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Cause and Effect at GrammarSongs by
Melissa.  What is is cause-and-effect?More

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importantly, how can understanding cause
and effect make me a better reader? Let's

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get started! Cause and effect is a
relationship between events or things

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where one is the result of the other or
others. What? Huh?

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That does sound a little confusing, so let me explain...The cause is the reason

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for a situation or change. The cause is
why something happens. The effect is the

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result or the consequence. The effect is
the outcome or conclusion. What happened?

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I'm confused! I don't get it! Maybe it
will help if I show you. The relationship

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of cause and effect happens in
situations in real life every day when

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we try to figure out what happened and
why. You're giving me a ticket! You were

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speeding. You missed eight words on your
spelling test !I forgot to study. This

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bill is expensive! You ordered everything
on the menu! The cookies are burning! I

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forgot to set the timer. In a
cause-and-effect relationship, it's

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important to understand which event has
a cause and which is the effect. The

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cause always, always, always happens first,
or before the effect. For example, his

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speeding was the cause of getting the
ticket. Getting the ticket could not

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cause him to speed. Speeding is the cause;
receiving the ticket is the effect.

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Likewise, forgetting to study is the
cause of missing eight words on a

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spelling test. Missing eight words wouldn't
 cause him to forget to study.

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Forgetting to study is the cause; missing
eight words is the effect. "Because" is a

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great word to use to figure out which is
the cause and which is the effect. It

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even has the word "cause" within it.
Because he was speeding, he got the

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ticket. Because he didn't study,
he missed eight words on his spelling

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test. Because he ordered everything on
the menu, his bill was expensive. Yes! And

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because she forgot to set the timer, the
cookies were burning! Exactly! So, the

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cause always happens before the effect.
Always! And the effect is the result. Yes!

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So, how does this help me when I read? You
are asking an excellent question!

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Identifying cause and effect when you
read is important because it helps you

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to better understand what happened and
why it happened. There are a number of

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signal words a reader can use to help
boost understanding. Signal words are

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words an author may use to indicate the
relationship between two ideas.... in this

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case cause and effect. Some common signal
words for cause are because, since, due to,

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if, and when.  Some common signal words for
effect are so, therefore, as a result,

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consequently, thus, and then. Authors may
use these words and others to help the

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reader identify a cause-and-effect
relationship, but sometimes authors don't

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use signal words at all! The important
thing to remember is that the cause is

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the event or thing that makes the effect
happen. Maybe we should practice! That is

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a really great idea! Let's read a short
story together and look for the

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cause-and-effect relationships.
Remember, the causes the reason why

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something happens. Some signal words for
cause are because, since, due to, if, and

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when. The effect is the result. Some
signal words for effect are so, therefore,

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as a result, consequently, thus, and then.
Here we go!

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Tara was having an awful day. She didn't
wake up on time because she forgot to

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set her alarm clock. Since she didn't
wake up to let the dog out, he made a

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mess on the floor. She forgot to put her
math book in her backpack, so she didn't

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have her homework. When it was time for
lunch,

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Tara remembered her lunchbox was on the
counter in the kitchen. She went to band

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class, thus realizing her flute was still
in her bedroom where she had practiced

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the night before. Tara got on the bus to
go home.

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Her friend, Keisha, told her jokes to make
her smile.

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As a result, by the time she got home,
Tara felt much better. Let's reread this

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story to look for cause and effect. We
can look for signal words along the way.

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Tara was having an awful day. She didn't
wake up on time because she forgot to

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set her alarm clock. Do you see a signal
word that can help us? Hmm! I see "because!"

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Very good! The word "because" indicates a
cause. Let's highlight the cause in red

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and the effect in yellow. Because she
forgot to set her alarm clock, she

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didn't wake up on time. And forgetting to
set the alarm clock happened first in

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her life.  It tells why she did it wake up
on time. Very good! Let's keep reading!

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Since she didn't wake up to let the dog
out, he made a mess on the floor. Do you

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see a signal word that can help us? Hmm!

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I see "since!" You're right! "Since" is
another word that indicates a cause.

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Since she didn't wake up to let the dog
out, he made a mess on the floor. And not

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waking up on time caused the dog to make
a mess on the floor. The dog making a

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mess was the result or effect! Excellent!
Let's read some more! She forgot to put

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her math book in her backpack, so she
didn't have her homework. I see the word

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so! Wow! You certainly are getting good at
looking for signal words! "So" is a signal

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word that can indicate an effect. She
forgot to put her math book in her

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backpack, so she didn't have her homework.
Forgetting to put her math book in her

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backpack caused the effect of not having
her homework. Yes! I'm worried about Tara.

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Is her day ever going to get better?
Let's keep reading to find out. When it

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was time for lunch,
Tara remembered her lunchbox was on the

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counter in the kitchen. "When" could be a
signal word for a cause! Yes it can! When

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it was time for lunch, at Tara remembered
her lunchbox was on the counter in the

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kitchen. The fact that it was time for
lunch caused Tara to remember her

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lunchbox! Exactly! Let's see what happens
next.

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She went to band class, thus realizing
her flute was still in her bedroom where

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she had practiced the night before.

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"Thus" can be a signal word for an effect!
Yes! Great job!

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She went to band class, thus realizing
her flute was still in her bedroom where

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she had practiced the night before. Going
to band class caused Tara to realize her

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flute was still in her bedroom. Yes! Poor
Tara! Will her day get better? Well, let's

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keep reading. Tara got on the bus to go
home. I don't see any signal words! Okay,

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let's keep reading! Her friend, Keisha,
told her jokes to make her smile. As a

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result, by the time she got home, Tara
felt much better. "As a result" can

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indicate an effect. Very good! So if "as a
result by the time she got home Tara

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felt much better" is the effect, where is
the cause? Well, what caused Tara to feel

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much better?
Her friend Keisha told her jokes to make

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her smile!
Yes Keisha's jokes caused the effect of

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Tara feeling much better!
Great job you two! So remember, cause and

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effect is a relationship between events
or things where one is the result of the

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other or others. The cause is the reason
for a situation or change.  The cause is

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why something happens. And the effect is
the result. The effect is... what happened?

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Some signal words for a cause are
because, since, due to, if, and when. And

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some signal words for effect are so,
therefore, as a result, consequently, thus,

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and then. Hooray, you did a great job
learning about cause and effect.

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Thank you for joining me at Grammar
Songs by Melissa. Enjoy other related

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videos at GrammarSongs. com.