we all know how machines have become an important part of our labor force我们都知道机器是怎样已成为了我们劳动力的一个重要部分，
01tamanna kaya on the Big Island of Hawaii
04to do just that to show that we can extract
08oxygen atom rocks and use it for space exploration
11now if you've ever been a monarchy at the big mountain on Hawaii
14you'll know that it's a special place as we're getting ready for our trip
18native hawaiians told us that they expect us to show our respect for the
22mountain
22to not do anything that was symbolically desecrated because it's important to
26them in their culture
28in their history it's also very important to astronomers
31at above 13,000 feet there are over a dozen astronomical observatories
37some the biggest and the best in the world staring out into the depths to the
41cosmos
42while I was there I got to live at Holly po hochu
46the dormitory where the astronomers live show here at nine thousand two hundred
50feet above sea level on the slopes at like a a
53and stay in there was really cool in the morning with your the cafeteria to get
57breakfast
58and astronomers to be there except they were getting their dinner
02getting ready to go to bed is leading a wake all night long up at the summit
05staring off into the distance
07and they would be talking excitedly about some measurement they were making
11in a star for across the galaxy somewhere where I really wish we could
15go
16after breakfast my buddies and I would lease up our Beats pick up our backpacks
21and hike out toward the field tests I we would go up in over ridge between two
24cinder cones
26and down into a small valley at eight thousand three hundred feet above sea
29level
30now on the way to the field site this is the view that we had every morning
34it was breathtaking during the night the winds had been blowing clouds up against
39the slopes of the mountain
40and they collected into a vast blanket lying flat on the Pacific
44and now the Sun was rising over the horizon starting to ignite the top so
48this clouds
49a breathtaking pink color every day looking at these views
53I begin to wonder if this is one of the reasons the native hawaiian so
56valued Monique a a and I do
00I don't mean the beauty of it which was significant
03I mean the physics at it I mean the fact that mountains
07out in the middle of the ocean change the weather pattern and collect
10clouds it turns out this is important for the Alliance for a couple reasons
15I read the stories how the hawaiians originally found Hawaii
19they came from Tahiti over 2,500 miles away
23dugout canoes across open ocean very much like
27astronauts shooting off into the emptiness of space
30they're all tradition tells that after weeks on the open ocean they were out of
34food
35nearly out of water and at last the navigator announced that he could detect
40hint of clouds on the horizon and knowing that mountains collected clouds
45they knew where the land was paddling in that direction
48and then arriving at the shores of Hawaii the dust covered the second major
52benefit to those clouds
53you see remarkably although Hawaii was geologically young
57having just sprouted up at the ocean already
01over eighteen thousand species advance plants and animals not even counting all
05the microbes
06had crossed the ocean before the humans ever did
10and arriving there they found there was liquid water from those clouds
14and they took root in the did what life does the care reform did
17and they turned it into a world where humans can live
21well every morning on this hike in thinking about these things
24and then turning toward the west this is the other view that we had this is our
28field site
29and what a contrast it was to the lush vegetation below down at Hilo
34you see we wanted a place that was relatively anti-reform
38harsh rugged and rough like the Moon or Mars
41there we handled a little networked ecology robots
45the excavators driving around scooping up the volcanic soil
49dumping it in the chemical processors there were extracting oxygen out of the
53soil
54their store concentrators collecting the sunlight to drive
58this chemical reactions forward after the auctions collected it was stored in
02tanks
02and that it was provided through a fuel cell to drive a rover around
06so machines were getting their locomotion by using this
09the concentrated resources collected by other machines
13we even used oxygen to fire a small rocket thruster
17so the technologies took it from volcanic dust to rocket thrust
22duster thrust and it all worked brilliantly
26every day on this hike thinking about these things in contrast
30I began to realize we're not simply
33creating technologies to make a mars mission more affordable
37know it's far more important than that what we're doing
41is creating the first generation a new life form
44typeof life adapted to live above the clouds without liquid water
49machine life a networked ecology where they are feeding on the local
53environment
54passing the concert review: resources up the food chain to other machines
58eventually reproducing as the extract metals
01and make plastics are the local materials D 3d printing and assemble
05copies are themselves
07and we're creating this machine life form this
11robotic ecosphere this robot a spear
14because we're gonna send it up there to those Islands in the sky
18to do up there what biological life has been doing down here
23terraforming those worlds being our food chain
26and making those in the world where we can live
30and when I realize that that's when my enthusiasm for the space program
34just exploded and i wanna promise you this is not science fiction
40this is science fact we're doing this today
43in my lab we have dozens of people right now working on low gravity space mining
48robots
49vehicles that can fly down into the dark craters on the moon
52and fly back out with ice big robots that can be 3d printing up landing pads
57on mars
58other labs are developing the chemical processing for the regular
02the ices in space and the atmosphere of Mars and still more laps
07are developing 3d printing with the plastics and metals that can be made in
10space
12every technology this needed for this vision is either in development now
16or will be shortly in 2011
19I put together a few my collaborators to ask the question
22how rapidly can we stand up a robot a spear in our solar system
27and how much will it cost we did literature review we did computer
30modeling
32and our workers peer-reviewed and is now published in a leading aerospace Journal
37according to our estimates we can get this accomplished in 20 years
41for an annual cost about 0.04 percent
45the US federal budget now that is something that we as a species can
50afford to do and furthermore after you get it established
55the modeling shows that in 20 more years with little additional cost
59it will grow in the ass to rebuild to have
03and economic output that is a million times that if the entire United States
08a million times and in just 10 more years
11a billion times and that's the point where the vision I describe the starters
16talk
16has become the new reality for human civilization
21your grandchildren to grow up in a world that is so
24alive it'll make our present area seem like the Stone Age
29and I think they're gonna look back on us the same way the winds
32look back on the region ancestors as the legendary heroes
36who found a way to cross the great ocean
42if somebody asked me today do I still believe
46that the space program is all dressed up with no place to go
50I'll tell them absolutely not
53there is a whole universe world's
56out there just waiting for humanity to arrive
00and you are the generation it has a tremendous privilege
03making that happen thank you so much for letting me share this enthusiasm with
07you today
25%ah
but let me tell you have come to dominate in a way that might blow your mind但是让我告诉你出乎你想法地在某种程度上它已开始控制。
we can quantify the work that the machines do compared to the work that humans do我们可以确定和人类工作相比机器工作的数量。
and as a physicist I want to quantify it in the units have jewels because it's a former energy在一个单元里因为它由能量形成，所以我就想要确定它里面有宝石存在。
so let's add up all the energy the machines use所以让我们将机器所用的
all the petroleum coal natural gas wind solar and nuclear石油，煤，天然气，风，太阳能和原子能这些能源总和在一起，
just the United States alone in one year our machines are using a hundred billion发现在一年里唯独只有美国的机器正在用
billion jewels energy to produce goods and services1000亿的宝石能量来出产商品和服务。
now that's a one with 2006 after it
comparing that to the humans if we worked as hard as we could把这个和人类工作相比，
that would be about a temple horsepower and we don't work nearly that hard如果我们尽全力工作，那也仅仅是一种微力。况且我们几乎无法做到那般卖力。
but if we did all the humans in the United States但是如果美国的所有人都照这样做
in one year we do 100 million billion jewels at work在一年里我们就能创造100万的宝石。
and that's a one with 17 zeros after那是一个比机器少了17个0的数字。
3 0's fewer in the machines which tells us the machines are already doing这个告诉我们机器早就比人类多做了
thousand times more work in humans can几千次的工作。
and that is amazing this这点确实让人很吃惊。
in my opinion is what makes modern civilization so liberating for Humanity我的看法是对于人类来说让我们的文明变得如此开放。
the machines are doing essentially all the hard work the mining机器确实从根本上做了很多艰难的工作，比如开采，
refining manufacturing assembling精炼，制造，收集，
transporting now even the computing the machines are building the machines that are building the machines运输。现在甚至可以控制机器来建造机器了。
and this freeze us humans up to focus a portion of our lives这个让我们人类也集中起来关注我们物质生活的一部分，
on things that are more uniquely human like
the sciences arts and literature or比如说科学，艺术和文学
farmville whatever it is that makes you feel most alive这些不论是什么的能让你感觉到活着的东西。
now despite this fantastical现在仅管
thousand 21 leveraging that we've achieved in the more developed parts the world这个我们在更多已发展的领域取得成绩还是空想。
they're still so many people have inadequate food这个世界仍有很多人没有足够的食物，
health care educational opportunities缺少卫生保健和教育机会。
and even we who have all those things甚至是我们已经有了这些东西的人
we would like to be so much more with our lives还想要更多。
but we can't afford it and look at congress但是我们却无法承担，
at the battles that the over the budget to get an idea how we are只能求助于国会来争论是否可以扩大预算来
fundamentally limited in our ability to produce and provide给出一个我们怎样才能在基本能力范围内生产和提供我们现在所需的东西的方法。
all that we would like now we humans cannot solve this我们人类不能只是通过努力工作来解决这个问题，
by just working harder but can we solve it
by more leveraging with the machines can we get the whole world that to this但是我们可以通过更多的机器来征服整个世界。
thousand the one leveraging and they can we go beyond that was a
10001 or one not even a million or a billion
so we can do some really amazing things in civilization所以在文明方面，我们确实可以作出一些很棒的东西。
well the answer is we can't there's not enough答案是我们无法在
energy on planet Earth to get the whole world up to that level能源不够的星球上，地球上来征服整个世界。
they're not enough other natural resources and if we tried to move too如果我们朝着那个方向进行的过远这里就将不会有足够的自然资源了。
far in that direction
it would be an ecological disaster this is set如果这样，这将会成为一个生态灾祸。
it seems to put a fundamental limit on what we humans can cope这就像是在人类能够处理的东西上施加最根本的限制。
hope to accomplish with our lives until you realize希望到你认识到这点使我们能走完我们的人生。
there is a new reason why we should assume that that a single planet这里有一个为什么我们应该假设定义一个单一星球就是人类生活世界的新理由。
is the definition of the human world our solar system has literally我们的太阳系的资源与我们地球上的能源相比原本就超过了
a billion times more every resource10亿倍。
compared we have on earth energy water水，
metals carbon hydrogen you name it and it's all out there just waiting for金属，二氧化碳，这些你所命名的也被消耗了。在这只是等候
civilization to need it文明的需要。
and we put our next generation machines are robotics我们将我们的下一代机器，机器人
be on planet Earth they could be some the same things they're doing year用在地球上。他们会成为那些用来
up there machines building the machines to build machines机器建造机器的一样。
but in a vastly higher rate leveraging但是这是要在很宽广的高比例下并且
without harming any sensitive environment没有伤害任何敏感的环境中才可以。
let me give you a couple examples to show you what I'm talking about让我举些例子来展示我所说的，
imagine when the space mining companies想象一些太空采矿公司
go out there to the harmful asteroids that are threatening to wipe out去一颗不良的小行星去威胁着要清除
not just humans but so many species and ecological environments不仅是人类而是许多物种和生态环境。
and convert those materials into power stations in orbit around the Earth然后把那些材料传送到在地球轨道上的能量站里。
then they can beam down cleanly safely接着他们就能干净地，安全地，
abundantly essentially for free充足地，精确地免费地使用。
the energy that will lift up our economy get us off more dirty energy sources能源将会促进我们的经济，让我们远离更多的脏能源。
imagine that's a ministry spreading on mars想像这里有个布局在火星上的部门，
to the point that they can transform the environment that entire planet and make很直接地，他们可以改变那个整个星球上的环境。
it a little world把它创造成一个小世界，
we call that process terraforming and then we can fill mars with我们叫它过程革新。
forests and lakes and streams with fish in the birds in the sky然后我们就可以用森林，湖泊和有着鱼的河流，有着鸟的天空和电脑来填满火星。
and life computer 5 Mars the same way it is beautified同样的方式，它被美化了。
your in if we can tear for Mars and can also如果我们能后撕裂火星那么我们同样也能
re tere for me your cleaning up the atmosphere on a global scale在全球范围内清理掉大气，
removing harmful industries and rewilding our planet移走有害的工厂，重新美化我们的星球。
we can also send a robotic construction crews to everyone at the hundreds我们也能将自动构造传递给每个人。
means a planets in our solar system and do whatever is appropriate on each one百分百地意味着在我们的太阳系中有一个星球能够对每个人都很合适。
built scientific elbows如建造科学的肘部
or maybe vacation resorts for the transportation network或者是为了为了网络运输方面的求助。
we could have artists in architects controlling those construction我们可以有在建筑方面控制那些建造物，
with grease to build cities with great architectural wonders有着建筑奇迹欲望来建造一个城市的艺术家。
because when you've got billion to one leveraging there's no worries in New因为当你有10亿来达到借力时，你也就没有经济动力方面节省的担心了。
economic motivation to skimp and here's my favorite这是我最喜欢的，
we can build gigantic particle colliders in orbit我们可以在太阳的轨道周围建造巨大的微粒碰撞机。
around the Sun your Mercury collecting so much energy水银搜集到如此多的能源，
that they can probe the DEP's a physics at a scale that we could hardly他们可以在一定范围内探索到我们很难想到
dream about today in our current level of civilization在我们目前的文化水平里的物理原理。
and we might invent warp drive who knows我们也许会有种这谁知道的偏见。
Arthur C Clarke said famously any sufficiently advanced civilization Arthur C Clarke说过任何有名的十分先进的
is indistinguishable from magic well imagine what magic文明都和魔法很难区分。
is in your future when we go down this path想像在你未来当你被这条路打败时魔法是什么。
with this is the vision that just fills me with enthusiasm这种视觉是我充满对太空活动的激情。
for our space program I wasn't always this enthusiastic虽然在我在太空船工作的头一年
although I've always been a strong believer in space和在太空站工作的之后7年里我总是一个强烈的信仰者，
for my first in years in the space program worked on the space shuttle但也不能说我一直很热情。
and the next seven years at work on the space station and during all that time I在很多时候我在
was very quick to point out
the benefits that exploration provides for us探索提供给我们生命的利益方面会很敏捷
in life here on earth yet despite all this
to be honest I was secretly and profoundly disappointed with the老实说，我潜自地，深深地对太空探索感到很失望，
prospects
space exploration because I knew it into every mission因为我知道在宇航员
after the astronauts plant the flag to leave the big prints on the Moon or Mars插上旗子在月球或火星上留下印记后的每个使命，
and after the do all that amazing science they've gotta come back to在做完了那些科学后他们不得不返回
Planet Earth地球的使命
or else they're gonna spend the rest of their lives just struggling to survive或者是他们将花余生来探索生存的使命。
inside of a nicely to bubble because there is nowhere else in our solar因为在我们的太阳系中也存在其他的很适合人类生存的地方。
system
for humans can live comfortably see
the moon looks like this and Mars就像月球，火星，土星一样。
looks like this and tighten
with them is a Saturn looks like this
and this is what an ass tree looks like and I think he can begin to see the
trend
they all have regular thats rocks and soil and dust on the surface它们都有这种像石头，油和灰尘一样浮在地球表面的规律。
they have sunlight so there's energy and most of them have some former volatiles它们都有阳光存在所以有能源。
there's either an atmosphere
or ice under the soil or hydrated minerals but what they all lack is它们其中的大多也有挥发物所以也会有大气或者是在油或含水矿物下面的冰存在。但是它们所缺少的是液态水，
liquid water the compo on the surface表面的混合涂料和
and with it and abundant biosphere networked ecology完整的生物圈。
organisms that collect the sunlight and process those resources有机物采集阳光，加工资源，
and put them into successively more concentrated forms然后把他们接连起来固定成单一形式。
which we humans require because we're species adapted to living at the top of我们人类要求这个因为我们是处于食物链的最顶端的物种需要适应生存。
the food chain
and when we send astronauts off into space we're sending them away from their当我们送宇航员到太空时，我们其实再把它们送离
food chain食物链。
and astronauts spend most of their time just working宇航员们花了他们的大部分时间在
to maintain their spacecraft their isolated bottles维护他们的航天器，他们的独立盒子。
you see there is nowhere in the solar system where r bias你们看见了在太阳系里没有除了地球之外的星球能够承受这种压力。
fear can thrive besides planet Earth
and we don't have that work drive to go to any other star systems况且我们没有那种能够去任何其他星系的能力。
and his purse terraforming Mars directly他的财力直接改变了火星甚至
didn't even think about asking Congress to pay for that是不需要向国会要求援助。
Pat is not in the realm of the possible
I can remember truthfully thinking these words about twenty years ago我能很真诚地记住这些大约在20年前的话。
unfortunately the space program is all dressed up不幸的是太空活动已被装扮成了
with no place to go无处可去。
now you might have guessed I don't believe that anymore and here's what现在你们也许在猜测我再不相信一些在10年前发生的能
happened
changed my perspective about ten years ago改变我的视角的事情。
I became part of the team in nasa that develops technologies to utilize those我已经成为了美国国家航空航天局的一员致力于发展技术，
resources in space利用那些太空资源。
to your support rock is 50 percent在你们的支持下，
oxygen by weight if we can just get the oxygen out others rocks如果我们仅从其他的火箭来得到氧气的话火箭就只有重50%的氧气
the studies tell us we can cut the cost to the mars mission by a factor of three研究告诉我们可以利用3年的因素也许5因素来缩减火星任务的开支.
year maybe even a factor 5 in 2010 I was sent as a part of a team