Alexander the Great (All Parts)
In 334 BC, Alexander, King of Macedonia, began one of the greatest military campaigns in history
公元前 334 年，马其顿国王亚历山大开始 了历史上最伟大的军事战役
In 334 BC, Alexander, King of Macedonia, began one of the greatest military campaigns in history 之一——对抗那个时代的超级大国 ——波斯帝国。
- against the superpower of the age - the Persian Empire. 之一——对抗那个时代的超级大国 ——波斯帝国。
年仅 20 岁的他凭借出色而无畏的 领导力赢得了一场又一场的战斗。
Just 20 years-old, his brilliant and fearless leadership won him battle after battle. 年仅 20 岁的他凭借出色而无畏的 领导力赢得了一场又一场的战斗。
And in an astonishing 10 year campaign that took him to the edge of the known world, 年仅 20 岁的他凭借出色而无畏的 领导力赢得了一场又一场的战斗。
And in an astonishing 10 year campaign that took him to the edge of the known world, 在一场将他带到已知世界边缘的令人惊讶的 10 年战役中 ，他
he carved out one of the largest empires ever known. 在一场将他带到已知世界边缘的令人惊讶的 10 年战役中 ，他
he carved out one of the largest empires ever known. 建立了有史以来最大的帝国 之一。
Few men have had such a massive impact on the course of history. 建立了有史以来最大的帝国 之一。
Few men have had such a massive impact on the course of history. 很少有人对历史进程产生如此巨大的影响 。
对波斯人来说，他是被诅咒的亚历山大， 但在西方，他是不朽的……作为
To the Persians, he was Alexander the Accursed, but to the west, 对波斯人来说，他是被诅咒的亚历山大， 但在西方，他是不朽的……作为
he was immortalised... as Alexander the Great. 对波斯人来说，他是被诅咒的亚历山大， 但在西方，他是不朽的……作为
he was immortalised... as Alexander the Great. 亚历山大大帝。
EPIC HISTORY TV 亚历山大大帝。
And Invicta 亚历山大大帝。
Aleksander the Great Part I 亚历山大大帝。
Ancient Greece. 亚历山大大帝。
Ancient Greece. 古希腊。
From around 500 BC, this rugged land was the scene of remarkable developments in art, philosophy, and warfare. 古希腊。
From around 500 BC, this rugged land was the scene of remarkable developments in art, philosophy, and warfare. 从公元前 500 年左右开始，这片崎岖的土地是 艺术、哲学和战争显着发展的地方
。
Its two greatest city-states were Athens, a naval power, where democracy, art, drama and philosophy flourished; 。
Its two greatest city-states were Athens, a naval power, where democracy, art, drama and philosophy flourished; 它的两个最伟大的城邦是雅典， 一个海军强国，在那里民主、艺术、戏剧
Its two greatest city-states were Athens, a naval power, where democracy, art, drama and philosophy flourished; 和哲学蓬勃发展； 斯巴达是一个 严酷的军国主义社会，以其
and Sparta, an austere, militaristic society, famed for its formidable army. 和哲学蓬勃发展； 斯巴达是一个 严酷的军国主义社会，以其
and Sparta, an austere, militaristic society, famed for its formidable army. 强大的军队而闻名。
In 480 BC, these two city-states had joined forces 强大的军队而闻名。
In 480 BC, these two city-states had joined forces 公元前 480 年，这两个城邦 联手对抗强大的
to fight an invasion by the mighty Persian Empire. 公元前 480 年，这两个城邦 联手对抗强大的
to fight an invasion by the mighty Persian Empire. 波斯帝国的入侵。
在温泉关的狭窄通道上， 一支由 300 名斯巴达人率领的希腊小
At the narrow pass of Thermopylae, a small Greek force, led by 300 Spartans, 在温泉关的狭窄通道上， 一支由 300 名斯巴达人率领的希腊小
held up the enormous Persian army for three days, before they were finally encircled and killed. 在温泉关的狭窄通道上， 一支由 300 名斯巴达人率领的希腊小
held up the enormous Persian army for three days, before they were finally encircled and killed. 军将庞大的波斯军队阻挡了三天， 最终被包围并被杀死。
然后，在萨拉米斯海峡，希腊 舰队击败了波斯海军……
Then, in the straits of Salamis, the Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy ... 然后，在萨拉米斯海峡，希腊 舰队击败了波斯海军……
但他们无法阻止波斯人焚烧 雅典卫城的神殿。
But they couldn't prevent the Persians burning the sacred temples of the Athenian acropolis. 但他们无法阻止波斯人焚烧 雅典卫城的神殿。
The next year, at Plataea, the Greeks won a decisive land battle against the Persians,and forced them to abandon their invasion. 但他们无法阻止波斯人焚烧 雅典卫城的神殿。
The next year, at Plataea, the Greeks won a decisive land battle against the Persians,and forced them to abandon their invasion. 次年，在普拉蒂亚，希腊人 在与波斯人的陆战中取得了决定性的胜利
The next year, at Plataea, the Greeks won a decisive land battle against the Persians,and forced them to abandon their invasion. ，迫使他们放弃入侵。
接下来的五十年是 古典希腊的黄金时代。
The next fifty years were the golden age of classical Greece. 接下来的五十年是 古典希腊的黄金时代。
But rising tension between Athens and Sparta, and their allies, eventually led to war, 接下来的五十年是 古典希腊的黄金时代。
But rising tension between Athens and Sparta, and their allies, eventually led to war, 但是雅典和斯巴达及其盟友之间日益紧张的局势 最终导致了战争，将
dragging the Greek world into decades of destructive fighting. 但是雅典和斯巴达及其盟友之间日益紧张的局势 最终导致了战争，将
dragging the Greek world into decades of destructive fighting. 希腊世界拖入了数十年的破坏性 战斗。
Wars between the Greek city-states continued for almost a century, leaving them exhausted... 希腊世界拖入了数十年的破坏性 战斗。
Wars between the Greek city-states continued for almost a century, leaving them exhausted... 希腊城邦之间的战争持续 了近一个世纪，使他们筋疲力尽……
and vulnerable to a new, rising power to the north... 希腊城邦之间的战争持续 了近一个世纪，使他们筋疲力尽……
and vulnerable to a new, rising power to the north... 并且容易受到北方崛起的新势力的影响 ……
For centuries, sophisticated Greeks had viewed the mountainous kingdom of Macedonia 并且容易受到北方崛起的新势力的影响 ……
For centuries, sophisticated Greeks had viewed the mountainous kingdom of Macedonia 几个世纪以来，老练的希腊人一直 将多山的马其顿王国视为
as a backwater, hicksville - barely Greek at all. 几个世纪以来，老练的希腊人一直 将多山的马其顿王国视为
as a backwater, hicksville - barely Greek at all. 死水，希克斯维尔 - 几乎没有希腊语。
But under King Philip II, Macedonia emerged as a formidable military force. 死水，希克斯维尔 - 几乎没有希腊语。
But under King Philip II, Macedonia emerged as a formidable military force. 但在菲利普二世国王的统治下，马其顿成为 了一支强大的军事力量。
His most famous reform: the introduction of the sarissa, an 18 foot pike, twice the length of a normal Greek spear, 但在菲利普二世国王的统治下，马其顿成为 了一支强大的军事力量。
His most famous reform: the introduction of the sarissa, an 18 foot pike, twice the length of a normal Greek spear, 他最著名的改革是：引入 了 sarissa，一种 18 英尺长
His most famous reform: the introduction of the sarissa, an 18 foot pike, twice the length of a normal Greek spear, 的长矛，长度是普通希腊长矛的两倍，由训练有素的 步兵以密集阵型（
and wielded by trained infantry fighting in close formation, known as a phalanx. 的长矛，长度是普通希腊长矛的两倍，由训练有素的 步兵以密集阵型（
and wielded by trained infantry fighting in close formation, known as a phalanx. 称为方阵）挥舞。
In 338 BC, at the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip's army crushed the joint forces of Thebes and Athens. 称为方阵）挥舞。
In 338 BC, at the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip's army crushed the joint forces of Thebes and Athens. 公元前338年，在喀罗尼亚战役中，腓力的 军队粉碎了底比斯和雅典的联合部队
In 338 BC, at the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip's army crushed the joint forces of Thebes and Athens. 。
Through alliance and conquest, Philip had already gained control over most of his neighbours. 。
Through alliance and conquest, Philip had already gained control over most of his neighbours. 通过结盟和征服，菲利普 已经控制了他的大部分邻居。
现在，在这场胜利之后，他将整个 希腊统一在一个称为希腊
Now, following this victory, he united all Greece in an alliance known as the Hellenic League, 现在，在这场胜利之后，他将整个 希腊统一在一个称为希腊
Now, following this victory, he united all Greece in an alliance known as the Hellenic League, 联盟或科林斯联盟的联盟中，菲利普 是霸主或最高指挥官。
or League of Corinth, with Philip as hegemon – or supreme commander. 联盟或科林斯联盟的联盟中，菲利普 是霸主或最高指挥官。
Only Sparta stood aside. 联盟或科林斯联盟的联盟中，菲利普 是霸主或最高指挥官。
Only Sparta stood aside. 只有斯巴达站在一边。
Philip began to plan a great campaign - a Panhellenic, or all-Greek, war against the Persian Empire. 只有斯巴达站在一边。
Philip began to plan a great campaign - a Panhellenic, or all-Greek, war against the Persian Empire. 菲利普开始计划一场伟大的战役—— 一场针对波斯帝国的泛希腊或全希腊战争
Philip began to plan a great campaign - a Panhellenic, or all-Greek, war against the Persian Empire. 。 他们的老对手现在是一个病重的 超级大国，其巨大的财富已经
Their old foe was now an ailing superpower, its great riches ripe for the taking... 。 他们的老对手现在是一个病重的 超级大国，其巨大的财富已经
Their old foe was now an ailing superpower, its great riches ripe for the taking... 成熟……
但在发动战争的前夕，菲利普 被自己的保镖暗杀 -
But on the eve of launching his war, Philip was assassinated by his own bodyguard 但在发动战争的前夕，菲利普 被自己的保镖暗杀 -
– victim of Macedonia's brutal court rivalries. 但在发动战争的前夕，菲利普 被自己的保镖暗杀 -
– victim of Macedonia's brutal court rivalries. 马其顿残酷的法庭竞争的受害者。
He was succeeded by his 20 year-old son Alexander: brilliant, restless, tutored by the great philosopher Aristotle, 马其顿残酷的法庭竞争的受害者。
He was succeeded by his 20 year-old son Alexander: brilliant, restless, tutored by the great philosopher Aristotle, 他的继任者是他 20 岁的儿子亚历山大： 才华横溢，躁动不安，受到伟大
He was succeeded by his 20 year-old son Alexander: brilliant, restless, tutored by the great philosopher Aristotle, 哲学家亚里士多德的指导，并且已经是一位经验丰富的 军事指挥官。
and already an experienced military commander. 哲学家亚里士多德的指导，并且已经是一位经验丰富的 军事指挥官。
Alexander inherited his father's grand plan to invade Persia, but first he had to secure his own position as king: 哲学家亚里士多德的指导，并且已经是一位经验丰富的 军事指挥官。
Alexander inherited his father's grand plan to invade Persia, but first he had to secure his own position as king: 亚历山大继承了他父亲 入侵波斯的宏伟计划，但首先他必须确保
Alexander inherited his father's grand plan to invade Persia, but first he had to secure his own position as king: 自己的国王地位：
在国内，他处决了潜在的对手， 然后粉碎了伊利里亚、色萨利
At home, he had potential rivals executed, then crushed rebellions in Illyria, Thessaly, and central Greece. 在国内，他处决了潜在的对手， 然后粉碎了伊利里亚、色萨利
At home, he had potential rivals executed, then crushed rebellions in Illyria, Thessaly, and central Greece. 和希腊中部的叛乱。
He made a special example of Thebes – completely destroying the ancient city, and selling its people into slavery. 和希腊中部的叛乱。
He made a special example of Thebes – completely destroying the ancient city, and selling its people into slavery. 他为底比斯做了一个特例——彻底 摧毁古城，将其
He made a special example of Thebes – completely destroying the ancient city, and selling its people into slavery. 人民卖为奴隶。
In the spring of 334 BC, now ready to launch his war against the Persian Empire, Alexander led his army across the Hellespont into Asia Minor. 人民卖为奴隶。
In the spring of 334 BC, now ready to launch his war against the Persian Empire, Alexander led his army across the Hellespont into Asia Minor. 公元前 334 年春天 ，亚历山大准备对波斯帝国发动战争，
In the spring of 334 BC, now ready to launch his war against the Persian Empire, Alexander led his army across the Hellespont into Asia Minor. 他率领军队穿过赫勒斯蓬特河进入 小亚细亚。
It was the start of one of the greatest military campaigns in history. 他率领军队穿过赫勒斯蓬特河进入 小亚细亚。
It was the start of one of the greatest military campaigns in history. 这是历史上最伟大的军事行动之一的开始 。
The Macedonian Army 这是历史上最伟大的军事行动之一的开始 。
Alexander's army was about 40,000 strong, drawn from all parts of Greece. 这是历史上最伟大的军事行动之一的开始 。
Alexander's army was about 40,000 strong, drawn from all parts of Greece. 亚历山大的军队约有 40,000 人， 来自希腊各地。
The infantry were commanded by the veteran Macedonian general Parmenion. 亚历山大的军队约有 40,000 人， 来自希腊各地。
The infantry were commanded by the veteran Macedonian general Parmenion. 步兵由经验丰富的 马其顿将军帕梅尼翁指挥。
In the front rank, 9,000 Macedonian phalangites, armed with the 18-foot sarissa. 在前排，9,000 名马其顿方阵， 手持 18 英尺长的纱丽。
These were professional soldiers, well-trained and drilled, who formed up for battle in the phalanx, 16 ranks deep. 在前排，9,000 名马其顿方阵， 手持 18 英尺长的纱丽。
These were professional soldiers, well-trained and drilled, who formed up for battle in the phalanx, 16 ranks deep. 这些都是职业士兵，训练有素 ，训练有素，他们在方阵中组成了战斗
These were professional soldiers, well-trained and drilled, who formed up for battle in the phalanx, 16 ranks deep. ，纵深16行。
This packed formation presented a solid wall of iron spear-tips, and was virtually unstoppable. ，纵深16行。
This packed formation presented a solid wall of iron spear-tips, and was virtually unstoppable. 这密密麻麻的阵法，呈现出一道坚固 的铁枪尖壁，几乎势不可挡。
But it was also difficult to manoeuvre, and highly vulnerable to attacks on its flanks or rear. 这密密麻麻的阵法，呈现出一道坚固 的铁枪尖壁，几乎势不可挡。
But it was also difficult to manoeuvre, and highly vulnerable to attacks on its flanks or rear. 但它也很难操纵，并且 极易受到侧翼
But it was also difficult to manoeuvre, and highly vulnerable to attacks on its flanks or rear. 或后方的攻击。
So 3,000 elite infantry, the hypaspists, or 'shield-bearers', armed with shorter spears, 或后方的攻击。
So 3,000 elite infantry, the hypaspists, or 'shield-bearers', armed with shorter spears, 因此，3,000 名精锐步兵、hypaspists 或 “持盾者”，手持较短的长矛，
guarded its flanks. They were commanded by Parmenion's son, Nikanor. 因此，3,000 名精锐步兵、hypaspists 或 “持盾者”，手持较短的长矛，
guarded its flanks. They were commanded by Parmenion's son, Nikanor. 守卫着它的侧翼。 他们由 帕梅尼翁的儿子尼卡诺指挥。
The second line of Alexander's army was made up of 7,000 Greek allies and 5,000 mercenaries, 守卫着它的侧翼。 他们由 帕梅尼翁的儿子尼卡诺指挥。
The second line of Alexander's army was made up of 7,000 Greek allies and 5,000 mercenaries, 亚历山大军队的第二线 由 7,000 名希腊盟友和 5,000 名雇佣兵组成，
装备为重装步兵。 他们的名字 来自 hoplon，他们的大圆盾，并
armed as hoplites. They took their name from the hoplon, their large round shield, and carried, shorter, 8 foot spears. 装备为重装步兵。 他们的名字 来自 hoplon，他们的大圆盾，并
armed as hoplites. They took their name from the hoplon, their large round shield, and carried, shorter, 8 foot spears. 携带较短的 8 英尺长矛。
A hoplite phalanx was not as effective as the Macedonian phalangites, but still well-armed and heavily armoured for the time. 携带较短的 8 英尺长矛。
A hoplite phalanx was not as effective as the Macedonian phalangites, but still well-armed and heavily armoured for the time. 重装步兵方阵 不如马其顿方阵有效，但在当时仍然装备精良
A hoplite phalanx was not as effective as the Macedonian phalangites, but still well-armed and heavily armoured for the time. ，装甲厚重。
The Agrianes were the army's elite skirmishers, expert javelin-throwers from what's now southern Bulgaria. ，装甲厚重。
The Agrianes were the army's elite skirmishers, expert javelin-throwers from what's now southern Bulgaria. Agrianes 是军队的精英散兵，是 来自现在保加利亚南部的专业标枪手
The Agrianes were the army's elite skirmishers, expert javelin-throwers from what's now southern Bulgaria. 。
Other skirmishers from Thrace, and Illyria, were armed with javelins, slings and bows. 。
Other skirmishers from Thrace, and Illyria, were armed with javelins, slings and bows. 来自色雷斯和伊利里亚的其他散兵 手持标枪、投石索和弓箭。
亚历山大军队的突击部队 是同伴骑兵，由 1,800 名
The shock troops of Alexander's army were the Companion Cavalry, 1,800 elite horsemen armed with spear and sword, 亚历山大军队的突击部队 是同伴骑兵，由 1,800 名
The shock troops of Alexander's army were the Companion Cavalry, 1,800 elite horsemen armed with spear and sword, 手持长矛和剑的精锐骑兵组成，由帕梅尼翁的 另一个儿子菲洛塔斯指挥。
commanded by Philotas, another son of Parmenion. Alexander led the royal squadron in person. 手持长矛和剑的精锐骑兵组成，由帕梅尼翁的 另一个儿子菲洛塔斯指挥。
commanded by Philotas, another son of Parmenion. Alexander led the royal squadron in person. 亚历山大亲自率领皇家中队。
还有 1,800 名来自色萨利的骑兵， 由卡拉斯指挥，600 名来自
There were also 1,800 cavalry from Thessaly, commanded by Kallas, 还有 1,800 名来自色萨利的骑兵， 由卡拉斯指挥，600 名来自
600 from other parts of Greece, led by Erigyius, and 900 mounted scouts from Thrace and Paeonia, under Kassander. 还有 1,800 名来自色萨利的骑兵， 由卡拉斯指挥，600 名来自
600 from other parts of Greece, led by Erigyius, and 900 mounted scouts from Thrace and Paeonia, under Kassander. 希腊其他地区，由 Erigyius 率领，还有 900 名来自色雷斯和派奥尼亚的骑兵，由卡山德指挥。
THE GRANICUS 希腊其他地区，由 Erigyius 率领，还有 900 名来自色雷斯和派奥尼亚的骑兵，由卡山德指挥。
The great Persian Empire was divided into provinces, called satrapies. Each satrapy was ruled by a governor, or satrap. 希腊其他地区，由 Erigyius 率领，还有 900 名来自色雷斯和派奥尼亚的骑兵，由卡山德指挥。
The great Persian Empire was divided into provinces, called satrapies. Each satrapy was ruled by a governor, or satrap. 伟大的波斯帝国分为多个 省，称为总督。
The great Persian Empire was divided into provinces, called satrapies. Each satrapy was ruled by a governor, or satrap. 每个总督都由总督或总督统治。
现在受到亚历山大入侵威胁的小亚细亚人 开会讨论战略。
Those in Asia Minor now threatened by Alexander's invasion met to discuss strategy. 现在受到亚历山大入侵威胁的小亚细亚人 开会讨论战略。
Memnon of Rhodes, a skilled Greek general in Persian service, urged them to avoid battle with Alexander. 现在受到亚历山大入侵威胁的小亚细亚人 开会讨论战略。
Memnon of Rhodes, a skilled Greek general in Persian service, urged them to avoid battle with Alexander. 罗得岛的门农是一位在波斯服役的熟练希腊将军 ，他敦促他们避免
Memnon of Rhodes, a skilled Greek general in Persian service, urged them to avoid battle with Alexander. 与亚历山大作战。 相反，他建议他们 使用“焦土”策略——烧毁
Instead, he advised them to use a 'scorched earth' strategy 与亚历山大作战。 相反，他建议他们 使用“焦土”策略——烧毁
– to burn villages and crops, and withdraw to the interior - Alexander's army, he promised, would quickly starve. 与亚历山大作战。 相反，他建议他们 使用“焦土”策略——烧毁
– to burn villages and crops, and withdraw to the interior - Alexander's army, he promised, would quickly starve. 村庄和庄稼，然后撤退到内陆 ——亚历山大的军队，他保证，很快就会
– to burn villages and crops, and withdraw to the interior - Alexander's army, he promised, would quickly starve. 饿死。
It was good advice. But the satraps were unwilling to lay waste to their own provinces without a fight. 饿死。
It was good advice. But the satraps were unwilling to lay waste to their own provinces without a fight. 这是一个很好的建议。 但总督 不愿意不战而降，毁掉自己的省份
It was good advice. But the satraps were unwilling to lay waste to their own provinces without a fight. 。
So they decided to face Alexander's army at the River Granicus. 。
So they decided to face Alexander's army at the River Granicus. 于是他们决定在格拉尼库斯河迎战亚历山大的军队 。
The Persian army formed up behind the river, which was shallow, but 60 feet wide with steep banks. 于是他们决定在格拉尼库斯河迎战亚历山大的军队 。
The Persian army formed up behind the river, which was shallow, but 60 feet wide with steep banks. 波斯军队在河后集结，这条河 很浅，但有 60 英尺宽，
The Persian army formed up behind the river, which was shallow, but 60 feet wide with steep banks. 河岸陡峭。
Their front line was a wall of cavalry, about 10,000 horsemen from across the empire 河岸陡峭。
Their front line was a wall of cavalry, about 10,000 horsemen from across the empire 他们的前线是一堵骑兵墙，大约有 10,000 名来自帝国各地的骑兵——
– Medes and Hyrcanians from modern Iran, Bactrians from Afghanistan, and Paphlagonians from Turkey's Black Sea coast. 他们的前线是一堵骑兵墙，大约有 10,000 名来自帝国各地的骑兵——
– Medes and Hyrcanians from modern Iran, Bactrians from Afghanistan, and Paphlagonians from Turkey's Black Sea coast. 来自现代伊朗的米底人和希尔卡尼亚人， 来自阿富汗的巴克特人，以及来自土耳其
– Medes and Hyrcanians from modern Iran, Bactrians from Afghanistan, and Paphlagonians from Turkey's Black Sea coast. 黑海沿岸的帕夫拉戈尼亚人。
身后的预备队是步兵—— 数千名希腊雇佣兵，
Behind, in reserve, were the infantry – several thousand Greek mercenaries, 身后的预备队是步兵—— 数千名希腊雇佣兵，
a common sight in Persian armies at this time. These men fought for Persian gold, 身后的预备队是步兵—— 数千名希腊雇佣兵，
a common sight in Persian armies at this time. These men fought for Persian gold, 这在当时的波斯军队中很常见。 这些 人为波斯黄金而战，
and were armed with the round shield and short spear of hoplites. 这在当时的波斯军队中很常见。 这些 人为波斯黄金而战，
and were armed with the round shield and short spear of hoplites. 手持圆形盾牌和重装步兵短矛。
The Persians may have been unsure if they could trust these men in combat against fellow Greeks, and so placed them at the rear. 波斯人可能不确定他们 是否可以信任这些人与希腊同胞作战
The Persians may have been unsure if they could trust these men in combat against fellow Greeks, and so placed them at the rear. ，因此将他们置于后方。
亚历山大决心在 这支波斯军队撤退之前攻击并摧毁它
Alexander, determined to attack and destroy this Persian force before it could retreat, raced to the Granicus with his best troops. 亚历山大决心在 这支波斯军队撤退之前攻击并摧毁它
Alexander, determined to attack and destroy this Persian force before it could retreat, raced to the Granicus with his best troops. ，他带着他最好的部队奔向格拉尼库斯。
On his left wing, he posted Thessalian, Greek and Thracian cavalry, under Parmenion's command. ，他带着他最好的部队奔向格拉尼库斯。
On his left wing, he posted Thessalian, Greek and Thracian cavalry, under Parmenion's command. 在他的左翼，他 在帕门尼翁的指挥下部署了色萨利骑兵、希腊骑兵和色雷斯骑兵。
In the centre, were the massed spears of the phalanx, its six divisions commanded by Perdikkas, Koinos, Amyntas, Philip, Meleager, and Krateros. 在他的左翼，他 在帕门尼翁的指挥下部署了色萨利骑兵、希腊骑兵和色雷斯骑兵。
In the centre, were the massed spears of the phalanx, its six divisions commanded by Perdikkas, Koinos, Amyntas, Philip, Meleager, and Krateros. 在中央，是密集的 方阵长矛，由佩尔迪卡斯、
In the centre, were the massed spears of the phalanx, its six divisions commanded by Perdikkas, Koinos, Amyntas, Philip, Meleager, and Krateros. 科伊诺斯、阿明塔斯、菲利普、梅莱格和克拉特罗斯指挥的六个师。
In the centre, were the massed spears of the phalanx, its six divisions commanded by Perdikkas, Koinos, Amyntas, Philip, Meleager, and Krateros. 在右边，亚历山大本人， Philotas 手下的同伴骑兵，
On the right, Alexander himself, with the Companion Cavalry under Philotas, as well 在右边，亚历山大本人， Philotas 手下的同伴骑兵，
as the elite hypaspists, the Agrianes javelin-throwers, and the archers. 在右边，亚历山大本人， Philotas 手下的同伴骑兵，
as the elite hypaspists, the Agrianes javelin-throwers, and the archers. 以及精锐的 hypaspists，Agrianes 标枪投掷者 和弓箭手。
亚历山大总共有 13,000 名步兵和 5,000 名 骑兵，人数可能略有不足。
Alexander, with 13,000 infantry, and 5,000 cavalry in all, was probably slightly outnumbered. 亚历山大总共有 13,000 名步兵和 5,000 名 骑兵，人数可能略有不足。
But ignoring advice to wait until dawn to cross the river, he ordered an immediate assault. 亚历山大总共有 13,000 名步兵和 5,000 名 骑兵，人数可能略有不足。
But ignoring advice to wait until dawn to cross the river, he ordered an immediate assault. 但他无视要等到天亮 过河的建议，下令立即进攻。
他派了一个同伴骑兵中队去 渡河，随后是一队
He sent a squadron of Companion cavalry to ford the river, followed by a regiment of hypaspists and the Paeonian light cavalry. 他派了一个同伴骑兵中队去 渡河，随后是一队
He sent a squadron of Companion cavalry to ford the river, followed by a regiment of hypaspists and the Paeonian light cavalry. hypaspists和Paeonian轻骑兵。
亚历山大号召他的部下展示他们的 勇气，然后带领他的右翼
Alexander, calling on his men to show their courage, then led his right wing across the river. 亚历山大号召他的部下展示他们的 勇气，然后带领他的右翼
过河。
As they reached the middle of the river, the Greeks came under a hail of javelins, 当他们到达河中央时， 希腊人遇到了来自波斯战线的标枪、飞镖
darts and arrows from the Persian line. Those that made it to the far bank were immediately charged by the Persian cavalry. 当他们到达河中央时， 希腊人遇到了来自波斯战线的标枪、飞镖
darts and arrows from the Persian line. Those that made it to the far bank were immediately charged by the Persian cavalry. 和箭的冰雹。 那些到达远岸的人立即
darts and arrows from the Persian line. Those that made it to the far bank were immediately charged by the Persian cavalry. 被波斯骑兵冲锋。
🎶 被波斯骑兵冲锋。
Alexander was in the thick of the fighting. 被波斯骑兵冲锋。
Alexander was in the thick of the fighting. 亚历山大在激烈的战斗中。
“他袭击了他们的全部 骑兵和领导人驻扎的地方。 在
“he attacked where the whole mass of their cavalry and leaders were stationed. “他袭击了他们的全部 骑兵和领导人驻扎的地方。 在
Around him a desperate conflict raged... horses were jammed against horses and men against men, “他袭击了他们的全部 骑兵和领导人驻扎的地方。 在
Around him a desperate conflict raged... horses were jammed against horses and men against men, 他周围爆发了一场绝望的冲突…… 马对马，人对人
the Macedonians striving to drive the Persians away from the river bank, the Persians determined to prevent them crossing 他周围爆发了一场绝望的冲突…… 马对马，人对人
the Macedonians striving to drive the Persians away from the river bank, the Persians determined to prevent them crossing ，马其顿人努力将波斯人 赶出河岸，波斯人
the Macedonians striving to drive the Persians away from the river bank, the Persians determined to prevent them crossing 决心阻止他们过河并将他们 推回河中。”
and to push them back into the river.” 决心阻止他们过河并将他们 推回河中。”
🎶 决心阻止他们过河并将他们 推回河中。”
Alexander's attack seemed reckless, but he was buying time for the rest of his army to cross the river, 决心阻止他们过河并将他们 推回河中。”
Alexander's attack seemed reckless, but he was buying time for the rest of his army to cross the river, 亚历山大的进攻看似鲁莽，但他 正在为他的其他军队渡河争取时间
Alexander's attack seemed reckless, but he was buying time for the rest of his army to cross the river, ，包括不可抗拒的 马其顿方阵。
including the irresistible Macedonian phalanx. ，包括不可抗拒的 马其顿方阵。
突然，亚历山大正在为自己的生命而战 ，被两名波斯贵族指控。
Then suddenly Alexander was fighting for his life, charged by two Persian nobles. 突然，亚历山大正在为自己的生命而战 ，被两名波斯贵族指控。
“Rhoesaces 骑到亚历山大 身边，用他的剑击中他的头部，折断
“Rhoesaces rode up to Alexander and struck him on the head with his sword, “Rhoesaces 骑到亚历山大 身边，用他的剑击中他的头部，折断
breaking off a piece of his helmet. But the helmet broke the force of the blow, and Alexander struck him down with his lance. “Rhoesaces 骑到亚历山大 身边，用他的剑击中他的头部，折断
breaking off a piece of his helmet. But the helmet broke the force of the blow, and Alexander struck him down with his lance. 了他的头盔。 但是头盔打破 了打击的力量，亚历山大
breaking off a piece of his helmet. But the helmet broke the force of the blow, and Alexander struck him down with his lance. 用长矛击倒了他。 然后，Spithridates从背后 举起了他的剑对抗
Then, from behind, Spithridates raised his sword against the king, but Black Cleitus, 用长矛击倒了他。 然后，Spithridates从背后 举起了他的剑对抗
Then, from behind, Spithridates raised his sword against the king, but Black Cleitus, 国王，但是Dropidas的儿子Black Cleitus 预见到了他的打击，击中了他的手臂，
son of Dropidas, anticipated his blow, struck his arm, and cut it off, sword and all.” 国王，但是Dropidas的儿子Black Cleitus 预见到了他的打击，击中了他的手臂，
son of Dropidas, anticipated his blow, struck his arm, and cut it off, sword and all.” 将它砍断了，剑等等。”
Now the Greek army was across the river, and the Persian cavalry faced a wall of Macedonian spears. Most turned and fled. 将它砍断了，剑等等。”
Now the Greek army was across the river, and the Persian cavalry faced a wall of Macedonian spears. Most turned and fled. 现在希腊军队在河对岸 ，波斯骑兵面对马其顿
Now the Greek army was across the river, and the Persian cavalry faced a wall of Macedonian spears. Most turned and fled. 长矛组成的城墙。 大多数人转身逃跑。
🎶 长矛组成的城墙。 大多数人转身逃跑。
亚历山大攻击的速度和冲击， 意味着波斯的希腊雇佣兵甚至
The speed and shock of Alexander's attack meant Persia's Greek mercenaries hadn't even had time to join the battle. 亚历山大攻击的速度和冲击， 意味着波斯的希腊雇佣兵甚至
The speed and shock of Alexander's attack meant Persia's Greek mercenaries hadn't even had time to join the battle. 还没有来得及加入战斗。
Alexander, in a blood-rage, or possibly regarding these Greeks as traitors, ignored their appeals for mercy. 还没有来得及加入战斗。
Alexander, in a blood-rage, or possibly regarding these Greeks as traitors, ignored their appeals for mercy. 亚历山大大怒，或者可能将 这些希腊人视为叛徒，无视他们
Alexander, in a blood-rage, or possibly regarding these Greeks as traitors, ignored their appeals for mercy. 的怜悯呼吁。 佣兵 四面八方，被屠杀。
The mercenaries were surrounded on all sides, and massacred. 的怜悯呼吁。 佣兵 四面八方，被屠杀。
Alexander had won a great victory. Asia Minor now lay at his mercy. 的怜悯呼吁。 佣兵 四面八方，被屠杀。
Alexander had won a great victory. Asia Minor now lay at his mercy. 亚历山大大获全胜。
Alexander had won a great victory. Asia Minor now lay at his mercy. 小亚细亚现在任由他摆布。
But the Persian Empire was still a land of immense wealth and power. 小亚细亚现在任由他摆布。
But the Persian Empire was still a land of immense wealth and power. 但波斯帝国仍然是一片拥有 巨大财富和权力的土地。 它已经在调动
Already it was mobilising its vast resources to face him. 但波斯帝国仍然是一片拥有 巨大财富和权力的土地。 它已经在调动
Already it was mobilising its vast resources to face him. 其庞大的资源来面对他。
如果亚历山大要征服这个帝国并 在历史上占有一席之地，那么接下来他就
If Alexander was to conquer this empire and take his place in history, he'd next have to face Darius, King of Kings, himself... 如果亚历山大要征服这个帝国并 在历史上占有一席之地，那么接下来他就
If Alexander was to conquer this empire and take his place in history, he'd next have to face Darius, King of Kings, himself... 必须面对万王之王大流士本人……
If Alexander was to conquer this empire and take his place in history, he'd next have to face Darius, King of Kings, himself... 公元前 334 年，21 岁 的马其顿国王亚历山大率领希腊联军
If Alexander was to conquer this empire and take his place in history, he'd next have to face Darius, King of Kings, himself... 对抗那个时代最强大的势力—— 波斯帝国。
他率领着一支由熟练的老兵组成的军队—— 其核心是马其顿方阵的士兵，
手持 18 英尺长的长矛，以及 他的同伴骑兵的精锐骑兵。
在格拉尼库斯河战役中， 他们一起赢得了对波斯军队的第一次决定性胜利
Now, as Alexander approached Sardis, capital of the Persian province of Lydia, its commander surrendered without a fight. 在格拉尼库斯河战役中， 他们一起赢得了对波斯军队的第一次决定性胜利
Now, as Alexander approached Sardis, capital of the Persian province of Lydia, its commander surrendered without a fight. 。
Now, as Alexander approached Sardis, capital of the Persian province of Lydia, its commander surrendered without a fight. 现在，当亚历山大接近 波斯吕底亚省的首府萨迪斯时，其指挥官
Now, as Alexander approached Sardis, capital of the Persian province of Lydia, its commander surrendered without a fight. 不战而降。
But before Alexander could advance further, he needed to neutralise Persian naval power 不战而降。
But before Alexander could advance further, he needed to neutralise Persian naval power 但在亚历山大进一步推进之前， 他需要压制波斯的海军力量
Persia had a powerful fleet, with major naval bases around the eastern Mediterranean - that 但在亚历山大进一步推进之前， 他需要压制波斯的海军力量
Persia had a powerful fleet, with major naval bases around the eastern Mediterranean - that ——
Persia had a powerful fleet, with major naval bases around the eastern Mediterranean - that 波斯拥有一支强大的舰队， 在地中海东部设有主要海军基地——这
could potentially cut his lines of communication back to Greece. 波斯拥有一支强大的舰队， 在地中海东部设有主要海军基地——这
could potentially cut his lines of communication back to Greece. 可能会切断他 与希腊的联系。 亚历山大
并没有在海上挑战波斯人，而是 决定攻击他们最近的
Rather than challenge the Persians at sea, Alexander decided to attack their nearest bases: 并没有在海上挑战波斯人，而是 决定攻击他们最近的
Rather than challenge the Persians at sea, Alexander decided to attack their nearest bases: 基地：希腊沿海城市米利都 和哈利卡纳苏斯。
the Greek coastal cities of Miletus and Halicarnassus. 基地：希腊沿海城市米利都 和哈利卡纳苏斯。
Both put up determined resistance, but were taken by winter. 基地：希腊沿海城市米利都 和哈利卡纳苏斯。
Both put up determined resistance, but were taken by winter. 两人都进行了坚决的抵抗，但都 被冬天带走了。
公元前 333 年的第二年春天，亚历山大 继续向吕西亚和弗里吉亚进军。
The following spring of 333 BC, Alexander continued his advance into Lycia... and Phrygia. 公元前 333 年的第二年春天，亚历山大 继续向吕西亚和弗里吉亚进军。
在戈迪姆，他看到了传说中的“戈尔迪安 结”——一个预言说，谁能
At Gordium, he was shown the legendary 'Gordian Knot' – a prophesy said that whoever could unpick it would rule all Asia. 在戈迪姆，他看到了传说中的“戈尔迪安 结”——一个预言说，谁能
At Gordium, he was shown the legendary 'Gordian Knot' – a prophesy said that whoever could unpick it would rule all Asia. 解开它，谁就能统治整个亚洲。
Alexander simply took his sword, and sliced it in half. 解开它，谁就能统治整个亚洲。
Alexander simply took his sword, and sliced it in half. 亚历山大只是拿起他的剑，把 它切成两半。
Meanwhile Memnon of Rhodes, a skilled Greek general in Persian service, led Persian warships into the Aegean, 亚历山大只是拿起他的剑，把 它切成两半。
Meanwhile Memnon of Rhodes, a skilled Greek general in Persian service, led Persian warships into the Aegean, 与此同时，罗得岛的门农，一位 在波斯服役的熟练希腊将军，带领波斯军舰
Meanwhile Memnon of Rhodes, a skilled Greek general in Persian service, led Persian warships into the Aegean, 进入爱琴海，并占领 了希俄斯岛和莱斯博斯岛。
and captured the islands of Chios and Lesbos. 进入爱琴海，并占领 了希俄斯岛和莱斯博斯岛。
But after Memnon's sudden death from illness, the offensive was abandoned. 进入爱琴海，并占领 了希俄斯岛和莱斯博斯岛。
But after Memnon's sudden death from illness, the offensive was abandoned. 但在门农因病突然去世后 ，进攻被放弃了。
The Battle of Issus 但在门农因病突然去世后 ，进攻被放弃了。
The Battle of Issus 自亚历山大的军队 越过赫勒斯蓬特河并入侵波斯
18 months had passed since Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont and invaded the Persian Empire. 自亚历山大的军队 越过赫勒斯蓬特河并入侵波斯
18 months had passed since Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont and invaded the Persian Empire. 帝国以来，已经过去了 18 个月。
Now Alexander led his men into Cilicia... and was soon poised to cross the Nur Mountains into Syria. 帝国以来，已经过去了 18 个月。
Now Alexander led his men into Cilicia... and was soon poised to cross the Nur Mountains into Syria. 现在亚历山大率领他的部下进入西里西亚…… 并很快准备穿越努尔山脉
Now Alexander led his men into Cilicia... and was soon poised to cross the Nur Mountains into Syria. 进入叙利亚。
But then the main Persian army, led by King Darius III himself, emerged behind the Greek army, to the north. 进入叙利亚。
But then the main Persian army, led by King Darius III himself, emerged behind the Greek army, to the north. 但随后，由国王大流士三世亲自率领的主要波斯军队 出现在希腊
But then the main Persian army, led by King Darius III himself, emerged behind the Greek army, to the north. 军队的后方，向北。
Darius was determined to trap and destroy Alexander's army, which he outnumbered almost 2 to 1. 军队的后方，向北。
Darius was determined to trap and destroy Alexander's army, which he outnumbered almost 2 to 1. 大流士决心诱捕并摧毁 亚历山大的军队，他的军队人数几乎以
Darius was determined to trap and destroy Alexander's army, which he outnumbered almost 2 to 1. 2 比 1 超过。
So he blocked Alexander's only escape route, by moving his army to the coastal plain near Issus, 2 比 1 超过。
So he blocked Alexander's only escape route, by moving his army to the coastal plain near Issus, 因此， 他将军队转移到伊苏斯附近的沿海平原
So he blocked Alexander's only escape route, by moving his army to the coastal plain near Issus, ，从山到海只有 6 英里宽，从而阻止了亚历山大唯一的逃生路线 。
just 6 miles wide from mountains to sea. ，从山到海只有 6 英里宽，从而阻止了亚历山大唯一的逃生路线 。
The narrow battlefield would force Alexander to fight, but it also prevented Darius exploiting his huge numerical advantage. ，从山到海只有 6 英里宽，从而阻止了亚历山大唯一的逃生路线 。
The narrow battlefield would force Alexander to fight, but it also prevented Darius exploiting his huge numerical advantage. 狭窄的战场会迫使 亚历山大战斗，但也阻止了大流士利用
The narrow battlefield would force Alexander to fight, but it also prevented Darius exploiting his huge numerical advantage. 他巨大的数量优势。
His army, by some estimates, was up to 100,000 strong, and contained some of the finest soldiers in his vast empire 他巨大的数量优势。
His army, by some estimates, was up to 100,000 strong, and contained some of the finest soldiers in his vast empire 据估计，他的军队多达 100,000 人，并且拥有他庞大帝国中一些最优秀的士兵
His army, by some estimates, was up to 100,000 strong, and contained some of the finest soldiers in his vast empire ——包括他 自己的 10,000 名家庭军队，被称为不朽者。
- including 10,000 of his own household troops, known as the Immortals. ——包括他 自己的 10,000 名家庭军队，被称为不朽者。
His best cavalry were massed on his right, towards the sea, where the ground was better for horses. ——包括他 自己的 10,000 名家庭军队，被称为不朽者。
His best cavalry were massed on his right, towards the sea, where the ground was better for horses. 他最好的骑兵集中在他的右边， 面向大海，那里的土地更
His best cavalry were massed on his right, towards the sea, where the ground was better for horses. 适合马匹。 他最好的步兵，他的希腊雇佣兵重装步兵 ，形成了中心。
His best infantry, his Greek mercenary hoplites, formed the centre. 适合马匹。 他最好的步兵，他的希腊雇佣兵重装步兵 ，形成了中心。
Persian infantry formed his left wing. 适合马匹。 他最好的步兵，他的希腊雇佣兵重装步兵 ，形成了中心。
Persian infantry formed his left wing. 波斯步兵组成了他的左翼。
Alexander deployed his own army for battle, once again entrusting his left wing, nearest the sea, to Parmenion 波斯步兵组成了他的左翼。
Alexander deployed his own army for battle, once again entrusting his left wing, nearest the sea, to Parmenion 亚历山大部署了他自己的军队进行战斗， 再次将他
Alexander deployed his own army for battle, once again entrusting his left wing, nearest the sea, to Parmenion 最靠近大海的左翼委托给帕门尼翁，以及希腊骑兵 和步兵。
, with the Greek cavalry and infantry. 最靠近大海的左翼委托给帕门尼翁，以及希腊骑兵 和步兵。
在中心，一如既往，是马其顿 方阵。
In the centre, as always, was the Macedonian phalanx. 在中心，一如既往，是马其顿 方阵。
Alexander positioned himself and his best troops on the right wing, toward the mountain slopes – 在中心，一如既往，是马其顿 方阵。
Alexander positioned himself and his best troops on the right wing, toward the mountain slopes – 亚历山大将自己和他最好的 部队部署在右翼，朝向
Alexander positioned himself and his best troops on the right wing, toward the mountain slopes – 山坡——他的精锐 Agriane 标枪投掷 者和弓箭手，以及在他们身后的 Hypaspists
his elite Agriane javelin-throwers, his archers, and behind them, the Hypaspists and the Companion cavalry. 山坡——他的精锐 Agriane 标枪投掷 者和弓箭手，以及在他们身后的 Hypaspists
his elite Agriane javelin-throwers, his archers, and behind them, the Hypaspists and the Companion cavalry. 和同伴骑兵。
When Alexander saw the strength of the Persian cavalry facing Parmenion on the left, 和同伴骑兵。
When Alexander saw the strength of the Persian cavalry facing Parmenion on the left, 当亚历山大看到左边面对帕曼尼翁的波斯骑兵的力量时 ，他
he moved across his Thessalian cavalry to reinforce him. 当亚历山大看到左边面对帕曼尼翁的波斯骑兵的力量时 ，他
he moved across his Thessalian cavalry to reinforce him. 穿过他的色萨利骑兵来增援 他。
Despite his overwhelming numbers, Darius held his position behind a small river, the Pinarus, and waited for Alexander to attack. 穿过他的色萨利骑兵来增援 他。
Despite his overwhelming numbers, Darius held his position behind a small river, the Pinarus, and waited for Alexander to attack. 尽管人数众多，大流士仍 站在一条小河 Pinarus 后面
Despite his overwhelming numbers, Darius held his position behind a small river, the Pinarus, and waited for Alexander to attack. ，等待亚历山大进攻。
他不必等太久。
He didn't have to wait long. 他不必等太久。
Alexander called out to his men, urging them to fight bravely, picking out some by name. 他不必等太久。
Alexander called out to his men, urging them to fight bravely, picking out some by name. 亚历山大呼唤他的部下，敦促他们 勇敢地战斗，并说出一些人的名字。
然后，在他的军队右翼的首领处，他发起了进攻 。
Then, at the head of his army's right wing, he charged. 然后，在他的军队右翼的首领处，他发起了进攻 。
Once again, the speed and shock of the Macedonian advance sent the enemy reeling back. 然后，在他的军队右翼的首领处，他发起了进攻 。
Once again, the speed and shock of the Macedonian advance sent the enemy reeling back. 马其顿前进的速度和冲击再一次 让敌人退缩了。
但在战场中央， 马其顿方阵却陷入了困境。
But in the centre of the battlefield, the Macedonian phalanx was in trouble. 但在战场中央， 马其顿方阵却陷入了困境。
In its effort to keep up with Alexander, its formation had become disordered. 但在战场中央， 马其顿方阵却陷入了困境。
In its effort to keep up with Alexander, its formation had become disordered. 为了跟上亚历山大的步伐，它的阵型 变得混乱。
现在，在激战中，与大流士的希腊 佣兵，方阵慢慢被
Now, in fierce fighting, with Darius's Greek mercenaries, the phalanx was slowly being driven back. 现在，在激战中，与大流士的希腊 佣兵，方阵慢慢被
Now, in fierce fighting, with Darius's Greek mercenaries, the phalanx was slowly being driven back. 击退。
亚历山大看到危险，重新集结，并 带领同伴们
Alexander, seeing the danger, regrouped, and led the Companions in a headlong charge straight at the Persian centre. 亚历山大看到危险，重新集结，并 带领同伴们
Alexander, seeing the danger, regrouped, and led the Companions in a headlong charge straight at the Persian centre. 直奔波斯中心。 希腊雇佣兵 在他们的侧翼受到威胁，很快就陷入混乱
The Greek mercenaries, threatened on their flank, were soon in disarray, 直奔波斯中心。 希腊雇佣兵 在他们的侧翼受到威胁，很快就陷入混乱
，马其顿方阵得以 继续前进。
and the Macedonian phalanx was able to resume its advance. ，马其顿方阵得以 继续前进。
Alexander fought his way towards the Great King, Darius himself. ，马其顿方阵得以 继续前进。
Alexander fought his way towards the Great King, Darius himself. 亚历山大朝着伟大的 国王大流士本人而战。 大流士
Rather than face this apparently mad and fearless Macedonian king, Darius fled the battlefield in his royal chariot. 亚历山大朝着伟大的 国王大流士本人而战。 大流士
Rather than face this apparently mad and fearless Macedonian king, Darius fled the battlefield in his royal chariot. 并没有面对这位看似疯狂而无所畏惧的 马其顿国王，而是乘坐
Rather than face this apparently mad and fearless Macedonian king, Darius fled the battlefield in his royal chariot. 他的皇家战车逃离了战场。
Meanwhile the Macedonian left wing, under Parmenion, was in a desperate fight against the best of the Persian cavalry. 他的皇家战车逃离了战场。
Meanwhile the Macedonian left wing, under Parmenion, was in a desperate fight against the best of the Persian cavalry. 与此同时，马其顿左翼在 帕门尼翁的领导下，
Meanwhile the Macedonian left wing, under Parmenion, was in a desperate fight against the best of the Persian cavalry. 与最优秀的波斯骑兵展开殊死搏斗。 如果波斯人 能在这里突破，他们就可以包围
If the Persians could break through here, they could envelop Alexander's army, and snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. 与最优秀的波斯骑兵展开殊死搏斗。 如果波斯人 能在这里突破，他们就可以包围
If the Persians could break through here, they could envelop Alexander's army, and snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. 亚历山大的军队，从 失败的口中夺取胜利。
但是帕曼尼翁和他的军队顽强地战斗， 并继续将波斯人拒之门外。
But Parmenion and his troops fought doggedly, and continued to hold the Persians at bay. 但是帕曼尼翁和他的军队顽强地战斗， 并继续将波斯人拒之门外。
As the news that Darius had fled spread among his troops, they abandoned the fight, and tried to save themselves. 但是帕曼尼翁和他的军队顽强地战斗， 并继续将波斯人拒之门外。
As the news that Darius had fled spread among his troops, they abandoned the fight, and tried to save themselves. 随着大流士逃跑的消息在 他的部队中传开，他们放弃了战斗，并
As the news that Darius had fled spread among his troops, they abandoned the fight, and tried to save themselves. 试图自救。
战斗变成了屠杀。
The battle turned into a massacre. 战斗变成了屠杀。
托勒密是马其顿的一位指挥官， 他告诉亚历山大有很多波斯人
Ptolemy, one of the Macedonian commanders, told Alexander there were so many Persian dead, 托勒密是马其顿的一位指挥官， 他告诉亚历山大有很多波斯人
Ptolemy, one of the Macedonian commanders, told Alexander there were so many Persian dead, 死了，他的手下用它们填满了一个 深谷，这样他们就可以越过它了。
his men had used them to fill a deep ravine, so they could cross over it. 死了，他的手下用它们填满了一个 深谷，这样他们就可以越过它了。
Son of Amun 死了，他的手下用它们填满了一个 深谷，这样他们就可以越过它了。
The Battle of Issus was a stunning victory for Alexander. 死了，他的手下用它们填满了一个 深谷，这样他们就可以越过它了。
The Battle of Issus was a stunning victory for Alexander. 伊苏斯之战对亚历山大来说是一场惊人的胜利 。
And amongst the spoils of victory, were Darius's wife, mother, and three children, all taken alive, and well treated by Alexander. 在胜利的战利品中，有大流士的 妻子、母亲和三个孩子，他们都被
And amongst the spoils of victory, were Darius's wife, mother, and three children, all taken alive, and well treated by Alexander. 活活带走，并受到亚历山大的善待。
With the Persian field army in retreat, Alexander now turned to subduing the western territories of the Persian empire. 活活带走，并受到亚历山大的善待。
With the Persian field army in retreat, Alexander now turned to subduing the western territories of the Persian empire. 随着波斯野战军的撤退，亚历山大 现在转向征服
With the Persian field army in retreat, Alexander now turned to subduing the western territories of the Persian empire. 波斯帝国的西部领土。 第二年，332 年， 腓尼基的沿海城市
The next year, 332, the coastal cities of Phoenicia submitted to Alexander 波斯帝国的西部领土。 第二年，332 年， 腓尼基的沿海城市
The next year, 332, the coastal cities of Phoenicia submitted to Alexander 向亚历山大屈服——结束了波斯 在地中海的海军力量。
– ending Persian naval power in the Mediterranean. 向亚历山大屈服——结束了波斯 在地中海的海军力量。
– ending Persian naval power in the Mediterranean. 但是岛城提尔拒绝了。
But the island-city of Tyre resisted. 但是岛城提尔拒绝了。
Tyre's defenders fought bravely and skilfully – even when Alexander began building a causeway to the island, 但是岛城提尔拒绝了。
Tyre's defenders fought bravely and skilfully – even when Alexander began building a causeway to the island, 提尔的防御者英勇而娴熟地战斗 ——即使在亚历山大开始修建
Tyre's defenders fought bravely and skilfully – even when Alexander began building a causeway to the island, 通往岛上的堤道，并由两座巨大的攻城塔保护时 ……他们用
protected by two giant siege towers... which they counter-attacked with fire ships. 通往岛上的堤道，并由两座巨大的攻城塔保护时 ……他们用
protected by two giant siege towers... which they counter-attacked with fire ships. 消防船进行了反击。
But after seven months, the city walls were breached, and Tyre fell. Most of its citizens were killed or enslaved. 消防船进行了反击。
But after seven months, the city walls were breached, and Tyre fell. Most of its citizens were killed or enslaved. 但七个月后，城墙被 攻破，推罗倒塌。 它的大多数公民
But after seven months, the city walls were breached, and Tyre fell. Most of its citizens were killed or enslaved. 被杀害或奴役。
Gaza too was taken by siege. 被杀害或奴役。
Gaza too was taken by siege. 加沙也被围困。
Alexander continued to Pelusium, on the Nile Delta, 加沙也被围困。
Alexander continued to Pelusium, on the Nile Delta, 亚历山大继续前往尼罗河 三角洲的佩卢西姆，在那里，埃及的波斯总督
where the Persian governor of Egypt surrendered the entire province to Alexander, along with the royal treasury. 亚历山大继续前往尼罗河 三角洲的佩卢西姆，在那里，埃及的波斯总督
where the Persian governor of Egypt surrendered the entire province to Alexander, along with the royal treasury. 将整个省份 连同皇家国库一起交给了亚历山大。
在孟菲斯，这片古老土地上的祭司们欢迎 亚历山大作为他们摆脱波斯统治的解放者
At Memphis, priests of this ancient land welcomed Alexander as their liberator from Persian rule, and crowned him Pharaoh. 在孟菲斯，这片古老土地上的祭司们欢迎 亚历山大作为他们摆脱波斯统治的解放者
At Memphis, priests of this ancient land welcomed Alexander as their liberator from Persian rule, and crowned him Pharaoh. ，并为他加冕为法老。
At the mouth of the Nile, he founded a new city, Alexandria... ，并为他加冕为法老。
At the mouth of the Nile, he founded a new city, Alexandria... 在尼罗河河口，他建立了一座 新城亚历山大……然后前往
then travelled to the desert oracle of Siwah, where, according to some accounts, the priests welcomed 在尼罗河河口，他建立了一座 新城亚历山大……然后前往
then travelled to the desert oracle of Siwah, where, according to some accounts, the priests welcomed 沙漠神谕西瓦，据 一些记载，那里的祭司
him as son of Amun, king of the gods. 沙漠神谕西瓦，据 一些记载，那里的祭司
him as son of Amun, king of the gods. 以众神之王阿蒙之子的身份欢迎他。
Alexander returned east to Tyre... where in 331 BC, he received news of trouble back home. 以众神之王阿蒙之子的身份欢迎他。
Alexander returned east to Tyre... where in 331 BC, he received news of trouble back home. 亚历山大向东返回提尔……在 公元前 331 年，他在家乡收到了麻烦的消息。
Despite his great victories over the Persians, many Greeks regarded Alexander as a tyrant. 亚历山大向东返回提尔……在 公元前 331 年，他在家乡收到了麻烦的消息。
Despite his great victories over the Persians, many Greeks regarded Alexander as a tyrant. 尽管他战胜了波斯人，但 许多希腊人仍将亚历山大视为暴君。
斯巴达国王阿吉斯在波斯的支持下， 现在发动了对马其顿的叛乱。
King Agis of Sparta, with Persian support, now launched a revolt against Macedonia. 斯巴达国王阿吉斯在波斯的支持下， 现在发动了对马其顿的叛乱。
Antipater, Alexander's commander in Greece, was already dealing with rebellion in Thrace. 亚历山大在希腊的指挥官安提帕特 已经在处理色雷斯的叛乱。
But he quickly marched south... and met Agis in battle near the city of Megalopolis. 亚历山大在希腊的指挥官安提帕特 已经在处理色雷斯的叛乱。
But he quickly marched south... and met Agis in battle near the city of Megalopolis. 但他很快就向南进军……并 在大都市附近的战斗中遇到了阿吉斯。
Even the legendary Spartans were now no match for Macedonian military power. 但他很快就向南进军……并 在大都市附近的战斗中遇到了阿吉斯。
Even the legendary Spartans were now no match for Macedonian military power. 即使是传奇的斯巴达人现在也无法 与马其顿的军事实力相提并论。
斯巴达军队被粉碎。
The Spartan army was crushed. King Agis himself was among the fallen. 斯巴达军队被粉碎。
The Spartan army was crushed. King Agis himself was among the fallen. 阿吉斯王本人也在阵亡者中。
With his base in Greece secure once more, Alexander advanced towards the Persian heartlands, 阿吉斯王本人也在阵亡者中。
With his base in Greece secure once more, Alexander advanced towards the Persian heartlands, 随着他在希腊的基地再次稳固， 亚历山大向波斯腹地推进，
seeking a final showdown with Darius. 随着他在希腊的基地再次稳固， 亚历山大向波斯腹地推进，
seeking a final showdown with Darius. 寻求与大流士的最后摊牌。
他收到了波斯国王的一封信， 给他一笔财富，让他娶
He received a letter from the Persian king, offering him a fortune in gold, 他收到了波斯国王的一封信， 给他一笔财富，让他娶
his daughter in marriage, and half his empire in exchange for peace. 他收到了波斯国王的一封信， 给他一笔财富，让他娶
his daughter in marriage, and half his empire in exchange for peace. 了女儿，还给了他一半的帝国，以 换取和平。
But Alexander's stunning victories, all the oracles and acclamations, had now convinced him that his destiny was to rule the world... 了女儿，还给了他一半的帝国，以 换取和平。
But Alexander's stunning victories, all the oracles and acclamations, had now convinced him that his destiny was to rule the world... 但是亚历山大的惊人胜利，所有的 神谕和欢呼，现在让
But Alexander's stunning victories, all the oracles and acclamations, had now convinced him that his destiny was to rule the world... 他相信他的命运是统治世界……
But Alexander's stunning victories, all the oracles and acclamations, had now convinced him that his destiny was to rule the world... 他拒绝了波斯国王的提议。 他不 想要半个帝国——他要夺走
He rejected the Persian king's offer. He didn't want half the empire - he was coming to take it all... 他拒绝了波斯国王的提议。 他不 想要半个帝国——他要夺走
He rejected the Persian king's offer. He didn't want half the empire - he was coming to take it all... 这一切……
In 334 BC, Alexander, 21 year-old ruler of the small Greek kingdom of Macedonia, 公元前 334 年，21 岁 的希腊小王国马其顿的统治者亚历山大
led an invasion of the vast Persian Empire. 公元前 334 年，21 岁 的希腊小王国马其顿的统治者亚历山大
led an invasion of the vast Persian Empire. 率领入侵了庞大的波斯帝国。
It seemed impossible odds, but thanks to Greek military dominance, and Alexander's fearless leadership, 率领入侵了庞大的波斯帝国。
It seemed impossible odds, but thanks to Greek military dominance, and Alexander's fearless leadership, 这似乎是不可能的胜算，但由于希腊的 军事优势和亚历山大无畏的
It seemed impossible odds, but thanks to Greek military dominance, and Alexander's fearless leadership, 领导，他赢得了 与波斯人的两次大战……在格拉尼库斯河
he won two great battles against the Persians… at the River Granicus, and at Issus. 领导，他赢得了 与波斯人的两次大战……在格拉尼库斯河
he won two great battles against the Persians… at the River Granicus, and at Issus. 和伊苏斯。
在征服了幼发拉底河以西的波斯土地后 ，他现在向东进入帝国的
Having subdued Persian lands west of the Euphrates River, he now headed east into the empire's heartlands, 在征服了幼发拉底河以西的波斯土地后 ，他现在向东进入帝国的
Having subdued Persian lands west of the Euphrates River, he now headed east into the empire's heartlands, 中心地带，寻求 与波斯国王大流士三世的最后摊牌。
seeking a final showdown with the Persian King, Darius III. 中心地带，寻求 与波斯国王大流士三世的最后摊牌。
Receiving news that a great Persian army, led by Darius, had assembled at Gaugemela, 中心地带，寻求 与波斯国王大流士三世的最后摊牌。
Receiving news that a great Persian army, led by Darius, had assembled at Gaugemela, 得知由大流士率领的一支强大的波斯军队 已
near modern Mosul in Iraq – he made straight for it. 得知由大流士率领的一支强大的波斯军队 已
near modern Mosul in Iraq – he made straight for it. 在伊拉克现代摩苏尔附近的 Gaugemela 集结的消息后，他直接 前往。
这是大流士阻止亚历山大的最后机会 ——也是亚历山大一劳永逸地粉碎波斯势力的机会
This was Darius's last chance to stop Alexander – and Alexander's chance to smash Persian power once and for all. 这是大流士阻止亚历山大的最后机会 ——也是亚历山大一劳永逸地粉碎波斯势力的机会
This was Darius's last chance to stop Alexander – and Alexander's chance to smash Persian power once and for all. 。
The Battle of Gaugamela 。
The Battle of Gaugamela 大流士选择在空地上战斗， 在那里他的人数优势更能
Darius had chosen to fight on open ground, where his advantage in numbers would be more telling. 大流士选择在空地上战斗， 在那里他的人数优势更能
Darius had chosen to fight on open ground, where his advantage in numbers would be more telling. 说明问题。
His soldiers had also worked hard to clear and flatten the terrain, to make it suitable for Persian war chariots. 说明问题。
His soldiers had also worked hard to clear and flatten the terrain, to make it suitable for Persian war chariots. 他的士兵还努力清理 和平整地形，使其
His soldiers had also worked hard to clear and flatten the terrain, to make it suitable for Persian war chariots. 适合波斯战车。
By modern estimates, the Persian Army was between 50 and 80,000 strong, 适合波斯战车。
By modern estimates, the Persian Army was between 50 and 80,000 strong, 根据现代估计，波斯军队的人数 在 50 到 80,000 人之间，由
and made up of contingents from across the empire: 根据现代估计，波斯军队的人数 在 50 到 80,000 人之间，由
and made up of contingents from across the empire: 来自整个帝国的特遣队组成：
infantry from Syria and Babylonia... 来自整个帝国的特遣队组成：
infantry from Syria and Babylonia... 来自叙利亚和巴比伦的步兵……
cavalry from Armenia, India and Central Asia... 来自叙利亚和巴比伦的步兵……
cavalry from Armenia, India and Central Asia... 来自亚美尼亚、印度和中亚的骑兵……
多达 200 辆镰刀战车…… . 甚至是 一头战象。
up to 200 scythed chariots... even a handful of war elephants. 多达 200 辆镰刀战车…… . 甚至是 一头战象。
Alexander's army was smaller, and may have been outnumbered by as much as two to one. 多达 200 辆镰刀战车…… . 甚至是 一头战象。
Alexander's army was smaller, and may have been outnumbered by as much as two to one. 亚历山大的军队规模较小， 人数可能高达二比一。
He deployed his units in their usual formation: 亚历山大的军队规模较小， 人数可能高达二比一。
He deployed his units in their usual formation: 他以通常的阵型部署他的部队：
On the left flank, Thracian and Thessalian cavalry, commanded by Parmenion. 他以通常的阵型部署他的部队：
On the left flank, Thracian and Thessalian cavalry, commanded by Parmenion. 在左翼，色雷斯和色萨利 骑兵由帕门尼翁指挥。
In the centre, the Macedonian veterans of the phalanx – each armed with their 18 foot sarissa pike. 在左翼，色雷斯和色萨利 骑兵由帕门尼翁指挥。
In the centre, the Macedonian veterans of the phalanx – each armed with their 18 foot sarissa pike. 在中心，方阵的马其顿 老兵——每个人都配备了他们 18 英尺长的
In the centre, the Macedonian veterans of the phalanx – each armed with their 18 foot sarissa pike. 长矛。
On the right flank, Alexander with his elite cavalry, the Companions; and his best infantry, the hypaspists. 长矛。
On the right flank, Alexander with his elite cavalry, the Companions; and his best infantry, the hypaspists. 在右翼，亚历山大和他的精锐 骑兵同伴； 和他最好的步兵
On the right flank, Alexander with his elite cavalry, the Companions; and his best infantry, the hypaspists. ，hypaspists。 这些是 亚历山大计划发动
These were the units with which Alexander planned to launch his main attack. ，hypaspists。 这些是 亚历山大计划发动
These were the units with which Alexander planned to launch his main attack. 主攻的部队。
Greek hoplites formed a second line, and supported both wings – which were angled back, 主攻的部队。
Greek hoplites formed a second line, and supported both wings – which were angled back, 希腊重装步兵形成了第二道防线，并支撑着 两个向后倾斜的机翼，以
to guard against encirclement by the Persians. 希腊重装步兵形成了第二道防线，并支撑着 两个向后倾斜的机翼，以
to guard against encirclement by the Persians. 防止被波斯人包围。
当亚历山大带领他的翼向右翼时，战斗开始 了——这一举动让
The battle began when Alexander led his wing out to the right – a move that took the Persians by surprise. 当亚历山大带领他的翼向右翼时，战斗开始 了——这一举动让
The battle began when Alexander led his wing out to the right – a move that took the Persians by surprise. 波斯人大吃一惊。
Could Alexander really be trying to encircle their huge army? 波斯人大吃一惊。
Could Alexander really be trying to encircle their huge army? 亚历山大真的会试图包围 他们庞大的军队吗？
波斯人效仿他的行动，将 军队从他们的中心撤出，包抄
The Persians mirrored his movement, taking troops away from their centre, to outflank Alexander, 波斯人效仿他的行动，将 军队从他们的中心撤出，包抄
The Persians mirrored his movement, taking troops away from their centre, to outflank Alexander, 亚历山大，并阻止他离开 他们为波斯战车清除的区域。
and prevent him leaving the area they'd cleared for the Persian chariots. 亚历山大，并阻止他离开 他们为波斯战车清除的区域。
但亚历山大不寻常的策略是一个陷阱 ——诱使波斯人削弱他们的中心。
But Alexander's unusual manoeuvre was a trap - to entice the Persians to weaken their centre. 但亚历山大不寻常的策略是一个陷阱 ——诱使波斯人削弱他们的中心。
When he saw that it had worked, he ordered his Greek cavalry to charge, to keep the Persians fixed in position. 但亚历山大不寻常的策略是一个陷阱 ——诱使波斯人削弱他们的中心。
When he saw that it had worked, he ordered his Greek cavalry to charge, to keep the Persians fixed in position. 当他看到它奏效时，他命令 他的希腊骑兵冲锋，以保持波斯人的
When he saw that it had worked, he ordered his Greek cavalry to charge, to keep the Persians fixed in position. 稳定。
一场巨大的骑兵战在 右翼展开。
A giant cavalry battle developed on the right wing. 一场巨大的骑兵战在 右翼展开。
Darius, meanwhile, judging this to be the decisive moment, unleashed his chariots. 一场巨大的骑兵战在 右翼展开。
Darius, meanwhile, judging this to be the decisive moment, unleashed his chariots. 与此同时，大流士认为这是 决定性的时刻，释放了他的战车。 但是，
专业的阿格里亚内斯标枪手击退了 马匹和船员——而希腊步兵则
But expert Agrianes javelin-throwers took out horses and crews 专业的阿格里亚内斯标枪手击退了 马匹和船员——而希腊步兵则
– while the Greek infantry opened lanes, allowing the chariots to pass harmlessly through. 专业的阿格里亚内斯标枪手击退了 马匹和船员——而希腊步兵则
– while the Greek infantry opened lanes, allowing the chariots to pass harmlessly through. 开辟了车道，让战车 无害地通过。
现在，亚历山大率领他的同伴骑兵 和马其顿方阵的一部分，
Now Alexander led his Companion cavalry, and parts of the Macedonian phalanx, 现在，亚历山大率领他的同伴骑兵 和马其顿方阵的一部分，
in a headlong charge straight at the weakened Persian centre, fighting his way towards Darius himself. 现在，亚历山大率领他的同伴骑兵 和马其顿方阵的一部分，
in a headlong charge straight at the weakened Persian centre, fighting his way towards Darius himself. 直接冲向削弱的波斯中心， 向大流士本人发起进攻。
in a headlong charge straight at the weakened Persian centre, fighting his way towards Darius himself. 亚历山大突如其来的猛烈进攻 使波斯人陷入恐慌——
The sudden ferocity of Alexander's assault threw the Persians into panic 亚历山大突如其来的猛烈进攻 使波斯人陷入恐慌——
– the centre of the army broke and ran - King Darius himself leading the rout. 亚历山大突如其来的猛烈进攻 使波斯人陷入恐慌——
– the centre of the army broke and ran - King Darius himself leading the rout. 军队的中心崩溃了——大流士国王亲自 率领溃败。
但是亚历山大的左翼遇到了严重的麻烦 ——帕门尼翁，面对
But Alexander's left wing was in serious trouble – Parmenion, facing a huge onslaught by Persian cavalry, 但是亚历山大的左翼遇到了严重的麻烦 ——帕门尼翁，面对
But Alexander's left wing was in serious trouble – Parmenion, facing a huge onslaught by Persian cavalry, 波斯骑兵的猛烈进攻，几乎被包围 ——印度和斯基泰骑兵甚至骑
was virtually surrounded - Indian and Scythian horsemen had even ridden through a gap in the Greek line 波斯骑兵的猛烈进攻，几乎被包围 ——印度和斯基泰骑兵甚至骑
was virtually surrounded - Indian and Scythian horsemen had even ridden through a gap in the Greek line 过希腊阵线的一个缺口——但他们没有 从后面发动攻击，而是从后面攻击希腊人。
– but rather than wheeling and attacking the Greeks from behind, they'd carried straight on to loot their camp. 过希腊阵线的一个缺口——但他们没有 从后面发动攻击，而是从后面攻击希腊人。
– but rather than wheeling and attacking the Greeks from behind, they'd carried straight on to loot their camp. 会直接继续抢劫 他们的营地。
帕曼尼翁绝望地向亚历山大 求助。
Parmenion sent a desperate appeal to Alexander for help. 帕曼尼翁绝望地向亚历山大 求助。
国王放弃了对大流士的追击， 重新集结并向波斯右翼发起进攻。
The King abandoned his pursuit of Darius, regrouped, and charged the Persian right wing. 国王放弃了对大流士的追击， 重新集结并向波斯右翼发起进攻。
这是这场战斗中最艰苦、最血腥 的战斗——夺去了 60
It was the hardest and bloodiest fighting of the battle – claiming the lives of sixty of Alexander's Companions. 这是这场战斗中最艰苦、最血腥 的战斗——夺去了 60
It was the hardest and bloodiest fighting of the battle – claiming the lives of sixty of Alexander's Companions. 名亚历山大战友的生命。
最后，随着大流士逃跑的消息 传遍战场，最后一批波斯骑兵
Finally, as news of Darius's flight spread across the battlefield, the last Persian horsemen turned and fled. 最后，随着大流士逃跑的消息 传遍战场，最后一批波斯骑兵
Finally, as news of Darius's flight spread across the battlefield, the last Persian horsemen turned and fled. 转身逃跑。
高加米拉之战对亚历山大来说是一次惊人而 彻底的胜利。
The Battle of Gaugamela was a stunning and complete victory for Alexander. 高加米拉之战对亚历山大来说是一次惊人而 彻底的胜利。
According to ancient sources, he lost just a few hundred men, while the Persians lost thousands. 高加米拉之战对亚历山大来说是一次惊人而 彻底的胜利。
According to ancient sources, he lost just a few hundred men, while the Persians lost thousands. 根据古代资料，他只损失 了几百人，而波斯人则损失了
According to ancient sources, he lost just a few hundred men, while the Persians lost thousands. 数千人。
Alexander had routed Darius's great army, and now the road to Babylon – the empire's main capital - lay open. 数千人。
Alexander had routed Darius's great army, and now the road to Babylon – the empire's main capital - lay open. 亚历山大击溃了大流士的大军 ，现在通往帝国主要首都巴比伦的道路已经
Alexander had routed Darius's great army, and now the road to Babylon – the empire's main capital - lay open. 打开。
The Macedonian king entered the great city in triumph, recognised by Persian officials as its new rightful ruler. 打开。
The Macedonian king entered the great city in triumph, recognised by Persian officials as its new rightful ruler. 马其顿国王 凯旋而归，被波斯官员承认
The Macedonian king entered the great city in triumph, recognised by Persian officials as its new rightful ruler. 为新的合法统治者。
So too at the city of Susa, where Alexander ceremonially took his seat upon the royal throne of Persia. 为新的合法统治者。
So too at the city of Susa, where Alexander ceremonially took his seat upon the royal throne of Persia. 在苏萨城也是如此，亚历山大在那里 举行了仪式，坐在
So too at the city of Susa, where Alexander ceremonially took his seat upon the royal throne of Persia.
波斯王位上。
In the Zagros mountains, at a pass known as the Persian Gates, 波斯王位上。
In the Zagros mountains, at a pass known as the Persian Gates, 在扎格罗斯山脉，在一个被 称为波斯门的山口，一支勇敢的波斯军队
a courageous Persian force held up Alexander's army for a month. 在扎格罗斯山脉，在一个被 称为波斯门的山口，一支勇敢的波斯军队
a courageous Persian force held up Alexander's army for a month. 将亚历山大的军队阻挡了一个月。
The Greeks eventually found a mountain path that bypassed their position, 将亚历山大的军队阻挡了一个月。
The Greeks eventually found a mountain path that bypassed their position,
希腊人最终找到了一条 绕过他们阵地的山路，让他们
allowing them to encircle and wipe out the defenders. 希腊人最终找到了一条 绕过他们阵地的山路，让他们
allowing them to encircle and wipe out the defenders. 能够包围并消灭防御者。
In early 330 BC, Alexander reached Persepolis, the empire's ceremonial capital. 能够包围并消灭防御者。
In early 330 BC, Alexander reached Persepolis, the empire's ceremonial capital. 公元前 330 年初，亚历山大到达 了帝国的礼仪首都波斯波利斯。
Alexander wanted to appear as a liberator to the Persians – as a legitimate successor to King Darius 公元前 330 年初，亚历山大到达 了帝国的礼仪首都波斯波利斯。
Alexander wanted to appear as a liberator to the Persians – as a legitimate successor to King Darius 亚历山大想成为波斯人的解放者 ——作为
Alexander wanted to appear as a liberator to the Persians – as a legitimate successor to King Darius 大流士国王的合法继承人——但现在，他 下令掠夺和焚烧波斯波利斯——
- but now, he ordered Persepolis to be pillaged and burnt – retribution for the Persian invasion of Greece, 大流士国王的合法继承人——但现在，他 下令掠夺和焚烧波斯波利斯——
- but now, he ordered Persepolis to be pillaged and burnt – retribution for the Persian invasion of Greece, 对波斯入侵希腊和 公元前 480 年焚毁雅典神庙的报复 .
and the burning of Athens' sacred temples in 480 BC. 对波斯入侵希腊和 公元前 480 年焚毁雅典神庙的报复 .
Alexander now headed north into Media, where Darius had taken refuge in the royal city of Ecbatana. 对波斯入侵希腊和 公元前 480 年焚毁雅典神庙的报复 .
Alexander now headed north into Media, where Darius had taken refuge in the royal city of Ecbatana. 亚历山大现在向北进入米 底亚，大流士曾在那里避难的皇家
Alexander now headed north into Media, where Darius had taken refuge in the royal city of Ecbatana. 城市埃克巴塔纳。 亚历山大决心俘虏 大流士——但这位逃亡的国王逃往东方
Alexander was determined to capture Darius – but the fugitive king fled east in the hope of raising a new army 城市埃克巴塔纳。 亚历山大决心俘虏 大流士——但这位逃亡的国王逃往东方
Alexander was determined to capture Darius – but the fugitive king fled east in the hope of raising a new army ，希望能在 帕提亚、巴克特里亚和粟特省组建一支新军队。
in the provinces of Parthia, Bactria, and Sogdia. ，希望能在 帕提亚、巴克特里亚和粟特省组建一支新军队。
It was not to be. As Alexander closed in, the Persian king was murdered by one of his own governors, ，希望能在 帕提亚、巴克特里亚和粟特省组建一支新军队。
It was not to be. As Alexander closed in, the Persian king was murdered by one of his own governors, 本来不应该的。 当亚历山大逼近时 ，波斯国王被他自己的一位
It was not to be. As Alexander closed in, the Persian king was murdered by one of his own governors, 总督贝苏斯谋杀，贝苏斯随后宣布 自己为帝国的新统治者。
Bessus, who then proclaimed himself the empire’s new ruler. 总督贝苏斯谋杀，贝苏斯随后宣布 自己为帝国的新统治者。
Alexander gave orders for Darius to be buried in the royal tombs of Persepolis, alongside his ancestors. 总督贝苏斯谋杀，贝苏斯随后宣布 自己为帝国的新统治者。
Alexander gave orders for Darius to be buried in the royal tombs of Persepolis, alongside his ancestors. 亚历山大下令将大流士与他的祖先一起埋葬 在波斯波利斯的皇家陵墓中
Alexander gave orders for Darius to be buried in the royal tombs of Persepolis, alongside his ancestors. 。
Then he paused to organise his vast new empire. 。
Then he paused to organise his vast new empire. 然后他停下来组织他庞大的新帝国。
Alexander appointed viceroys to rule the provinces on his behalf, 然后他停下来组织他庞大的新帝国。
Alexander appointed viceroys to rule the provinces on his behalf, 亚历山大任命总督 代表他统治各省，保留了
keeping several Persians - who had sworn loyalty - in their posts. 亚历山大任命总督 代表他统治各省，保留了
keeping several Persians - who had sworn loyalty - in their posts. 几名宣誓效忠的波斯人。 他还 允许希望的希腊军队返回
Then he resumed his march east. His goal: to find and kill the usurper Bessus... 几名宣誓效忠的波斯人。 他还 允许希望的希腊军队返回
Then he resumed his march east. His goal: to find and kill the usurper Bessus... 家园。
Then he resumed his march east. His goal: to find and kill the usurper Bessus... 然后他继续向东进军。
Then he resumed his march east. His goal: to find and kill the usurper Bessus... 他的目标：找到并杀死篡位者贝苏斯……
subjugate the empire's eastern provinces... and reach the far edge of the world... 他的目标：找到并杀死篡位者贝苏斯……
subjugate the empire's eastern provinces... and reach the far edge of the world... 征服帝国的东部省份……
subjugate the empire's eastern provinces... and reach the far edge of the world... 并到达世界的遥远边缘……
In 330 BC, Alexander continued his march east. 公元前330年，亚历山大继续向东进军。
His goal: to find and kill Bessus - a Persian usurper, claiming to be the rightful king 公元前330年，亚历山大继续向东进军。
His goal: to find and kill Bessus - a Persian usurper, claiming to be the rightful king 他的目标：找到并杀死贝苏斯——一个 自称合法国王的波斯篡位者
——并征服帝国的东部 省份......
– and to subjugate the empire's eastern provinces... ——并征服帝国的东部 省份......
Alexander headed first for Aria, today part of Afghanistan, where the Persian governor Satibarzanes ——并征服帝国的东部 省份......
Alexander headed first for Aria, today part of Afghanistan, where the Persian governor Satibarzanes 亚历山大首先前往阿里亚，今天 是阿富汗的一部分，波斯总督
Alexander headed first for Aria, today part of Afghanistan, where the Persian governor Satibarzanes 萨蒂巴尔扎内斯在那里发动了叛乱 – 在 最初假装服从亚历山大之后。
had launched a revolt – after initially pretending to submit to Alexander. 萨蒂巴尔扎内斯在那里发动了叛乱 – 在 最初假装服从亚历山大之后。
The rebellion was crushed, and Satibarzanes killed in single combat by a Greek cavalry officer. 萨蒂巴尔扎内斯在那里发动了叛乱 – 在 最初假装服从亚历山大之后。
The rebellion was crushed, and Satibarzanes killed in single combat by a Greek cavalry officer. 叛乱被镇压，萨蒂巴尔扎内斯 在一次战斗中被一名希腊骑兵
The rebellion was crushed, and Satibarzanes killed in single combat by a Greek cavalry officer. 军官杀死。
在附近，亚历山大建立了亚历山大 阿里亚纳市，即现代赫拉特——
Nearby, Alexander founded the city of Alexandria Ariana, modern Herat – one of around a dozen cities 在附近，亚历山大建立了亚历山大 阿里亚纳市，即现代赫拉特——
Nearby, Alexander founded the city of Alexandria Ariana, modern Herat – one of around a dozen cities 亚历山大最终发现的十几个城市之一， 几乎都以他的名字命名。
that Alexander would eventually found, almost all bearing his name. 亚历山大最终发现的十几个城市之一， 几乎都以他的名字命名。
Alexander marched on to Phrada. 亚历山大最终发现的十几个城市之一， 几乎都以他的名字命名。
Alexander marched on to Phrada. 亚历山大向弗拉达进军。
The Macedonian court had a long tradition of plots and assassination. 亚历山大向弗拉达进军。
The Macedonian court had a long tradition of plots and assassination. 马其顿宫廷有着悠久 的阴谋和暗杀传统。 六年前，
Six years before, Alexander's own father, King Philip, had been murdered by his bodyguard. 马其顿宫廷有着悠久 的阴谋和暗杀传统。 六年前，
Six years before, Alexander's own father, King Philip, had been murdered by his bodyguard. 亚历山大的父亲菲利普国王 被他的保镖谋杀。
He was now informed that Philotas, commander of his Companion Cavalry, 亚历山大的父亲菲利普国王 被他的保镖谋杀。
He was now informed that Philotas, commander of his Companion Cavalry, 他现在被告知， 他的同伴骑兵指挥官菲洛塔斯发现了
had uncovered a plot to assassinate Alexander, but kept it secret. 他现在被告知， 他的同伴骑兵指挥官菲洛塔斯发现了
had uncovered a plot to assassinate Alexander, but kept it secret. 暗杀亚历山大的阴谋，但一直 保密。
Philotas 和他的父亲 Parmenion 是 亚历山大最受尊敬的指挥官之一，
Philotas, and his father Parmenion, were among the most respected of Alexander's commanders, Philotas 和他的父亲 Parmenion 是 亚历山大最受尊敬的指挥官之一，
and had played crucial roles in all his great victories. Philotas 和他的父亲 Parmenion 是 亚历山大最受尊敬的指挥官之一，
and had played crucial roles in all his great victories. 在他所有的伟大胜利中都发挥了关键作用 。
But when Philotas confessed under torture, Alexander had him executed. 在他所有的伟大胜利中都发挥了关键作用 。
But when Philotas confessed under torture, Alexander had him executed. 但是当菲洛塔斯在酷刑下招供时， 亚历山大处决了他……然后将刺客派
then sent assassins back to Ecbatana, where Parmenion was governor, to kill him before he even heard of his son's death, 但是当菲洛塔斯在酷刑下招供时， 亚历山大处决了他……然后将刺客派
then sent assassins back to Ecbatana, where Parmenion was governor, to kill him before he even heard of his son's death, 回帕门尼翁担任州长的埃克巴塔纳， 在他甚至没有听说他儿子的死讯之前就将他杀死
then sent assassins back to Ecbatana, where Parmenion was governor, to kill him before he even heard of his son's death, ，并有机会反抗亚历山大。
and had a chance to turn against Alexander. ，并有机会反抗亚历山大。
In 329, Alexander resumed his pursuit of Bessus. 329年，亚历山大继续追击贝苏斯。
在途中，他在阿富汗南部建立了亚历山大 阿拉霍西亚市——现代坎大哈
En route, he founded the city of Alexandria Arachosia – modern Kandahar, in southern Afghanistan. 在途中，他在阿富汗南部建立了亚历山大 阿拉霍西亚市——现代坎大哈
En route, he founded the city of Alexandria Arachosia – modern Kandahar, in southern Afghanistan. 。
As he reached Kunduz, Bessus was betrayed by his own men, and handed over in chains. 。
As he reached Kunduz, Bessus was betrayed by his own men, and handed over in chains. 当他到达昆都士时，贝苏斯 被他自己的人出卖，并被锁链移交。
Alexander sent him back to Persia for execution, as a king-slayer. 当他到达昆都士时，贝苏斯 被他自己的人出卖，并被锁链移交。
Alexander sent him back to Persia for execution, as a king-slayer. 亚历山大以弑君者的身份将他送回波斯处决 。
Alexander pushed on into modern Tajikistan, where the Sogdians rose up against him. 亚历山大以弑君者的身份将他送回波斯处决 。
Alexander pushed on into modern Tajikistan, where the Sogdians rose up against him. 亚历山大继续推进到现代塔吉克斯坦， 在那里粟特人起来反对他。 他
不得不抵抗当地部落的袭击， 并通过袭击占领了几个城镇。
He had to fight off attacks by local tribes, and take several towns by assault. 不得不抵抗当地部落的袭击， 并通过袭击占领了几个城镇。
On the banks of the Jaxartes River, he founded the city of Alexandria-Eschate, meaning Alexandria 'the Furthest' 不得不抵抗当地部落的袭击， 并通过袭击占领了几个城镇。
On the banks of the Jaxartes River, he founded the city of Alexandria-Eschate, meaning Alexandria 'the Furthest' 在贾克萨特河畔，他建立 了亚历山大埃沙特城，意为
On the banks of the Jaxartes River, he founded the city of Alexandria-Eschate, meaning Alexandria 'the Furthest' “最远的”亚历山大城——之所以如此命名，是因为 他终于到达了波斯
– so-named because he had, at last, reached the limit of the Persian Empire. “最远的”亚历山大城——之所以如此命名，是因为 他终于到达了波斯
– so-named because he had, at last, reached the limit of the Persian Empire. 帝国的疆域。
This frontier was frequently raided by nomads, known to the Greeks as Scythians. 帝国的疆域。
This frontier was frequently raided by nomads, known to the Greeks as Scythians. 这片边境经常遭到游牧民族的袭击， 希腊人称为斯基泰人。
Alexander lured them into a decisive battle near the Jaxartes. 这片边境经常遭到游牧民族的袭击， 希腊人称为斯基泰人。
Alexander lured them into a decisive battle near the Jaxartes. 亚历山大引诱他们 在雅克萨特附近进行了一场决定性的战斗。 结果
The result was a crushing victory for the Macedonian king, that put an end to the raids. 亚历山大引诱他们 在雅克萨特附近进行了一场决定性的战斗。 结果
The result was a crushing victory for the Macedonian king, that put an end to the raids. 是马其顿国王取得了压倒性的胜利， 结束了袭击。
但是与大夏和粟特 部落的战斗仍在继续，这让亚历山大感到沮丧，
But fighting against Bactrian and Sogdian tribes continued, frustrating Alexander, 但是与大夏和粟特 部落的战斗仍在继续，这让亚历山大感到沮丧，
and tying him down in a difficult guerilla war. 但是与大夏和粟特 部落的战斗仍在继续，这让亚历山大感到沮丧，
and tying him down in a difficult guerilla war. 并将他束缚在一场艰难的游击战中。
Tyrant 并将他束缚在一场艰难的游击战中。
Tyrant 到现在为止，许多马其顿军队 对亚历山大不满。 大多数人
By now, many of the Macedonian troops were unhappy with Alexander. 到现在为止，许多马其顿军队 对亚历山大不满。 大多数人
Most had not seen their homes in years, but their king seemed bent on conquest without end. 到现在为止，许多马其顿军队 对亚历山大不满。 大多数人
Most had not seen their homes in years, but their king seemed bent on conquest without end. 多年未见他们的家园，但他们的国王似乎 一心要征服无止境。 更糟糕的是，
What was worse, he'd begun to adopt the rituals and dress of their defeated Persian enemy 多年未见他们的家园，但他们的国王似乎 一心要征服无止境。 更糟糕的是，
What was worse, he'd begun to adopt the rituals and dress of their defeated Persian enemy 他开始采用 他们被击败的波斯敌人的仪式和服饰——
– customs they viewed as effeminate, and decadent. 他开始采用 他们被击败的波斯敌人的仪式和服饰——
– customs they viewed as effeminate, and decadent. 他们认为这些习俗是柔弱而颓废的。
在现代撒马尔罕的马拉坎达，经过一场激烈的 醉酒争吵后，亚历山大杀死
At Maracanda, modern Samarkand, after a furious, drunken argument, Alexander killed Cleitus the Black. 在现代撒马尔罕的马拉坎达，经过一场激烈的 醉酒争吵后，亚历山大杀死
At Maracanda, modern Samarkand, after a furious, drunken argument, Alexander killed Cleitus the Black. 了黑色的克莱图斯。
克莱图斯是亚历山大最好的将军之一， 也是在格拉尼库斯战役中救了他一命的人
Cleitus had been one of Alexander's best generals, and the man who'd saved his life at the Battle of the Granicus. 克莱图斯是亚历山大最好的将军之一， 也是在格拉尼库斯战役中救了他一命的人
Cleitus had been one of Alexander's best generals, and the man who'd saved his life at the Battle of the Granicus. 。
Alexander was full of remorse, but his growing arrogance was alienating more and more old comrades. 。
Alexander was full of remorse, but his growing arrogance was alienating more and more old comrades. 亚历山大满怀悔恨，但他日益增长的 傲慢让越来越多的老同志疏远了
Alexander was full of remorse, but his growing arrogance was alienating more and more old comrades. 。
When he tried to make his countrymen perform the traditional Persian ritual of proskynesis 。
When he tried to make his countrymen perform the traditional Persian ritual of proskynesis 当他试图让他的同胞执行 波斯传统的 proskynesis 仪式时
——在国王面前鞠躬 ——他越界了。
– prostrating themselves before the king - he crossed a line. ——在国王面前鞠躬 ——他越界了。
对希腊人来说，这是亵渎神明——只有神 才值得如此尊重——亚历山大
To Greeks this was blasphemy – only a god was worthy of such respect - and Alexander was forced to back down. 对希腊人来说，这是亵渎神明——只有神 才值得如此尊重——亚历山大
To Greeks this was blasphemy – only a god was worthy of such respect - and Alexander was forced to back down. 被迫退缩。
In Bactria, another plot to assassinate Alexander was uncovered. This time the ringleader was a royal page 被迫退缩。
In Bactria, another plot to assassinate Alexander was uncovered. This time the ringleader was a royal page 在巴克特里亚，另一个暗杀亚历山大的阴谋 被揭露。 这一次的头目是
In Bactria, another plot to assassinate Alexander was uncovered. This time the ringleader was a royal page 一位皇室侍从——马其顿贵族的儿子之一， 曾出席过国王。 Hermolaus
– one of the sons of Macedonian nobility who attended the king. 一位皇室侍从——马其顿贵族的儿子之一， 曾出席过国王。 Hermolaus
Hermolaus had become murderously bitter towards Alexander over a perceived injustice. He and his accomplices were tortured, 一位皇室侍从——马其顿贵族的儿子之一， 曾出席过国王。 Hermolaus
Hermolaus had become murderously bitter towards Alexander over a perceived injustice. He and his accomplices were tortured, 对亚历山大的不公正表现变得极其痛苦 。 他和他的同伙
Hermolaus had become murderously bitter towards Alexander over a perceived injustice. He and his accomplices were tortured, 受到折磨，然后被石头砸死。
and then stoned to death. 受到折磨，然后被石头砸死。
Callisthenes, Alexander's official historian, was also implicated in the conspiracy. 受到折磨，然后被石头砸死。
Callisthenes, Alexander's official historian, was also implicated in the conspiracy. 亚历山大的官方历史学家卡利斯提尼 也卷入了这场阴谋。 他
He was thrown in prison, where he later died. 亚历山大的官方历史学家卡利斯提尼 也卷入了这场阴谋。 他
He was thrown in prison, where he later died. 被关进监狱，后来死在那里。
That summer, in 327 - according to legend - Alexander became captivated by the beauty of Roxana, daughter of a Bactrian lord. 被关进监狱，后来死在那里。
That summer, in 327 - according to legend - Alexander became captivated by the beauty of Roxana, daughter of a Bactrian lord. 那年夏天，根据传说，在 327 年， 亚历山大被大
That summer, in 327 - according to legend - Alexander became captivated by the beauty of Roxana, daughter of a Bactrian lord. 夏某领主的女儿罗克珊娜的美貌迷住了。
Their marriage was also a sound political move, helping to end local revolt against his rule 夏某领主的女儿罗克珊娜的美貌迷住了。
Their marriage was also a sound political move, helping to end local revolt against his rule 他们的婚姻也是一个健全的政治 举措，有助于结束当地反对
Their marriage was also a sound political move, helping to end local revolt against his rule 他统治的叛乱——并使他能够继续 前进……进入现代巴基斯坦和印度。
– and allowing him to continue his advance... into modern Pakistan, and India. 他统治的叛乱——并使他能够继续 前进……进入现代巴基斯坦和印度。
To the Edge of the World 他统治的叛乱——并使他能够继续 前进……进入现代巴基斯坦和印度。
Alexander now prepared to subdue the Persian Empire's most eastern provinces, which had yet to recognise his kingship. 他统治的叛乱——并使他能够继续 前进……进入现代巴基斯坦和印度。
Alexander now prepared to subdue the Persian Empire's most eastern provinces, which had yet to recognise his kingship. 亚历山大现在准备征服波斯 帝国最东部的省份，这些省份
Alexander now prepared to subdue the Persian Empire's most eastern provinces, which had yet to recognise his kingship. 尚未承认他的王权。
To do so he would first have to cross the Hindu Kush mountains and reach the Indus river valley. 尚未承认他的王权。
To do so he would first have to cross the Hindu Kush mountains and reach the Indus river valley. 为此，他首先必须穿越 兴都库什山脉，到达印度河
To do so he would first have to cross the Hindu Kush mountains and reach the Indus river valley. 流域。
他的军队分两列推进，在 与 Aspasii 和 Assaceni 的一系列小规模冲突中获胜
Advancing in two columns, his army won a series of skirmishes against the Aspasii and Assaceni, 他的军队分两列推进，在 与 Aspasii 和 Assaceni 的一系列小规模冲突中获胜
as they fought their way into what's now the Swat Valley of northern Pakistan. 他的军队分两列推进，在 与 Aspasii 和 Assaceni 的一系列小规模冲突中获胜
as they fought their way into what's now the Swat Valley of northern Pakistan. ，他们一路杀入现在 巴基斯坦北部的斯瓦特山谷。
After a fierce siege, Alexander took the Assacenian capital of Massaga. ，他们一路杀入现在 巴基斯坦北部的斯瓦特山谷。
After a fierce siege, Alexander took the Assacenian capital of Massaga. 经过激烈的围攻，亚历山大占领了阿萨西尼亚 首都马萨加。
According to legend it was ruled by a beautiful queen, Cleophis, who bore Alexander a son, and was allowed to keep her throne. 经过激烈的围攻，亚历山大占领了阿萨西尼亚 首都马萨加。
According to legend it was ruled by a beautiful queen, Cleophis, who bore Alexander a son, and was allowed to keep her throne. 据传说，它由美丽的 女王克利奥菲斯统治，她为亚历山大生了一个儿子，
According to legend it was ruled by a beautiful queen, Cleophis, who bore Alexander a son, and was allowed to keep her throne. 并被允许继续她的王位。
现代伊斯兰堡附近的塔克西拉的统治者 与亚历山大结盟。
The ruler of Taxila, near modern Islamabad, had formed an alliance with Alexander. 现代伊斯兰堡附近的塔克西拉的统治者 与亚历山大结盟。
Together they marched to face Porus, king of Pauravas, at the Battle of the Hydaspes. 现代伊斯兰堡附近的塔克西拉的统治者 与亚历山大结盟。
Together they marched to face Porus, king of Pauravas, at the Battle of the Hydaspes.
这是亚历山大最昂贵的战斗，因为波鲁斯的 战象在希腊人中造成了可怕的伤亡
It was Alexander's costliest battle, as Porus's war elephants inflicted terrible casualties amongst the Greeks. 这是亚历山大最昂贵的战斗，因为波鲁斯的 战象在希腊人中造成了可怕的伤亡
It was Alexander's costliest battle, as Porus's war elephants inflicted terrible casualties amongst the Greeks. 。
But despite Porus's fearless leadership, the battle ended in a decisive victory for Alexander, winning him control of the Punjab. 。
But despite Porus's fearless leadership, the battle ended in a decisive victory for Alexander, winning him control of the Punjab. 但是，尽管波鲁斯的领导无所畏惧，这场 战斗以亚历山大的决定性胜利告终，
But despite Porus's fearless leadership, the battle ended in a decisive victory for Alexander, winning him control of the Punjab. 赢得了旁遮普邦的控制权。
Alexander wanted to push on into India, to reach the great river which ancient Greek geographers said formed the edge of the world. 赢得了旁遮普邦的控制权。
Alexander wanted to push on into India, to reach the great river which ancient Greek geographers said formed the edge of the world. 亚历山大想继续前进到印度， 到达古希腊
Alexander wanted to push on into India, to reach the great river which ancient Greek geographers said formed the edge of the world. 地理学家所说的形成世界边缘的大河。
But at the River Hyphasis, known today as the Beas, his army mutinied. 地理学家所说的形成世界边缘的大河。
But at the River Hyphasis, known today as the Beas, his army mutinied. 但是在今天被 称为 Beas 的希法西斯河，他的军队叛变了。
His men had marched thousands of miles, fought countless battles, and not seen their homes in 8 years. 但是在今天被 称为 Beas 的希法西斯河，他的军队叛变了。
His men had marched thousands of miles, fought countless battles, and not seen their homes in 8 years. 他的部下行军万里，打过 无数仗，
His men had marched thousands of miles, fought countless battles, and not seen their homes in 8 years. 八年未见家园。 他们听说印度有庞大的 军队在等着他们。
They'd heard rumours of gigantic armies waiting for them in India. 八年未见家园。 他们听说印度有庞大的 军队在等着他们。
They refused to go any further. 八年未见家园。 他们听说印度有庞大的 军队在等着他们。
They refused to go any further. 他们拒绝再进一步。
Alexander was furious, but had to turn the army around. 他们拒绝再进一步。
Alexander was furious, but had to turn the army around. 亚历山大大怒，但不得不 扭转军队。
他沿着旁遮普的河流一直到 大海——这段旅程耗时 10 个月。
He followed the rivers of the Punjab to the sea – a journey that took 10 months. 他沿着旁遮普的河流一直到 大海——这段旅程耗时 10 个月。
在途中，他击败了马里安人，但 在领导他们的首都进攻时，
On the way, he defeated the Mahlians, but while leading the assault on their capital, was wounded in the chest and nearly killed. 在途中，他击败了马里安人，但 在领导他们的首都进攻时，
On the way, he defeated the Mahlians, but while leading the assault on their capital, was wounded in the chest and nearly killed. 胸部受伤，差点丧命。
After reaching the coast, part of the army under Nearchus, she boarded and returned by sea to Persia. 胸部受伤，差点丧命。
After reaching the coast, part of the army under Nearchus, she boarded and returned by sea to Persia. 到达海岸后，一部分军队在 尼阿库斯的带领下登上船只，乘船返回波斯
After reaching the coast, part of the army under Nearchus, she boarded and returned by sea to Persia. ……穿过 霍尔木兹海峡……进入波斯湾。
sailing through the Strait Hormuz and swam to the Persian Gulf. ……穿过 霍尔木兹海峡……进入波斯湾。
It was one of the great ancient voyages of exploration, as these waters had been previously unknown to Greeks. ……穿过 霍尔木兹海峡……进入波斯湾。
It was one of the great ancient voyages of exploration, as these waters had been previously unknown to Greeks. 这是古代伟大的探险之 旅之一，因为这些水域以前
It was one of the great ancient voyages of exploration, as these waters had been previously unknown to Greeks. 不为希腊人所知。
Meanwhile Alexander led the rest of the army back by land through the Gedrosian desert, 不为希腊人所知。
Meanwhile Alexander led the rest of the army back by land through the Gedrosian desert, 与此同时，亚历山大率领其余军队 陆路返回，穿过
today in southern Pakistan. But extreme heat and shortages of food and water led to terrible suffering, 与此同时，亚历山大率领其余军队 陆路返回，穿过
today in southern Pakistan. But extreme heat and shortages of food and water led to terrible suffering, 今天在巴基斯坦南部的格德罗西亚沙漠。 但是极端高温 以及食物和水的短缺导致了可怕的
today in southern Pakistan. But extreme heat and shortages of food and water led to terrible suffering, 苦难，他的军队中有许多人死亡。
and many deaths among his army. 苦难，他的军队中有许多人死亡。
On his return to Persia, Alexander executed several of his viceroys and governors 苦难，他的军队中有许多人死亡。
On his return to Persia, Alexander executed several of his viceroys and governors 返回波斯后，亚历山大处决 了他的几位总督和总督——这些人
- men accused of ruling unjustly, and robbing temples and tombs, during his long absence in the east. 返回波斯后，亚历山大处决 了他的几位总督和总督——这些人
- men accused of ruling unjustly, and robbing temples and tombs, during his long absence in the east. 被指控在他长期不在东方期间不公正地统治并抢劫寺庙 和坟墓
- men accused of ruling unjustly, and robbing temples and tombs, during his long absence in the east. 。
在苏萨，他安排了一场盛大 的马其顿军官与 80 名波斯贵族妇女的大婚，
At Susa, he arranged a magnificent mass-marriage of Macedonian officers to 80 Persian noblewomen, 在苏萨，他安排了一场盛大 的马其顿军官与 80 名波斯贵族妇女的大婚，
to strengthen bonds between his two kingdoms. 在苏萨，他安排了一场盛大 的马其顿军官与 80 名波斯贵族妇女的大婚，
to strengthen bonds between his two kingdoms. 以加强他的两个王国之间的联系。
Alexander himself married two Persian princesses. 以加强他的两个王国之间的联系。
Alexander himself married two Persian princesses. 亚历山大本人娶了两位波斯公主。
他还偿还了所有士兵的债务，并命令 来自帝国各地的 30,000 名青年
He also paid all his soldiers debts, and ordered 30,000 youths from across the empire to be trained in the Macedonian art of war. 他还偿还了所有士兵的债务，并命令 来自帝国各地的 30,000 名青年
He also paid all his soldiers debts, and ordered 30,000 youths from across the empire to be trained in the Macedonian art of war. 接受马其顿战争艺术的训练。
但在奥皮斯，他的马其顿军队叛变了。 亚历山大明显
But at Opis, his Macedonian troops mutinied. 但在奥皮斯，他的马其顿军队叛变了。 亚历山大明显
They were offended by Alexander's apparent preference for Persian advisors and Persian ways. Alexander had the ringleaders executed, 但在奥皮斯，他的马其顿军队叛变了。 亚历山大明显
They were offended by Alexander's apparent preference for Persian advisors and Persian ways. Alexander had the ringleaders executed, 偏爱波斯顾问和波斯 方式，这激怒了他们。 亚历山大处决了头目，
and made a speech to the men, reminding them of the glories they'd won together, 偏爱波斯顾问和波斯 方式，这激怒了他们。 亚历山大处决了头目，
and made a speech to the men, reminding them of the glories they'd won together, 并向这些人发表了讲话，提醒 他们一起赢得的荣耀，并
and leading eventually to an emotional reconciliation. 并向这些人发表了讲话，提醒 他们一起赢得的荣耀，并
and leading eventually to an emotional reconciliation. 最终导致情感和解。
在埃克巴塔纳，亚历山大最亲密和最 信任的朋友赫菲斯提安因发烧去世。
At Ecbatana, Alexander's closest and most trusted friend, Hephaestion, died of fever. 在埃克巴塔纳，亚历山大最亲密和最 信任的朋友赫菲斯提安因发烧去世。
At Ecbatana, Alexander's closest and most trusted friend, Hephaestion, died of fever. 国王悲痛欲绝，数日不 食，并下令全帝国公开哀悼一段时间
The king was grief stricken, went days without eating, and ordered a period of public mourning across the empire. 国王悲痛欲绝，数日不 食，并下令全帝国公开哀悼一段时间
The king was grief stricken, went days without eating, and ordered a period of public mourning across the empire. 。
Alexander waged a successful campaign against the mountain raiders of Cossaea, 。
Alexander waged a successful campaign against the mountain raiders of Cossaea, 亚历山大对 Cossaea 的山地袭击者发动了一场成功的战役 ，即使
who not even the Persian kings had been able to subdue. 亚历山大对 Cossaea 的山地袭击者发动了一场成功的战役 ，即使
who not even the Persian kings had been able to subdue. 是波斯国王也无法制服他们。
Returning to Babylon, he was met by embassies from distant peoples, 是波斯国王也无法制服他们。
Returning to Babylon, he was met by embassies from distant peoples, 回到巴比伦后，他遇到了 来自遥远民族的大使馆，认识到他的
come to recognise his greatness – Aethiopians, Libyans, European Scythians, Lucanians, Etruscans, Gauls and Iberians. 回到巴比伦后，他遇到了 来自遥远民族的大使馆，认识到他的
come to recognise his greatness – Aethiopians, Libyans, European Scythians, Lucanians, Etruscans, Gauls and Iberians. 伟大——埃塞俄比亚人、利比亚人、欧洲 斯基泰人、卢卡尼亚人、伊特鲁里亚人、高卢人和
come to recognise his greatness – Aethiopians, Libyans, European Scythians, Lucanians, Etruscans, Gauls and Iberians. 伊比利亚人。
Alexander's Bactrian wife Roxana was now pregnant... 伊比利亚人。
Alexander's Bactrian wife Roxana was now pregnant... 亚历山大的大夏的妻子罗克珊娜现在怀孕了……
But as he planned his next campaign, to Arabia and beyond, he developed a sudden fever, 亚历山大的大夏的妻子罗克珊娜现在怀孕了……
But as he planned his next campaign, to Arabia and beyond, he developed a sudden fever, 但在他计划下一次前往阿拉伯 及其他地区的战役时，他突然发烧，
and died days later, aged just 32. 但在他计划下一次前往阿拉伯 及其他地区的战役时，他突然发烧，
and died days later, aged just 32. 几天后去世，年仅 32 岁。
The cause of Alexander's death has never been established. It may have been malaria, cholera, typhus... or poison. 几天后去世，年仅 32 岁。
The cause of Alexander's death has never been established. It may have been malaria, cholera, typhus... or poison. 亚历山大的死因从未 确定。 可能是疟疾、霍乱、
斑疹伤寒……或毒药。
The Successors 斑疹伤寒……或毒药。
Alexander died undefeated in battle. His reputation as a brilliant, fearless and daring military commander remains undimmed. 斑疹伤寒……或毒药。
Alexander died undefeated in battle. His reputation as a brilliant, fearless and daring military commander remains undimmed. 亚历山大在战斗中不败而死。 他 作为一名才华横溢、无所畏惧和勇敢的军事
Alexander died undefeated in battle. His reputation as a brilliant, fearless and daring military commander remains undimmed. 指挥官的声誉依然不减。
His decade long campaign created one of the largest empires ever known, stretching from Greece to Pakistan. 指挥官的声誉依然不减。
His decade long campaign created one of the largest empires ever known, stretching from Greece to Pakistan. 他长达十年的竞选活动创造了 有史以来最大的帝国之一，从
His decade long campaign created one of the largest empires ever known, stretching from Greece to Pakistan. 希腊一直延伸到巴基斯坦。
But it was vast and unstable, held together only by his own brilliance and name. 希腊一直延伸到巴基斯坦。
But it was vast and unstable, held together only by his own brilliance and name. 但它广阔而不稳定， 仅靠他自己的才华和名字维系在一起。
Alexander left no plans for his succession, and his generals soon began fighting among themselves 但它广阔而不稳定， 仅靠他自己的才华和名字维系在一起。
Alexander left no plans for his succession, and his generals soon began fighting among themselves 亚历山大并没有为他的继任计划留下任何计划 ，他的将军们很快就开始互相争斗，
Alexander left no plans for his succession, and his generals soon began fighting among themselves 以开拓自己的帝国。
to carve out their own empires. 以开拓自己的帝国。
In the Wars of the Successors, Alexander's widow Roxana and his young son were murdered. 以开拓自己的帝国。
In the Wars of the Successors, Alexander's widow Roxana and his young son were murdered. 在继承者战争中，亚历山大的 遗孀罗克珊娜和他的小儿子被谋杀。
他自己的金石棺，在前往 马其顿安葬的途中被劫持，最终
His own gold sarcophagus, en route to Macedonia for burial was hijacked, and ended up in Alexandria, in Egypt. 他自己的金石棺，在前往 马其顿安葬的途中被劫持，最终
His own gold sarcophagus, en route to Macedonia for burial was hijacked, and ended up in Alexandria, in Egypt. 在埃及的亚历山大港。
Today, it's location remains one of the world's great unsolved mysteries. 在埃及的亚历山大港。
Today, it's location remains one of the world's great unsolved mysteries. 今天，它的位置仍然是世界上 最大的未解之谜之一。
Few men have ever had such an impact on the course of history as Alexander the Great. 今天，它的位置仍然是世界上 最大的未解之谜之一。
Few men have ever had such an impact on the course of history as Alexander the Great. 很少有人像亚历山大大帝那样对历史进程产生如此大的影响 。
The breath-taking achievements of his short life ushered in the Hellenistic Age, 很少有人像亚历山大大帝那样对历史进程产生如此大的影响 。
The breath-taking achievements of his short life ushered in the Hellenistic Age, 他短暂 一生的惊人成就开启了希腊化时代，希腊
as Greek ideas spread across the territory of his former empire, fusing with local traditions to trigger 他短暂 一生的惊人成就开启了希腊化时代，希腊
as Greek ideas spread across the territory of his former empire, fusing with local traditions to trigger 思想在他的前帝国领土上传播 ，与当地传统融合，引发
new developments in art, science, government and language. 思想在他的前帝国领土上传播 ，与当地传统融合，引发
new developments in art, science, government and language. 了艺术、科学、政府 和语言的新发展。
Some of the successor kingdoms to his great empire were short-lived 了艺术、科学、政府 和语言的新发展。
Some of the successor kingdoms to his great empire were short-lived 他伟大帝国的一些后继王国 是短暂的——其他王国持续
– others endured for centuries.. but all, in turn, would fall to new forces... and in the west, to the rising power of Rome. 他伟大帝国的一些后继王国 是短暂的——其他王国持续
– others endured for centuries.. but all, in turn, would fall to new forces... and in the west, to the rising power of Rome. 了几个世纪……但反过来，所有王国都将 落入新势力……而在西方，则落入
– others endured for centuries.. but all, in turn, would fall to new forces... and in the west, to the rising power of Rome. 崛起的罗马。
Research and artwork for this video comes from Osprey Publishing's extensive range of books on ancient history. 该视频的研究和艺术作品 来自 Osprey Publishing 广泛
Research and artwork for this video comes from Osprey Publishing's extensive range of books on ancient history. 的古代历史书籍。 每本 Osprey 书籍都以权威、细致的细节研究了特定的战斗、
Every Osprey book examines a particular battle, campaign or combat unit in authoritative, meticulous detail. 的古代历史书籍。 每本 Osprey 书籍都以权威、细致的细节研究了特定的战斗、
Every Osprey book examines a particular battle, campaign or combat unit in authoritative, meticulous detail. 战役或作战单位 。
它们拥有 3,000 多个标题，涵盖 了从古代战争到现代
And with more than 3,000 titles, they cover everything from ancient warfare to modern conflict. 它们拥有 3,000 多个标题，涵盖 了从古代战争到现代
And with more than 3,000 titles, they cover everything from ancient warfare to modern conflict. 冲突的所有内容。 访问他们的网站以查看他们的在线目录。
Visit their website to see their online catalogue. 冲突的所有内容。 访问他们的网站以查看他们的在线目录。
感谢所有 使该视频成为可能的 Patreon 支持者，以及
Thank you to all the Patreon supporters who made this video possible, and to the channel ‘Invicta’ 感谢所有 使该视频成为可能的 Patreon 支持者，以及
Thank you to all the Patreon supporters who made this video possible, and to the channel ‘Invicta’ “Invicta”频道—— 在他们的“历史时刻”系列中了解更多过去的关键时刻
– find out more about key moments from the past in their ‘Moments in History’ series. “Invicta”频道—— 在他们的“历史时刻”系列中了解更多过去的关键时刻
– find out more about key moments from the past in their ‘Moments in History’ series. 。
Joachim wrote and translated
He writes and translates into several languages: Joachim Moczko