在第二次世界大战中， NARRATOR: In the Second World War,
国家的命运是由其武器库的实力决定的。 the fate of nations was decided by the strength of their arsenals.
每种武器都是为了满足特定需求而制造的， Every weapon was made to fill a specific need,
设计初衷只有一个， designed for a single purpose,
赢得对敌人的技术优势的竞赛。 to win the race for technological supremacy over the enemy.
第二次世界大战是一场争夺火力优势的史诗战役， World War II is this epic battle for fire superiority,
所以双方都需要赢得这场战斗 so each side needs to win that battle
并在前线投入比对手更多的火力。 and put more firepower on the front line than their opponent.
从手枪的工艺到坦克的力量， NARRATOR: From the craft of handguns to the strength of tanks,
飞机的精度和航程再到巨型船只的绝对力量， the precision and range of aircraft to the sheer power of mega-ships,
在战火中锻造的武器 weapons forged in the fires of a world at war
和以前见过的不一样。 were unlike those ever seen before.
武器装备的最新和最具创造性的进步 The latest and most inventive advances in weaponry
燃料战斗策略 fuelled battle strategies
和确定的胜利和失败。 and determined victories and losses.
第二次世界大战的结果是完全依赖的 WOMAN: The outcome of World War II was completely dependent
关于战时物资的生产。 on production of wartime materials.
这些战争机器被设计得更远，更快 NARRATOR: These machines of war were designed to go further, faster
更精确地执行， and perform with greater precision,
携带更多的武器，得到更强大的武器的更好保护。 to carry more and to be better protected by stronger armaments.
赌注从未如此之大， The stakes were never greater,
一个国家取胜的能力取决于获取渠道 and a nation's ability to win hinged on access
巨大无比的原材料 to vast and unparalleled raw materials
依靠人民坚定不移的意志。 and on the unwavering will of its people.
这是《战争机器：第二次世界大战》 This is War Machine: World War II.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
在航空发展的早期， In the early days of aviation,
很少有人预料到这种惊人的战斗力 few people predicted the astonishing battle power
那架飞机会释放。 that aircraft would unleash.
在第一次世界大战期间， This fledgling technology, during World War I,
最初只用于侦察。 was initially only used for reconnaissance.
但随着军队开始认识到飞机的潜力， But as militaries started to recognise the potential of aircraft,
战争再也不会是一样的了。 war would never be the same again.
机场、交通网络和工业设施 Airfields, transportation networks and industrial facilities
所有这些都面临着更大的毁灭威胁 all came under greater threat of destruction
随着飞机速度和性能的提高。 as the speed and capabilities of aircraft improved.
仅仅二十多年后， Just a little over two decades later,
欧洲再次陷入冲突。 Europe found itself in conflict again.
在30年代末， In the late 1930s,
各国关注的是新技术 it was new technologies that countries focused on
获得空中优势。 to gain superiority in the air.
军队努力比以往任何时候都走得更高、更快、更远。 Militaries endeavoured to go higher, faster and further than ever before.
随着欧洲战争的加剧 As war intensified across Europe,
很明显，它很快就会蔓延开来 it was becoming clear that it would soon spread
更多的世界 to more of the world
比以往任何一场战争都要多。 than any previous war.
男：第二次世界大战的结果在很大程度上取决于 MAN: The outcome of the Second World War depends very, very largely
关于空中优势。 on air superiority.
为第二次世界大战大量生产飞机是 The mass production of aircraft for the Second World War was
对所有大国都至关重要。 essential for all of the major powers.
旁白：英国和美国看到了这个需要 NARRATOR: Britain and the United States saw the need
用于远程重型轰炸机 for long-range heavy bombers
它可以穿越大洋 that could travel far across the ocean
或者深入敌方领土。 or deep into enemy territory.
德国和日本主要生产中型轰炸机 Germany and Japan focused on the production of medium-sized bombers
具有很高的战术能力，如俯冲轰炸。 with high tactical ability, such as dive-bombing.
数百万人的生命危在旦夕。 Millions of lives were in the balance.
决定开发哪些机器 Decisions about which machines to develop
在冲突发生之前 in the lead-up to the conflict
会对战争的结果产生重大影响。 would have a substantial effect on the outcome of the war.
1933年1月，纳粹党上台后， After the Nazi Party came to power, in January 1933,
希特勒发誓要恢复德国失去的民族自豪感。 Hitler vowed to restore Germany's lost national pride.
积极重整军备成为当务之急， Aggressive rearmament became the top priority,
空中力量是一个关键的战略。 and air power was a key strategy.
私营飞机制造商 Privately owned aircraft manufacturers
被置于国家控制之下 were put under state control
公然的胁迫行为。 in a blatant act of coercion.
纳粹的战争机器成了他们唯一的客户。 The Nazi war machine became their sole customer.
雨果·容克斯，一位领先的航空先驱 Hugo Junkers, a leading aviation pioneer
也是德国最大的飞机制造厂的老板， and owner of Germany's largest aircraft plant,
试图继续控制他的生意。 sought to retain control of his business.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
赫尔曼·戈林，航空部长， NARRATOR: Hermann Goering, the minister for aviation,
谁被拒绝了试飞员的工作 who had been denied a test pilot job
十年前在容克斯的公司 at Junkers's company a decade earlier,
决心获得控制权。 was determined to gain control.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
容克斯在1933年10月被逮捕并被控叛国罪。 NARRATOR: Junkers was arrested and charged with treason in October 1933.
不到24小时，他就签下了自己白手起家建立起来的公司。 Within 24 hours, he had signed over the company he'd built from nothing.
安迪·桑德斯：当时的纳粹政府 ANDY SAUNDERS: The Nazi government of the day
想让容克帮他们重整军备 wanted Junkers to enable their rearmament program,
雨果·容克斯不愿意或不愿意这么做。 and Hugo Junkers was unwilling or reluctant to do that.
实际上，公司被国有化了， Effectively, the company was nationalised,
如果你想用这个词。 if you want to use that term.
现在在德国政府手中， NARRATOR: Now in the hands of the German government,
容克飞机和汽车制造厂发挥了关键作用 Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works played a pivotal role
重建国家的空中力量。 in re-establishing the nation's air power.
容克88起了关键作用， The Junkers 88 played a crucial role,
鉴于德国飞机工业缺乏准备 given the German aircraft industry's lack of preparedness
在战前建造大型战略轰炸机。 for building large strategic bombers before the war.
Ju 88被大量生产 The Ju 88 was produced in significant quantities
重建国家的空中力量。 to re-establish the nation's air power.
男：容克号，或者Ju号，88号是… MAN: The Junkers, or Ju, 88 was a...
．．快速轰炸机，德国人称之为施奈尔轰炸机。 ..fast bomber, a Schnellbomber, as the Germans called it.
Ju 88被证明是最通用的一种 The Ju 88 turned out to be one of the most versatile
战争中的飞机， aircraft of the war,
在德国人看来， and, as far as the Germans were concerned,
他们最好的飞机之一。 one of their best aircraft.
由两台Junker Jumo 211J引擎提供动力， NARRATOR: Powered by two Junker Jumo 211J engines,
这架飞机的最高时速可达470公里， the aircraft was capable of a top speed of 470km per hour,
速度不足以跑过敌人的战斗机， not fast enough to outrun enemy fighters,
但是高度机动性，能够携带1300公斤的有效载荷。 but highly manoeuvrable and capable of carrying a 1,300kg payload.
它是灵活和高度可修改的。 It was flexible and highly modifiable.
(欢呼) (CHEERING)
旁白：1938年5月，戈林订购了7000架， NARRATOR: In May 1938, Goering placed an order for 7,000,
投入了德国空军一半以上的人力 committing over half of the Luftwaffe's workforce
这架飞机的生产。 to the production of this plane alone.
Ju 88是德国空军的旗舰飞机之一。 The Ju 88 was one of the flagship aircraft for the Luftwaffe.
ANDY SAUNDERS：除了容克斯88， ANDY SAUNDERS: Alongside the Junkers 88,
你有Heinkel 111 you had the Heinkel 111,
多尼尔17号作为主要的轰炸机 the Dornier 17 as the main bomber aircraft,
但容克88却表现出色 but the Junkers 88 excelled
远远超过了其他轰炸机 and far outstripped the other bomber aircraft
在速度和创新方面，德国空军正在使用。 that the Luftwaffe are using, in terms of its speed, innovation.
但是让容克斯Ju 88服役 NARRATOR: But bringing the Junkers Ju 88 to service
会是一个挑战。 would prove a challenge.
德国正面临一场危机。 Germany was facing a crisis.
出口正在消失 Exports were disappearing
而且获得外币的渠道也很有限 and there was limited access to foreign currency
世界上大部分国家都切断了与德国的联系。 as much of the world cut Germany off.
原材料供应如此短缺 Raw materials were in such short supply
飞机生产的大幅削减已被下令。 that substantial cutbacks in aircraft production were ordered.
戈林担心盟军可能会超越德国的空中优势。 Goering feared the Allies might overtake Germany's air superiority.
男：美国是最大的贡献者 MAN: The US was THE biggest contributor
对盟军的战争贡献 to the Allied war effort.
仅美国就出动了30多万架飞机。 The US alone turned out over 300,000 aircraft.
它是第一大生产国，产量超过了轴心国 It was the number one producer and outproduced the Axis
比例为2:1或3:1或更多。 by ratios of 2:1 or 3:1 or more.
旁白：空军部用一场精心制作的飞行表演来游说希特勒。 NARRATOR: The Air Ministry lobbied Hitler with an elaborate air show.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
它得到了回报。 It paid off.
他们得到了元首的命令 They secured a Fuehrer order
恢复Ju 88项目的首要任务 to restore the Ju 88 program as top priority,
生产了超过15000架这样的飞机 leading to the production of more than 15,000 of these planes
在战争结束时。 by the end of the war.
STEPHEN BULL: Ju 88的产量相对较高 STEPHEN BULL: The relatively high production of the Ju 88
是它多功能性的另一个方面。 was another facet of its versatility.
你可以用它做很多不同的事情， You could do many different things with it,
而且它不会很快过时。 and it wasn't going out of date very quickly.
(炸弹吹口哨) (BOMBS WHISTLE)
最初，它主要被用作轰炸机。 Initially, it was used mainly as a bomber.
在那之后，它变成了战斗机和夜间战斗机，然后…… After that, it became a fighter and a night fighter, and...
．．后来，作为对地攻击机， ..later on still, as a ground attack aircraft,
最后，一个飞行炸弹。 and finally, a flying bomb.
（防空警报器鸣叫） (AIR-RAID SIREN HOWLS)
容克斯Ju 88号 NARRATOR: The Junkers Ju 88
在第二次世界大战期间面临重大问题 faced significant issues during World War II,
特别是在不列颠战役期间。 particularly during the Battle of Britain.
它以速度慢而闻名， It had a reputation for being slow,
缺乏足够的防御武器和建造质量差。 lacking sufficient defensive armament and having poor build quality.
比起敌人，机组人员更害怕Ju 88， Aircrews were often more fearful of the Ju 88 than the enemy,
它没有达到德国的期望 and it didn't live up to Germany's expectations
作为战争胜利的机器。 as a war-winning machine.
第二次世界大战对资源造成了巨大压力。 World War II placed immense pressure on resources...
．．德国使用了超过2.4亿吨铁矿石 ..with Germany using over 240 million tonnes of iron ore
感谢他们的战争努力。 for their war effort.
除了原材料，战争的工业产出 Beyond raw materials, the war's industrial output
需要空前规模的劳动力。 required an unprecedented workforce on an unprecedented scale.
当男人们穿上制服去战斗时， As men put on uniforms and went off to fight,
女性站出来了。 women stepped up.
在同盟国和轴心国，数以百万计的妇女走上了工作岗位 Across Allied and Axis countries, millions of women went to work
在钢铁生产，飞机制造，坦克建造， in steel production, aircraft manufacture, tank construction,
甚至弹药生产和测试。 even munitions production and testing.
(枪) (GUNSHOT)
1941年12月珍珠港遭到袭击后， After Pearl Harbor was attacked, in December 1941,
美国的战争生产急剧增加 US war production increased dramatically
随着工厂被改造为供应战争机器。 as factories were transformed to supply the war machine.
1943年，美国政府 In 1943, the US government
转向广告 turned to advertising
唤起女性的责任感。 to appeal to women's sense of duty.
美国政府 WOMAN: The American government
需要女人加入 needed women to get into
这些飞机制造厂。 these aircraft factories.
所以他们进行了大规模的广告宣传， So they have these huge ad campaigns,
海报,图片, posters, images,
所有这些让女性愿意来工厂的努力， all these efforts to get women to want to come to the factories,
让女性愿意为战争贡献自己的力量。 to get women to want to do their part for the war.
没有任何一场竞选比这更能激发公众的想象力 NARRATOR: No campaign captured the imagination of the public more
而不是铆工罗西。 than Rosie the Riveter.
当我们想到第二次世界大战和女性，尤其是美国女性， When we think of World War II and women, especially American women,
我们经常会有这样的印象 we often get that image of
铆工罗茜， Rosie the Riveter,
拿着她的手帕， with her kerchief,
为了不让她的头发沾到设备， to keep her hair out of the equipment,
用她强壮的手臂，甚至还有她的金属饭盒。 with her strong arm and even her metal lunch box.
所以我们想到了罗西 And so we think of Rosie
作为在工厂工作的美国妇女的缩影。 as the epitome of the American woman working in the factory.
女人2：这个角色具有传奇的地位 WOMAN 2: This character that kind of took on this legendary status
是根据一个真实的女人改编的 was based on a real woman,
罗莎琳德·p·沃尔特斯。 Rosalind P. Walters.
所以当罗莎琳德参加工作时， So when Rosalind entered the workforce,
她在沃特飞机公司找了份工作， she took on a job at the Vought Aircraft Company,
这件事上了新闻，因为她来自一个非常富有的家庭。 and it made the news, because she was from a pretty wealthy family.
一位名叫伊戈尔·卡西尼的专栏作家 A columnist named Igor Cassini
写了罗莎琳德在这个行业工作的经历。 wrote about Rosalind's experiences working in this industry.
它引起了人们的注意。 It caught people's attention.
(欢快的音乐) (UPBEAT MUSIC)
“铆工罗茜”这个词实际上来自一首歌， NARRATOR: The term "Rosie the Riveter" actually came from a song,
由里德·埃文斯和约翰·雅各布·勒布于1942年撰写， written by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb, in 1942,
也许是受到卡西尼号文章的启发。 perhaps inspired by Cassini's article.
罗茜最初是在诺曼·洛克威尔的插图中被描绘出来的 Rosie was originally depicted in a Norman Rockwell illustration
1943年《星期六晚邮报》的封面 on the 1943 cover of The Saturday Evening Post,
这张照片后来被借给了美国财政部 an image that was later loaned to the US Treasury Department
用于战争债券驱动。 for use in war bond drives.
罗西最令人难忘的形象是“我们能做到！”的海报， The most enduring image of Rosie was the "We Can Do It!" poster,
灵感来自机械师Naomi Parker Fraley。 inspired by machinist Naomi Parker Fraley.
它是由西屋公司委托，由j·霍华德·米勒绘制的。 It was commissioned by Westinghouse and painted by J. Howard Miller.
这就是你今天想到的海报，黄色背景， It's the poster you think of today, with the yellow background,
红头巾和蓝衬衫， the red kerchief and the blue shirt,
这就是我们心目中的罗茜。 and that's the Rosie that we all think of.
旁白：超过600万妇女参加了战时工作 NARRATOR: Over 6 million women took wartime jobs
在美国各地的工厂里 in factories across the US,
很多灵感来自铆工罗西。 many inspired by Rosie the Riveter.
但现实并不像宣传的那样美好。 But the reality didn't live up to the hype.
这是一项肮脏、危险、单调的工作， It was dirty, dangerous, monotonous work,
许多女性忍受着言语上的辱骂 and many women put up with verbal abuse
还有男同事的性骚扰。 and sexual harassment from male coworkers.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
到1943年， NARRATOR: By 1943,
超过31万美国女性 more than 310,000 American women
单独从事飞机生产工作。 worked in aircraft production alone.
薪水不错，但真正的动机是留在这些工作岗位上 The pay was good, but the real motivation to stay in these jobs
是为了支援军队。 was to support the troops.
凯瑟琳·夏普·兰德克：这是很大一部分 KATHERINE SHARP LANDDECK: And that's a huge part of
美国女性所承受的压力 the pressure on American women, is,
你去上班，在那个臭烘烘的工厂里，一整天 you go to your job, in that stinky factory, all day
好让约翰尼回家。 so that Johnny can come home.
随着战争在欧洲肆虐日本变得越来越咄咄逼人， NARRATOR: With war raging in Europe and Japan becoming more aggressive,
美国政府加强了轰炸机计划。 the United States government stepped up its bomber program.
1943年，美国国会意识到 In 1943, the United States Congress realised
他们目前的飞机产量 their current aircraft production
不足以满足日益增长的需求 was inadequate to meet the growing
来自盟军前线的要求 demands from the Allied battlefronts
在所有战区。 across all theatres of war.
威尔逊：罗斯福总统对国会说， MARK R. WILSON: President Roosevelt talked to Congress and said,
“我们需要建设 "We need to build
“在不久的将来，每年至少有5万架飞机或更多。” "at least 50,000 planes a year or more in the near future."
这是一个惊人的数字， That was a shocking number,
因为这将使美国空军的规模增加许多倍。 because it would increase the size of the US air forces by many times.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
联合飞机公司 NARRATOR: Consolidated Aircraft Corporation
扩大B-17的生产， was approached to expand the production of the B-17,
但是他们有一个更好的主意。 but they had a better idea.
他们计划制造一种全新的轰炸机。 They planned to build an entirely new type of bomber.
B-24“解放者”将围绕高面戴维斯机翼设计， The B-24 Liberator would be designed around the high-aspect Davis wing,
这在较低的速度下提供了更大的升力。 that delivered greater lift at the lower speeds associated with bombing.
机翼安装在飞机的肩膀上， The wings were mounted on the shoulder of the aircraft,
机尾有两个垂直稳定器。 and the tail incorporated two vertical stabilisers.
炸弹舱门打开后缩回机身， The bomb bay doors retracted into the fuselage when open,
这将进一步减少轰炸时的阻力。 which would further reduce drag during bombing.
由四台普惠双黄蜂径向发动机提供动力， Powered by four Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp radial engines,
这架飞机的最高速度为每小时297英里， the aircraft delivered a top speed of 297 miles per hour,
航程1500英里 a range of 1,500 miles
和最大负载能力 and a maximum load capacity
8000磅。 of 8,000 pounds.
凯瑟琳·夏普·兰德克：关于B-24的一件事 KATHERINE SHARP LANDDECK: One of the things about the B-24
它能飞到比这高一点的高度吗 is it can go at a bit higher altitude than
当时的其他一些飞机， some of the other aircraft at the time,
存活率更高， and the survival rate was higher,
因为你可以避开那些批评。 because you could avoid that flak.
旁白：美国空军在它还没飞起来之前就订购了320架， NARRATOR: The US Air Force ordered 320 units before it had even flown,
很快，订单增加到12000个。 and soon, orders rose to 12,000.
但是生产的挑战 But challenges with production
从一开始就困扰着飞机。 plagued the aeroplane from the beginning.
五个不同的制造商制造了不同版本的B-24， Five separate manufacturers built versions of the B-24,
其中一个是汽车制造商， one of whom, a car builder,
以为他能做得更好更快。 thought he could do it better and faster.
马克·威尔逊：福特汽车公司，由亨利·福特领导， MARK R. WILSON: Ford Motor Company, led by Henry Ford,
亨利·福特的原型，他仍然健在 the original Henry Ford, who's still alive and kicking
二战期间。 during World War II.
福特忠实的中尉，查尔斯·索伦森， NARRATOR: Ford's faithful lieutenant, Charles Sorensen,
被任命负责这个项目。 was put in charge of the project.
他和一大群福特工程师 He and a large team of Ford engineers
他们必须尽可能了解这架新飞机的一切。 had to learn everything they could about this new aircraft.
B-24轰炸机由联合飞机公司设计， The B-24 bombers were designed by Consolidated Aircraft,
总部设在圣地亚哥， based in San Diego,
福特的主管去圣地亚哥看B-24 and the Ford executive went out to San Diego to look at the B-24
在他们接受任务之前。 before they took the assignment.
他们发现 NARRATOR: They discovered
劳动密集型的制造过程。 a labour-intensive manufacturing process.
没有设计图。 There were no blueprints.
对B-24的任何修改都是基于战场测试。 Any modifications made to the B-24 were based on battlefield testing.
他们正在努力建造工厂 They're trying to literally build the plant
去造一架他们从未造过的飞机。 to build an airplane they've never built.
陆军航空兵正在改变飞机的设计。 The Army Air Force is changing the design of the airplane.
这对工具来说是个挑战， NARRATOR: This would pose a challenge for tooling,
但索伦森和他的团队很有信心 but Sorensen and his team were confident
他们可以应用福特的生产线技术 they could apply Ford's production-line techniques
飞机制造业。 to aircraft manufacturing.
他们告诉美国政府他们会这么做 And they told the US government that they would do it
只要允许他们制造完整的轰炸机 as long as they were allowed to make complete bombers
而且不只是轰炸机的部件。 and not just the parts of bombers.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
工程团队创造了新的蓝图 NARRATOR: The engineering team created new blueprints
从数千张不同的图画中， from thousands of separate drawings,
就在一个晚上， and in just one evening,
索伦森为B-24设计了一种新的装配工艺。 Sorensen designed a new assembly process for the B-24.
这需要一个巨大的生产设施， It would require a vast production facility,
一英里长的装配厂，超过80英亩… a mile-long assembly plant, over 80 acres...
．．还有850英亩作为机场。 ..with a further 850 acres for an airfield.
当时的设想是福特制造b -24轰炸机 The vision was to have Ford-built B-24s
每小时从装配线上飞下来一架。 flying off the assembly line one every hour.
所有这些都必须在16个月内完成。 And all this had to be achieved within 16 months.
伊普斯兰蒂是密歇根州一个寂静的小镇 Ypsilanti was a sleepy Michigan town
坐落在休伦河岸边， nestled on the banks of the Huron River,
四周环绕着树林和农田。 surrounded by woods and farmland.
但1941年4月18日，和平被打破 But the peace was broken on 18 April 1941
推土机开进来清理道路 as bulldozers moved in to clear the way
建造世界上最 for construction of one of the world's
最大的飞机制造厂。 biggest aircraft-manufacturing plants.
马克·r·威尔逊：所以Willow Run很重要 MARK R. WILSON: So Willow Run was important
因为这是早期的贡献之一 because it was one of the early contributions
福特汽车公司对战争的贡献 of Ford Motor Company to the war effort.
它实际上是美国本土许多大型新兵工厂之一， It was actually one of many big new war plants on the US home front,
但它是最著名的一个。 but it was one of the most famous.
《Willow Run》之所以引人注目，还因为它是 Willow Run was also notable because it was
展示发生的混乱 a showcase for the chaos that occurred
在大后方和战时生产方面。 on the home front and in war production.
工厂和机场 NARRATOR: The factory and airfield
到1941年12月仍未完成。 were still incomplete in December 1941.
需要4.5万名工人 45,000 workers would be needed
为了使工厂达到满负荷生产， in order for the plant to reach full production,
但到1942年5月，只有1.5万人到达。 but by May 1942, only 15,000 had arrived.
他们必须为工人建立社区。 They had to build communities for the workers.
他们晚上也得有个地方住。 And they have to have somewhere to stay at night.
所以…这不仅仅是人力资源。 So...it's not just having a manpower force.
基础设施因容纳住房而紧张。 Infrastructure is strained for housing.
到八月，工厂还没有生产出一架飞机。 NARRATOR: By August, the plant had still not turned out a single plane.
1942年9月，Willow Run工厂终于开始生产。 Production at Willow Run finally started in September 1942.
马克·r·威尔逊：福特没能做到 MARK R. WILSON: Ford hadn't been able to make
军方要求的很多修改， a lot of the modifications demanded by the military,
所以这种半成品的可飞行轰炸机必须飞出去 so the kind of semi-finished flyable bombers had to be flown out
到其他地方的改造中心 to modification centres elsewhere
真正完成任务，做好战斗准备。 to be truly finished and be combat-ready.
尽管有这些问题， NARRATOR: Despite these issues,
这一过程带来了惊人的生产率。 it was a process that delivered remarkable production rates.
这是取得巨大成功的部分原因 Part of the reason for the massive success
建造所有这些飞机 of building all of these planes
是因为工厂本身吗 was because of the factory itself -
它的设计，效率， the design of it, the efficiency of it,
它的大小。 the size of it.
那里的空间可以根据需要进行扩展。 The space was there to expand as they needed.
工人们在那里。 The workers were there.
只是那些原始的后勤 It was just those raw logistics
能够帮助B-24的人 that were able to help the B-24
是美国产量最高的飞机。 be the most produced aircraft in the United States.
旁白：对员工来说，这是一项艰苦，重复的工作， NARRATOR: For the employees, it was tough, repetitive work,
在又热又脏的环境下12小时轮班。 12-hour shifts in hot, dirty conditions.
但是在威洛朗的男男女女 But the men and women at Willow Run
知道他们的贡献是拯救生命。 knew their contribution was saving lives.
到1945年初， By the beginning of 1945,
柳树跑道以每63分钟一架的速度生产b -24轰炸机， Willow Run was producing B-24s at a rate of one every 63 minutes,
不出所料。 just as predicted.
超过18000架B-24解放者在美国建造 Over 18,000 B-24 Liberators were built in the United States
二战期间。 during World War II.
其中一半以上是在福特的Willow Run工厂生产的。 Over half of those were built at Ford's Willow Run factory.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
B-24是一种强大的空中武器， NARRATOR: The B-24 was a formidable aerial weapon,
运送了美国在欧洲投放的三分之一的炸弹。 delivering one-third of American bombs dropped in Europe.
但最关键的是，它的射程使它有可能击败德国的u型潜艇 But most crucially, its range made it possible to defeat the German U-boats
并在大西洋中部开辟重要的补给线 and open up vital supply routes in the mid-Atlantic.
没有任何技术能在空中展示战斗优势 No technology showcased battle supremacy in the air
不仅仅是战斗机。 more than fighter planes.
(自动枪声) (AUTOMATIC GUNFIRE)
设计用于击落其他飞机或护送重型轰炸机， Designed to shoot down other planes or escort heavy bombers,
这种战斗机的成功是由它的机动性和速度决定的。 the fighter's success was determined by its manoeuvrability and speed.
1937年，在与中国的战争中，日本最好的战斗机， In 1937, the war with China revealed that Japan's best fighter plane,
三菱A5M是不够的 the Mitsubishi A5M, was insufficient
护送轰炸机执行远程任务。 to escort bombers on long-range missions.
(炸弹吹口哨) (BOMBS WHISTLE)
如果日本要实现其目标， If Japan was to realise its goals,
它需要新一代战斗机。 it would need a new-generation fighter.
一个由堀越次郎领导的三菱设计团队， A design team, headed by Jiro Horikoshi, at Mitsubishi,
创造了A6M， created the A6M,
它后来被称为零号。 which came to be known as the Zero.
安迪·桑德斯：零式战斗机是一种日本海军战斗机 ANDY SAUNDERS: The Zero was a Japanese naval fighter
这是在线的 that came online
与日本帝国海军合作。 with the Imperial Japanese Navy.
这是一架非常轻的飞机， It was a very light aircraft,
可调动的, very manoeuvrable,
在战争初期，与… and in the early part of the war, engaging with...
基本上是美国战斗机 ..essentially with American fighter aircraft,
零式坦克非常有效。 the Zero was incredibly effective.
零式的低翼全金属设计 NARRATOR: The low-wing all-metal design of the Zero
以单片机翼为特色 featured a 1-piece wing
由轻质合金超硬铝制成… made from the lightweight alloy extra super duralumin...
．．不需要一个沉重的中心部分配件 ..eliminating the need for a heavy centre section fitting
用于两个独立的机翼部分。 for two separate wing sections.
它号称在1万英尺高空的最高时速为533公里 It boasted a top speed of 533km an hour at 10,000 feet
令人印象深刻的超过1900英里的航程。 and an impressive range of over 1,900 miles.
但为了达到惊人的速度和机动性， But to achieve the astonishing speed and manoeuvrability,
做出了牺牲。 sacrifices were made.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
不包括自密封油箱； Self-sealing fuel tanks were excluded,
就像盔甲的保护一样， as was armour protection,
这对飞行员来说是致命的。 which proved fatal for pilots.
1940年，日本缺乏经济实力和工业能力 In 1940, Japan lacked the economic strength and industrial capacity
用于重要的战时生产。 for significant wartime production.
到1943年末， By late 1943,
尽管名古屋飞机制造厂的员工人数增加到4.3万人， despite a workforce increase to 43,000 at Nagoya Aircraft Works,
零式坦克仍然是由熟练工人手工制作的。 the Zero was still crafted manually by skilled workers.
安迪·桑德斯：三菱零的一个问题是 ANDY SAUNDERS: One of the problems with the Mitsubishi Zero was
那就是零式炸弹 that the Zero just happened to be
以一种几乎不可能的方式设计 designed in a way which made it virtually impossible
一旦建成，就把机翼拆下来。 to remove the wings once it had been built.
三菱公司实际上并没有自己的机场。 The Mitsubishi company didn't actually have their own airfield.
现在你得到 So now you've got
一架完整的飞机必须以某种方式运到机场。 a complete aeroplane that's got to be got somehow to an airfield.
完工的飞机是用牛运输的 NARRATOR: Finished planes were transported by oxen
在前往名古屋机场的34英里旅程中，花了24小时。 on a 34-mile journey to Nagoya Airfield, which took 24 hours.
然而，军用飞机的需求仍在持续增长 Yet military demand for the aircraft continued to increase
不考虑生产能力。 without consideration of the production capability.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
名古屋的工人们尽最大努力提高产量。 The workers at Nagoya tried their best to increase output.
从1940年到1945年，总共生产了10800多辆零式， More than 10,800 Zeros were produced between 1940 and 1945,
比其他任何日本飞机都要多。 more than any other Japanese aircraft.
名古屋在战争期间生产了日本50%的飞机 Nagoya produced up to 50% of Japan's aircraft during the war
横跨45家大型工厂。 across 45 large factories.
它是日本航空战的核心 It was the heart of Japan's aviation war effort
变成了一个巨大的弱点。 and had become an enormous vulnerability.
美国空军的第一次战略轰炸 The first strategic bombing attack from the US Air Force
于1942年4月18日交付。 was delivered on 18 April 1942.
一架B-25轰炸机瞄准了各种资产， One B-25 bomber targeted various assets,
包括三菱飞机制造厂。 including the Mitsubishi aircraft factory.
这就是著名的杜立特突袭。 It became known as the Doolittle Raid.
但直到1944年到1945年的轰炸才开始 But it wasn't until the bombing attacks between 1944 and '45
名古屋遭受了严重的破坏 that Nagoya suffered severe damage.
共有21次攻击 A total of 21 attacks
摧毁了三菱的大部分工厂 destroyed most of Mitsubishi's factory
还有很多其他的军工设施。 and much of the other war industry facilities.
超过11.3万栋建筑被毁，近4000人死亡。 Over 113,000 buildings were destroyed and nearly 4,000 people killed.
对日本的猛烈轰炸开始后， Once the heavy bombing raids on Japan got underway,
这也影响了他们的生产能力 then that also impacted on their ability to manufacture
以及他们获取原材料的能力。 and their ability to source raw materials.
有很多因素在起作用 There were so many factors that came into play
是盟军轰炸造成的。 resulting from Allied bombing attacks.
1945年7月16日， NARRATOR: On July 16, 1945,
美国B-29超级堡垒埃诺拉·盖伊 the US B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay
在名古屋投下了一枚传统的南瓜炸弹 dropped a conventional pumpkin bomb on Nagoya
作为核弹轰炸的训练 as a training run for the nuclear bombing
广岛和长崎 of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
美国军事能力的强大和快速发展 The might and the rapid advancement of US military capabilities
标志着战争的关键转变 marked a pivotal shift in warfare,
日本一度占据主导地位的三菱零式汽车的演变 an evolution Japan's once-dominant Mitsubishi Zero
跟不上了。 couldn't keep up with.
在1936年, In 1936,
英国仍在努力应对其持久影响 Britain was still grappling with the lasting effects
从第一次世界大战开始 from the First World War.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
旁白：英国议会在平衡经济斗争， NARRATOR: The British Parliament was balancing economic struggles,
高失业率和日益增长的担忧 high unemployment and growing concerns
反对欧洲极权主义政权的崛起。 over the rise of totalitarian regimes within Europe.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
随着希特勒的威胁越来越大， NARRATOR: With the increasing threat from Hitler,
英国优先发展飞机生产 Britain prioritised aircraft production
以加强其防御能力。 to bolster its defence capabilities.
工程师R.J.米切尔 Engineer R.J. Mitchell
制造了超级海军喷火战斗机 crafted the Supermarine Spitfire,
椭圆机翼的流线型战斗机 a streamlined fighter with an elliptical wing
增强强度，减少空气阻力。 for enhanced strength and reduced air resistance.
劳斯莱斯的默林V12发动机提供了1300马力 The Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 engine delivered 1,300 horsepower
与放射形发动机相比， in a lower profile than radial engines,
这使得喷火战斗机的外形更加圆滑。 which helped give the Spitfire its sleek shape.
为了进一步减少阻力， And to reduce drag even further,
米切尔采用平头铆接， Mitchell employed flush riveting,
哪一个消除了铆钉头 which eliminated rivet heads
从表面上看 from sitting above the surface of the
飞机的硬铝外壳。 plane's stressed duraluminium skin.
“喷火”战斗机强壮、有力、敏捷， The Spitfire was strong, powerful and agile,
和它的8。303口径机枪； and with its eight .303-calibre machine guns,
它比竞争对手高出一筹。 it was a cut above the competition.
(自动枪声) (AUTOMATIC GUNFIRE)
但所有这些创新都带来了一个问题。 But all these innovations presented a problem.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
喷火战斗机比其他战斗机复杂得多 NARRATOR: The Spitfire was far more complex than any other fighter
为英国皇家空军建造。 built for the RAF.
“喷火”战斗机的生产早期确实遇到了一些障碍。 The Spitfire production early on did hit some snags.
有各种各样的问题。 There were all sorts of issues.
Supermarine建了一个新工厂 NARRATOR: Supermarine built a new plant
在伯明翰附近的布罗姆维奇城堡 in Castle Bromwich, near Birmingham,
为了扩大制造能力， to expand its manufacturing capabilities,
两个月后就开始制作了。 and production began just two months later.
安迪·桑德斯：那家工厂缺乏熟练工人 ANDY SAUNDERS: There was a shortage at that factory of skilled workers
能在飞机上工作的人， who could work on aircraft,
以及布罗姆维奇城堡工厂 and the Castle Bromwich factory,
他们不听Supermarine的指示 they wouldn't listen to Supermarine's instructions
或者正确地阅读他们的图纸。 or read their drawings properly.
还有各种各样的劳资关系问题。 And you had all sorts of industrial relations issues going on.
到1938年， NARRATOR: By 1938,
近80家承包商参与了“喷火”战斗机的生产 nearly 80 contractors were involved in Spitfire production
包括南安普敦在内的英国各地 across Britain, including in Southampton,
Supermarine的家。 home to Supermarine.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
9月26日， On 26 September,
德国轰炸机向南安普顿投掷了70吨炸弹。 German bombers showered Southampton with 70 tonnes of bombs...
(炸弹吹口哨) (BOMBS WHISTLE)
摧毁主工厂 ..destroying the main plant
杀死了现场四分之一的工人。 and killing a quarter of the workers present.
但是因为Supermarine But because Supermarine
将生产分散到许多公司和地点， had spread production over many companies and sites,
大部分制造业基础设施没有受到影响。 much of the manufacturing infrastructure was spared.
几周之内，制造业又重新开始了 Within weeks, manufacturing had started again
在南安普顿附近的多个地点 in multiple locations around Southampton.
多亏了英国政府的一项巧妙计划， Thanks to an ingenious plan devised by the British government,
“喷火”战斗机的生产继续不受影响。 production of the Spitfire continued uncompromised.
自1935年以来，分散生产一直是英国计划的一部分。 Dispersed production had been part of Britain's plan since 1935.
男：影子工厂是英国的阴谋 MAN: Shadow factories were a British scheme
提高生产能力 to increase manufacturing capacity
并将其分散到全国各地，以防德国轰炸。 and disperse it across the country in case of German bombings.
阴影计划 NARRATOR: The shadow scheme
会动用汽车制造商的资源吗 would employ the resources of automotive builders
确保连续性。 to ensure continuity.
所以，影子工厂实际上，或者说实际上， So, the shadow factories were effectively, or had effectively,
曾经是汽车工业工厂之类的，它们可以 been motor industry factories and that sort of thing, which could
基本上是切换到制造飞机。 basically switch over to building aircraft.
这就是计划。 That was the plan.
拉里D.费雷罗：影子工厂通常效率较低 LARRIE D. FERREIRO: Shadow factories were usually less efficient
比原来的工厂，但他们提供 than the original factories, but they provided
炸弹落下时的关键冗余。 critical redundancy when the bombs fell.
（防空警报器鸣叫） (AIR-RAID SIREN HOWLS)
很多影子工厂融入了基础设施， NARRATOR: Many shadow factories blended into infrastructure,
包括车库，公交车站，棉纺厂，皮革厂， including garages, bus stations, cotton mills, leather tanneries,
即使是商业洗衣店， even a commercial laundry,
使得德国空军几乎看不见它。 making it virtually invisible to the Luftwaffe.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
安迪·桑德斯：其中一个缺点是 ANDY SAUNDERS: One of the disadvantages was that
你破坏了飞机的建造。 you fragmented the construction of the aircraft.
例如，在很多情况下， In many instances, for example,
会有工厂在建设 there would be factories that were building
喷火战斗机的组成部分。 component parts of the Spitfire.
他们没有必要制造整架飞机。 They were not necessarily building the entire aircraft.
普通的英国人涌向工厂 NARRATOR: Ordinary Britons flocked to staff factories
以前所未有的数量， in unprecedented numbers,
尤其是动员妇女。 notably mobilising women.
到1943年，女性占劳动力的47%， By 1943, women comprised 47% of the workforce,
减少性别隔离。 reducing gender segregation.
到1944年, By 1944,
在英国和同盟国约有175家影子工厂 around 175 shadow factories in Britain and Allied nations
生产关键的飞机部件。 produced crucial aircraft parts.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
在这个网络的帮助下， NARRATOR: With the help of this network,
到1945年，超过2万架“超级海军喷火”战斗机交付使用， more than 20,000 Supermarine Spitfires were delivered by 1945,
它成为那个时代最著名的战斗机之一。 and it became one of the most celebrated fighter planes of the era.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
但二战中真正神奇的武器 But the true wonder weapons of World War II
预示着旅行和发现的新时代。 heralded a new era of travel and discovery.
1935年，保罗·施密特和乔治·汉斯·马德隆向德国空军投降 In 1935, Paul Schmidt and Georg Hans Madelung submitted to the Luftwaffe
飞行炸弹的创新设计 an innovative design for a flying bomb
其中包括一个脉冲喷气发动机。 which incorporated a pulse-jet engine.
拉里·费雷罗：德国是一个主要的威胁，因为 LARRIE D. FERREIRO: Germany represented a major threat because
它的科学家和工程师被认为更先进 its scientists and engineers were thought to be more advanced
在航空、化学甚至核裂变领域， in aeronautics, chemistry and even nuclear fission,
为了赢得战争，盟军必须打败他们 and to win the war, the Allies would have to beat them
在所有这些领域。 in every one of those areas.
旁白：德国政府下令 NARRATOR: The German government ordered
飞行炸弹的进一步发展， further development on the flying bomb,
1942年12月24日 and on 24 December 1942,
V-1，或“复仇武器”，首次成功发射 the V-1, or "vengeance weapon", had its first successful launch
来自波罗的海沿岸的佩内穆恩德军事研究机构。 from the Peenemuende army research facility, on the Baltic coast.
V-1的脉冲喷气发动机产生了300公斤的推力 The V-1's pulse-jet engine generated 300kg of thrust
最高时速可达624公里。 and had a top speed of 624km per hour.
它由陀螺仪伺服系统引导 It was guided by a gyroscopic servo system
在飞行过程中保持一个恒定的方向。 that maintained a constant direction during flight.
这个7.9米长2吨重的机器 The 7.9-metre-long 2-tonne machine
爆炸有效载荷850公斤。 delivered an explosive payload of 850kg.
男：V-1，众所周知的涂鸦虫， MAN: The V-1, famously known as doodlebug,
是世界上最早的巡航导弹之一。 was one of the world's first cruise missiles.
你知道，那是一架无人驾驶飞机… You know, it was a pilotless aircraft...
．．满载军火， ..loaded with munitions,
从所谓的滑雪坡道上射出， that would shoot off what was called a ski ramp,
旅行几百英里， travel a few hundred miles,
燃料会耗尽， the fuel would run out,
然后它就会掉到地上 and then it would just drop to the earth
落在哪里就会爆炸。 and explode wherever it fell.
也有个绰号叫buzzbomb， NARRATOR: Also nicknamed the buzzbomb,
由于脉冲射流靠近时发出的可怕声音， due to the frightening sound made by the pulse-jet as it approached,
这种简单但致命的武器会在撞击时引爆 this simple but deadly weapon would detonate on impact
并在600米半径范围内释放出残酷的冲击波。 and unleash a brutal shock wave over a 600-metre radius.
斯蒂芬·布尔：V-1在技术上是先进的 STEPHEN BULL: The V-1 was technologically advanced
从某种意义上说，它把一些意想不到的事情组合在一起 in the sense that it put together some unexpected things
创建一个结果。 to create a result.
然而，我不会把它描述为技术非常先进。 However, I wouldn't describe it as hugely technologically advanced.
它的引擎是喷气发动机，没错， Its engine was a jet engine, yes,
但它是脉冲射流， but it was a pulse-jet,
这是一种非常早期和原始的引擎。 which is a pretty early and primitive sort of engine.
但是纳粹看到了巨大的潜力。 NARRATOR: But the Nazis saw huge potential.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
当希特勒看到这些，他说， And when Hitler sees these things, he goes,
“这些能帮我们打赢这场战争” "Well, these can win us the war."
这就是为什么它们被称为v型武器， And this is why they're called V-weapons,
因为它们被称为复仇武器。 'cause they're called vengeance weapons.
他认为v - 15可以摧毁，炸毁伦敦。 And he thinks the V-1s can decimate, blow up, London.
“这对我有帮助。” "That's gonna help me."
斯蒂芬·布尔：V-1是一枚非常大的炸弹， STEPHEN BULL: The V-1 was a significantly large bomb,
但你还需要一个大得多的目标。 but you also needed a significantly large target.
去伦敦或安特卫普之类的地方 Hitting somewhere like London or Antwerp
相当不错，因为他们是巨大的目标。 were reasonably good, because they are huge targets.
如果你试图撞到一列车辆 If you tried to hit a column of vehicles
或者两三个小地堡，都没用。 or two or three small bunkers, it was useless.
一万枚v -1向英国发射， NARRATOR: 10,000 V-1s were fired against Britain,
七千登陆伦敦。 7,000 landing in London.
估计生产了34000架v -1 An estimated 34,000 V-1s were produced
并部署在欧洲城市， and deployed against European cities,
造成6000多人死亡。 killing more than 6,000 people.
斯蒂芬·布尔：与此同时，你必须考虑到这一点 STEPHEN BULL: And, at the same time, you have to consider that
有很多工业上的努力去制造V-1 there was a lot of industrial effort going into making the V-1 -
投入制作的资源， the resources put into its making,
其部署，建设地下工厂。 its deployment, the building of underground factories.
平行于V-1， NARRATOR: Parallel to the V-1,
世界上第一枚远程制导弹道导弹 the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile
也正在佩内穆恩德发展。 was also being developed at Peenemuende.
STEPHEN BULL: vergeltung的第二种武器，V-2， STEPHEN BULL: The second of the Vergeltungs weapons, the V-2,
在很多方面都是发达的，因为 was developed, in many ways, because
V-1永远无法实现 the V-1 was never going to achieve
阻止入侵部队的任务， the task of stopping the invasion force,
它本身也不会 nor by itself would it
有任何结束战争的机会。 have any chance of bringing the war to an end.
V-2是由液体推进剂火箭发动机驱动的。 NARRATOR: The V-2 was powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine.
时速接近6000公里 Capable of nearly 6,000km per hour
携带1000公斤的炸药 and delivering an explosive payload of 1,000kg...
．．V-2是可怕的。 ..the V-2 was formidable.
一个陀螺仪系统，由发射场的无线电辅助， A gyroscopic system, assisted by radio from the launch site,
为目标提供指导。 provided guidance to the target.
(嘟嘟) (BEEPING)
盖伊·沃尔特斯：另一方面，v -2更具可部署性， GUY WALTERS: The V-2s, on the other hand, are much more deployable,
因为你可以把它们放在拖车上， because you CAN put them on a trailer,
把它们拖到你喜欢的任何地方， tow them to just about anywhere you like,
从一个隐蔽的地方发射。 and launch them from a hidden location.
沃纳·冯·布劳恩，他开始了这些火箭项目 MAN: Wernher von Braun, who had started on these rocketry projects
甚至在第二次世界大战开始之前 even before the Second World War had started,
是什么划时代的东西吗 were something which were epoch-making
而且非常重要，甚至对今天的我们也是如此。 and hugely important, even to us today.
盖伊·沃尔特斯：纳粹的火箭技术最终导致 GUY WALTERS: It's Nazi rocket technology that ultimately leads
为了人类登上月球。 to man getting to the moon.
所以V-2火箭绝对是革命性的。 So the V-2 rocket is absolutely revolutionary.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
1942年12月22日， NARRATOR: On 22 December 1942,
希特勒下令每月生产250枚V-2火箭 Hitler ordered the manufacture of 250 V-2 rockets per month
并授权采取一切必要措施完成任务。 and authorised whatever measures necessary to get the job done.
这将需要大量的劳动力。 A substantial workforce would be required.
所以劳动力来自党卫军集中营。 So labour was sourced from SS concentration camps.
（汽笛吹响） (STEAM WHISTLE BLOWS)
在8月17日和18日英军突袭后， After the British raid on 17 and 18 of August,
决定转移V-2火箭的生产 the decision was made to move the production of V-2 rockets
到图林根州Kohnstein山的一个巨大的地下设施。 to a vast underground facility at the Kohnstein hill, in Thuringia.
占地100万平方英尺的多拉隧道综合体， The Dora tunnel complex, covering an area of 1 million square feet,
不仅能保护工厂免受空中轰炸吗 would not only protect the factory from aerial bombardment
还有附近的米特尔包-多拉和布痕瓦尔德集中营 but the nearby Mittelbau-Dora and Buchenwald concentration camps
将提供充足的劳动力。 would supply ample labour.
简单来说，就是建造发射场之类的东西 Simply, the building of things like launch sites
以及地下工厂本身 and the underground factories themselves
可能导致事故 could lead to accidents
或者劳动力因劳动而筋疲力尽。 or exhaustion through labour of the workforce.
1943年11月，大约有8000名囚犯 NARRATOR: By November 1943, there were about 8,000 prisoners
来自俄罗斯、波兰和法国 from Russia, Poland and France
在地下生活和工作。 living and working underground.
许多人再也见不到外面的世界了。 Many would never see the outside again.
地下mittelworkk工厂的情况 Conditions at the underground Mittelwerk factory
是所有集中营中最糟糕的。 were some of the worst of all concentration camps.
潮湿、昏暗的隧道温度从未超过15摄氏度。 The damp, dimly lit tunnels never got warmer than 15 degrees Celsius...
．．还有囚犯自己搭的木制铺位 ..and the wooden bunks constructed by the prisoners themselves
是由两个或更多轮班的人共享的吗 were shared by two or more people in shifts
变得肮脏，布满虱子。 and became filthy and ridden with lice.
斯蒂芬·布尔：被强迫劳动，可悲的是，被视为消耗品， STEPHEN BULL: Being forced labour and regarded, sadly, as expendable,
许多人在V-2的建造过程中丧生。 many people lost their lives during the construction of the V-2.
饥饿，疾病和疲惫 NARRATOR: Hunger, sickness and exhaustion
通常造成的死亡比警卫的身体暴力更多。 generally caused more deaths than physical violence by guards.
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
1943年12月， NARRATOR: By December 1943,
死亡率稳步上升 the rates of deaths steadily increased
到平均每天25次。 to an average of 25 per day.
六个月内有2882人死亡。 2,882 people died in six months.
最初，尸体被运回布痕瓦尔德火化， Initially, bodies were transported back to Buchenwald for cremation,
但很多人都在死去， but so many people were dying,
必须在现场建立一个火葬场。 a crematorium had to be set up onsite.
1943年12月至1944年3月， Between December 1943 and March 1944,
新到的囚犯勉强抵消了死亡的人数 the new prisoners arriving barely offset the number of those dying
或者因为生病被送走。 or transported out due to sickness.
估计有25000名囚犯死于Mittelbau集中营系统。 An estimated 25,000 prisoners died in the Mittelbau camp system.
1万件可能要归功于V-2计划。 10,000 may be attributed to the V-2 program.
V-2造成超过5000名盟军死亡。 The V-2 caused just over 5,000 Allied deaths.
然而，它的生产夺去了两倍的生命 However, its production claimed twice as many lives
作为武器的实际用途。 as its actual use as a weapon.
拉里D.费雷罗：德国科学证明了这一点 LARRIE D. FERREIRO: German science turned out
没有原来想的那么有效。 not to be as effective as originally thought.
它是烟囱式的 It was stovepiped
而且经常因为纳粹的定罪而被扼杀， and often stifled because of Nazi convictions,
以及V-2火箭等重大突破， and breakthroughs, like the V-2 rocket,
只是在战争快结束时发生的， only happened towards the end of the war,
当他们不再是战略威胁的时候。 when they were no longer a strategic threat.
火箭引擎在多拉隧道设施进行研发 NARRATOR: Rocket engine development at the Dora tunnel facility
最终扩展到包括 eventually expanded to include
20世纪最具影响力的航空发展之一。 one of the most influential aviation developments of the 20th century.
绰号为Schwalbe或燕子， Nicknamed the Schwalbe, or Swallow,
梅塞施密特me262使二战中所有其他战斗机黯然失色。 the Messerschmitt Me 262 eclipsed every other fighter of World War II.
它的机动性和威力都很强， It was highly manoeuvrable and powerful,
最高时速可达900公里 with a top speed of 900km per hour,
它可以爬升到一个高度 and it could climb to an altitude
超过37,000英尺。 of more than 37,000 feet.
Me 262装有涡轮喷气发动机，这是 The Me 262 had turbojet engines, which was
在当时非常不寻常，而且…… highly unusual for that moment in time, and...
．．它们比当时的其他喷射机要复杂得多。 ..they were more complicated than some of the other jets of the time.
安迪·桑德斯：它的速度惊人， ANDY SAUNDERS: It had an astonishingly high speed,
这意味着 so this meant that
盟军战斗机遇到了很大的困难 Allied fighters had great difficulty
抓住他们。 catching them.
但是me262只是少量出现 NARRATOR: But the Me 262 only appeared in small numbers
在战争结束时。 by the end of the war.
生产了1400多辆 A little over 1,400 were produced
只有300人参加了战斗。 and just 300 saw combat.
(自动枪声) (AUTOMATIC GUNFIRE)
STEPHEN BULL: Me 262非常有趣 STEPHEN BULL: The Me 262 was an extremely interesting
在很多方面都是令人惊讶的武器， and in many ways surprising weapon,
因为它的发展甚至在第二次世界大战之前就开始了， because its development had started even before the Second World War,
这花了好几年时间 and it took quite a few years
达到某一点 to reach a point
成为一种实用的战争武器。 at which it became a practical weapon of war.
大量生产Me 262在1943年5月被订购。 NARRATOR: Mass production of the Me 262 was ordered in May 1943.
然而，战时的挑战削弱了这台工业机器。 However, wartime challenges crippled the industrial machine.
经济受到影响，面临劳动力和物资短缺。 The economy suffered, facing labour and material shortages.
今年8月，一个重大打击来袭 In August, a significant blow hit
因为美国摧毁了雷根斯堡润滑油厂 as the United States destroyed the Regensburg Pruefening factory.
(炸弹吹口哨) (BOMBS WHISTLE)
为了对抗美国的轰炸， To counter American bombardment,
生产基地分散在德国各地，经常迁移 production sites were scattered across Germany, shifting frequently
从洞穴，隧道，森林，甚至高速公路。 from caves, tunnels, forests and even motorways.
一个长期计划的解决方案是建立一个集中的防爆工厂。 A long-planned solution was a centralised bombproof factory.
1944年3月，在考费林附近的伊格林格森林开始建造。 Construction began in March 1944, in the Iglinger forest, near Kaufering.
完成安装 The completed installation
将包括三个半地下掩体， would comprise three semi-underground bunkers,
每个都有22000平方米的面积。 each with a surface area of 22,000 square metres.
五层楼将隐藏在一个巨大的混凝土拱门下 Five floors would be hidden under a huge concrete arch
净高46米。 with a clear height of 46 metres.
计划是生产 The plan was to produce
每月最多1200英镑。 up to 1,200 ME 262s per month.
拼命追赶盟军的进攻 Desperately trying to outpace the Allied attack
完成设施建设， and finish the facility,
纳粹把附近达豪集中营的囚犯投入工作。 the Nazis put to work prisoners from the nearby Dachau concentration camp.
地堡从未完工。 The bunkers were never completed.
纳粹的战争机器无法维持下去 The Nazi war machine couldn't sustain
联军的持续进攻 the continual onslaught from Allied forces,
1945年初，所有的基础设施都崩溃了。 and all infrastructure collapsed early in 1945.
也许是Me 262 Perhaps the Me 262
能在德国战争中发挥更大的作用吗 could have played a bigger role in the German war effort
如果不是因为最后一刻的设计改变。 had it not been for last-minute design changes.
STEPHEN BULL：生产被推迟了 STEPHEN BULL: Production was delayed
部分原因是决定的改变 partly because of a change of decision
Me 262不应该仅仅作为战斗机使用 that the Me 262 should not be just used as a fighter
但应该用作战斗轰炸机 but should be used as a fighter-bomber
还有对地攻击机。 and ground-attack aircraft.
重新设计让德国付出了代价 NARRATOR: This redesign arguably cost Germany
获得空中优势的机会。 a chance to gain air superiority.
虽然梅塞施密特me262的性能优势 Although the performance advantage of the Messerschmitt Me 262
无法抵消盟军在空中的优势， could not offset the Allied dominance of the air,
它的创新启发了几代人的飞机设计。 its innovations would inspire generations of aircraft design.
(引擎无人机) (ENGINES DRONE)
(炸弹吹口哨) (BOMBS WHISTLE)
第二次世界大战期间，飞机的使用改变了战争格局。 During World War II, the use of aircraft reshaped warfare.
飞机的大规模生产 Mass production of aeroplanes
这是一项至关重要的努力 became a crucial endeavour,
改变战斗进程和战略。 altering the course of battles and strategies.
飞机由无情的装配线大量生产， Planes, churned out by relentless assembly lines,
不仅代表了技术的进步 represented not only technological advancements
也是希望和力量的象征。 but also symbols of hope and strength.
TERRANCE FURGERSON：我们制造的所有飞机 TERRANCE FURGERSON: All the airplanes we built
在二战期间，绝大多数都在1946年过时了。 during World War II, the vast majority, are obsolete by 1946.
很少有第二次世界大战的飞机会在朝鲜冲突中服役。 Very few World War II aircraft will see service in the Korean conflict.
我们必须为喷气式飞机时代重建空军。 We have to rebuild the air force for the jet age.
但我们有训练有素的人力来做这件事。 But we have the trained manpower to do it.
马克·r·威尔逊：一些二战时期的工厂 MARK R. WILSON: Some of these World War II plants
继续被美国军工联合体使用 continued to be used by the US military industrial complex
二战后的几十年里 for many decades after World War II,
在很多情况下， and in many cases, again,
公司被引进来运营，比如洛克希德公司等等， companies are brought in to operate, like Lockheed and so forth,
它们的寿命很长。 and they have very long lives.
飞机生产的工业规模 NARRATOR: The industrial scale of aircraft production
证明仪器…… proved instrumental...
．．使航空永远成为战争的关键因素。 ..making aviation a key factor in wars forevermore.
说明文字由红蜂传媒(c) SBS澳大利亚2025 Captions by Red Bee Media (c) SBS Australia 2025