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南北之战 The North against the South.
手足相残 Brother against brother.
内战是美国历史上最血腥的篇章 The Civil War is the bloodiest in American history.
胜利不仅仅取决于战场上的血拼肉搏 Victory will take far more than brute firepower on the battlefield.
技术 通讯 后勤 Technology, communications, logistics.
正是这些火线背后的较量 It's what happens behind the front lines
最终决定了这场关乎美国未来的战事 that will ultimately decides this battle for America's future.
我们是前锋 也是先驱 We are pioneers...and trailblazers.
我们为自由而战 We fight for freedom.
我们将梦想付诸现实 We transform our dreams into the truth.
我们的奋斗将换来一个国家的新生 Our struggles will become a nation.
美国: 我们的故事
第五集 内战
1862年 内战进入高潮 1862, the Civil War is at its height.
南北双方 North and South,
陷入了一场关乎美国未来的苦战 locked in a bitter conflict for the future of America.
一种新式子弹 A new kind of bullet
将这场战争带入了可怕的僵局 has brought this war to a terrible deadlock,
造成了始料未及的大规模人员伤亡 bringing death on a scale never previously seen in warfare.
翻译：安小七 爱卿 Jose ww艾 取子小Q
校对：安小七 精校：小坏 时间轴：Sissi
后期：鱼骨头 总监：小坏
伊利诺伊州 斯普林菲尔德的一家冶金铺里 Here at a metal works in Springfield, Illinois,
熔铅踏上了历史舞台 molten lead is beginning its journey,
成为了一种致命的破坏性原料 becoming a lethal instrument of destruction.
熔铅所铸的子弹被称为迷你弹 The bullet known as the minie ball.
这一小块未加工的铅就是 This crude piece of lead is the primary reason
造成前所未有的伤亡的罪魁祸首 for the unprecedented levels of slaughter in this war.
迷你弹发明于法国 重一盎司 直径半英寸 Invented in France. It's an ounce in weight and a half inch across.
每人每小时可以铸造3000枚迷你弹 One person can cast 3,000 minie balls an hour.
每一发这种不起眼的子弹 Each one of these simple bullets
都可以在眨眼间洞穿人体 can rip through a man's body in a fraction of a second.
南北双方都在使用迷你弹 The minie ball is used by North and South alike.
对这种致命子弹的需求高涨 Demand for this killer bullet runs so high
导致了一个全新工业的兴起 that an entire industry springs up
专门为前线输送迷你弹 supplying minie balls to the front line
北方一共铸造了超过5亿枚迷你弹 In total, the North makes over half a billion minie balls,
准备送往前线 ready to be fired from
武装士兵们手中的200万支步枪 the 2 million muskets supplied to its men.
从多个角度看 In many ways,
詹姆斯·梅格斯 [《大众机械》杂志总编]
内战都是第一场现代战争 the Civil War was the first modern war
这是工业革命的影响深入到美国之后 because it was the first war that took place
打响的第一场战争 after the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform our country.
把这一箱子弹运送到前线去 It will take over 33 hours for a bullet in this box
需耗时超过33小时 行程逾800英里 to travel the 800 plus miles to the battlefield
然后就等目标出现 ready to find its target.
新式步枪比起传统武器来 The new musket is much faster to reload
重新上膛的速度大大提升 than traditional weapons.
装上火药 Load the gun powder,
把子弹塞到底 ram down the bullet,
然后就可以射击了 and it's ready to fire.
想象一下这样的战斗状态 Imagine warfare where your ability to load a musket
布莱恩·威廉斯 [NBC晚间新闻主播]
你给步枪的上膛速度是否快过敌方 faster than the guy with the other musket
将直接决定你是生是死 would determine if you lived or die.
枪管内壁的凹槽 即装膛线 Groove on the inside of the barrel, rifling,
让子弹旋转着射向目标 spin the ball towards its target.
准度和射程的双重改进使其更加致命 The improved accuracy and range are a deadly combination.
理查德·麦克·马克威茨 [军事专家 前海豹突击队队员]
前一秒 一切太平 One second -- everything's great
下一秒 你的伙伴已经身首异处 and the next second, your buddy's head is gone
或者他的一条胳膊飞了出去 or his arm is flying off.
当一枚软金属步枪弹击中人体后的惨状 You don't want to know what a soft metal musket ball does
你是不会想知道的 when it enters the human body.
冲击过后 子弹尖头变平 On impact, the bullet flattens out.
骨头碎成尖片 bone shattered into splinters
对肌肉和组织造成更深的伤害 causing further damage to muscle and tissue.
通常情况下 More often than not,
被子弹直接击中 只有死路一条 the result of a direct hit is death.
即使有了迷你弹这样的科技优势 but for all the minie balls technological edge,
军队仍然采用传统的兵法战术 the army still uses traditional military tactics.
让战争尤为惨烈的是 What made it specifically tragic was
现代科技与更多的传统战术相结合 modern technology meeting much more ancient tactics,
因此伤亡数字十分惊人 so the death rates were truly appalling.
双方军队仍是直接正面交锋 The troops still face one another openly
并维持着各自的战线 with lines across the battlefield.
但迷你弹精确射程可达600码[约550米] But the minie ball is accurate over a range of 600 yards.
足以轻易贯穿两军间隔 Easily spaning this distance.
而且其重新上膛时间更短 And it can be reloaded
比传统武器要快八倍 eight times faster than a traditional weapon.
后果是灾难性的 The effects are catastrophic.
战死率相比之前的战争 The kill rate increases dramatically
大幅上升 compared to previously wars.
整个战场就像是经历了一场大屠杀 Across the battlefield the results are carnage.
出乎意料 伤亡数字空前巨大 Blood and death on a previously unseen scales.
他们相互残杀 尸体成群 成排 成堆 They killed each other in droves in lines and in piles.
士兵亚历山大·亨特写道 Soldier Alexander Hunter writes.
一个人趴在地上 身体几乎分成了两半 One lay on his face with his body almost in two parts.
另一个人中弹时还正在瞄准 Another was shot just as he was taking aim,
一只眼还睁着 而另一只眼已经闭上了 one eye was still open while the other was closed,
胳膊伸出去的姿势还在握着步枪 one arm extended in the position of holding his rifle
而步枪则躺在他身边的地上 which laid beside on the ground.
双方的部队 The troops on both sides
都必须在这弥漫着死亡气氛的环境中挣扎求生 must live in the middle of this untold deafen suffering.
霍雷肖·查普曼在日记里记录了他的经历 Horatio Chapman, records his experience in his diary.
有些地方 死尸层层堆叠在一起 The dead in some places were piled upon each other
伤员的呻吟和哀叹 and the groans and moans of the wounded
实在令人耳不忍闻 were truly saddening to hear.
一部分人苟延残喘 但已失去知觉 Some were just alive and gasping, but unconscious
而另一部分人重伤垂死 others were mortally wounded
同时清醒地意识到自己已是命不久矣 and were conscious of the fact that they could not live long.
截至北方获胜之时 By the time of the North's final victory,
双方合计阵亡人数超过60万 over 600,000 men on both sides are dead.
相当于当时美国人口的2% sum 2% of the entire US population.
按比例推算 In current population terms,
相当于现在的600万人 that's the equivalent of 6 million people.
死者中有近半数依然身份不明 Almost half of the dead remain unidentified.
由于害怕自己会成为战场上的无名鬼 The fear of dying forgot on the battlefield
士兵们第一次 leave soldiers for the first time
开始在军装上画上自己的姓名和部队番号 to begin painting their names and unions on their uniforms.
这些早期的士兵身份识别牌 These crude early versions of the dog tag
在他们死后可以帮助辨认尸体的身份 will make it possible to identify their bodies after they are killed.
此外 美国日益发展的邮政服务 For the first time, America's growing postal service,
让前线士兵们首次能够给亲友写信 means soldiers can write to their loved ones from the front.
由于当时还没有如今的军队审查制度 With none of today's military censorship,
这就让诸如罗伯特·斯泰尔斯的士兵们 it allows soldiers like Robert Stiles
得以将前线生活的恐怖现实传播出去 to relay the terrifying realities of life on the front line.
萦绕在我们身边的惨状和气味 The sights and smells that assailed us
实在让人无法形容 were simply indescribable.
尸体肿胀成了原来的两倍大小 Corpse swollen to twice their original size.
有些尸体甚至会因 Some of them actually burst sunder
淤塞的气体的压力过大而爆开 with the pressure of foul gases and vapours.
潜藏在这场大屠杀背后深层次的政治仇恨 Fueling this carnage lies the deep political animosity
才是战争爆发的根源 that has led to this war.
在这场被喻为 In the bitter conflict that
"手足相残"的苦战中 has pitted as"brother against brother",
南方决意捍卫其独立地位 the South has determined to defend its independence
以及奴隶制 and the system of slavery.
而北方绝不会任由南方脱离联邦 But the North will not allow it to leave the Union of States.
交战过后 We fought and lost
科林·L·鲍威尔将军 [前美国国务卿]
双方都损失了数十万军人 hundreds of thousands of men on both sides
都是为了捍卫自己心中的信仰 fighting for what they believe is right.
新式武器和传统兵法的结合非常恐怖 The unholy alliance of new weapons and outdated battle tactics,
导致了死亡率达到了工业化的规模 means the body count on an industrial scale.
战争陷入了血腥的僵局 The war is locked in a bloody stalemate.
双方都无法发起决定性的一击 Neither side can land a decisive blow.
在这场相持不下的战争中 In this bitter war of attrition,
胜利属于坚持到最后的人 victory will come to the last man standing.
1862年8月 开战已逾一年 August 1862, over a year into the war.
罗伯特·E·李将军所领导的南方联盟军队 General Robert E Lee's Confederate Army,
准备好发动一起大规模的进攻 is readying to launch a wide ranging assault ,
对手是弗吉尼亚的联邦军队 against Union forces in Virginia.
士气高昂的士兵们 Highly motivated
将在他们的故土上大战一场 these men are fighting on their home turf,
并时刻准备好为捍卫南方独立 and are ready to die for Southern independence
为维护传统的乡村生活方式而牺牲 and traditions, and its rural way of life.
南方的繁荣完全依托于一种农作物 Its prosperity is built around a simple crop--
棉花 cotton.
棉花被喻为"白色黄金" Known as white gold,
南方的棉产量 the South accounts for
占世界总产量的三分之二 two thirds of the world's supply of cotton.
棉花给南方各州带来了惊人的财富 And it brings extraordinary wealth to the Southern states.
但这笔财富却是建立在奴隶的血汗之上的 but its wealth built on the backs of slaves.
而如今 林肯的票选胜利 Now Lincoln's victory at the ballot box
对这种传统生活方式构成了威胁 threatens this traditional way of life,
使它所赖以生存的奴隶制岌岌可危 the slavery it is built on.
不愿屈服于北方统治 Rather than submit to Northern rule,
南方决定一战 the South decides to fight.
他们想要分而治之 They want a separate nation.
罗伯特·E·李将军担任 General Rober E Lee takes command
新成立的北弗吉尼亚军队总指挥 at the head of the newly formed army of Northen Virginia.
李是毕业于西点军校的高材生 Lee, a brilliant graduate of the elite Westpoint Academy
又在墨西哥战争中久经历练 is already a veteran of the Mexican War.
他在战场上的高效率一直为人所称道 Highly regarded for his effectiveness on the battlefield.
李可以凭直觉主导战况 Lee could intuit the battlefield
这一点很像二战中的隆美尔 in a way that almost resembles Rommel in
纽特·金里奇 [前美国国会众议院议长]
或是巴顿 World War II, or Patton,
因此 他从某种程度上可以感觉到 and as a result, he could sort of almost sense
哪里适合放手一搏 where the place would be to take the gamble
哪里适合迎头一击 and where to hit.
1862年 弗吉尼亚州马纳萨斯 Manassas Virginia, 1862,
南方联盟军在布尔溪 confederal troops gather ahead
第二次战役前集结起来 of the second battle of Bull Run.
李的兵力相比对手严重不足 Lee's forces are heavily outnumbered.
但是这片弗吉尼亚林地 But this Virginia woodland
是这些志愿军的地盘 is home territory for these volunteer troops
他们对地形了如指掌 known like the back of their hand.
严苛的训练和严格的军规 Rigid training and strict discipline
把他们变成了一支令人望而生畏的武装力量 has turned them into a formidable fighting force.
如果你是当时的一名赌徒 If you've been a betting man back then,
你一定会把胜算押在南方 you would have bet the South would have won.
戴维·鲍尔达奇 [犯罪推理小说作家]
南方要做的只是守住领地而已 The South only had to hold its territory,
而北方需要深入敌后攻城略地 the North had to come and take it away,
北方必须成为占领军 the North had to be the occupying force
而这一点难度更大 which is far harder to do.
在布尔溪 李轻松展示了他麾下军队的优势 At Bull Run, Lee easily demonstrates his force's superiority.
在一场仅持续了10分钟的交战中 In one engagement lasting just 10 minutes,
北军士兵纽约第五团损失的兵力 the yankee 5th New York regiment loses more men
比整个内战中其他任何一个团损失的都要多 than any other regiment during the entire Civil War.
李的队伍一共歼灭了超过1700名联邦士兵 All tolled, Lee's men kill over 1700 Union soldiers.
必胜的决心以及主场优势 Determination and local knowledge
给南方带来了开战以来最大的一场胜利 give the South their greatest victory in the war to date.
但李和他的指挥官们 But Lee and his commanders
低估了这场战斗的性质 have underestimated the nature of this conflict...
也低估了他们的对手 and of their opponent,
亚伯拉罕·林肯总统 President Abraham Lincoln.
因为林肯正在谋划一场全新的战争 Because Lincoln is fighting a totally new kind of war,
而南方的对手们却对此全然无知 and the Southern adversaries just don't get it.
一列火车满载着飞驰南下 A packed train speeds on its way south,
给联邦军队带去生力军和给养 ready to replenish the Union Army with fresh troops and supplies.
乔治·班尼迪克中尉在家书中写道 Lieutenant George Benedict writes home.
我们被塞进运货车厢 We were stowed away in freight cars
驶出这座城市 and started out of the city.
车上除了我们团以外 还载有600名军人 The train took 600 other troops besides our regiment,
以及34节装得满满的车厢 and numbered 34 heavily loaded cars.
铁路是此战中林肯的秘密武器之一 The railroad, one of Lincoln's hidden weapons in this war.
这是总统直接下令进行的调度 In one key operation ordered directly by the President
25000名新兵 25,000 fresh troops
被送往1200英里以外的南方 were sent on a 1200-mile journey to the South.
如果从公路走 需要两个多月 By road it would take over two months.
而通过铁路 只需7天便可到达 By rail, it will take these men just seven days.
自从19世纪30年代开建以来 Following its introduction in the 1830's,
美国的铁路设施 America's rail infrastructure has
渐渐将触角延伸到了全国的每个角落 gradually spread its tentacles across the country.
林肯意识到 这将彻底改变军队调度效率 Lincoln realizes it can revolutionize the speed of troop deployments.
他和铁路拥有者们达成协议 He strikes a deal with the rail owners
将北方铁路网纳入政府管辖 to put the North railroad network under government control.
这使铁路也成为了一种战争武器 It turns the railroad into a weapon of war.
军队不再像以前那样 Instead of armies being limited
詹姆斯·梅格斯 [《大众机械》杂志总编]
被行军速度所限 to the speed at which they can march,
突然之间 你可以通过铁路 all of a sudden, you had armies being able to move
把军队输送到前线 to up to the front by rail.
而更重要的是 后勤供给 And more importantly, supplies.
给养和部队 Supplies and troops
通过铁路从北方源源不断地输往前线 pour out of the North toward the battle front.
有些繁忙的路线每天要运输800吨给养 Some busy lines carry 800 tons of supplies a day,
相当于80节车厢的货运量 the equivalent of 80 railroad cars.
林肯手中掌控的北方24000英里的铁路线 In Lincoln's hands, the 24,000 miles of railroad tracks in the North
成了他战争武器的杀手锏 becomes an arm of his war machine.
但南方所拥有的铁路网则小得多 But the South has a far smaller network.
战争初期只有9000英里 Just 9,000 miles at the start of the war
并且一直为私人所有 and it remains under private control.
战争持续的四年中 In the four years the war lasts,
北方新修了4000英里铁路线 the North adds 4,000 miles of new track to it's network
而南方只新修了400英里 against just 400 miles in the South.
铁路物资供给协调不力 This inability to coordinate rail supplies
给南方带来了毁灭性的打击 will prove disastrous for the South.
尽管他们离首都里士满只有30英里 Even though they're just 30 miles from their capital in Richmond.
1863年冬 落后的铁路运输 In the winter of 1863, poor rail links
却使弗吉尼亚州的南方军队陷入饥荒 mean Southern troops in Virginia starve.
尽管南方军队兵强马壮 斗志昂扬 For all their brilliance and determination in battle,
但他们唯独因为缺乏后勤供应 the South simply lackd the logistics
而无法发动致命的一击 to deliver a decisive blow.
而且不仅仅铁路运输存在问题 And it isn't simply rail.
林肯意识到 要取得胜利 Lincoln realizes that victory
还得尽可能调动北方的一切工业力量 depends on mobilizing the entire industrial might of the North
作为战争的强大后盾 behind the war effort.
战争时期 北方的服装生产量翻了一番 Production of clothing in the North doubles during the conflict.
草耙制造商开始生产利剑 Pitchfork manufacturers start making swords,
与此同时 战争期间美国专利品数量增长了一倍 while the number of patents doubles in the course of the war.
制造业 技术产业 基础设施 Manufacturing, technology, infrastructure.
使得美国面貌焕然一新 It will change the face of America.
有史以来第一次 For the first time in history,
工业成为战争的强大后盾 industry is put behind the war effort,
在一战和二战期间 an approach to conflict
美国都运用了这种 that America will exploit
调动工业力量的战略 in the First and Second World Wars.
这是一种新的 一体化经济的开端 It is the beginning of a new, integrated economy.
即将成为现代经济的特征 It will be the hallmark of the modern age.
在与白宫一街之隔的一幢建筑里 In a building just across the road from the White House
有一个小房间 is a small room.
它成了战争时期林肯的作战指挥中心 It will become Lincoln's nerve center in this war.
在小房间的中央 有一个简单的装置 And at its heart, a simple device
改变了这场战争的作战方式和获胜途径 that will transform how this war is fought and won:
这就是电报 the telegraph.
1844年发明的摩尔斯电码 The invention of Morse Code in 1844
使电报成为美国最早的大众通讯工具 turns the telegraph into America's first tool of mass communication.
它编码迅速 以点线构成的基本系统 Quickly encoded, the basic system of dots and dashes
对于发送简短信息再理想不过了 is ideal for brief messages.
就像今天的推特一样 Like Twitter today,
发送 转录消息只需要几秒钟 it needs just seconds to send them and transcribe them.
曾经 传令员需要花费数日 Where messengers previously took days
快马加鞭数百英里 on horse back, over hundreds of miles
跋山涉水才可以将信息送达 and across every kind of terrain,
现在全国50000英里的电报网 now the country's 50,000 mile telegraph network
意味着通讯几乎是在瞬间完成 means communication is almost instantaneous.
电线杆与铁路线并排延伸 As telegraph poles snake out alongside the railroad lines,
这个广袤的国家距离在缩短 this vast country begins to shrink.
这改变了这场战争的本质 It will transform the nature of this war,
因为信息和决策 as information and decisions
如今能够以光速在各地来回传送 can flow backwards and forwards, at lightning speed.
这算得上是电子邮件的早期形式 It became kind of the early version of e-mail.
突然之间 Suddenly it was possible
史蒂芬·约翰逊 [著名作家]
身处圣路易斯的某人可以把消息传给 to get a message to somebody from St. Louis
比如说 传给纽约的某个人 you know, to get a message to New York
而这些都只需要很短的时间 in a shockingly short amount of time.
林肯马上意识到了 Lincoln immediately realizes
电报作为一个战争武器的潜力 the telegraph's potential as a weapon of war.
他坚决要求安装 He insists on the installation of telegraph lines
直通陆军部的电报线路 directly into the War Department.
并迅速采取行动 And he quickly acts to
将联邦内的所有电报传输设施都划归军方控制 place all telegraph facilities in the Union under military control.
这个电报办公室成为一个中央枢纽 The Telegraph Office becomes the central hub
林肯在这里组织 指挥 控制战事 of Lincoln's war operation. His command and control center.
他忙的时候甚至会睡在这里 He even takes to sleeping here at busy times.
电报办公室的经理 大卫·荷马·贝茨 The Telegraph Office manager, David Homer Bates,
描述了林肯有多专注于 describes how Lincoln obsesses
战争前线传来的任何一条消息 over every scrap of news from the front:
他常常逐字逐句读这些急件 sometimes reading dispatches word by word
就像是在破译密码一般 as they are deciphered.
每次林肯走进房间 Lincoln's habit was to go immediately to the drawer
就会习惯性地直接去查看抽屉 each time he came into our room,
从最上面的电报开始仔细阅读 and read over the telegraphs beginning at the top
一直读到他上次已经看过的为止 until he came to the one he had seen on his previous visit.
北方的电报网 The North's telegraph network
延伸发展到四面八方 spreads its tentacles far and wide,
从各处采集的信息反馈到了林肯 sucking information back to Lincoln
和他在华盛顿的指挥官们手中 and his commanders in Washington.
这将全局性的战略视野 It gives him a vast strategic overview,
和无可匹敌的前瞻思维 providing him an unrivaled insight
融入了他的指挥战术 into his commanders' tactical thinking.
林肯得以随时跟踪着 Lincoln himself was able to stay on top of,
詹姆斯·梅格斯 [《大众机械》杂志总编]
可以说是每小时都在更新 literally, hour-by-hour
专注着每场战斗的即时战况 developments in the course of individual battles.
以前从没有指挥官能做到这一点 That had never happened before.
让他的将军们有些恼火的是 To the irritation of his generals,
这甚至让他得以直接发布自己的命令 it even allows him to issue his own direct orders,
告诉他们该如何作战 telling them how to fight.
在其中一场战役里 In one campaign,
当李将军的部队逼近华盛顿 with General Lee's forces threatening Washington,
林肯用电报直接向将军们下令 Lincoln responds by telegraphing direct orders to his generals.
班克斯将军的位置已暴露 The exposed position of General Banks
因此当务之急是解除他的指挥权 makes his immediate relief a point of paramount importance.
你现在直接听命于总统 You are therefore directed by the President
立刻移师哈里斯堡 迎战杰克逊部 to move against Jackson at Harrisonburg.
务必立即出发 This movement must be made immediately.
整个南北战争期间 In the course of the war,
林肯从这个小办公室发出了约1000份电报 Lincoln sends almost 1000 telegrams from the small office.
但南方从未意识到电报的这一潜力 But the South never grasps the potential of the telegraph
它可以建立一个集中的指挥和控制系统 in creating a centralized command and control system.
这也意味像李这样南方的将军们 It means Southern generals like Lee
只能在没有战略全局观的条件下指挥作战 must plan their battles without that kind of strategic overview.
随着战争的继续 As the war continues,
林肯使出了他那战争机器的致命杀招 Lincoln brings down the hammer of his war machine.
工业 Industry.
通讯和供给线路 Lines of communication and supplies,
兵力火力 都被调动起来 manpower and firepower, are all marshalled
向南方联盟军发动一波接一波的攻击 to deliver a blow after blow to the Confederate Army.
然而南方 But the South,
坚信他们是在为正义而战 bolstered by the belief in the rightness of its cause
仍旧负隅顽抗 拒绝投降 doggedly refuses to give in.
因此 死亡人数不断攀升 As a result, the death toll just keeps rising.
1862年安提耶坦一役中 At Antietam in 1862,
6000士兵阵亡 6,000 are killed.
17000士兵负伤 17,000 wounded.
是二战时诺曼底登陆死伤人数的四倍 Over four times as many as during world War II's D-Day landings.
巨大的伤亡催生了一场战地医疗的革命 The carnage will trigger a revolution in battlefield medicine.
内战时期军队外科医生实施的手术 3/4 of all operations conducted by army surgeons
四分之三均为截肢 during the Civil War are amputations.
外科医生威廉·沃森所写的信里 Letters from surgeon William Watson
记录了当时战场上急诊医师的工作状况 record what these battlefield ERs were like.
前天 我一共做了14台截肢手术 Day before yesterday I performed 14 amputations
一刻也没有离开手术台 without leaving the table.
我可以毫不夸张地说 I do not exaggerate when I say
算起来我起码做了50台截肢手术 I have performed at the least calculation, 50 amputations.
很多士兵的关节受了重伤 There are so many severely wounded to the joints.
还有很多手术要做 There are so many operations yet to be performed.
外科医生西奥多·戴蒙描述了 Surgeon Theodore Dimon describes
由迷你弹这类武器所造成的可怕伤口 the hideous wounds left by weapons like the Minie ball.
迷你弹对长骨带来的冲击 The shattering, splintering, and splitting
所造成的骨骼粉碎 破裂 撕烂 of a long bone by the impact of a Minie ball
触目惊心 令人胆寒 is both remarkable and frightening.
一位有经验的外科医生 An experienced surgeon
可以在十分钟内截掉一段肢体 can hack off a limb in just ten minutes.
当时的麻醉药是乙醚和氯仿 Ether and chloroform are used as anesthetics.
即使从枪口下逃生 伤口感染也会致命 If a bullet doesn't kill you, then infection can.
坏疽是最大的杀手 Gangrene is the greatest killer.
由于隔绝了氧气 Deprived of oxygen,
伤口成了梭菌理想的滋生地 wounds become an ideal breeding ground for clostridium,
这种细菌释放出毒素 破坏组织结构 a bacteria that releases a poisonous toxin destroying tissue.
紧随其后的 便是死亡 Death can follow quickly.
据估计 内战时期共进行了6万次截肢手术 Approximately 60,000 amputations are performed during the Civil War,
这个数字超过了美国参与的其他任何战争 more than in any other war America has fought in.
死于伤口感染和疾病的士兵人数 Twice as many soldiers died from infected wounds and disease
是死在战场上人数的两倍 as on the battlefield.
空前巨大的伤亡 This unprecedented carnage
迫使人们开始重新审视传统战地医疗 forces a complete rethink of traditional battlefield medicine.
照顾士兵们的健康 Looking after the well-being of soldiers
对提升部队战斗力来说 becomes as central to the war effort
与枪支弹药的供给同等重要 as the supply of guns and ammunition.
大量的妇女志愿加入战地护士的队伍 Large numbers of women sign up as battlefield nurses.
克拉拉·巴顿就是其中之一 One of them is Clara Barton.
来帮帮忙 拿个锯子来 Help me, please. A saw?
克拉拉·巴顿未经训练也不拿酬劳 Clara Barton is untrained and unpaid.
她刚加入时 大部分护士都是男人 When she starts, most nurses are men.
这是一份又脏又累的工作 It is a menial occupation.
她所提出的处理伤员的方法非常简单 The remedies she proposes for the care of the wounded are simple,
但实际效果却是革命性的 but revolutionary in their effect.
他们需要食物 衣服 住处 药物 They want food, clothing, shelter, medicines,
以及一些冷静 有经验的人照料他们 and a few calm, practical persons to administer them.
她坚持要随时为伤者提供干净的绷带 She insists the injured have a ready supply of clean bandages.
采取急救时 要首先辨认出伤势最重的伤员 First aid, the sorting of the wounded with the most serious cases first.
内战带来了一系列创新 The Civil War brings in a series of innovations
建立了传承至今的战地医疗体系的基础 that form the basis of battlefield medicine to this day.
内战期间 20000名女性报名成为护士 20,000 women sign on as nurses during the war.
克拉拉·巴顿后来创办了美国红十字会 Clara Barton herself goes on to found the American Red Cross.
溴的发现 Standards of hygiene begin to
使得卫生水平大幅度改善 dramatically improve with the discovery of bromine.
这种腐蚀性的化学物质 This caustic chemical is effective
可以有效地抑制产生坏疽的细菌滋生 against the bacteria that cause gangrene.
因此 近四分之三的截肢者得以存活下来 As a result, nearly 3/4 of amputees survive surgery
到了战争末期 坏疽已是鲜有发生 and gangrene becomes rare by the war's end.
由于战争持续拖延 短期内休战希望渺茫 With the war dragging on without a clear end in sight...
渐渐地 林肯不得不改换另外一条战斗阵线 Lincoln is increasingly forced to fight on a very different front-
争取公众支持之战 the war for public opinion.
便携式照相机的普及 The spread of portable cameras
第一次让血淋淋的战地照片 means for the first time gory images of the battlefield
得以传进千家万户 can now reach every home.
尽管这些简易相机无法捕捉下震撼的动作场面 While these simple cameras ruled out dramatic action scenes,
但却是拍摄战后鲜血淋漓画面的理想之选 they're ideal for capturing the gruesome after math of battle.
多达1500名摄影记者纷纷涌向前线 As many as 1500 photographers flood the battlefield.
他们带回来的图片向广大公众出售 Their images are sold widely to members of the public
价格仅为25美分一张 for as little as 25 cents.
正是从前线拍摄回来的图片 It was war photography coming back from the Civil War
以一种真实的方式重现了战场实况 that captured it in a way that made it real
并让民众意识到 and made people recognize
史蒂文·约翰逊 [著名作家]
这是场美国有史以来杀戮最多的战争 the really extraordinary unprecedented violence.
不断壮大的美国报纸传媒业 America's growing newspaper mass media
大量生产这些照片转印的木刻简画 reproduces simple woodcuts of the images.
超过200名记者参与了战事报道 More than 200 correspondents cover the war
发稿字数总计超过一亿 filing over 100 million words of copy.
来自前线洪水般的消息 This deluge of information about the war
使这场战争的残酷性 ensures the grim reality of the conflict
深深地烙进了公众意识 is seared into the public consciousness.
从此政治家们要发动任何战争 Never again will politicians be able to fight wars
都必须先取得公众的支持 without public support.
这场内战使得士兵的死亡率 The war means a soldier
高达平民的五倍 is five times more likely to die than a civilian.
以往丧事都在家里举行 Where families used to grieve for the dead at home,
现在 更多人战死沙场 now men die on the battlefield.
人们不得不彻底改变传统的丧葬方式 It forces a fundamental shift in the ritual surrounding death.
马特·波塔奇在弗吉尼亚的战场上阵亡 Matt Botage dies on the battlefield in Virginia,
但是他在波士顿的家人 yet his family in Boston
仍能向500英里外牺牲的儿子告别 can still say good-bye to their son killed 500 miles away.
尽管一周之后 Even though it has taken a week
他的遗体才从战场被运回来 for his body to travel from the battlefield,
他的父亲这样描述尸体保存完好的程度 his father described how it is free from signs of decomposition.
激烈的战争留存在脸上的伤痕 So the marks of closely contested battle
仍清晰可见 was still upon the face,
神态安详宛如入睡 the features were placid as if he were sleeping.
这归功于一种叫尸体防腐的新技术 That's because of the new technique known as embalming.
把砷和氯化锌等化学制剂注入尸体 Chemicals like arsenic and zinc chloride are injected in the corpse
以延缓自然尸解的过程 to hold the natural process of decay.
向死人提供的保存尸体服务 The business of death, the preservation of bodies
让殡葬从业者们一夜暴富 turns undertakers into overnight millionaires.
一名从业者夸口说 One undertaker boasts:
我很乐意为士兵服务 I would be glad to prepare private soldiers.
每具遗体收费5美元 They were worth a $5 bill a piece.
不过上帝保佑 上校的话 收费100 But Lord bless you, a colonel pays 100.
至于一名准将 则要收费200 And a brigadier general, 200.
只要有钱 If you've got the money,
有各种各样的新技术可供选择 all sorts of new techniques are available.
其中密封棺木和尸体防腐最受青睐 Airtight coffins and embalming are most popular.
富人们甚至可以选择 And for the wealthiest,
做工考究的 由冰块包裹的冷冻棺木 even elaborated refrigerated coffins packed with ice.
战事仍在拖延 The war drags on.
林肯下决心要结束战争 废除奴隶制 Lincoln is determined to end it, and abolish slavery.
1862年9月 In September, 1862,
他给南方下达了最后通牒:重返联邦 he gives the South an ultimatum - rejoin the union.
他威胁南方如果拒绝合作 他会诉诸武力解放奴隶 He threatens to forcibly liberate their slaves if they refuse.
而初尝独立甜头的南方 But the South, having tasted independence,
并不愿意冒着被废奴的风险重返联邦 does not want to rejoin a union where slavery would be at risk.
他们拒绝接受最后通牒 they reject the ultimatum.
林肯此刻已无意协商沟通 Lincoln is in no mood to negotiate.
如果南方不解放奴隶 他会代而行之 If the South won't free their slaves, he will do it himself.
对于南方白人来说 For white Southerners,
此举证实了他们对林肯一直以来的看法: it was a confirmation that their thoughts about Lincoln all along
他就是一心想要摧毁 that he was, in fact, somebody who was bent on destroying
安妮特·戈登·里德 [罗格斯大学历史学教授]
他们心目中的南方生活方式 what they thought was the Southern way of life.
而在北方 从某种意义上说 In the North, in a sense
这让人们重新审视这场战争的意义 it gave people a different understanding of what the war was about.
1863年1月1日 On January 1st, 1863,
林肯发表宣言 Lincoln issues a proclamation
废除南方各叛乱州的奴隶制 abolishing slavery in the rebellious Southern states,
消息借助电报迅速传开 Thanks to the telegraph, the news quickly spreads.
与主同在的1863年 一月的第四天 On the 4th day of January, in the year of our Lord, 1863.
林肯的立场有了进一步发展 Lincoln had totally grown
他不仅认为黑人不应为奴 to where he said not only should blacks not be slaves,
艾尔·夏普顿牧师 [美国人权领袖]
他们还应当受到平等的公民待遇 they should be treated as equal citizens
享有完整的政治选举权和参与权 with full enfranchisement, right to vote and right to participate.
所有被奴役者从此重获自由 直到永远 All persons held as slaves shall be then, henceforth and forever free.
受到林肯解放奴隶宣言的感召 In the wake of Lincoln's emancipation of the slaves,
非裔美国士兵纷纷加入北方联邦军队 Black American soldiers rush to enlist for the Union.
到战争结束时 人数达到将近20万 Almost 200,000 sign up by the end of the war.
詹姆斯·布朗特将军这样描述他们的作战能力 General James Blunt describes their skill as fighters.
我从未见过 I never saw such fighting
像黑人军团这样的战斗方式 as was done by the negro regiment.
他们作为士兵 在各方面 They make better soldiers in every respect
都优于我带过的任何一支部队 than any other troops I have ever had under my command.
《解放奴隶宣言》改变了战争格局 The Emancipation Proclamation changes the dynamics of the war.
北方联邦军队成为了保卫自由之师 The Union army becomes a force for liberation,
以终结奴隶制为己任 now fighting to end slavery.
他们意识到捍卫联邦 They understood that saving the union
艾尔·夏普顿牧师 [美国人权领袖]
给他们带来的是一种自由感和荣耀感 would give them some sense of freedom, some sense of dignity.
是一种作为战士的尊严感 It was the dignity that I'm a soldier.
我不是仆人 我穿的是军装 I'm not just a servant. I have a uniform.
我有军衔 我不再低人一等了 I have stripes. I am somebody.
林肯继宣言之后又挥墨撰文 Lincoln follows the Proclamation with his master stroke.
他的这篇演讲发表于1863年 His address in 1863,
是为葛底斯堡首座国家战士公墓写的致辞 dedicating America's first national cemetery for soldiers at Gettysburg,
它可能是历史上最为著名的政治演讲 is perhaps the single most famous piece of political rhetoric in history.
87年前 Four score and seven years ago
迈克尔·道格拉斯 [著名演员]
国父们一手创建了这个国家 our fathers brought forth upon this nation
布鲁斯·詹纳 [田径运动员 奥运会十项全能冠军]
以自由为纲 永世奉行 conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition
丹尼尔·沃克·豪 [历史学家 主要研究美国早期历史]
人人生而平等之理念 that all men are created equal.
吾辈在此庄严承诺 That we here highly resolve
烈士牺牲当非枉然 that these deaths shall not have died in vain.
此信奉上帝之国 That this nation under God
当迎来自由之新生 shall have a new birth of freedom,
民有 民治 民享的政府 and that government of the people, by the people and for the people
鲁道夫·W·朱利安尼 [前纽约市市长]
将万世长存 shall not perish from this earth.
想到人们为一个共同理想而献身 It is an emotional thing to think about
不得不让人为之动容 people sacrificing, giving their lives for an ideal.
这是林肯的才能最集中的体现 And it's Lincoln at his absolute best.
安妮特·戈登·里德 [罗格斯大学历史学教授]
他的天才在于用简洁字句传达深刻意蕴 The genius, the simplicity that conveys a great amount.
字字直击心灵 像是给美国的赞美诗 It's spiritual in a way, it's a hymn to America,
汤姆·布罗考 [原NBC新闻主播]
一首献给这个国家的悲壮过去 and it's the hymn to the possibilities
和光明未来的赞美诗 and the great sacrifices to this country.
但1864年 战争仍陷于僵持 But in 1864, the war remains deadlocked.
随着大选的临近 With an election looming,
与此同时 and a challenge coming from those
主和派也发起责难 who want to negotiate a peace with the South,
林肯知道他是时候做出决胜一击了 Lincoln knows he needs to land a decisive blow.
理查德·麦克·马克威茨 [军事专家 前海豹突击队队员]
每个人都会有疲惫困顿的时候 At some point somebody gets tired.
有人会打个盹 有人则会犯下错误 Somebody blinks. Somebody makes a mistake.
当错误发生在战场上的时候 And when you're talking about war, that mistake,
一着不慎满盘皆输 it's everything.
林肯竭尽北方工业之全力 Lincoln puts the North's entire industrial might
来推进最后一击 behind one final push.
带领部队由查塔努加一路攻至亚特兰大的将领 The man who will lead the charge from Chattanooga to Atlanta,
名叫威廉·谢尔曼 William Sherman.
他下令不计任何后果全力以赴 His orders: to stop for nothing.
我会让这场战争要多残酷有多残酷 I would make this war as severe as possible
南方一日不求饶 我一日不罢手 and show no symptoms of tiring until the South begs for mercy.
在夜幕的掩护下 Advancing under the cover of night,
谢尔曼的进军获得了 Sherman's march is sustained by
内战以来最强大的后勤补给 one of the greatest logistical operations yet seen in this conflict.
谢尔曼深知 要对付南方联盟军 Sherman knows he needs to throw everything he's got
他需要倾尽所能 at the Confederate Army.
他不仅将己方补给运输线的作用发挥到极致 While he uses his own supply lines to maximum effect,
更是将南方补给线逐个摧毁 he destroys those of the South,
把铁轨都拆下来弄弯 ripping up their railroad and bending it beyond use.
北方的运输线每天补给20万颗子弹 In one day, the North's supply lines replace 200,000 bullets.
整个南方军队则在战场上食不果腹 While the South is left scavenging on the battlefield
他们已是弹尽粮绝 甚至连皮靴都没得穿了 for spent rounds, food, even old boots.
谢尔曼把这称为全面战争 Sherman calls it total war.
这种焦土战术成了现代战争的标志 A scorched earth approach becomes the trademark of modern warfare.
最终 亚特兰大被围困 Finally, with Atlanta under siege,
联盟军放火烧毁了自己的弹药库 Confederate forces set fire to their own munitions stores.
随后弃城而去 给联邦军队留下一片废墟 before abandoning their city to the Union soldiers.
谢尔曼全面战争的战术取得成效 Sherman's tactics of total war have won out.
此次大捷帮助林肯在秋季大选中稳操胜券 His victory helps secure Lincoln's election in the fall.
占领了已成废墟的亚特兰大后 他继续向前 With Atlanta in ruins, he just keeps going,
发动了他此战中最后一次进攻: now launching what will be his final assault:
"进军大海" The March to the Sea.
这相当于19世纪的"震慑行动": In a 19th century equivalent of Shock and Awe,
震慑行动:2003年3月22日美国突然袭击伊拉克 从海上和空中向伊拉克发射1000枚巡航导弹以及大量精确制导高爆炸弹
在佐治亚州 62000名联邦士兵所过之处 62,000 Union soldiers wreak
留下了一条整整60英里宽的破坏带 a 60-mile-wide path of destruction across Georgia,
从亚特兰大一直到萨凡纳海岸 from Atlanta to the coast of Savannah.
补给线被切断 Supply lines are cut.
村民被洗劫一空 庄稼被付之一炬 Villages are sacked and crops torched.
有军事价值的物品悉数被毁 Anything of military value is destroyed.
不到六个月 Within six months,
李将军就代表联盟军队递交了投降书 General Lee has tendered the Confederate Army's surrender.
叛乱结束了 The rebellion is over.
南方不得不臣服于联邦 The South will have to submit to the Union
并终结奴隶制 and bring an end to slavery.
在战争获胜的过程中 By the act of winning,
纽特·金里奇 [前美国国会众议院议长]
北方巩固了自由体系 the North both validated freedom
和工业发展模式 and validated the industrial model.
在这个基础上建立了美国式的自信 And so you have an American confidence.
美国式的成功观 An American sense of achievement.
以及美国走向世界的愿望 An American willingness to go out around the world.
尽管南方联盟决心巨大 For all the Confederacy's commitment,
但囿于物资转运设施方面的不足 its inferior logistical infrastructure
它难以与北方强大的战争机器抗衡 has been no match for the North's unstoppable war machine.
北方的工业中心 Its industrial heartland,
不断扩张的铁路网络 its growing network of railroads,
和电报网络 its telegraph network,
都是北方胜利的关键 all bring victory to the North.
叛军投降不到一周 林肯死于一名刺客的枪杀 Within a week, Lincoln lies dead from an assassin's bullet,
但此时美国已从崩溃的边缘拉回正轨 but America has pulled back from the brink.
这个国家再次统一 The nation is once again united.
南北融合后 And out of that unity
现代工业化经济 now goes a modern industrialized economy
将遍及整个北美大陆 that will reach right across this great continent. �