a god which 198 00:12:22,900 --> 00:12:29,080 was also rather convenient because it 199 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:31,570 fitted in with oriental traditions where 200 00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:37,900 the divinity of a king was the basis of 201 00:12:31,570 --> 00:12:40,900 his authority one of Alexander's 202 00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:44,500 bequests to history would be the memory 203 00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:46,960 of his megalomaniac ambition and the 204 00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:51,460 league account that grew up around him 205 00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:54,250 it would later inspire ambitious and 206 00:12:51,460 --> 00:12:56,710 ruthless men who wanted to equal his 207 00:12:54,250 --> 00:13:04,570 achievements 208 00:12:56,710 --> 00:13:04,570 men like Julius Caesar an approach 209 00:13:04,810 --> 00:13:11,420 another aspect of this extraordinary man 210 00:13:08,270 --> 00:13:13,760 was the way she appears to behave as the 211 00:13:11,420 --> 00:13:17,390 philosopher king of the kind that Plato 212 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:22,400 described and that Aristotle may have 213 00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:24,410 trained him to be Alexander made sure 214 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:26,900 that philosophers and scientists would 215 00:13:24,410 --> 00:13:30,740 be part of his expeditions to observe 216 00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:33,440 and record everything they could and he 217 00:13:30,740 --> 00:13:35,930 sought greatness in everything she did 218 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:39,530 when he burnt down the persian royal 219 00:13:35,930 --> 00:13:41,960 palace at Persepolis in retaliation for 220 00:13:39,530 --> 00:13:44,360 the Persians burning of Athens a century 221 00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:47,570 and a half before he followed it up with 222 00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:51,410 a mass marriage between Persian maidens 223 00:13:47,570 --> 00:13:54,140 and Greek noble a symbol of the fusion 224 00:13:51,410 --> 00:13:57,110 he hoped to accomplish of Greeks and 225 00:13:54,140 --> 00:14:03,170 other peoples in order to create one 226 00:13:57,110 --> 00:14:05,600 great everlasting him but reality 227 00:14:03,170 --> 00:14:08,360 couldn't be been to obey Alexander's 228 00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:10,460 dream the world his conquests brought 229 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:14,600 together were two different and when she 230 00:14:10,460 --> 00:14:17,180 died they split apart these new empires 231 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:20,060 and the culture they represented were 232 00:14:17,180 --> 00:14:23,090 neither Greek nor Asian but rather a bit 233 00:14:20,060 --> 00:14:27,710 of both which is why they are described 234 00:14:23,090 --> 00:14:33,050 not as Hellenic not purely Greek but as 235 00:14:27,710 --> 00:14:36,880 Hellenistic the subsequent period called 236 00:14:33,050 --> 00:14:40,400 the Hellenistic age span the three 237 00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:46,310 eventful centuries between the death of 238 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:50,330 Alexander in 323 BC and this in 30 239 00:14:46,310 --> 00:14:52,700 before Christ of Cleopatra who was 240 00:14:50,330 --> 00:14:55,760 descended from one of Alexander's 241 00:14:52,700 --> 00:14:59,360 general it was an age that looks 242 00:14:55,760 --> 00:15:02,270 remarkably like our own time we find the 243 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:05,480 same reversion from representative 244 00:15:02,270 --> 00:15:09,110 institutions to authoritarian regimes 245 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:13,300 the same sense of psychological and 246 00:15:09,110 --> 00:15:17,050 aesthetic fragmentation the same anti 247 00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:21,050 rationalist trends the same 248 00:15:17,050 --> 00:15:24,790 self-absorbed interest in the self the 249 00:15:21,050 --> 00:15:29,000 same obsessive pursuit of affluence 250 00:15:24,790 --> 00:15:33,380 exotic cult peculiars had astrology 251 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:36,500 magic eroticism the same preoccupation 252 00:15:33,380 --> 00:15:40,700 with bigness the same detachment from 253 00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:43,130 the home town with a concomitant but not 254 00:15:40,700 --> 00:15:47,740 very comforting feeling that the whole 255 00:15:43,130 --> 00:15:50,959 cosmos is your policy the same social 256 00:15:47,740 --> 00:15:53,930 conflicts and class wars and colonialism 257 00:15:50,959 --> 00:15:57,200 and wars of national liberation designed 258 00:15:53,930 --> 00:16:00,380 to expel foreign oppressors and to allow 259 00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:03,200 the locals to impress each other the 260 00:16:00,380 --> 00:16:05,779 same bureaucracy more interested in 261 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:08,329 making and keeping rules rather than in 262 00:16:05,779 --> 00:16:11,329 making things more productive or more 263 00:16:08,329 --> 00:16:15,199 efficient the same retreat from 264 00:16:11,329 --> 00:16:18,560 political involvement the same cringing 265 00:16:15,199 --> 00:16:23,779 sense of depersonalization in the big 266 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:27,459 city in megalopolis a place of which 267 00:16:23,779 --> 00:16:32,120 name actually exists in Greece in 268 00:16:27,459 --> 00:16:37,010 Arcadia so let's take a closer look at 269 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:40,130 this strangely familiar period the 270 00:16:37,010 --> 00:16:42,920 states that Alexander's generals founded 271 00:16:40,130 --> 00:16:46,579 in the Hellenistic age like that 272 00:16:42,920 --> 00:16:49,610 abdallah me in Egypt or selalu Coast in 273 00:16:46,579 --> 00:16:51,860 Babylon these states were traditional 274 00:16:49,610 --> 00:16:54,050 monit is highly regulated and 275 00:16:51,860 --> 00:16:56,449 bureaucratic but the cities and the 276 00:16:54,050 --> 00:16:59,329 royal court and the armies and the 277 00:16:56,449 --> 00:17:02,889 higher officials were mostly Greeks with 278 00:16:59,329 --> 00:17:05,409 cosmopolitan Greek values 279 00:17:02,889 --> 00:17:08,769 although the greek for macedonians 280 00:17:05,409 --> 00:17:11,860 intermarried with a local people and a 281 00:17:08,769 --> 00:17:16,899 lot of the locals were Hellenized none 282 00:17:11,859 --> 00:17:19,898 of this integration went very deep the 283 00:17:16,898 --> 00:17:22,408 difference was too great between the 284 00:17:19,898 --> 00:17:25,648 people in the relatively sophisticated 285 00:17:22,409 --> 00:17:30,429 relatively free literate greek-speaking 286 00:17:25,648 --> 00:17:33,519 urban sense and the people in the am 287 00:17:30,429 --> 00:17:35,740 free countries idled immense regions 288 00:17:33,519 --> 00:17:39,159 where the King exercised direct 289 00:17:35,740 --> 00:17:46,720 authority as absolute master over his 290 00:17:39,159 --> 00:17:49,570 servants subjects Greeks were reluctant 291 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:52,269 to accept the authority of monarchs who 292 00:17:49,570 --> 00:17:54,730 demanded a duration in the Oriental 293 00:17:52,269 --> 00:17:59,080 fashion and they didn't believe in their 294 00:17:54,730 --> 00:18:01,690 divinity or infallibility either instead 295 00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:05,019 the Greeks continue to maintain that law 296 00:18:01,690 --> 00:18:11,559 and institutions were products of reason 297 00:18:05,019 --> 00:18:14,110 not of some divine revelation so there 298 00:18:11,559 --> 00:18:17,409 was no true cultural synthesis in the 299 00:18:14,110 --> 00:18:20,700 Hellenistic age as you can see from this 300 00:18:17,409 --> 00:18:23,820 Roman fresco of Syria on the right 301 00:18:20,700 --> 00:18:26,580 contemplating Macedonia the two cultures 302 00:18:23,820 --> 00:18:29,289 remained mostly suspicious and 303 00:18:26,580 --> 00:18:34,899 contemptuous of one another even though 304 00:18:29,289 --> 00:18:36,789 they lived side by side one way of 305 00:18:34,899 --> 00:18:39,309 looking at the Greek and macedonian 306 00:18:36,789 --> 00:18:41,139 colonies during this period is to 307 00:18:39,309 --> 00:18:44,320 compare them with the settlements of the 308 00:18:41,139 --> 00:18:48,029 British in India in the nineteenth and 309 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:51,669 twentieth centuries in both cases an 310 00:18:48,029 --> 00:18:55,000 expatriate ruling class in an ocean of 311 00:18:51,669 --> 00:18:58,450 foreigners keep the flag flying in their 312 00:18:55,000 --> 00:19:01,299 clubs and continents with their peculiar 313 00:18:58,450 --> 00:19:05,940 social rituals which are designed to 314 00:19:01,299 --> 00:19:09,820 mark not synthesis but distinction and 315 00:19:05,940 --> 00:19:13,330 superiority this kind of separatism 316 00:19:09,820 --> 00:19:15,850 could provide no basis for real 317 00:19:13,330 --> 00:19:16,909 integration nor was any kind of 318 00:19:15,850 --> 00:19:20,720 integration design 319 00:19:16,909 --> 00:19:24,289 tired but it did offer impressive model 320 00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:26,690 for the surrounding population just as 321 00:19:24,289 --> 00:19:29,869 british north and administrative 322 00:19:26,690 --> 00:19:33,080 practices and the english language and 323 00:19:29,869 --> 00:19:35,690 even cricket have been taken over and 324 00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:38,450 adapted in india and throughout the rest 325 00:19:35,690 --> 00:19:43,879 of the empire which the British hold no 326 00:19:38,450 --> 00:19:46,519 more I'm integrated as these Greek and 327 00:19:43,879 --> 00:19:48,919 macedonian cities were in the 328 00:19:46,519 --> 00:19:52,609 Hellenistic age they were going to be 329 00:19:48,919 --> 00:19:56,539 vehicles of hellenization spreading 330 00:19:52,609 --> 00:20:00,609 Greek culture institutions ideals tiles 331 00:19:56,539 --> 00:20:05,629 and language as far away from Greece as 332 00:20:00,609 --> 00:20:09,470 Afghanistan and India let me give you an 333 00:20:05,629 --> 00:20:12,129 example these are the ruins of a Greek 334 00:20:09,470 --> 00:20:19,279 city on the northern border of 335 00:20:12,129 --> 00:20:21,710 Afghanistan but I can move we know that 336 00:20:19,279 --> 00:20:26,109 the men who founded the city probably 337 00:20:21,710 --> 00:20:28,879 came from Thessaly in central Greece and 338 00:20:26,109 --> 00:20:32,119 from the inscription on the pillar we 339 00:20:28,879 --> 00:20:34,580 know also that another Greek probably a 340 00:20:32,119 --> 00:20:38,210 philosopher made an extraordinary 341 00:20:34,580 --> 00:20:40,820 journey here presumably because he knew 342 00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:44,109 he would find communities interested in 343 00:20:40,820 --> 00:20:44,109 hearing him lecture 344 00:20:45,870 --> 00:20:52,419 in this particular city which was only 345 00:20:48,940 --> 00:20:55,690 excavated about 20 years ago there was a 346 00:20:52,419 --> 00:20:58,539 gymnasium that very great institution of 347 00:20:55,690 --> 00:21:04,029 culture and training where use met for 348 00:20:58,539 --> 00:21:06,399 exercise and discussion and there was a 349 00:21:04,029 --> 00:21:13,419 large administration area which 350 00:21:06,399 --> 00:21:16,120 contained the library this papyrus 351 00:21:13,419 --> 00:21:22,120 document was found in the library ruins 352 00:21:16,120 --> 00:21:25,360 and it's written in Greek and here is 353 00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:30,240 the temple inside the city walls and the 354 00:21:25,360 --> 00:21:30,240 residential area with mosaic floor 355 00:21:31,620 --> 00:21:34,850 [Music] 356 00:21:35,120 --> 00:21:42,030 and all sorts of things that typifies a 357 00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:45,000 Greek city and the in Greek institutions 358 00:21:42,030 --> 00:21:48,390 and Greek traditions continued strong 359 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:50,760 here at the end of the world until the 360 00:21:48,390 --> 00:21:56,550 city was destroyed by nomads from the 361 00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:58,650 steps in the late 2nd century so this is 362 00:21:56,550 --> 00:22:01,110 how the Greeks exported their urban 363 00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:04,140 culture to love the Hellenistic world 364 00:22:01,110 --> 00:22:09,620 the world which grew to be larger and 365 00:22:04,140 --> 00:22:09,620 more closely linked than anything before 366 00:22:12,050 --> 00:22:19,230 when Alexander's wars of conquest were 367 00:22:15,690 --> 00:22:22,650 over he had quadrupled the size of the 368 00:22:19,230 --> 00:22:27,540 Greeks known world and that gave a great 369 00:22:22,650 --> 00:22:30,960 impetus to travel and trade most of the 370 00:22:27,540 --> 00:22:33,840 Overland trade went by caravan over 371 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:38,610 tracks beaten hard by the hooves of pack 372 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:42,170 animals but the Persian kings had also 373 00:22:38,610 --> 00:22:45,720 built an impressive post world which ran 374 00:22:42,170 --> 00:22:49,290 1500 miles from Sardis on the coast to 375 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:55,890 their capital at souza it was lined with 376 00:22:49,290 --> 00:22:58,890 tables with hostelries with force during 377 00:22:55,890 --> 00:23:01,500 the Hellenistic age roads and tracks 378 00:22:58,890 --> 00:23:04,200 were used mostly by soldiers and 379 00:23:01,500 --> 00:23:06,330 officials but they also improve the 380 00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:08,310 movement of goods when these couldn't be 381 00:23:06,330 --> 00:23:12,000 shipped by water which ones of course 382 00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,460 much is and this trade was going to grow 383 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:17,490 tremendously because the wealth of 384 00:23:14,460 --> 00:23:20,940 rulers handled cities increasingly 385 00:23:17,490 --> 00:23:24,480 dependent on exchange with other regions 386 00:23:20,940 --> 00:23:27,330 in fact Hellenistic rulers were really 387 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:30,549 merchant princes 388 00:23:27,330 --> 00:23:33,820 there were trade expeditions to Africa 389 00:23:30,549 --> 00:23:41,769 and Arabia and India for elephants and 390 00:23:33,820 --> 00:23:44,220 incense and spices and slate the size of 391 00:23:41,769 --> 00:23:47,409 merchant ships kept growing as will 392 00:23:44,220 --> 00:23:54,249 Syracuse in Sicily even launched a ship 393 00:23:47,409 --> 00:23:57,399 with a capacity of 4,500 tongue and the 394 00:23:54,249 --> 00:24:00,580 circulation of money grew too this is a 395 00:23:57,399 --> 00:24:03,809 silver coin from Phoenicia and here is 396 00:24:00,580 --> 00:24:03,809 one from syracuse 397 00:24:05,149 --> 00:24:11,450 at the same time a Greek dialect called 398 00:24:08,539 --> 00:24:15,259 coin a was providing a common language 399 00:24:11,450 --> 00:24:18,649 from Gibraltar to the Caspian Sea which 400 00:24:15,259 --> 00:24:24,229 greatly facilitated trade and the spread 401 00:24:18,649 --> 00:24:26,809 of Hellenistic culture as well a Greek 402 00:24:24,229 --> 00:24:29,450 intellectual like this physician could 403 00:24:26,809 --> 00:24:33,969 feel equally at home in Alexandria which 404 00:24:29,450 --> 00:24:37,789 was in Egypt or in Syracuse in Sicily 405 00:24:33,969 --> 00:24:40,489 actors had international associations 406 00:24:37,789 --> 00:24:46,450 with chapters in every important city 407 00:24:40,489 --> 00:24:49,429 like the guild of Dionysiac artists and 408 00:24:46,450 --> 00:24:55,489 athletes join such groups as the 409 00:24:49,429 --> 00:24:57,499 International Boxing Association and if 410 00:24:55,489 --> 00:25:00,379 you wanted to worship God it is like 411 00:24:57,499 --> 00:25:03,979 Isis here you could find their temples 412 00:25:00,379 --> 00:25:07,089 wherever in width and so in the 200 413 00:25:03,979 --> 00:25:10,210 years before the birth of Christ ideas 414 00:25:07,089 --> 00:25:18,589 fashions and goods were spreading 415 00:25:10,210 --> 00:25:22,399 remarkably fast ironically it was the 416 00:25:18,589 --> 00:25:26,089 decay of the classical Greek Polly so 417 00:25:22,399 --> 00:25:30,229 admired for centuries it was it decay 418 00:25:26,089 --> 00:25:33,289 that gave birth to this new era it 419 00:25:30,229 --> 00:25:37,089 brought about an openness to the outside 420 00:25:33,289 --> 00:25:41,229 world and the beginning of a certain 421 00:25:37,089 --> 00:25:45,669 cosmopolitan even human solidarity and 422 00:25:41,229 --> 00:25:48,529 this decay of the Polish which also 423 00:25:45,669 --> 00:25:52,639 undermined the classical disciplines 424 00:25:48,529 --> 00:25:55,879 with their order with a certain rigor or 425 00:25:52,639 --> 00:26:00,129 at least a certain impersonality this 426 00:25:55,879 --> 00:26:05,109 decay of civic bonds and discipline 427 00:26:00,129 --> 00:26:07,429 permitted encourage a new spirit of 428 00:26:05,109 --> 00:26:11,659 eclecticism that is highly 429 00:26:07,429 --> 00:26:14,119 characteristic of the Hellenistic age we 430 00:26:11,659 --> 00:26:17,090 shall see how this changed the way in 431 00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:20,360 which people looked at their world then 432 00:26:17,090 --> 00:26:24,620 and the way in which we look at our 433 00:26:20,360 --> 00:26:27,130 world now in our next program so please 434 00:26:24,620 --> 00:26:27,130 join us 435 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:51,040 [Music] 436 00:26:59,180 --> 00:27:01,240 you 437 00:27:10,450 --> 00:27:16,060 funding for this program is provided by 438 00:27:12,910 --> 00:27:20,620 Annenberg CPD to advance excellent 439 00:27:16,060 --> 00:27:24,070 teaching for information about this and 440 00:27:20,620 --> 00:27:28,590 other Annenberg CPD programs call one 441 00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:28,590 eight hundred learner and visit us at