一一一笨鸟字幕一一一 因为爱好而翻译此字幕
地球——一个由生命定义的星球 narrator: Earth -- a planet defined by life.
斯特里克:地球上生命的神奇之处在于 Stricker: The amazing thing about life here on earth
无论你往哪里看，你都能找到它 is no matter where you look, you'll find it.
但是地球是独一无二的吗？ Narrator: But is earth unique?
塞勒:我们今天最大的问题是 Thaller: The big question of our day is,
地球之外还有生命吗？ does life exist somewhere else beside the earth?
是我们很特别，还是生命无处不在？ Are we that special, or is life everywhere?
生命的成分 Narrator: The ingredients for life
遍布整个宇宙 are spread throughout the universe.
当我们开始观察太空，然后说 But then we started looking into space and saying,
“等一下 这种化学反应无处不在” "wait a second. That chemistry is everywhere."
生命是必然的吗？ Narrator: Is life inevitable?
我认为一定有适合生命生存的 I think that there have to be planets out there
其他行星 that are capable of hosting life.
开启生命需要什么，如果一旦开启 Narrator: What does life need to get started,
生命能传播吗？ and once started, can life spread?
生命有可能起源于火星 It's possible that life started on Mars
然后在陨石中被转移到地球 and was transferred to earth inside of a meteorite.
生命已经征服了我们的星球 Narrator: Life has conquered our planet,
但生命能征服宇宙吗？ but can life conquer the universe?
宇宙是如何运行的 本字幕翻译自Discovery官方指定字幕
第七季第8集 寻找外星生命 本字幕翻译自Discovery官方指定字幕
宇宙是一个非常大的地方 the universe is a very big place.
宇宙中有数万亿个星系 There are trillions of galaxies,
每个星系都孕育着数百万颗恒星 each one home to millions of stars
和数量惊人的行星 and an unimaginable number of planets.
所以，人都去哪了？ So where is everybody?
其中一个最基本的哲学问题是 One of the most basic philosophical questions is,
我们是孤独的吗？ are we alone?
难道只有我们在观察和思考 Are we the only ones looking out and thinking,
“这是怎么回事？” "what is all this?"
这一切都是我们自己的，还是我们要和别人分享？ Is it all just for us, or do we get to share it with anyone?
我的意思是，不管怎样这是 I mean, that's about as fundamental a question
最基本的问题 as you get.
其他地方存在生命的几率有多大？ Narrator: What are the odds of life existing somewhere else?
我们只是无法很好地了解 We just don't have a good insight
宇宙中存在生命的可能性有多大 to how probable life is anywhere in the universe.
生命可能在怎样的地方形成 Life could possibly be forming everywhere.
我们不太清楚 We don't quite know.
生命中有很多我们不了解的地方 There's a lot about life that we don't understand.
我们只知道至少发生过一次 All we know is that it happened at least once.
除了这颗小行星之外 But beyond this one little planet,
我们不知道是否在其他地方也发生过 we don't know whether or not it happened anywhere else.
宇宙是个不友好的地方 narrator: The universe is an unfriendly place.
有离它们的母恒星太近的熔岩海洋的行星 Planets with lava oceans circle too close to their stars.
脉冲星闪耀着致命的伽马射线和x射线 Pulsars Blaze with deadly gamma rays and x-rays.
黑洞吞噬它们所经过的一切 Black holes consume everything in their path.
温度骤降到接近绝对零度 Temperatures plummet close to absolute zero.
生命在如此恶劣的环境中生存 it may seem impossible for life
似乎是不可能的 to survive in such hostile environments,
但在地球上，生命会在一些非常奇怪的地方 but here on earth, life exists against the odds
生存下来 in some very strange places.
生命实际上已经渗透到地球的每一个角落 Life has actually permeated every part of our planet.
有些地方你会想 There are places where you're like,
“你是怎么在那里生存的？” "how did you even get there?"
乍一看，美丽的湖泊 Narrator: At first glance, a beautiful lake
似乎是生命的好地方 might seem like a good place for life,
但加州的索尔顿海并不是天堂 but California's salton sea is no paradise.
有毒的海水是致命的…… The toxic salt waters are killer...
……周围是炙热的沙漠 ...surrounded by scorched desert
和火山地热田 and volcanic geothermal fields.
这是一个致命的环境 It's a deadly environment.
地球上最不可能发现生命的地方之一 One of the last places on earth you'd expect to find life
就是沸腾的泥浆喷口 would be in boiling mud vents.
你可以开始听到这些喷口的声音，因为有气体 You can start to hear these vents because there's gas,
还有水和泥浆正在流出，就在这里 and there's water and mud slurry that's coming out, right here.
这些是活跃的泥火山 So these are active mud volcanoes.
真的很热 It's really hot.
就像这个……164华氏度（约73摄氏度） It's, like... 164 degrees fahrenheit.
但是生命是有弹性的，即使在这里 Narrator: But life is resilient, finding a home even here,
在加利福尼亚沙漠的火山口里，也能找到自己的家 inside volcanic vents in the California desert.
我们正处于一个非常炎热的沙漠之中 We're in the middle of a really hot desert,
随着泥土的上升，它变得越来越热 and as the mud comes up, it's coming up hot,
而且它是一种酸性的 and it's kind of acid,
然而在这样的环境中也可以有微生物 and yet there can be microbes in environments like this,
它们快乐地生长着 happily thriving away.
这是一个实际上有利于生命的环境 This is an environment that is actually conducive to life,
尽管我们认为它可能不是 even though we think it might not be.
地球表面几乎每一寸土地 Narrator: Almost every inch of the earth's surface
都充满了微生物 is teeming with microscopic life-forms.
地球上的生命存在于 The thing about life on earth
如此多的不同环境中 is that it exists in so many different environments
能够在如此严酷、极端的条件下生存 under such harsh, extreme conditions.
无论你把扔到到哪里，它都会坚持下来 It's like it hangs on, no matter what you throw at it.
比如非常干燥、高压、高温 Very dry, high pressure, very hot,
甚至在高辐射环境下 even in high radiation environments,
如果是人，几秒钟内就能被杀死 which would kill a human within seconds.
生命甚至能够在 Narrator: Life even survives
小行星和陨石的轰炸下幸存下来 being bombed with asteroids and meteorites.
我们有一个很好的间接的例子 We have a wonderful indirect example
来说明生命是多么的顽强 of just how tenacious life is, and that's the fact
那就是在晚期的重轰炸中幸存了下来的生命 that it survived the late heavy bombardment.
晚期的重轰炸 Narrator: The late heavy bombardment
是对生命刚刚站稳脚跟的 was a violent assault on young earth,
年轻地球的猛烈攻击 where life had just gotten a foothold.
专家认为，大约40亿年前 Experts think around 4 billion years ago,
小行星、彗星和太空碎片 asteroids comets and space debris
纷纷落向太阳系内部 rained down on the inner solar system.
这些岩石的火力攻击 This rocky barrage would've melted parts
融化了部分地壳，蒸发了海洋 of the earth's crust and boiled away oceans.
那是一个暴力的时期，叫做冥古宙时期 It was a violent time called the hadean period.
冥古，就是以哈迪斯来命名，以阴间来命名 <哈迪斯是古希腊神话中的冥王——译者注> The hadean named, after Hades, named after the underworld,
以地狱来命名 <哈迪斯是古希腊神话中的冥王——译者注> after hell. .
这时期的地球是一个残酷的令人窒息的地方 <哈迪斯是古希腊神话中的冥王——译者注> It was a brutally unpleasant place to be.
在这种强烈的火山活动循环中 It was spewing its own innards out into the surface
它将自己的内部物质喷向地表 in this intense cycle of hot volcanism.
如果地球上的生命 Narrator: If life on earth
克服了这些地狱般的条件 overcame these hellish conditions,
那么也许生命可以在任何地方生存 then perhaps life can survive anywhere.
斯特劳:我想如果它能发生在地球上 Straugh: I think if it can happen on earth,
那么它也能发生在其他星球上 I think it can happen on other planets.
我觉得生命自有它自己的方式 I think life finds a way,
我们需要去寻找它 and I think we need to go looking for it.
问题是，我们到底在找什么？ Narrator: The question is, what exactly are we looking for?
普莱特:生命是什么？ Plait: What is life?
你知道，这似乎是一个简单的问题 You know, that seems like a simple question,
但它不是那么容易回答 but it's not that easy to answer.
生命是很难定义的，对吧？ Life is incredibly hard to define, right?
这有点像，当你看到它的时候你就知道了 It's sort of like, you know it when you see it,
但是你怎么写规则呢？ but how do you write down the rules?
斯特里克:每次我们认为我们已经掌握了 Stricker: Every time we think we have a grasp,
就会出现一种新的形式 there's this new form that comes about
并彻底质疑整个定义 and completely questions that entire definition.
天体生物学中有个笑话 There's a joke in astrobiology that if you ask
如果你向200位科学家问生命的定义 200 scientists for a definition of life,
你会得到200个不同的答案 you'll get 200 different answers.
生命可以像我们人类一样复杂 Narrator: Life can be as intricate as us humans
也可以像单细胞有机体一样简单，比如细菌、 or as simple as single-celled organisms, like bacteria,
但有些事情是所有生命形式都会做的 but there are some things all life-forms do.
普莱特:广义来说，生命消耗事物 Plait:In broad terms, life consumes things.
它会呼吸 会吃 会分泌 It breathes. It eats. It excretes.
它会生长、会繁殖 它很复杂 It grows. It reproduces. It's complex.
生命以各种方式改变了地球 Narrator: Life has transformed the earth in all sorts of ways,
但生命仍然只是一个意外 but life is still just an accident.
在我看来，生命只是一种化学反应 Life, as I see it, is just a chemical reaction,
但它是宇宙中最重要、最特殊的 but it's the most important and special chemical reaction
化学反应 in the universe.
如果生命只是化学的产物 Narrator: If life is just a product of chemistry,
那么它从宇宙的任何地方 then what are the odds of it
开启的几率有多大？ starting anywhere in the universe?
关于化学，我们所知道的一件事是 One thing we know about chemistry
在适当的条件下 is that given the right conditions,
同样的化学反应肯定会发生 the same chemical reaction will reliably occur.
这就像一场冒险游戏 Narrator: It's like a game of chance.
生命要想获胜，条件必须恰到好处 For life to win, the conditions need to be just right,
但要想算出几率，我们需要 but to figure out the odds, we need to understand
了解这些条件是什么以及它们有多普遍 what those conditions are and how common they are.
奥卢西:所以这就是一个数字游戏 Oluseyi: So it comes down to a numbers game.
是关于统计，概率和可能性 It's about statistics and probabilities and likelihoods.
这就像在生活中掷骰子 Narrator: It's like having to roll a 6
每种情况都要掷出6 for each condition for life.
但是你需要多少个6呢？ But how many 6s would you need?
生命需要多少精确的条件才能开启？ How many precise conditions does life require to get going?
你可能有100个骰子，把它们都掷出来，得到所有的都是6 You might have 100 dice, roll them all, get all 6s.
只有这样你才能得到生命 Only then do you get life.
你可能需要 Narrator: You could need hundreds
成百个或上千个骰子 or hundreds of thousands of dice.
具体多少我们不知道 We just don't know.
我们真的不知道 We honestly have no clue
生命在宇宙中有多普遍或多罕见 how common or rare life is in the universe.
普雷特:我们不知道地球上的生命是如何起源的 Plait: We don't know how life originated here on earth,
我们也不知道在那里可以了解情况 where we kind of understand the conditions.
生命的起源有很多种方式 There are a lot of different ways life could've started.
生命是稀有的吗？还是生命很常见？我们不知道答案所在 Is life rare? Is life common? We don't where it lands.
在我们更好地理解生命之前 Narrator: Putting odds on life existing
讨论生命存在的可能性是浪费时间 is a waste of time until we understand it better,
也许我们的答案并不存在于地球上 and maybe our answers don't lie here on earth.
解决这个问题的一种方法是 One way to crack this problem
去其他地方寻找生命 is to go looking for life elsewhere.
如果我们能找到其他生命的例子 If we can find other examples of life,
我们就能立即给出一个定量的答案 we can immediately begin to put a quantitative answer
说明生命在任何地方出现的可能性有多大 to how probable it is for life to happen anywhere.
寻找生命的最佳地点 Narrator: And the best place to look for life
可能就是我们自己的后院…… might be in our own backyard...
……火星 ...Mars.
如果生命可以从这里开始 If life can start here,
那么也许生命可以征服宇宙 then maybe life could conquer the universe.
生命要征服宇宙 narrator: For life to conquer the universe,
首先，它得开始行动 first, it has to get going.
当我们观察地球上的生命时 When we look at life on earth,
很可能它们都有一个共同的祖先 it's possible that it all has a common ancestor.
生命从一个点开始，然后分支 Life started at one spot, branched out, and became
变成我们看到的所有不同种类的生命 all the different kinds of life that we see.
但是生命是怎么开始的？ Narrator: But how did it start?
要回答的第一个问题是，生命是由什么构成的？ The first question to answer is, what is life made of?
排在最前面的是最基本的组成部分—— Top of the list are the most basic building blocks --
化学元素 chemical elements.
以下是我对宇宙的了解—— Here's what I know about the universe --
物理定律似乎在任何地方都是一样的 the laws of physics appear to be same everywhere.
化学成分 The chemical composition,
和元素在任何地方也都是一样的 the elements are the same everywhere.
宇宙创造了这些元素 And the cosmos creates these elements,
不是来自大爆炸，而是来自恒星 not from the big bang but from stars.
在一颗恒星的生命过程中 Narrator: Over the course of a star's life,
它会创造元素 it creates elements.
当一颗恒星死亡时 And when a star dies,
这些元素会以超新星的形式爆炸到太空中 these elements are blasted out into space in a supernova,
将生命的成分扩散到宇宙中 spreading the ingredients for life out into the cosmos.
我们，地球，太阳系 We, the earth, our solar system,
所有构成我们的元素 all the ingredients that make us,
都是在核之火中锻造出来的 us were forged in nuclear fires.
所以恒星的死亡导致了生命的诞生 So the death of stars leads to the birth of life.
这些关键成分包括氧 Narrator: Those key ingredients include oxygen,
氮、硫和磷 nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus,
但我们知道对生命最重要的元素是碳 but the element most central to life as we know it is carbon.
我们所知道的地球上的所有生命都是以碳为基础的 All life as we know it on earth is based on carbon.
碳构成了结构 Carbon forms the structure,
构成了我们生命分子的结构 the architecture of our living molecules.
碳是一种非常通用的 Narrator: Carbon is an incredibly versatile
生命建筑材料 building material.
它可以与其他元素结合形成长链分子 It can bond with other elements to form long-chain molecules,
每个长链分子都有不同的性质 each with different properties.
作为一种元素，它似乎能够产生 As an element, it seems to be capable of producing
巨大而复杂的化学物质 a vast and complex chemistry,
而这种复杂的化学物质正是我们在生命中发现的 and that complex chemistry is what we find in life.
我们称之为有机化学 Narrator: We call this organic chemistry.
但是从基本的有机分子 but getting from basic organic molecules
到复杂的生命形式，是一个巨大的飞跃 to complex life-forms is a big leap.
说实话，我们对地球上的生命 We don't really have the slightest idea,
是如何开始的，真的一无所知 to be honest, about how life on earth got started.
沙夫:一个很大的问题是，你如何从一个相对简单的 Scharf: A really big question is, how do you go from a mix
有机分子的混合物变成一个有生命的系统？ of relatively simple organic molecules to a living system?
我们知道这一切都始于 Narrator: We know it all starts with basic elements created
大量的基本元素被创造出来…… in massive quantities...
……因为恒星的死亡 ...by the death of stars.
但是，你如何开始将这些乐高积木连接起来 But how do you start connecting those lego bricks together
然后构建第一个细胞呢？ to build that first cell?
简单的回答是，“我们不知道” The short answer is, "we don't know,"
但我们对可能的步骤有一些想法 but we have some ideas of potential steps.
有机分子链 Narrator: Chains of organic molecules
会变得越来越复杂 become more and more complex.
氨基酸形成蛋白质 Amino acids form proteins.
脂肪酸形成磷脂，磷脂形成细胞膜 Fatty acids form phospholipids, which makes cell membranes.
核酸形成了DNA Nucleic acids form DNA,
DNA是储存遗传信息的分子 the molecule that stores genetic information.
最终，一个简单的细胞出现了 Eventually, a simple cell emerges.
因此，所有你需要连接在一起 So all of the bits you need to plug together
从零开始构建细胞的部分 to build a cell from scratch
似乎都存在于外太空 seems to exist in outer space.
我们发现有机化合物到处都是 We found organic compounds everywhere.
它们无处不在—— They're all over the place --
行星、彗星、气体云 planets, comets, gas clouds.
生命的基本成分 The very basic ingredients of life
在太阳系的其他地方到处都有 available elsewhere in our solar system,
所以生命可能无处不在 so there could be life everywhere.
2018年 narrator: In 2018,
NASA宣布他们在另一个星球上 NASA announces it's found organic molecules
发现了有机分子 on another planet,
一个我们一直怀疑存在外星生命的星球—— a planet we've always suspected of harboring alien life --
……火星 ...Mars.
所以每当NASA召开新闻发布会，他们说 So whenever NASA has a press conference, and they say,
“嘿，我有一些关于火星的结果要报告” "hey, I have some results to report on about Mars,"
每个人都疯了 everyone goes nuts.
达特奈尔:互联网疯了 Dartnell: The Internet goes mad.
也许我们有了绿色火星人在不明飞行物里的 Maybe we've got photograph evidence of the green men
照片证据 in a ufo.
兰扎: 这个时间，是火星人的时间 Lanza: This time, it's the martians.
他们会告诉我们他们发现了一个火星人 They're going to tell us they found a martian.
世界在倾听，因为每个人都想知道 The world listens 'cause everyone wants to know.
每个人都会问 Everyone asks the question,
“我们找到生命存在的证据了吗？” "have we found evidence of life?"
6年了 Narrator: For 6 years,
火星好奇号探测器一直在探索 the Mars curiosity rover has been exploring
一个叫做盖尔陨石坑的地区 a region called Gale crater,
寻找古代生命的迹象 hunting for signs of ancient life.
有点像在地球上寻找化石 A bit like fossil-hunting on earth.
盖尔陨石坑和地球上能保存化石的地方 Gale crater is not unlike places on earth
没有什么不同，亚利桑那州的石化森林 that can preserve fossils, so a really good example of this
就是一个很好的例子 would be the petrified forest in Arizona.
这看起来像一块木头，但实际上是石头 This looks like a piece of wood, but in fact, it is stone.
全是石头，但它曾经是一棵树 It is all stone, but it used to be a tree.
这化石曾经生活在2亿年前 This fossil lived 200 million years ago.
亚利桑那州的这片沙漠 Narrator: This patch of desert in Arizona
曾经看起来完全不同 once looked completely different.
兰扎:这片土地现在看起来非常干燥 Lanza: This landscape looks very dry right now,
但在2亿年前 but 200 million years ago,
这里是一片有树木和流水的湿地 it was wet swampland with trees and flowing water.
与石化森林一样 Narrator: Like the petrified forest,
火星也随着时间而变化 Mars has also changed over time.
盖尔陨石坑曾经是一个充满淡水的湖床 Gale crater was once a lake bed filled with fresh water.
这真是太令人兴奋了 And it was just so exciting because we knew then
因为我们知道我们降落在了一个 that we had landed right on top of an environment
曾经有大量流水的环境上面 that once had tons of flowing water
那里很可能保存着有机物质 and could very well have preserved organic materials,
尽管在我们看来它非常贫瘠和荒凉 even though it looks very barren and desolate to our eyes.
2018年 Narrator: In 2018,
好奇号在这个古老的火星湖泊里钻洞 curiosity drills into this ancient martian lake
发现了有机分子 and discovers organic molecules.
在火星上发现有机物，真的非常令人兴奋 Finding organics on Mars is so exciting
因为，我的意思是，“WOW” <"WOW"是1977年NASA科学家意外接收到的> <疑似外星人向人类发射的信号——译者注> just because, I mean, wow.
也就是说，这些是构成生命的基石 <"WOW"是1977年NASA科学家意外接收到的> <疑似外星人向人类发射的信号——译者注> That is -- those are the building blocks of life,
不仅仅是元素，还有分子 <"WOW"是1977年NASA科学家意外接收到的> <疑似外星人向人类发射的信号——译者注> not just the elements, but actual molecules.
在宣布火星上发现 There was a wave of excitement
有机物和复杂有机物后 after the announcement of organics
人们掀起了一阵兴奋的浪潮 found on Mars and complex organics.
这并不能完全表明火星上存在生命 It's not totally indicative that life is there,
但这确实是一个很好的迹象 but it's a really good telltale sign
表明火星上可能存在生命形式 that there may be possibly life-forms on Mars.
这些结果并不能证明火星人存在 Narrator: The results aren't proof of martians,
但古老的湖床证明了这颗红色星球 but the ancient lake bed is evidence that the red planet
曾经有对生命至关重要的东西—— once had something else crucial for life --
液态水 liquid water.
如果生命中有很多需要的要素 it's one thing if you have all these ingredients
而液态水就是其中之一 lying around for life.
你知道，那里有碳，有氢 You could have, you know, carbon over here and hydrogen
还可能有甲烷或者别的什么 over here, maybe methane or whatever.
你必须把它们混合在一起 You have to mix them together,
所以你需要一些东西让它们结合，某种媒介 so you need something for them to be in, a medium of some sort.
生命需要一种液体 Narrator: Life needs a liquid
来混合基本的化学物质 to mix essential chemicals together.
我们习惯于认为 We're used to thinking of earth
地球是太阳系中唯一的水世界 as the only water world in our solar system,
但新的证据表明并非如此…… but new evidence says otherwise...
……从外太空 ...as extraterrestrial visitors
带来液态水的外星访客揭示了这一点 carrying liquid water from outer space reveal.
我们的蓝色星球 narrator: It's no coincidence
是一个水世界，这不是巧合 our blue planet is a water world.
地球上有超过 There are more than 366 million trillion gallons
3.66亿加仑的水 of water on earth.
它甚至占据了我们身体的60% It even makes up 60% of our bodies.
我认为地球上的生命可以简单地 I think life on earth could be easily described
用水化学来描述 as water chemistry.
这是地球上生命的基本特征 That is the essential feature of life on earth.
有些被锁在冰层中 Narrator: Some is locked up in ice caps
或者以水蒸气的形式存在于空气中 or as vapor in the air,
但是96%的液态水存在于我们的海洋中 but 96% of liquid water is in our oceans.
好吧，地球的确很特别 Well, earth is really special.
我们从未发现过这样的地方 There's no other place like it that we've found.
这是一颗体积相当大的行星 It's a pretty substantial planet with liquid water
表面70%都是液态水 covering 70% of the surface.
地球上所有的生命都需要水 All life on the earth requires bodies of water
才能生存 in order to survive.
没有水，就没有生命 No water, no life.
水是化学家所说的溶剂 Narrator: Water is what chemists call a solvent,
它是我们所知道的最好的溶剂 and it's the best solvent we know of.
它可以溶解比任何其他液体更多的物质 It can dissolve more substances than any other liquid,
允许分子混合和相互作用 allowing molecules to mix and interact.
无论水到哪里 Wherever water goes, it transports
它都会运送有价值的化学物质、矿物质和营养物质 valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients.
奥卢西:如果没有液体 Oluseyi: If there was no liquid,
东西就会分开放置 things would just sit around separately.
你需要这种持续的相互作用 You need this constant interaction,
你需要一种不同的化学混合物 and you need a different chemical mix,
而水做到了这一切 and water does all of that.
所以我们在太阳系外寻找类生命行星 And so a lot of our searches for lifelike planets,
或类地行星的很多工作 or earthlike planets, outside our solar system
都是基于我们需要液态水 are based on this sort of primary assumption
这一基本假设 that we need liquid water.
我们一直认为地球有液态水 Narrator: We've long thought earth has liquid water
是因为它在太阳系中的独特位置 because of its unique position in the solar system.
正是在这个我们称之为宜居带的区域 It's right in this zone that we call the habitable zone
阳光可以使地球表面的水 where the sunlight can support liquid water
以液态存在 on the surface of the planet.
但是我们现在发现液态水 narrator: But we have now discovered that liquid water
可能存在于我们从未想到过的地方 might exist in places we never expected.
1998年，一颗陨石在德克萨斯州坠毁 In 1998, a meteorite crash-lands in Texas.
今天，亚利桑那州立大学的科学家们 Today, scientists at Arizona state university
仍在研究它的秘密 are still studying its secrets.
我们不知道这个陨石会竟然包含 We had no idea that it would contain
非常非常惊人的发现 this really, really spectacular finding.
它含有一种神秘的紫色矿物 Narrator: It contains a mysterious purple mineral.
这种奇异的颜色来自于暴露在宇宙辐射下 The exotic color comes from exposure to cosmic radiation,
但这种化合物本身非常普通 but the compound itself is very ordinary.
它就是氯化钠 It's actually sodium chloride,
本质上和食盐是同一种矿物质 which is essentially the same mineral as table salt,
但真正酷的是它实际上含有 but what's really cool is that it actually contains
液态水的小液滴 little globules of liquid water,
这些液态水在45亿年前 and that liquid water was trapped in these crystals
就被困在这些晶体中了 4 1/2 billion years ago.
2018年，科学家们重新检查了这些晶体 Narrator: In 2018, scientists reexamined the crystals
发现液态水并不是单独移动的 and discovered the liquid water wasn't traveling alone.
我们现在已经在这些盐晶体中 We've now actually found organic compounds in association
发现了与液态水有关的有机化合物 with this liquid water in these salt crystals,
这是一件 and that's something that's really new
非常新奇的事情 and really spectacular.
泰勒:实际上，我们在陨石中发现了氨基酸 Thaller: We actually found amino acids,
氨基酸是构成我们身体的蛋白质 the building blocks of all of our proteins, even our DNA,
甚至是DNA的基本成分 and we found liquid water,
我们还发现了液态水，这是构成生命的基本成分 the very building blocks of life, inside a meteorite.
那么在太阳系的其他地方 Narrator: So could life exist
可能存在生命吗？ somewhere else in our solar system?
美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的土星探测任务发现了一些令人震惊的结果 a NASA mission to saturn turned up some shocking results.
“卡西尼号”太空探测器在土星的卫星土卫二下方飞行 The cassini space probe flew beneath saturn's moon enceladus.
达特奈尔:土卫二，没人在乎 Dartnell: Enceladus, no one cared about.
这是一个小小的雪球般的世界 It was a tiny, little snowball of a world.
但是土卫二让所有人都大吃一惊 Narrator: But enceladus surprised everyone.
数十个液态水间歇泉 Geysers of liquid water, dozens of them,
沿着卫星表面的海沟喷射而出 blast out of trenches along the moon's surface,
它们来自一个巨大的地下海洋 coming from a vast subsurface ocean.
地球上的海洋充满了生命 Oceans on earth are full of life.
土卫二也会是如此吗？ Could the same be true of enceladus?
麦凯:我是土卫二的超级粉丝 McKay: I'm a big fan of enceladus.
我认为这是迄今为止 I think it's by far and away the best place to go
寻找生命迹象的最佳地点 to search for evidence of life.
2018年 Narrator: In 2018,
研究人员分析了卡西尼号的数据 researchers analyzing the cassini data
发现土卫二的羽流中 discovered that the plumes of enceladus
含有复杂的有机分子 contain complex organic molecules.
我们发现的只是简单的分子，比如甲烷 Just simple molecules, we find those, like methane,
但卡西尼号的结果表明 but the cassini results are showing that there are
还有一些更复杂、更大的有机分子 these more complex, larger organic molecules as well.
这是有史以来第一次在外星水世界里 Narrator: This is the first ever detection of complex organics
发现复杂的有机物 on an extraterrestrial water world.
突然间，水喷了出来 All of a sudden, here's water jetting out,
携带着有机物质，和生命所需的所有成分 carrying organic material, all the ingredients needed for life.
简直好得让人难以置信 It was, like, too good to be true.
但是土卫二并不是唯一一个 Narrator: But enceladus isn't the only small world
有地下海洋的小星球 with a subsurface ocean.
其他卫星和矮行星也有液态水 Other moons and dwarf planets have liquid water, too.
我们认为生命形成的最重要因素 We think the most important thing for life to form
是液态水的存在 is the presence of liquid water,
而我们的太阳系似乎充满了液态水 and our solar system seems to be full of it.
萨特:太阳系外液态水的发现 Sutter: The discovery of liquid water
改变了宇宙中 in the outer solar system
生命起源的规律 changes the rules of how life might originate in the universe.
在宇宙的另一端 narrator: Across the universe,
外星生命可能隐藏在地表之下 alien life could be hiding underneath the surface.
内水海洋比地表水海洋 Internal water oceans are far more common
更常见 than surface water oceans,
所以如果宇宙中有很多生命 so if there is a lot of life out there in the universe,
很有可能是在几英里厚的冰下的内水海洋中 chances are it's in an internal ocean under miles of ice.
谁知道在冰冷的外部世界里 Narrator: Who knows what might be lurking
可能隐藏着什么？ inside icy exoworlds?
在冰下的系外卫星和系外行星上 There may be jellyfish and octopuses all over the place
可能到处都有“水母”和“章鱼” in exomoons and exoplanets under ice
它们有我们不知道的文明 that have civilizations that we just don't know about.
发现液态水海洋 Narrator: Finding liquid water oceans
将会开启一个充满可能性的世界 could open up a world of possibilities.
如果你对外星智慧章鱼公民 If you're not excited about
并不感兴趣 intelligent extraterrestrial octopus civilians,
那我真不知道该说什么了 I don't know what to say.
在我们的太阳系中找到生命的机会 Narrator: The chances of finding life in our solar system
大大增加了 just got a heck of a lot better.
积木和液态水是很常见的 Building blocks and liquid water are common,
但生命的形成需要的 but you need more than just these two conditions
不仅仅是这两种条件 for life to take hold.
生命需要火花 Life needs a spark.
生命似乎需要某种形式的能量 Life appears to need some form of energy
使得分子之间相互作用 to actually get the molecules interacting.
来自太阳的紫外线辐射 One thing that may have helped kick-start life on earth
可能有助于地球上生命的启动 is ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
所有的恒星都会发出紫外线 Narrator: Ultraviolet light is emitted by all stars.
我们的银河系中有数十亿颗恒星 There are billions of stars in our galaxy.
生命是否可以在任何恒星周围开启 Can life get started around any star,
或者我们的太阳是唯一的？ or is our sun unique?
地球是一个太阳能驱动的星球 Narrator: Earth is a solar-powered planet.
在食物链的最底层，植物利用光合作用 At the bottom of the food chain, plants use photosynthesis
将阳光转化为化学能—— to convert sunlight into chemical energy --
最终为我们人类提供食物 food for the rest of us.
达特内尔:我即喜欢吃“草”，当然主要是小麦 Dartnell: I like eating both grass, essentially wheat,
我也喜欢吃那些用吃了草的牛 and I also fancy the odd hamburger from a cow
做的汉堡包 that has eaten that grass.
整个生态系统都是由阳光驱动的 This whole ecosystem is powered by sunshine.
但是最近的研究揭示了 Narrator: But recent studies have shed new light
生命是如何在我们的阳光下发展的 on how life developed under our sun,
特别是紫外线的作用 specifically the role of ultraviolet light.
紫外线辐射有助于分解分子 U.v.a. Radiation is useful for breaking molecules up
并引发反应 and triggering reactions.
也许这在生命的起源中起到了作用 Maybe that played a role in the origin of life.
它能分解简单的有机分子 It breaks down simple organic molecules,
然后它们能自我改造成 and then they can rebuild themselves
更复杂的东西 into things that are more complex.
你一遍又一遍地这样做，最终 You do that over and over again, eventually,
你会得到生命 you somehow get life.
科学家认为地球上的生命 narrator: Scientists think life on earth
大约始于40亿年前…… started around 4 billion years ago...
……那时候地球的大气层 ...a time when earth's atmosphere
几乎没有保护 gave little protection.
紫外线辐射水平高出100倍 U.V. radiation levels were 100 times higher.
那么紫外线 Was U.V. essential
对生命密码DNA的发展至关重要吗？ for the development of life's code, DNA?
我们知道地球上的生命在DNA中储存信息 We know that life on earth stores information in DNA
然后利用这些信息来构建蛋白质 and then uses that information to build proteins,
所以你有了蓝图和砖块 so you have the blueprints and the bricks.
蓝图就是DNA，砖块就是蛋白质 The blueprints are the DNA, and the bricks are the protein.
达奈尔:但是我们认为地球上最早的生命 Dartnell: But we think that the first life on earth,
使用的化学物质要简单得多 we used a chemical which is much simpler.
这个简单的化学物质是“rna”, Narrator: This simpler chemical was rna,
DNA的单链祖先 DNA's single-stranded forefather.
Rna几乎就像买一送一 rna is almost like a two-for-one offer.
在同一个化合物中 It does both of the fundamental things
它可以同时完成细胞所需的两项基本功能 you need for a cell in the same compound.
所以砖块和蓝图是同时存在的 So it was simultaneously the bricks and the blueprint.
与其他分子不同rna对早期地球的 Narrator: Unlike other molecules, rna is more resistant
高紫外线环境有更强的抵抗力 to the high U.V. environment of early earth,
这让它能够蓬勃发展 allowing it to flourish.
rna最终进化成DNA Rna eventually evolved into DNA,
生命开始了 and life started.
奥卢塞伊:要想在地球上有生命 Oluseyi: To have life on the planet,
一个重要的考虑因素是 one important consideration
需要一定数量的光 is a certain amount of light that's going to be needed
和某种类型的光 and a certain type of light that's going to be needed.
如果所有的恒星都发出紫外线辐射 narrator: So if all stars emit some U.V. radiation,
那么生命能在任何恒星周围开启吗？ can life start around any star?
当我们考虑寻找 When we think about looking for places
有生命的地方的时候 that are conducive for life,
我们想找一个星球 we want to find a planet
可能有足够的紫外辐射 that might have enough U.V. radiation,
所以这个恒星,你知道,要足够明亮或足够接近星球 so the star is, you know, bright enough or close enough
这样才能提供足够的能量 that's providing enough energy to the surface for life,
但我们也不希望有太多的紫外辐射 but we also don't want to have too much U.V. radiation.
看来你需要适量的紫外线 Narrator: It seems you need just the right amount of U.V.
银河系中最常见的恒星是红矮星 the most common stars in the galaxy are red dwarf stars.
如果红矮星能够在其周围的行星上孕育生命 If red dwarf stars can harbor life on planets around them,
那么在我们的星系中就会有大量 there's an awful lot of real estate like that
类似的空间 in our galaxy.
红矮星可以在很多方面 Narrator: Red dwarf stars could be good for life's chance
为生命征服宇宙提供机会 of conquering the universe in a number of ways.
其一，它们代表了宇宙中 One, they represent over three-quarters
超过四分之三的恒星 of all stars in the universe.
第二，它们的寿命比类日恒星 Two, they live for over a thousand times longer
要长1000多倍 than sunlike stars,
第三，它们周围的岩态行星 and, three, they seem to have rocky planets around them
似乎比类日恒星要多 much more often than sunlike stars do.
这些都是优点 Narrator: Those are the pros,
但是红矮星也有缺点 but red dwarf stars also have cons.
例如，它们可能不够亮，可能无法孕育生命 For instance, they might not be bright enough for life to begin.
我们所知道的一些红矮星 Some of the red dwarf stars that we know emit
发出的紫外线比太阳要少 less ultraviolet light than the sun.
它们根本不会发出太多紫外线 They don't give off much U.V. light at all.
也许在它们周围的行星上 Maybe on a planet around them,
没有足够的能量让生命开始 there isn't enough energy to get life started.
红矮星也更喜怒无常 Narrator: Red dwarf stars are also much more temperamental.
他们可能会从温和、安静 They can go from being gentle and quiet
到突然爆发暴力 to having violent outbursts...
……恒星耀斑 ...stellar flares.
这类恒星会有非常强烈的耀斑 These types of stars have incredibly strong flares.
这意味着它们会发射出 That means they're shooting off
大量高能粒子、辐射和光线 a bunch of energetic particles and radiation
烘烤着这些行星的表面 and light that's baking the surface of those planets.
拉德堡:如果这颗恒星 Radebaugh: If the star is just
只是用紫外线轰击它的表面 bombarding the surface with U.V.,
那么它就会摧毁所有生命所必需的东西 then it will destroy all of those things necessary for life.
它会毁灭生命 It will actually destroy the life itself.
这些恒星耀斑 narrator: These stellar flares
可以剥离行星的大气层 could strip away a planet's atmosphere,
使其表面变得贫瘠 sterilizing the surface.
这还需要更多的研究，但就目前而言 more research is needed, but for now,
在矮星周围存在生命的可能性还是个未知数 the odds of life thriving around dwarf stars are a toss-up.
到目前为止，我们唯一知道的就是 so far, the only thing we know
有一颗恒星绝对适合 is that there is one kind of star
生命的存在那就是—— that's definitely right for life --
我们的太阳 our sun.
我们知道宇宙中只有一个地方有生命，那就是这里 We know of life in one place in the universe, and that's here.
就是地球 That's earth.
宇宙中只有4%的恒星像我们的太阳 Narrator: Only 4% of stars in the universe are like our sun.
因此，如果生命只能在这些罕见的 So if life can only get started around these rare,
中等大小的恒星周围开启 medium-sized stars,
那么机会看起来并不乐观 the chances are not looking good.
但生命可能会有锦囊妙计 but life may have an Ace up its sleeve.
如果生命可以在一个星球上开启，然后扩散到其他星球呢？ What if life can start on just one planet and then spread?
如果生命会穿越宇宙 What if life travels across the cosmos
寻找可以征服的行星呢？ looking for planets to conquer?
地球是宇宙中出现生命的 narrator: Earth is our only example of life
唯一例子 emerging anywhere in the universe.
但如果地球上的生命根本就没有开启呢？ But what if life on earth didn't start on earth at all?
有一种观点认为，地球上的生命 There's one idea that life on earth
实际上并不是在这里产生的，而是从太空传送过来的 actually didn't get going here but was delivered from space.
科学家称这个理论为生源说 Narrator: Scientists call this theory panspermia.
沙夫:生源说本质上讲的是 Scharf: The idea of panspermia essentially talks
生命在宇宙中的转移 about the transferral of life throughout the cosmos.
我们知道小行星和彗星 Narrator: We know asteroids and comets
携带着有机分子 carry organic molecules.
但它们能携带生命吗？ But could they carry life itself?
如果生命起源于另一个星球呢？ What if life starts on one planet?
它真的能到达附近的行星吗？ Can it actually get itself to a nearby planet?
陨石真的有可能 Is it possible that meteorites
运送生物吗？ could actually transport living beings?
生命要在宇宙中旅行 Narrator: For life to travel around the cosmos,
首先，它需要飞行 first, it needs to take flight.
一颗小行星正在与一颗有人居住的行星发生碰撞 An asteroids is on a collision course with an inhabited planet.
那么，如果行星发生巨大的灾难性碰撞 So what happens if there's a huge cataclysmic
会发生什么呢？ collision on a planet?
物质就会被送入太空 Material is blasted off into space.
撞击可能会杀死 narrator: The impact might kill life
那颗行星表面的生命 on the surface of that planet,
但也有可能一些细菌会逃跑 but it's possible some bacteria might escape,
通过行星表面的大块土地搭便车 hitching a ride on chunks of the planet's surface.
一颗陨石被小行星撞击后 A meteorite being ejected from a planet
从行星中喷射出来—— after an asteroids impact --
我的意思是，这不是一件容易的事 I mean, that's not going to be an easy ride.
但事实证明，这并不像你想的那么糟糕 But it turns out it's not as bad as you think.
有些细菌非常非常难以杀死 Some bacteria are very, very hard to kill.
有些我们甚至不知道怎么杀死它们 Some we don't even know how to kill.
即使是把石头扔进太空的撞击—— Even the impact that actually threw that rock into space --
对于细菌，也没有问题 the bacteria, no problem.
如果小行星碰撞过程中喷出的岩石块 If those chunks of rock expelled during asteroids collisions
真的有可能抓住有生命的生物 could actually hold onto viable organisms,
它真的能改变 then it really could change the way
我们对宇宙中生命传播的看法 in which we think about life spreading in the universe.
如果微生物能够在起飞时存活下来 Narrator: If the microbes can survive takeoff,
那么它们就可以开始它们的新家之旅了 then they can start their journey to a new home.
生命征服宇宙的可能性 The odds of life conquering the universe
似乎越来越大 seem to be getting better.
现在重要的问题是，这些生命 The important question now is, how long could that life,
那些岩石里的细菌和微生物 those bacteria, those microorganisms
能在太空环境中存活多久？ inside that rock, survive the space environment?
暴露在紫外线辐射下，可能是致命的 Narrator: Exposure to U.V. radiation could be fatal,
会杀死小行星表面的任何生命 killing any life on the surface of an asteroid.
但专家认为，微生物乘客 But experts think that microbial passengers
仍然可以通过隐藏在地下生存 could still survive by hiding underground.
保护微生物不受紫外线的侵害并不需要很多 It doesn't take much to shield a microorganism from U.V.
只要有一小块石头，就有足够的保护 Just a little bit of rock, and you have enough protection
在通往下一个星球的整个旅程中 to just hold on throughout a journey to the next body,
都能坚持住 to your next home.
最终，它们会到达一个无人居住的世界 Narrator: Eventually, they could arrive at an uninhabited world
那里已经准备等待生命的到来 that's ready and waiting for life,
当然他们的着陆是颠簸的 but they're in for a bumpy landing.
岩石会在穿过行星的大气层时不是会燃烧吗？ Would the rock burn up coming through a planet's atmosphere?
它将会经历一段很热的旅程 It's in for a hot ride but only for a few seconds,
但只会持续几秒钟，只有外层的岩石会爆炸 and only the outer layers of that rock will blow off,
然后它就会掉下来，以不那么快的速度撞击地面 and then it just falls and hits the ground not that fast,
大约每小时几百英里 a couple hundred miles an hour.
如果里面有人类，那就糟了 If a human were in there, that would be bad.
但对于细菌来说，这没什么大不了的 But for bacteria, no big deal.
生源说认为 Narrator: The panspermia theory says
生命可能只在一个星球上开启 life could start on just one planet,
然后传播到另一个星球，可能还有另一个星球 then spread to another planet, and possibly another.
如果我们发现了外星生命形式，他们看起来眼熟吗？ If we found alien life-forms, would they look familiar?
关于在太阳系中找到其他生命的 One of the biggest questions about finding other life
最大问题之一是，它与我们有多相似？ in the solar system is, how similar will it be to us?
如果它和我们一样，这就引出了一个问题 If it's just like us, it begs the question,
我们有一个共同的起源吗？ did we have a common Genesis?
我们最初是来自另一个星球吗？ Did we originally come from another planet?
一个激进的观点是 Narrator: One radical idea
地球上的生命来自火星 is that life on earth came from Mars.
想象一下4亿4千万年前的火星 Imagine Mars 3 1/4, 4 billion years ago.
当时的火星比当时的地球更像地球 It was more earthlike then than earth was at that point.
地球仍然很热 The earth was still quite warm.
火星实际上冷却得很快 Mars actually had cooled off faster,
有厚厚的大气层和水 had a thick atmosphere, water.
生命有可能在那里诞生 Life could've arisen there.
火星多次被流星击中 Narrator: Mars has been hit repeatedly by meteors,
行星的碎片飞向太空 sending chunks of the planet flying off into space,
有些碎片落在地球上 and some of those chunks have landed here, on earth.
这是一颗非常不寻常的陨石 So this is a really unusual meteorite.
它是在洛杉矶市附近被发现的 It was found near the city of Los Angeles,
我们很确定知道 and we actually know
它实际上来自火星 that it actually came from the planet Mars,
我们之所以知道，是因为它里面有气体 and we know that because it has gases trapped inside it
与火星大气的成分 that have the exact same composition
完全相同 as the martian atmosphere.
在流星撞击的过程中 There's been a lot of transit
火星和地球之间有很多的“班车” between meteor strikes hitting Mars and then earth.
地球上有一点点火星碎片 There's a little bit of Mars on earth.
火星上有一小块地球碎片 There's a little bit of earth on Mars.
所以有可能生命起源于火星 It's possible that life started on Mars
然后通过陨石被转移到地球 and was transferred to earth inside of a meteorite.
仔细想想，也许我们就是移民 When you think about it, maybe we're the immigrants.
我们都是火星人 We are the martians.
地球上的生命从火星开始，然后转移到这里 Life on earth started on Mars and got transferred here.
生源说可以让生命从一个星球 narrator: Panspermia could allow life
传播到另一个星球 to spread from planet to planet,
征服我们的太阳系 conquering our solar system,
但是更远的距离呢？ but what about even greater distances?
2017年，雪茄形状的太空岩石“奥陌陌” In 2017, the cigar-shaped space rock 'oumuamua
出现在我们的太阳系 appeared in our solar system.
它来自星际空间 It came from interstellar space,
专家认为它可能携带着有机物质 and experts think it could be carrying organic matter.
关于奥陌陌的一个有趣的事情是 One of the fascinating things about 'oumuamua
它有一种红色的表面 is it has sort of a reddened surface.
可能部分原因是因为 Now that could actually partially be
有机分子的存在 from the presence of organic molecules.
生命能在星际间 Narrator: Could life survive
甚至星系间的旅行中存活吗？ interstellar or even intergalactic travel?
这是否是宇宙中转移生命的一种简单方法 Whether or not this is an easy way to transfer life around
仍然是一个悬而未决的问题 in the universe, it's still an open question.
把生命从一个星系转移到 The possibility of transferring life from star system
另一个星系的可能性似乎有点遥远 to star system seems a little bit remote.
星际旅行的巨大距离 Narrator: The immense distances
和危险让生命 and dangers of interstellar travel
难以生存 would be hard to survive.
一些专家认为有一种方法可以让生命 Some experts think there is one way for life
征服宇宙 to conquer the universe,
但这不是我们所知道的生命 but it won't be life as we know it.
宇宙是难以想象的大 Narrator: The universe is unimaginably large.
许多专家相信那里有生命存在 Many experts believe there is life out there.
我们只需要找到它 We just have to go find it.
奥卢西:我喜欢作为一个人的原因之一是 Oluseyi: One of the things I love about being a human
我生来就有好奇心 is the fact that I'm born with this curiosity.
这种好奇心驱使我们去探索——探索地球 This curiosity drives us to explore -- explore earth,
探索太阳系，探索银河系 explore our solar system and beyond into the galaxy,
去寻找其他的生命形式 look for other life-forms.
但是以现在的技术 Narrator: But with current technology,
要到达最近的恒星需要数千年的时间 it would take thousands of years just to reach the nearest star.
人类不太可能离开我们的星系 It's unlikely humans will ever leave our galaxy.
如果有一天生命真的从地球进入宇宙 If life one day does spread from earth into the cosmos,
它可能不仅仅是一堆肉袋 it's probably not just going to be a bunch of meat bags,
就像我们一样，而是其他更适合 like us, but other forms of life that are more suited
星际和星系间旅行的生命形式 for interstellar and intergalactic travel.
我们脆弱的身体 Narrator: Our fragile bodies are not suited to the distances
不适合星际旅行的距离和危险 and dangers of interstellar travel.
机器生命可能比生物生命 Machine life may be more robust for traveling between planets
更适合在行星和恒星之间旅行 and between stars than biological life.
有很多科学家认为 There are a lot of scientists that think
当我们接触外星人时，我们不会遇到他们 when we encounter aliens, we won't be encountering them.
我们会遇到他们的机器 We'll be encountering their machines
因为我们可以造出持续100万年的机器 because we can build machines that can last a million years,
从一个星球到另一个星球 go from one star to the next.
这比运输“易碎的胶袋肉”的我们 It's much easier than transporting us,
容易多了 所以如果我们进入太空 fragile gloppy bags of meat. And so if we go out into space,
我们更有可能发现的是机器人而不是生物 we're more likely to find robots than we are biological life.
为了发现外星生命 Narrator: For humanity to discover alien life,
人类本身可能要 humanity itself may have to evolve
从生物生命进化到人工生命 from biological life to artificial life.
奥卢塞伊:真正讽刺的是 Oluseyi: What's really ironic here is that
当我们在弄清地球上生命的起源时 while we're figuring out the origin of life on earth,
我们人类可以自己发明一种生命形式 we humans could be inventing a form of life on our own,
这就是我们所说的人工智能 and that is what we call artificial intelligence.
人工智能的发展，甚至是自我复制的机器 The development of a.I., self-replicating machines even,
很可能是我们进化史上的 may very well be just the next key transition
下一个关键转变 in our evolutionary history.
一个能自我复制的超级智能机器 Narrator: Could a superintelligent self-replicating machine
能征服宇宙吗？ conquer the universe?
也许这个人工智能可以设计制造自己的机器 Maybe this a.I. Can fashion its own machines,
创建工厂，创造资源来复制自己 create factories to create resources to replicate itself,
创造可以让它从宇宙的一个地方 create ships that will allow it travel
旅行到另一个地方的飞船 from one place in the universe to another.
但是人工智能能够代表一种新的生命形式吗？ Narrator: But would a.I. Represent a new form of life?
塞勒:我认为答案是肯定的 Thaller: I think the answer is yes.
我认为它实际上是从那里开始的 I think it actually goes on from there.
我认为人工智能可能是 I think artificial intelligence might be
进化的下一个必要阶段 the next necessary stage in evolution.
我们制造了电脑 他们是我们的孩子 We made the computers. They are our children.
我认为生命是一个能够保持其复杂性 I think of life as a process that can retain its complexity
和繁殖的过程，所以细菌就是生命 and reproduce, so bacteria are life.
人类就是生命，一些未来能够完成这些事情的 Humans are life, and some future creation
先进的人工智能 of advanced artificial intelligence
也应该算作生命 that can do those things should also count as life.
生命可以有很多种形式 Narrator: Life could take many forms,
在如此广阔的宇宙中 and in such a vast universe,
生命可能是不可避免的 it could be that life is inevitable.
有了这些恒星和行星 With all those stars and all those planets,
我认为，毫无疑问，在我们宇宙的其他地方 I think, without a doubt, there is a good chance
很有可能发展出了其他生命 that life has developed elsewhere in our universe.
生命必定发生在我们的宇宙中吗？ Must life happen in our universe?
它是运行过程的必然结果吗？ Is it an inevitable consequence of processes in operation?
也许是,也许不是 Maybe, maybe not.
在我们找到它之前，我们无法确定 Narrator: Until we find it, we won't know for sure
生命是否能征服宇宙 whether life can conquer the universe.