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Global health relates

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to global issues that affect

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the way we think, build

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health and healthcare systems.

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And that could touch to the many
dimensions of

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society.
from migrations to

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economic determinants to the, the
potential

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of new technology such as information and
communication technologies.

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And all these will interact and influence
the way health and health care is, is,

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organized.

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I think one of the interesting and
important issues of

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the emergence of information society, in
the field of health

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and health care, is really the potential
to better connect

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the patient, or the citizen, to health and
healthcare issues.

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And my feeling is that this is going to be

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one of the major trends in the development
of health

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systems globally.
>> I think that global health is is a

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discipline which allows the collection of
information

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data related to health worldwide.
It allows

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collection of epidemiological data
therefore information helping, the

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understanding of health in different
contexts, in different regions,

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in different income countries, etcetera.
and therefore

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puts the basis for for understanding the
better, the

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best way to prevent diseases worldwide.
I think that for

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realizing global health the values that
are needed are,

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transparency, scientific rigor,
multidisciplinarity,

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and equity in sharing.

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>> To me global health is something

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that really emerge in relationship with
globalization.

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You know, at the time when social,
political,

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economic changes were taking place at a
global level.

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And that's when this global health as a
broad, entity came up.

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And that's important in the sense or so,
because it means it's an, it's an issue.

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global health must be really an
interdisciplinary field to me.

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And that's why, as a sociologist, I'm
interested in it.

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But it really refers to the fact that it's
not only medical public health people,

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but that the social sciences,
anthropology, sociology, are

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also important in this field of global
health.

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Because then they can provide

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insights, knowledge about those issues at
a global level.

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>> My view of global health comes with
the word global.

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It's about the earth.
It's about the globe.

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It's about mankind living on this earth.

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We should see this is a perspective of
sustainable development, and not forget

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that we live on an earth, we have to take
care of that.

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>> For me, the definition of global
health really falls into two parts.

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The first part is interdisciplinarity, and

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how people working in the area of health
can come from different disciplines.

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sociology, economics, doctors.

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Myself I'm not a doctor working in this
area, so how can my expertise

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in management, in health systems from an

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organizational perspective, compliment the
work of, of specialists?

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In the areas of diabetes or chronic

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conditions who, who deal with treating
patients.

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The second aspect

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of, of the definition for me is global, is
beyond borders.

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In that, we live in a globalized world and
health problems are also globalized.

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And not only because they may be
communicable, such as swine

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flu, avian flu, or HIV AIDS, where these
diseases know no boundaries.

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But also, how do noncommunicable diseases,
such as diabetes

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or cardiovascular disease, how are they
linked to globalization?

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And issues of trade and, and the food
markets, and

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that one country alone can't deal with

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these problems and that we need global
solutions.

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>> Well I think that for me the most

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important are the three major challenge of
today's global health.

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The first is the unfinished agenda of

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the infectious disease, reproductive
health and malnutrition.

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The second is actually the growing burden
of noncommunicable disease.

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And the third is the challenge of
globalization by itself, with

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all these changes linked to climate change
or changing trade

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policies.
And with these resulting into complete

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unfair distribution between health risks,
and actually

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resources to compensate or to address
those health risk.

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And to me, this is the most important that
we have to cover today, meaning that we

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have to have a global health change in the
systems and in the global governments.

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>> There is a cynical way to describe
global health, is like a

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pot and you put together everything that
is closely or remotely related to health.

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But there's also a constructive

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way, much more constructive way to define
it, is the once for all the acceptance

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that health is a transnational issue.
There is no border.

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infectious diseases for long have spread
from countries

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to countries, carried by travelers,
carried by migrants,

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etcetera.

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Carried by tourists, carried by
conquistadors, etcetera.

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But also now we see the chronic diseases,
that we thought would be

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only a disease that affects Western people
in Europe or

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in the United States, but, no, if affects
everyone in every country of the world.

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So there is no more

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boundaries for illnesses.
And the other very

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important concept of global health, is the
intersectorial

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aspect.
The biomedical approach, diagnosing,

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treating, preventing, is, is, is not

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sufficient.
We need the involvement of other

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stakeholders, politicians, specialists in
the environment.

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social workers, etcetera, etcetera.

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So,

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you see the food you eat, the water you
drink, the air you

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breathe, etcetera.
so important to maintain health and

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this is this transnational intersector
approach that is

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most interesting, but with the overall
objective to promote,

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maintain health, in whole population on
this planet

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in a sense of fairness, in a sense of
equity, in a sense of justice.

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>> Then global health is really to share
worldwide the knowledge we have.

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the treatment we know or to detect with
our new methods ways

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to treat people when they can have, cannot
have a treatment today.

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>> Well my personal definition of global
health

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includes a number of things.

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First of all, that it is really

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about those health issues that transcend
boundaries.

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And that is more and more of the health
issues.

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We used to think that was only infectious
disease.

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But, of course, now we know that it is
also noncommunicable diseases.

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Secondly, global health must include
equity.

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So any definition

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that is about transboundary health also
needs to

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say Who benefits and who was left behind.

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So the equity damaging is critical.

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And thirdly, that global health is really
concerned with determinants.

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That is, what are the flows and what are
the forces

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that again are transboundary that will
determine the health of people.

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That's political decisions, that's
economic flows, multinational companies.

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That is also cultural flows.

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And then of course, we have to see

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that all those global flows are not just
negative.

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There are positive developments.
We share knowledge, we share research,

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we share ideas.
And people and therefore global health

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is really this very, very dynamic
interface that

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we need to take forward to promote more
equity.

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>> I, I would say that I have maybe two
alternative views on global health.

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One is, considering health from a general
point of view, going beyond

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the aspect of physical health to literally
a state of feeling well.

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That is a state of feeling at ease with
one's

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self, in terms of what one is
individually, socially, culturally and

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scientifically in whatever aspect that one
thinks about of one's self.

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That will be my first definition.

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Second interpretation will be looking at
aspects

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of health that cut across various
populations, cultures,

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nations, ethnicities and social groups, to
consider aspects

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of health that are, that are really
global.

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>> That's a good question.
for me, as for everyone else, global

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health really refers to the health of all
the people of the world.

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The population of the world.

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But when I refer in my presentation to
improved global health outcomes,

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then, what I want to say is, if the health
of a few

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people in the world improves by certain
measures, then

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you are improving the global health
outcomes as a whole.

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So even if there is a disease which is
being suffered only by a

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very few people in the world, even that if
there are going to be

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cures for that or there's going to be,
there's going to be more better

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access to medicines in that particular
disease

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condition, that means that our improved
global

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health outcomes.

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So it, I'm using it in a polito optimal
sense, as an economist would do.

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>> Global health, for me, is anything
that we can

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contribute to in order to improve the
well-being of human.

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Whether this comes from infectious
diseases specialists, as I

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am, or any other specialists in medical
specialties, or

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politicians, or anything that could simply
improve human well-being.

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>> From the scientific point of view,
which is

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mine, global health should be the
framework allowing all the

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people of the world to receive the right
medication,

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prevention, in order to increase the
quality of their life.

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This is a scientific, or a definition

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from a scientific person.
This includes a lot of science

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needed for achieving this aim.
This includes, but

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also, a lot of politics and willingness
for achieving this aim.

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Thereof, global health, where the
framework is a part,

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where science, politics, economics have
talk together.

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Those is a clear case of
interdisciplinarity and that would extend

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it as a intradisciplinary, because
economics

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and natural science, I would consider

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that a communication between them being
interdisciplinary.

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>> Well, I think that a healthy
population is

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not just a population that is free of
disease.

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But there's also a population that is well

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educated, has access to technology,
healthcare and so on.

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That two aspects in my opinion to to this
issue.

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And in this sense we are privileged

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in the industrialized countries to have
both education, access

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to technology and access to reasonable,
good healthcare, systems.

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I think what is necessary already today,
but in

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a changing world, both in terms of
demographics and

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changing environments and, and climate, is
that we need

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to push this idea through also to the
developing world.

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Where the problems

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associated with health are far more acute
than

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what we have here in the industrialized
world.

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And I think without this sort of awareness
raising through education programs

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in places like Africa, the rural parts of
Asia, and so on.

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I think these populations already today
are at risk

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and will increasingly be at risk in the
future.

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>> Well global health is really a
science today that

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looks at the health issues from a

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perspective that goes beyond the national
boundaries.

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It's not anymore national public health,
it's international public health.

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And it implies automatically

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that collaboration and cooperation
internationally,

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among countries, is necessary in order to
solve these problems.

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These problems of global health cannot be
solved with a perspective that is purely

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national, because the problems in this

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globalized world are today fairly
international.

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>> For me, global health means evidence
based.

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It means practical innovative, cost
effective

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solutions to health problems around the
world.

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It means collaboration for me

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collaboration is vital because many
institutes,

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many agencies have different comparative
advantages so for me, the interdependence

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of different partners in finding the right
solutions to help problems.

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And finally for me, it's also about
empowering nations to find their

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own solutions and their own approaches

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to addressing health issues in their
countries.

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>> My interpretation is that this is a
multidisciplinary area.

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And that it is about implementation and
also research,

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off an approach that would place equity
and

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achieving equity in access to health as a
priority to the global effort.

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What it is not, it is not just public
health, although it is

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grounded in public health, and it is not,
quote, international health.

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It is multidisciplinary, global and uuu.

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>> Well I think global health does not
really fit within the academic programs.

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Basically global health is not linked to
any discipline.

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Global health is an issue of society.

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How much health issues concern our type of

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societies or other types of societies, by
the way?

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And so this is why we need to have an
interdisciplinary approach.

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There are economic issues, there are
ethical issues, there are legal issues.

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There are issues which are linked to the
development of medicine by man and so on.

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Everything.

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But basically this is an issue of society.

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This is a wide, it is global and it

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is health has a vector of this issue of
society.

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But basically aging is an issue of global
health.

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so, we have to deal with that on a very
comprehensive, very large, approach.

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And for me, this is what global health is
all about.

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>> From an historical perspective, the
Western world want a true

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[INAUDIBLE]

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epidemiological transition from the edge
of epidemics and

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[INAUDIBLE].

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To note the edge of, delay, of
degenerative disease.

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and we were able to adapt progressively to
those challenges.

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Why no intersuit into developing world,
they have to first, all

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the periods, all the edges together and
this is extremely complicated

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and costly for poor population and poor
countries.

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So, I believe that it is important to have
a knowledge transfer

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from the North to the South but also from
the South to the North.

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Because the situation in today, India, has
few,

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to do with the situation of 19th century
Europe.

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And we have to learn from each other.

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>> I would say that global health refers
to trans

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boundary health challenges.

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Such as we encountered in the past years
with regard to the pandemic flu, or, this

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SARS outbreak colona virus where you need
the different health sectors

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have to, to work together across a
national boundaries and so it is in

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fact necessary to, to, have an
international

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collaboration in, in order to counter
these

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global health threats.

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And I think that is something we could
that,

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that would we could understand in the
global health.

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And that is what we will have to work on
in the future.

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>> We still lack a good definition of
global health, I think.

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Some people and I would, I would agree
with these people.

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Some people

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say global health is just public health.
The

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instruments are about the same.
The perspective is a little bit different.

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Of course, in a global perspective,

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we were talking about many countries,
worldwide.

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We're talking not about small communities,
but the issues might be the same.

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I like the definition of

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[INAUDIBLE]

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and Bonita, that proposal they make.
A couple of years ago

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I guess.
Global health would be collaborative,

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cross-national,

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research and action and this, in order to
promote the health of all.

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Why collaborative?
Because issues that transcend

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national borders have to be tackled in a
collaborative way.

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Why research?

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Because decisions should be taken on the
evidence, on the scientific evidence.

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Why action?
It shouldn't only be collecting data,

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writing scientific articles.
There should be action.

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There should be programs, public health

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programs implemented in the communities or
worldwide.

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And why promotion of health for all?
Where we are coming back

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to the declaration of Alma-Ata, and the
major contribution,

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the declaration contributed to the health
of the population way back 35 years ago.

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So I like this definition or this proposal
of definition.

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It is quite action oriented.

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It doesn't trigger it research.

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It does have this transnational
collaborative perspective.

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Yeah.

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But we are still at the beginning

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of, understanding of what this global
health involves.

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>> For me, global health is about
people's opportunities to

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lead full and productive lives and to live
in dignity.

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But global health is also about promotion
of equity and equality.

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It's about promoting equity between men
and women.

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Between a, different age groups and
between countries and regions.

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>> Well, as for myself, I've come from a
new public health background

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in Australia, and moved to Geneva and
working in a more global environment.

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For me,

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the focus is more on cross-sector issues,
instruments and processes and particularly

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multilateral, negotiation, multilateral
solutions, health working

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with other sectors in an international
environment.

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I also think it differs very much from
international health, in that there's much

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more of a, a partnership approach between
developed and developing countries.

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As well as between other newly emerging
countires

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such as the bricks countries and
developing countries.

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>> My interpretation of global health
would start with the

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interdisciplinary framework, that I
advocate in my teaching and research.

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From that respect, I'm concerned about

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global being, extending beyond
disciplinary confinement

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to embrace different kinds of disciplinary
knowledge and professional know-how in

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order to do with this broader framework.
And the complexity of public health today.