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在这简短的一课里 我将继续讨论 So, in this brief lecture I'm going to stick
纯洁与名誉的问题 但我打算换个方式讲 with, purity and honor, but I'm going to shift gears.
之前我们区分过 Early on we made a distinction
描述性问题和标准性问题 between descriptive questions and normative questions.
描述性问题关心的是 事物如何运作 与什么相关 Descriptive questions concern, how do things work, what are they about.
其中涉及的科学问题 这就是本课的全部内容 Their questions of science and this is what, this class has been all about.
标准性问题是关于 Normative questions are questions how
我们该怎样生活 什么才算正确之事？ should we live. What's the right thing to do?
大体上我一直努力避之不谈 And for the most part I have been trying to veer away from them, but
但在本次简短的课程视频中 我想讨论标准性问题 here for the purpose of this short lecture I want to get into normative issues.
我想问问 我们该如何看待纯洁与名誉 I want to sort of ask the question, what should we think about purity and honor.
我们该不该重视它们？ Should we value them?
提出上述问题的时候 now, when making these, asking these
我们都得十分谨慎地揣度 questions, we have to tread very carefully.
我想 很难用一种明智的方法研究这种课题 It's very difficult to do this sort of project, I think, in an intelligent way.
我的意思是 一方面他人的道德观会不可避免地 I mean, for one thing, somebody's else's morality will
在你的道德标准下相形见绌 inevitably fall short by the standards of your own morality.
因为他人的道德观 从定义角度说 如果是一种不同的道德观 Because someone else's morality will have, by definition if it's a
那么他们的道德中的一些价值观 你可能并不认同 different morality, will have values that you might not necessarily share.
所以如果要我说名誉与纯洁 So so if I was to say oh honor and purity
名誉与纯洁的捍卫者会说 这些价值观的一个优点在于 a defender of honor and purity says look one of the values, one of the advantages
它能帮助我们维护女性的性保守观念 of honor and purity is that it helps us protect female sexual modesty.
当然我可以回应 我才不关心女性保不保守 Well I could respond by saying I don't, who cares about female sexual modestly.
那只关乎到 女性是否有同等的自由和自主权等 All that matters is whether women have the same freedom, and, and,
又与我何干？ and autonomy, and so forth. Who cares about that?
但名誉和纯洁的拥护者会说 我在乎 But the champion of honor and purity may say well I care.
我不仅在乎 它还是我所珍视的价值观 Not only do I care, but that's, that's a value which
这正是我的道德所拥护的价值观 I take seriously, and it's a value that my morality endorses.
就像《火线警探》的片段中所说 我们处于一种困境 And so, like they said on the clip in Justified, we're at an impasse.
但我不认为它一直都那么糟糕 But I don't really think it's always as bad as all that.
为什么我们可以去挑战或捍卫道德观点 One reason why it's possible
去比较、对比不同的道德观点 to challenge moral views, or to champion moral views, to compare
一个原因是人们有许多共同点 and contrast different moral views, is that people do share a lot.
人们确实在许多道德观念和道德概念上不谋而合 They do, there's a lot of morality, moral notions, that people have in common.
所以人们能够举出 And there one could make arguments that, that could appeal
迎合争辩双方信念和论述前提的论据 to to beliefs and premises that, that both the participants share.
例如你 So for instance you
对某人说 你看我们都重视X could say to somebody look, we both value
可是你的道德还达不到X标准 X, well your morality falls short of achieving X.
还比如 如果某人的道德体系 So for instance, you know, if, if somebody's moral
只是举例说 他的道德体系 system, I made a case, if somebody's moral system
带来了不必要的折磨 我确信他们会承认 caused needless suffering, I'm pretty sure they would agree
这是自己的道德体系中的缺点 yeah, that's a bad thing about my moral system.
他们也可能会辩解 认为它的优点盖过了缺点 They might argue that it has other positive traits that override it.
但我们仍然 But still we
都会认为产生不必要的痛苦是件坏事 could all agree needless suffering is bad and so, so
所以这也是我们评估道德体系的一种方法 that would be one way to evaulate a moral system.
另外一种方法是一致性 Another way is consistency, where if, if you could
如果他人的道德体系会产生出 argue that their moral system gives rise to moral
人们确信为不正确的道德后果 conclusions, that they are entirely sure are wrong, this
这会导致人们去怀疑这个体系的其它方面 could lead them to distrust other aspects of the system.
它听上去抽象 但我可以给出 That's all vague but I'll, I'll give a more
一个较为具体的例子 concrete example.
由于我认为这类论点可能会违背纯洁 Because I think these sort of arguments could be made against purity.
违背其它 Against a sort of morality that
围绕圣洁、神性、纯洁和厌恶感的道德观 revolves around sanctity, divinity, purity and disgust.
它们与我们的信念 尤其是关于他人性行为的信念相关联 That connects to our beliefs particularly, but other people's sexual practices.
现在纯洁有了它的辩护者 Now purity has its defenders.
记住 很多以极端保守派自居的人 So remember, many people who characterize themselves as very
会给予纯洁极大的重视 conservative give purity a considerable amount of, of, of value.
并且 and,
你知道 像利昂·卡斯 (Leon Kass) 这样超群的学者曾写道 and you know, brilliant scholars, like Leon Kass, have written, repugnance is
“厌恶感是深层智慧的情感表达” the emotional expression of deep wisdom,
“完全超出智慧所能表达的范围” beyond wisdom's power completely to articulate it.
所以卡斯说我们应该倾听厌恶感 So Kass says we should listen to disgust.
厌恶感给予我们道德洞察力 Disgust could tell us, give us moral insights.
但事实上我知道 有两个反对该看法的论证 I actually think that there's two arguments against this view.
这两个我都会介绍 And I'll present both of them.
一个是 厌恶感曾有着骇人听闻的历史 One is that disgust has had a horrible history.
现在我似乎在重谈第一周的内容 So, so now I'm sort of repeating things that we'd introduced in the
但我要重引玛莎·纳斯鲍姆 (Martha Nussbaum) 的话 first week, but I'll, I'll read again a quote by, by Martha Nussbaum.
“从古至今 恶心的东西、黏腻、恶臭” Throughout history, certain disgust properties, sliminess, bad smell,
“粘滞、腐坏、污秽 这些都不断且无一例外地” stickiness, decay, foulness, have repeatedly and monotonously been
“与犹太人、女性、同性恋、贱民、底层大众联系起来” associated with Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, lower-class people, all of
“这些人被认为受到玷污 因为他们身体的肮脏” those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body.
厌恶感驱使我们做出道德决断、道德行动、受道德驱使的行为 Disgust has lead us to more, to, to, to moral decisions and moral acts,
如今这些 人们都认为是骇人听闻的 morally motivated acts, that everybody today would agree are horrible.
没有人会真的说 当然卡斯不会 There's nobody seriously, certainly not Kass,
当然别的人也不会说 certainly not anybody else, who says,
我们对异族通婚感到恶心是正确的 we were right to be disgusted at the idea of interracial marriage.
可是我们曾经确实如此 那么问题是 But, we were and so the concern is
如果当年厌恶感曾使我们犯错 那现在怎能依赖它呢？ if disgust has led us wrong in the past, how can we rely on it now?
你们有些人可能会争辩道 That is some of you would want to make the argument
当我想到同性结婚就感到厌恶 that, when I think about gay people being married, I feel disgust.
我将此作为合理的引导 以便 (发现) 这里存在问题 And I take that as a reasonable guide that something has gone wrong here.
此争论的问题在于 30年乃至40年前 The problem with that argument is that 30,
对异族通婚问题 人们曾有相同的观点 40 years ago people said exactly the same thing about interracial marriage.
我们 也包括你在内 都知道 But all of us, including you, know
异族通婚没有任何不对 that interracial marriage, there's nothing wrong with it.
所以如果有人打算将厌恶感作为反对同性婚姻的论据 And so, so, if one is going to rely on disgust, say as an argument against gay
那么这人就必须证明 marriage, then one has, then, then, it, it is necessary to show how the disgusted
人们对同性婚姻的厌恶 people feel towards gay marriage, is somehow different
与人们对异族通婚的厌恶多少有些不同 then the disgust that people felt towards interracial marriage.
现在我需要澄清 Now I want to be clear.
我不为任何一方的立场辩护 I'm not here arguing for one position or another.
就我所知 有一个反对同性婚姻的精彩论证 For all I know there's an excellent argument against gay marriage
比如 它可能会毁掉一个家庭 或让人们感到伤心 involving, maybe it destroys a family, maybe it makes people sad.
或者种种 Maybe whatever.
它的具体内容在本课范围之外 The, the specifics of it fall outside the scope of the course.
但我的主张是 But my point is that if
如果厌恶感是激发你道德观点的动力 disgust is your motivating force for for, for
你就得解释 your moral view, you have to explain why
为什么现在你对同性婚姻如此苛刻 you take it seriously now when you don't
而以前你却不介意异族通婚会产生的后果 take it seriously for its consequences in the past.
另一个论证是关于 And there's another argument which concerns
厌恶感的演化 the, the evolution of disgust, and here
如其他情况一样 此处我们看到标准性问题和描述性问题 as in other places, we see that the normative and descriptive aren't quite so
两者差异没想象中大 different as one would imagine.
因为描述性因素经常成为 Because often descriptive factors enter
标准性思考和论证中 (的一部分) into normative considerations and normative arguments.
特别是对我们厌恶感来源的标准论述 And in particular the, the standard account of where our discussed
在第一周我提过这个论述 feelings come from, the account that I talked about in week
它得到了诸如保罗·罗津 (Paul Rozin) 乔纳森·海特 (John Haidt) 和丹尼尔·凯利 (Dan Kelly) 等学者的支持 one, the account that is supported by many scholars like Paul
这就是 厌恶感促使我们 Rozin John Haidt, Dan Kelly, is that we have disgust to motivate
避开寄生虫和有毒物质 avoidance of parasites and poison.
排泄物会让我们恶心 It, it, we are grossed out by feces, we are grossed
腐肉、尿液、呕吐物等都让我们恶心 out by rotten meat, by urine, by, by vomit, and so on.
因为我们不想去吃这些 Because we don't want to eat those things.
并且 产生恶心的感觉 And being grossed out is, is ev, ev,
是让人类远离这些脏东西的演化手段 evolution's way of keeping us away from those things.
我们厌恶某些人 The fact that we find people disgusting,
或厌恶某些人的作为 只不过是个偶然 and what people do disgusting, is an accident.
如果这是真的 And so, if this is
这是经验主义的观点 true, and it's an empirical claim,
也许还能发展出一个更好的理论 one could develop another better theory perhaps.
但如果真是如此 且这就是我们最好的理论 But if this is true, if this is the best theory we
那么我们就没理由将厌恶感当做是道德指南 have, then there's no reason to rely on disgust as a moral guide.
因为它尚未演化到能解答什么是美德这个问题 (的程度) Because it hasn't evolved to be responsive to what we value as moral goods.
就这一点而言 厌恶感与我们其他的道德能力不同 And in this regard disgust is different from other moral faculties we have.
比如共情 甚至内疚、羞愧、愤怒等可能出错 (的情绪) Like empathy, or even guilt, or shame, or anger which
而这些似乎都是真正的道德情感 can go awry, but those seem to be genuinely moral emotions.
我们内疚、羞愧、愤怒的原因 And that the reason why we have guilt and shame
与我们的人际交往有关 and anger has to do with our interactions with people.
这并不代表这些情绪总是好的道德指南 Doesn't mean that they're always good moral guides,
但这说明它们值得我们重视 but it does suggest that they're worth taking seriously.
厌恶感并没有 There's nothing in the emotion of disgust
值得重视的特质 to believe that it's worth taking seriously.
那么荣誉感呢？针对荣誉感有许多评论 What about honor? Well honor has its critics.
我认为史迪芬·平克 (Steven Pinker) 是其中一名顶尖人物 I think one of the, the best critics is Steven Pinker in his recent book
在他的新书《人性之善》 (Better Angels of our Nature) 中 Better Angels of Our Nature, where he
他记录了人类历史上暴力事件的减少 chronicles the decline of violence over human history.
人们互相残杀事件的显著减少 For an enormous decline it of, of how much we murder each other.
他的部分论点是 And part of his argument is that
暴力事件的减少 部分是因为围绕荣誉感 发生了文化层面的转变 the decline of violence is in part due to a, a cultural
特别是引起反击、报复以及战争的 shift regarding honor. And in particular a shift from a culture
荣誉文化 (本身) of honor, which leads to retaliation. It leads to payback.
发生了转变 It leads to war.
形成他所谓“高贵的文明” To what he would call a culture of
暴力的地位下降 dignity, where violence is less of a thing.
事实上暴力也许看上去是愚蠢的 Where actually violence might look foolish.
你也许想显得自己不屑采用暴力回击 It might, you might want to seem you're above violent retaliation.
借前苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫 (Khrushchev) 之言 他对此给出了漂亮的解释 He nicely illustrates this by a, a great, quote from the Russian leader Khrushchev.
赫鲁晓夫曾说 “我不像某些沙俄官员” So at one point Khrushchev says I'm not some Czarist officer
“要是在盛宴上放了个屁 就恨不得自杀” who has to kill himself if he farts at a fancy party.
“比起开战 我宁愿让步” It's better to back down than to go to war.
他指的是他并非那种傻瓜 What he means is he's not some
因为过于被荣誉感束缚 putz who has to, who is so caught up in honor
以致一被冒犯 就要以拳相报 that somebody offends him he has to jump in and do battle.
他已经超越了这个层次 He's above that.
平克认为 这种觉悟正是世界之所以奇怪的原因之一 And being above that, Pinker argues, is one reason why the world
尽管世界似乎成了更加安全、和平之地 is, is strange though it seems a safer and, and more peaceful place.
如果你觉得平克的观点难以令人信服 If you find a Pinker claim implausible, if you say
如果你问什么叫“世界成了更加安全、和平之地” what do you mean the world's a safer, more peaceful place.
没关系 That's fine.
在课程的尾声 This'll be a topic we're going to move
我们会谈到这个话题 to as we approach our final lectures.
我们继续讲关于暴力事件减少的观点 So we'll get more into this claim about the decline of violence.
一个很重要的观点是 荣誉感是暴力的催化剂 What's important now is the idea that honor is an accelerant to violence.
但另一方面 也有人维护荣誉感 But on the other hand, one could defend honor and one can defend
要维护荣誉感及荣誉文化 我认为有两种方式可供选择 honor and defend cultures of honor in one of two ways I think.
要维护荣誉感 可以说 One can defend honor by arguing that although honor
尽管荣誉感本身并不符合哪一条世俗道德 in itself may not accord with a certain secular morality.
或是一种自治的道德感 And a, a morality of autonomy.
但荣誉感仍能帮助我们实现 Still, honor can, can help us achieve the goals,
自治伦理想要实现的目标 that this ethics of autonomy is hoping to achieve.
这是克里斯托弗·鲍姆 (Christopher Baum) 的一个观点 And this is a point made by
他研究狩猎采集社会 Christopher Baum, who studies hunter gatherer societies.
他指出 And he points out that these
狩猎采集社会通常是高度平等的 hunter gatherer societies are often very egalitarian.
他们并不像你想象的那样 They, they, they are not, you have might have imagined because
因为没有中央政府 they, they are free of central government that it'd be run
而被某一个强势的男性头领统治 by a powerful alpha male man and then, alpha
这个强势的男首领会统领所有人 male person, and who would then lead over everybody.
所有人都要遵从他 任何事都要 (根据他的指示) And everybody would be subservient to him and everything.
狩猎采集社会倒像是占领华尔街运动 It turns out hunter gatherer societies are like Occupy Wall Street.
是松散联合的一群人 某种程度来说人人平等 They're a bunch of people who are loosely coordinated and are kind of equal.
你可能要说 这说明狩猎采集社会的成员 And so you might say well, this means that members of hunter gatherer
不在意地位 societies don't care about status.
他们不在乎荣誉和社会等级 They don't care about honor and, and hierarchy.
但是鲍姆持相反观点 But Bob argues opposite.
他表示 如果你观察他们的言行 He says that if you look at what they say and
就会发现他们极度注重荣誉 what they do, it turns out that they are obsessed with honor.
他们极度注重地位和社会等级 They are obsessed with status. They're obsessed with hierarchy.
但是 因为人人用尽手段谋取地位 But because of that they're all jockeying into position and nobody wants to
没有人愿意身在底层 be on the bottom.
因此他们乐于聚在一起 And so they, they're willing to group together
以防止有别人站上顶端 to keep someone else from being on top.
在一个团体中 每个人都很看重地位 And then so through a community of people, you know, all who
最后就会形成一个平等的社会 take status very seriously, you end up with a society which is equal.
你可以说 如今荣誉文化基本上起了类似的作用 And you can argue that modern day cultures of honor, basically serve
建立从某种意义上来说更好更平等的社会 a similar role to establish in certain ways, better, more egalitarian, societies.
但荣誉感的拥护者不会持这种论点 Now, this isn't, this isn't an argument that a champion of honor would make.
所以在最后 我想尽力表达出 And, and so I want to sort of end by, by voicing as best
与我持不同道德观点的人的意见 I can, what someone who has a different moral view from me would express.
我认为他们会指出 And, I think what, what they would point out is that
持基于世俗自治道德观点的人 people from a secular autonomy based perspective tend
会倾向于批判由荣誉与纯洁支撑的道德立场 to be very crtiical of moral positions that rely on honor and purity.
但我们忽略的是荣誉、纯洁 But what we're missing out is that honor and purity
以及相关的道德准则和道德基础 and related moral principles, moral foundations, are
与“人”的概念相关 connected to a conception of a person, what it is to be a person that's
相较于缺少这部分的概念 什么样的概念能使“人” (的内涵) 更加丰富 much richer, than a conception you would have without it.
某种程度上 对“人”的强调 To some extent, an emphasis on people, a culture of honor,
一种荣誉文化或认为他人行为恶心或高尚的想法 or ideas some things that people do are disgusting and some things
可以被视作对极端世俗后果主义道德观的回应 that people do are elevated, can be seen as a response to a
这种观点只重视快乐的最大化 very secular consequentialist morality where all that matters is the maximization
及目标的实现 of happiness and the satisfying of goals. We
在之前的课程中 我们谈到过功利主义哲学 talked, we talked early in this class about utilitarian philosophy.
功利主义者和后果主义者认为 And utilitarian, consequentialist philosophy is this,
能让最多人幸福的 look what's good is what makes more,
能实现最多目标的 能免除最多痛苦的 就是好的 most people happy, what satisfies the most goals what avoids the most pain.
但我们也指出过 这听上去不像是道德 But we also pointed out that age doesn't sound much like morality.
道德并不只是让世界变得更美好 Morality isn't just acting in a way that, that makes the world a better place.
而是捍卫人们的权利与自由 Rather morality is, is a way of acting to protect people's
是关心人、同情人、尊重人 rights and freedoms, to treat them with care, and compassion, and respect.
我们在这里谈的这些 And the sort of things that we're talking about
比如纯洁、神性、荣誉感等 here, like purity, and divinity, and honor arguably help
可以说使我们免于陷入 us escape from a sort of bloodless
人性与人类可能性中的冷血观念 conception of human nature and human possibility.
可以说它们与人性概念相连 They arguably are linked up to a notion of a person which is
较之后果主义者所能想象的 more elevated, more transcendent than a secular
更高尚 更卓越 consequentialist could ever hope to think about.
以此为铺垫 我们将在本周最后两节课程中谈到 And this is a nice link to the final two lectures on this
道德与宗教的关系 week, which concerned a relationship between morality and religion.
果壳教育无边界字幕组 Raven Shilly_1110 | horseno Raven | Mlle.Maverick [MUSIC]