Okay, based on what we just discussed, energy transfer is of course the science
of thermodynamics. So you were going to look around and find
five examples of where energy transfer is important.
So hopefully you came up with some of the obvious things like the laptop or desktop
computer that you are taking this class on or maybe it was your cell phone.
But also we have any transportation application like a car, a train, a bus, a
ship, a boat, a scooter. In the very room you're sitting in, you
probably have some sort of heating ventilation and air conditioning.
So you have heating or cooling. My favorite example, I keep bringing up
my coffee mug has energy transfer associated with it.
If you are sitting at at computer station, there was probably a printer, a
scanner, all sorts of facilities. The lights that were on in your room,
your clock, your watch, your television, bicycle, boiler, furnace.
So many systems, in fact I de, I defy you to find a system that isn't affected by
energy, either pass, passively or actively.
Okay. So energy transfer I hope you'll agree is
important everywhere in varying levels of significance.
So. What are the drivers for changing the way
we currently use energy? So, part of my thread that we're going to
use throughout this course, emphasis, focus if you will, is we'll establish how
we use energy currently in the world and why should we change it.
And I hope to show you in the next few slides that there's a good reason for us
to change what we're doing. So, I'm not sure if this appears very
well and maybe it should or shouldn't. so we'll, I, let me explain the figure
you're seeing in front of you. This is a picture generated by NASA in
the United States. And it's a photo of the night sky.
Around the world, they're images that have been patched together of the night
sky around the world. And what you can see are the lights from
all the high population density areas around the world.
And the point being is that you can see these from outer space, so there's a lot
of energy being generated and used just in lighting, for the world population
centers. And these are from the world population
centers, predominately from developed nations.
And so what we want to discuss, is what does that mean to the developing nations
around the world. So this is a Cardiogram that was actually
generated by University of Michigan Physics professor.
This is Professor Mark Newman. And at the time what he was doing was
just trying to explore how you can present graphically mathematical or
statistical information. And what's funny about this is that he
wasn't planning on doing anything that was controversial.
But what he generated were two cartograms.
And this is the first. It's a population cartogram, and it shows
you, by distorting the area of each country, the relative population.
And so you can see in these images that India and China are extremely large, and
that's where the majority of the population is around the world.
United States has a pretty decent population, so does Brazil and some other
countries as well. So again, this shows you a distorted map
of the world in terms of where the population is.
Now, this next figure also generated by Mark Newman, Professor Newman, shows you
energy con-, consumption around the world.
And now look whats happened to poor Africa, for example.
Shrunk down to a tiny little sliver. Whereas the United States is bloated and
distorted in the use of energy in this type of a format.
So what we have are two different ways of presenting again, statistical data that
show us hmm. A small, smaller fraction of the world is
using the majority of the energy and that's only going to change in a way that
requires more and more energy demand. So, here we have a graph of the
population demand, and this might be a little hard for you to read, so I'm just
going to give you some idea of what these numbers are here.
So what we've got on this Y-axis is the total population by region, and on this
X-axis here we have the different, they bunded the countries together.
So here we see North America. Latin American and the Caribbean, Africa,
Europe, and Asia. We have data from four time frames: 1950,
1995, 2025, and 2050. The data from 1990, 1950 and 1995 are
actual measurements. 25 and 2050 2025 and 2050 are projected
numbers for population growth. And what you can see here, and I'm sorry
this access here is in millions. So, what we're looking at here, is 5
billion, is the top of the, 5.5 billion is the top here of this chart, and of
course, zero at the bottom. And this is 500 million, just to give you
a reference. It's either increments of 500 million.
And let's just take a look at where we are, ki-, sort of now.
So, we'll, we'll take 1995 as being kind of now.
And we can see that the world population is about let's say four billion.
That's expected to grow by over 2 billion people in the next 50 years.
So we're going to see extraordinary growth in world population so we need to
remember that. And what we also need to realize is that
that growth is predominantly, or exclusively, if you believe Heilig in
developing countries. So what does that mean in terms of
energy? Well, that's what we're going to try and
communicate in this figure. So here what we have is a gross national
product, which is kind of an indication of the quality of life, of energy use per
capita. So we have GMP per capita, so this is on
a per population basis in US dollars again on the y axis.
And here on the x axis, we have the energy used per capita.
So, essentially quality of life, sort of. versus energy use per capita.
And these are data that I took from the world bank, these are available online,
free resource available to you. And what I did is I chose the top BTU
consumers. And we're going to talk about this unit
here in just a moment. and we'll focus on this of course
throughout the course. These are British Thermal Units, this is
a common unit of energy. Okay, so this is a unit of energy and
again in terms of quality of life we've got US dollars here.
So, the averages are shown as these red bars.
And let's see if I can get the animation to fly in here, and what I want you to
see here is that Here's the United States.
It's far to the right on the energy use axis and it's far up on the qualit, the
kind of quality and GNP axis here. So we already saw the United States in
the cartogram is quite the energy consumer, particularly when provided on
this per capita basis. We can see a couple of other examples I
highlighted here are South Korea. we can see Japan here is actually very k,
they have good energy conservation principles that they apply routinely in
Japan. and so as a consequence they're much
lower on energy use per capita scale and much higher on the GMP per capita scale
and those are probably related. And I once had somebody ask me why do we
think Japan is so efficient in their energy use.
And we might argue, I don't think this is necessarily the right answer, but I think
it's a pretty decent and plausible argument, is that they're an island so
they have finite resources and they're extraordinarily aware that they have
finite resources on that island. Now I intentionally left these data in
the corner bundled together. I didn't want to separate them, because I
wanted you to see that India and China, which are where the ex, you know, again,
if we believe Helig, is where exclusively where we're going to see population
growth. Are way down here in terms of both energy
utilization and GNP, and again, those go hand-in-hand.
Industrialization moves you on this kind of north-northeast quadrant.
So as this population increases, and as these countries industricizlize, we have
sort of a. Compounding effect.
The population, just the growth alone, will increase energy demands.
And the industrialization of these countries will also increase energy
demands. These nations, if you add Brazil and the
and the countries associated, formally known bundled together as Russia.
Are the BRIC nations, Brazil, Russia, India, China.
So what I would propose to you is that all of the technologies that are very,
being very rapidly developed in and very rapidly, matured in these other
countries, like solar energy, wind energy.
And things like that are actually Litmus tests to be applied in these countries.
Because this is where the demand is. This is where the demand is going to
continue to be for considerable part of our future.
The energy demand. Okay, so I've given you all the tools I
want you to answer this question. If population growth is projected to grow
by 2 billion people and again pretty much excluslively in Asia in the next 50 years
and if each one of those people uses one 50 watt light bulb just one over their
entire lifetime how much new power will that require.
So do that in Y units. We're going to get more and more emphasis
in units in this class so I'm going to start training you now.
Watts are a unit of power, not energy, power, and I want you to tell me how much
power all that population growth is going to require if they only use.
One 50 watt light bulb each. Thank you.