1
00:00:10,839 --> 00:00:16,019
my name is Francesca Tribble Otto I am a permanent faculty in the school
我叫Francesca Tribble Otto我是学校的永久教师

2
00:00:16,219 --> 00:00:22,019
historical studies here at the Institute for Advanced Study and together with my
我的高级研究所和我的历史研究

3
00:00:22,219 --> 00:00:29,039
colleagues Suzanne Akbari and Nicoletta Cosmo we are delighted to see many of
我们的同事Suzanne Akbari和Nicoletta Cosmo很高兴看到

4
00:00:29,239 --> 00:00:35,549
you in this room and to welcome Sebastien Conrad to our yes professor
您在这个房间里，欢迎塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastien Conrad）成为我们的教授

5
00:00:35,750 --> 00:00:41,399
Conrad's career trajectory in writing have been at the forefront of the global
康拉德的书面职业生涯一直走在全球的最前沿

6
00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:48,269
turn that has swept away so many areas of the humanities in the past two
过去两个时代席卷了许多人文领域

7
00:00:48,469 --> 00:00:53,129
decades and we were fortunate that this week he is visiting Preston University
十年，我们很幸运，本周他正在访问普雷斯顿大学

8
00:00:53,329 --> 00:01:00,719
under the edges of the global history lab directed by Jeremy Edelman and has
在Jeremy Edelman指导的全球历史实验室的边缘， 

9
00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:06,689
very generously agreed to spend this afternoon with us for this roundtable
非常慷慨地同意在今天下午和我们一起参加这次圆桌会议

10
00:01:06,890 --> 00:01:13,349
and in an effort to keep this conversation as open-ended as it is
并努力保持对话畅通无阻

11
00:01:13,549 --> 00:01:20,429
conceivable we have not coordinated our comments and we will proceed as follows
可以想象，我们尚未协调我们的意见，我们将按以下步骤进行

12
00:01:20,629 --> 00:01:27,769
professor Conrad will speak for about 20 minutes the three of us will follow with
康拉德教授将发言约20分钟，我们三个将跟着

13
00:01:27,969 --> 00:01:34,950
shorter remarks and then we have two microphones going around the room and
简短的发言，然后我们有两个麦克风绕过房间， 

14
00:01:35,150 --> 00:01:42,000
we'll open the floor to comments and questions from all of you let me say
我们将请大家发表评论和提出问题，让我说

15
00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:47,278
just very brief a few words of introduction about our main speakers and
只是简短地介绍一下我们的主要演讲者， 

16
00:01:47,478 --> 00:01:51,060
about ourselves Sebastian Conrad was trained as a
关于我们自己塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad）被训练为

17
00:01:51,260 --> 00:01:56,849
historian of most modern Germany and modern Japan and after a few years at
最现代的德国和现代日本的历史学家，在

18
00:01:57,049 --> 00:02:02,840
the European University Institute in faisal a near Florencia he has since
他在费洛伦西亚附近的费萨尔（Faisal）的欧洲大学研究所就读， 

19
00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:07,890
2010 been teaching at the Free University of Berlin where he also
 2010年在柏林自由大学任教， 

20
00:02:08,090 --> 00:02:15,000
directs a very large MA program in global intellectual history the limits
在全球知识史上指导一个非常大的文学硕士课程

21
00:02:15,199 --> 00:02:19,770
of the nation stayed as a unit of historical analysis is a consistent
保留为历史分析单位的国家是一致的

22
00:02:19,969 --> 00:02:26,250
interest that cuts across his very many publications including his book on
兴趣横扫了他的许多出版物，包括关于

23
00:02:26,449 --> 00:02:29,640
history writing in post-world War two Germany and Japan
第二次世界大战后德国和日本的历史写作

24
00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:36,360
is co-author of volume an emerging modern world 1750 to 1870 his short
是1750至1870年新兴的现代世界的合著者。 

25
00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:41,399
history of German colonialism and two important articles that many of you are
德国殖民主义的历史和你们中许多人的两篇重要文章

26
00:02:41,598 --> 00:02:45,840
certainly familiar with that have appeared in the American historical
当然熟悉的东西已经出现在美国历史上

27
00:02:46,039 --> 00:02:51,330
review the first in 2012 title enlightenment in global history a
回顾2012年全球史上第一个标题启蒙a 

28
00:02:51,530 --> 00:02:58,080
historiographical critique and in the very latest issue of the journal a piece
史学评论，以及该杂志的最新一期

29
00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:02,759
that he also presented yesterday at Princeton University titled Greek in
他昨天还在普林斯顿大学以《希腊

30
00:03:02,959 --> 00:03:08,129
their own way writing India and Japan into the world history of architecture
以自己的方式将印度和日本写入世界建筑史

31
00:03:08,329 --> 00:03:14,759
at the turn of the 20th century it's fair to say that he's best known for a
可以说，在20世纪初，他以

32
00:03:14,959 --> 00:03:21,719
slim and very successful vol title what is global history published by Princeton
苗条且非常成功的vol title普林斯顿大学出版的全球历史是什么

33
00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:26,670
University Press in 2016 which many of you have no doubt read and probably
 2016年大学出版社，你们中的许多人无疑都读过，也许

34
00:03:26,870 --> 00:03:31,670
taught and discussed with colleagues and students and at the end of the book
与同事和学生一起讲课和讨论，并在书的最后

35
00:03:31,870 --> 00:03:37,920
sebastien remarks the global history as all innovative phenomena is subject to
 sebastien表示全球历史，因为所有创新现象都受到

36
00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:43,499
the law of diminishing returns so one question we have before us today is
收益递减法则，今天我们要面对的一个问题是

37
00:03:43,699 --> 00:03:50,610
whether or not the inflection point has arrived what have we learned from at
拐点是否已经到来，我们从中学到了什么

38
00:03:50,810 --> 00:03:57,060
least two decades of accumulated work and reflections in matters of global
至少二十年的累积工作和对全球事务的思考

39
00:03:57,259 --> 00:04:02,879
history where are we today what can we and what should we
历史，今天我们在哪里，我们能做什么，我们应该做什么

40
00:04:03,079 --> 00:04:10,409
where can we and where should we go next also on the podium our Suzanne Conkling
我们可以在哪里以及接下来应该在哪里登上领奖台，我们的Suzanne Conkling 

41
00:04:10,609 --> 00:04:13,110
Akbari professor of medieval studies in the
阿克巴里中世纪研究教授

42
00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:17,759
school of historical studies and the author among other books of idols in the
历史研究学院，以及其他偶像著作的作者

43
00:04:17,959 --> 00:04:25,350
East European representations of Islam and the Orient 1100 to 1450 and one of
东欧的伊斯兰教和东方1100至1450年代表制，以及

44
00:04:25,550 --> 00:04:30,180
her current endeavors is a collaborative project funded by the mellon foundation
她目前的工作是由梅隆基金会资助的合作项目

45
00:04:30,379 --> 00:04:36,240
called the book and the Silk Roads which reframes the triumphalist Western
称这本书和丝绸之路，重新塑造了凯旋的西方

46
00:04:36,439 --> 00:04:39,540
narrative of book history in a broader array
书籍历史叙述的范围更广

47
00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:45,569
context Nikola D Cosmo is loose foundation professor in East Asian
背景Nikola D Cosmo是东亚的宽松基金会教授

48
00:04:45,769 --> 00:04:50,069
Studies also in the school of historical studies and ice Torian of China and
还在历史研究学院和中国冰托利安学院学习。 

49
00:04:50,269 --> 00:04:57,270
inner Asia in 2018 he co-edited with Michaelmas a prize-winning vol title
他于2018年与亚洲内陆地区合演了迈克尔·马斯（Michaelmas）获奖作品

50
00:04:57,470 --> 00:05:02,790
empires and exchanges in Eurasian late antiquity and is currently writing a
欧亚古代晚期的帝国和交流，目前正在撰写

51
00:05:02,990 --> 00:05:07,770
book on the economic and diplomatic relations between Venice and the mango
关于威尼斯和芒果之间的经济和外交关系的书

52
00:05:07,970 --> 00:05:13,379
and as for myself in 2009 I published a book on merchant
至于我自己，2009年我出版了一本关于商人的书

53
00:05:13,579 --> 00:05:19,379
networks in early modern Mediterranean and Beyond which I called a global
早期现代地中海及其他地区的网络，我称之为全球

54
00:05:19,579 --> 00:05:23,759
history on a small scale and I've been living with the consequences of that
小规模的历史，我一直在忍受那种后果

55
00:05:23,959 --> 00:05:29,999
decision ever since and I'm happy to hear your thoughts on that and others so
从那以后的决定，我很高兴听到您对此以及其他人的想法

56
00:05:30,199 --> 00:05:36,199
with no further ado Sebastian thank you for being here and the floor is yours
事不宜迟，塞巴斯蒂安（Sebastian）谢谢您的光临，地板在您手中

57
00:05:36,399 --> 00:05:40,139
well thanks thanks first of all for coming thanks for the invitation it's
好，谢谢，首先感谢您的邀请。 

58
00:05:40,339 --> 00:05:43,949
really an honor it's my first time at the Institute so a great moment and it's
真的很荣幸，这是我第一次来研究所，这是一个很棒的时刻， 

59
00:05:44,149 --> 00:05:48,389
great to see you all here so many I hope there are a couple of fans of global
很高兴在这里见到大家，我希望有一些全球粉丝

60
00:05:48,589 --> 00:05:52,379
history here as well and it's not the moment of reckoning
历史也在这里，这不是计算的时刻

61
00:05:52,579 --> 00:05:59,759
which is also quite possible yeah I so this is not going to be an introduction
这也是很有可能的，是的，所以这不是介绍

62
00:05:59,959 --> 00:06:06,389
I I hope it's not pitched too much in terms of an internal discussion what is
 II希望在内部讨论中不要过多介绍什么是什么

63
00:06:06,589 --> 00:06:09,689
global history if you talk about this topic in Princeton there are dark clouds
全球历史，如果您在普林斯顿谈论这个话题，乌云密布

64
00:06:09,889 --> 00:06:15,389
hanging over you after my colleague Jeremy Elliman wrote probably one of the
我的同事杰里米·埃利曼（Jeremy Elliman）写下其中一位

65
00:06:15,589 --> 00:06:19,949
most downloaded articles ever so I'm aware of that even though the clouds are
曾经下载最多的文章，所以即使云层密布，我也知道

66
00:06:20,149 --> 00:06:24,689
different for all of us in different ways I'm also aware that to start a
对于我们所有人而言，以不同的方式有所不同我也意识到，开始

67
00:06:24,889 --> 00:06:29,189
presentation with the near Ferguson cover it can be seen as a bit of an easy
弗格森（Ferguson）封面附近的演示文稿，可以认为这很容易

68
00:06:29,389 --> 00:06:34,439
target but but but but this is actually not my target but more a symptom of
目标，但是但是，但这实际上不是我的目标，而是更多的症状

69
00:06:34,639 --> 00:06:37,920
something that I I think it's important when we have these discussions so in
当我们进行这些讨论时，我认为这很重要

70
00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:41,430
this book for example I mean is just one example of many he you know he says what
举例来说，我的意思是，这只是他中许多人说的一个例子。 

71
00:06:41,629 --> 00:06:45,660
what we're going through here we're living through is the end of 500 years
我们在这里经历的是500年的终结

72
00:06:45,860 --> 00:06:50,160
of Western predominance this time the eastern challenge is for real and then
这次西方的优势是东方的挑战是真实的，然后

73
00:06:50,360 --> 00:06:52,799
he goes on to say that the real threat is not
他接着说真正的威胁不是

74
00:06:52,999 --> 00:07:00,348
say China but our own loss of faith in the civilization we inherited from our
说中国，但我们对从我们继承的文明失去了信心

75
00:07:00,548 --> 00:07:05,879
ancestors now apart from the fact you know forgot the question of the who who
现在的祖先，除了你知道的事实，忘记了谁是谁的问题

76
00:07:06,079 --> 00:07:09,449
is the we the hour and so forth it's interesting that many historians these
是我们的时刻，以此类推，许多历史学家对这些感兴趣

77
00:07:09,649 --> 00:07:14,759
days many you know respectable historians are moving into this genre
如今，您知道很多受人尊敬的历史学家都在进入这种类型

78
00:07:14,959 --> 00:07:17,999
right there's for example Anthony Paxton who's given us wonderful books now
举例来说，安东尼·帕克斯顿（Anthony Paxton）现在为我们提供了精美的书籍

79
00:07:18,199 --> 00:07:22,049
writes about the war between East and West John Hadley who has produced a
记载了东西方约翰·哈德利（John Hadley）之间的战争， 

80
00:07:22,249 --> 00:07:28,199
whole swath of fascinating books on the on the link between technology and
关于技术与技术之间的联系的大量有趣的书

81
00:07:28,399 --> 00:07:33,449
Empire now gives us the uniqueness and universality of Western civilization in
帝国现在赋予我们西方文明的独特性和普遍性

82
00:07:33,649 --> 00:07:39,299
the place where I teach there's a colleague who you know he doesn't just
在我教书的地方，有一个同事，他知道他不只是

83
00:07:39,499 --> 00:07:44,249
write one book he he wants to establish the preeminence of the what's this yeah
写一本他想建立卓越地位的书

84
00:07:44,449 --> 00:07:48,059
now we can't see it that's too bad anyway it's four volumes
现在我们看不到这太糟糕了，因为它是四卷

85
00:07:48,259 --> 00:07:54,059
of Henryk August Winkler the history of the West so so whatever this is is a
亨利克·奥古斯特·温克勒（Henryk August Winkler）的西方历史，所以无论这是什么

86
00:07:54,259 --> 00:07:59,968
symptom of I think is what I would call Eurocentrism 2.0 meaning it looks like
我认为是欧洲中心主义2.0的症状，它看起来像

87
00:08:00,168 --> 00:08:03,689
the old Eurocentrism but it isn't because it's formulated under conditions
古老的欧洲中心主义，但这不是因为它是在一定条件下制定的

88
00:08:03,889 --> 00:08:09,509
of you know if these these historians they feel that they're well protected
你们知道这些历史学家是否认为自己受到了很好的保护

89
00:08:09,709 --> 00:08:15,269
castle is under siege it's no longer a self-confident Eurocentrism but one that
城堡被围困了，它不再是自信的欧洲中心主义，而是

90
00:08:15,468 --> 00:08:20,069
is on the defensive and it's one of the context I think in which we talk about a
处于防御状态，这是我认为我们谈论

91
00:08:20,269 --> 00:08:26,309
global history these days to get this a little bit of a personal you know street
这些天来的全球历史让这个人有点陌生

92
00:08:26,509 --> 00:08:29,728
credibility when I published one of the articles that Francesca kindly mentioned
信誉，当我发表Francesca友善提及的文章之一时

93
00:08:29,928 --> 00:08:34,318
in the American historical review a few years ago on the Enlightenment if you
在几年前的美国历史评论中，如果您

94
00:08:34,519 --> 00:08:39,688
will the you know in some ways the symbolic iconic moment of the if you
您会以某种方式知道如果您具有象征意义的瞬间

95
00:08:39,889 --> 00:08:44,878
will the self definition of what Europe or the West is I received a couple of
我会收到一些关于欧洲或西方是什么的自我定义

96
00:08:45,078 --> 00:08:49,078
months later the following email Sebastian by a person I had not met
几个月后，以下我未认识的人向塞巴斯蒂安发送了以下电子邮件

97
00:08:49,278 --> 00:08:54,688
attached you will find a refutation of your ahr article on the Enlightenment
附件中，您会在启蒙运动中反驳您的ahr文章

98
00:08:54,889 --> 00:09:00,779
don't take it personally it had to be done I am the only one willing and
不要把它当成个人，我是唯一愿意并且

99
00:09:00,980 --> 00:09:05,938
capable of this type of critique and the author of the uniqueness of Western
有能力进行这类批评，并具有西方独特性

100
00:09:06,139 --> 00:09:11,919
civilized so I didn't take it personal and a few
文明的，所以我没有把它和一些

101
00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:17,259
months later then in 2014 the critique came out as a publication and and we'll
几个月后，2014年，该评论作为出版物发表了，我们将

102
00:09:17,460 --> 00:09:21,279
just I'll just share a couple of words with you it says Conrad's critique is
我只想跟你说几句话，说康拉德的批评是

103
00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:26,219
vacuous absurd and unscholarly a demonstration of the irrational lengths
空泡荒唐而荒谬地证明了不合理的长度

104
00:09:26,419 --> 00:09:30,599
otherwise intelligent europeans will go in their efforts to promote
否则，聪明的欧洲人将努力促进

105
00:09:30,799 --> 00:09:35,740
egalitarianism and affirmative action on a global scale it is important for
在全球范围内实行平等主义和平等权利行动对于

106
00:09:35,940 --> 00:09:40,899
defenders of the West to see with clear eyes that the intended goal of Conrad's
西方捍卫者清楚地看到康拉德的目标

107
00:09:41,100 --> 00:09:47,219
paper is not truth but the dissolution of Europe's intellectual identity so
纸不是真理，而是欧洲知识分子身份的瓦解

108
00:09:47,419 --> 00:09:52,149
first of all don't walk out afterwards and say nobody warned you all right so
首先不要走出去，然后说没人警告你好吧，所以

109
00:09:52,350 --> 00:09:56,949
if you feel that it's not truth I'm talking about but what's really you know
如果您觉得这不是事实，我在说什么，但您实际上知道什么

110
00:09:57,149 --> 00:10:02,349
striking is that that this whole discussion of a global history that is
引人注目的是，关于全球历史的整个讨论

111
00:10:02,549 --> 00:10:07,319
frequently conducted in you know in terms of theory methodology sources
在理论方法论的来源方面，您经常会知道

112
00:10:07,519 --> 00:10:11,919
languages that you need to actually do it and so forth is actually charged
您实际需要执行的语言等等实际上是收费的

113
00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:16,929
politically charged and and this is a thing one of the reasons why we we are
政治上负责，这是我们成为我们的原因之一

114
00:10:17,129 --> 00:10:20,709
here today all right this was really just the preface I want to talk about
今天在这里，这真的只是我想谈的序言

115
00:10:20,909 --> 00:10:27,609
three things briefly in the time that I have so briefly you know say a couple of
在我有这么短暂的时间里简短地讲了三件事

116
00:10:27,809 --> 00:10:31,329
words about what I think the global turn is so I mean they're very different
关于我认为全球转向是什么的话，所以我的意思是说它们截然不同

117
00:10:31,529 --> 00:10:36,339
understandings of what global history could be or should be I'll talk about
我将谈论对全球历史可能是或应该是什么的理解

118
00:10:36,539 --> 00:10:41,889
and then talk about two issues that I think are will be of increasing
然后谈论我认为将会增加的两个问题

119
00:10:42,090 --> 00:10:47,079
relevance when we think through this enterprise of global history in the
当我们思考这个全球历史的企业时的相关性

120
00:10:47,279 --> 00:10:54,000
years to come so briefly the the global turn in my own sort of the quickest the
这么短的几年来，以我自己最快的速度

121
00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:58,539
shortest definition of a summary that I could think of what global history wants
我可以想到全球历史想要的摘要的最短定义

122
00:10:58,740 --> 00:11:04,329
to do is it wants to move beyond to what I call birth defects of modern history
要做的是它希望超越我称之为现代历史的先天缺陷

123
00:11:04,529 --> 00:11:09,219
writing birth defects in the sense of they were sort of built into the
从某种意义上说，他们是天生的缺陷， 

124
00:11:09,419 --> 00:11:14,829
discipline of history from the moment of inception in the nineteenth century and
从十九世纪初开始的历史学科

125
00:11:15,029 --> 00:11:19,389
they stay with us in many ways one is history as it was created
他们在很多方面与我们在一起，其中之一就是历史的产生

126
00:11:19,590 --> 00:11:22,959
in Europe in the 19th century was closely linked to the nation-state -
在19世纪的欧洲与民族国家息息相关- 

127
00:11:23,159 --> 00:11:30,279
sort of a container for which it essentially wrote the history and the
一种容器，它实际上是在为其记录历史和

128
00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:34,509
second part the second aspect is the Eurocentrism that was also from the
第二部分第二方面是欧洲中心主义

129
00:11:34,710 --> 00:11:38,620
beginning part of not only history writing but also sociology political
不仅是历史写作的开始部分，而且还是社会学政治的开始部分

130
00:11:38,820 --> 00:11:43,179
science and so forth in the 19th century and combined this would be the third
科学等在19世纪，这将是第三次

131
00:11:43,379 --> 00:11:49,120
aspect to come by the combined effect of these two dimensions is that historians
这两个方面共同作用的结果是，历史学家

132
00:11:49,320 --> 00:11:57,359
tend to understand change internally meaning they analyze societies and
倾向于从内部了解变化，这意味着他们可以分析社会并

133
00:11:57,559 --> 00:12:03,359
essentially explain social change is something that happens within the
本质上解释了社会变革是发生在

134
00:12:03,559 --> 00:12:08,529
boundaries of a society and also if you know if we look at social theory we
社会的边界，如果您知道我们是否研究社会理论， 

135
00:12:08,730 --> 00:12:12,969
really see the very same effect and global history that would be the
真的看到了相同的影响和全球历史

136
00:12:13,169 --> 00:12:19,589
shortest definition I can think of is the attempt to move beyond these two now
我能想到的最短定义是现在尝试超越这两个定义

137
00:12:19,789 --> 00:12:24,969
this is not exactly what you would find if you look at some of the handbooks on
如果您看一下其中的一些手册，这并不是完全可以找到的。 

138
00:12:25,169 --> 00:12:28,899
global history so for example let's look at the Journal of world history and
全球历史，例如，让我们看看世界历史杂志和

139
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:35,079
their webpage and see what they say they say put simply world history is macro
他们的网页，看看他们说的是什么，简而言之，世界历史是宏观的

140
00:12:35,279 --> 00:12:41,019
history which I don't agree with but let's just move on to a handbook
我不同意的历史，但让我们继续阅读手册

141
00:12:41,220 --> 00:12:48,069
published by Blackwell recently where the two authors say global history
由布莱克韦尔（Blackwell）最近出版，两位作者说全球历史

142
00:12:48,269 --> 00:12:53,049
strictly understood is the history of what happens worldwide across the planet
严格理解的是世界各地发生的事情的历史

143
00:12:53,250 --> 00:12:57,490
as a whole as if viewed from a cosmic Krause nest
从宇宙的克劳斯巢看

144
00:12:57,690 --> 00:13:03,099
with the advantages of immense distance and Pam optic range so again here we
拥有远距离和Pam光学范围的优势，因此在这里我们再次

145
00:13:03,299 --> 00:13:07,359
have again the trope the trope of you know it's always everything but also
再说一遍，你知道那是永远的一切，但是

146
00:13:07,559 --> 00:13:12,189
there's a certain objectivity that is available to the global historians
全球历史学家有一定的客观性

147
00:13:12,389 --> 00:13:15,759
because they you know they come from a distance and from from afar they they
因为他们知道他们来自远方，来自远方

148
00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:20,099
see what really happens in my own book and this is just a you know quick
看看我自己的书中到底发生了什么，这只是您很快就知道的

149
00:13:20,299 --> 00:13:24,789
allusion to some of the things I try to spell out there I
暗指我尝试拼写的一些东西

150
00:13:24,990 --> 00:13:30,259
try to think in a different direction and different from these kinds of
尝试以不同的方向思考，并与这些不同

151
00:13:30,460 --> 00:13:34,879
definitions I folk emphasize three aspects in particular first for me
我对定义特别强调三个方面

152
00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:38,779
global history is primarily an approach it's it's a perspective in other words
全球历史主要是一种方法，换句话说，这是一种观点

153
00:13:38,980 --> 00:13:42,769
it's a lens that allows me to see things in a different light to ask different
这是一个镜头，可以让我以不同的视角看待事物以提出不同的要求

154
00:13:42,970 --> 00:13:49,329
questions which also means that it's the perspective that you know is
问题，这也意味着您所知道的是

155
00:13:49,529 --> 00:13:54,559
particularly productive in some cases and maybe not so much in others the
在某些情况下特别有生产力，而在其他情况下可能没有那么多

156
00:13:54,759 --> 00:14:00,979
second aspect is that no it is not viewing the past from a cosmic Crowsnest
第二个方面是，不，它不是从宇宙Crowsnest看过去

157
00:14:01,179 --> 00:14:04,219
it is a global history is not necessarily planetary but can actually
这是全球历史，不一定是全球历史，但实际上可以

158
00:14:04,419 --> 00:14:09,439
focus on something very specific small minut it couldn't focus on a village but
专注于一些非常具体的小细节，却无法专注于乡村，但

159
00:14:09,639 --> 00:14:16,609
try to see it in a global context and third it's not you know the be-all and
尝试在全球范围内看待它，第三，不是你知道一切

160
00:14:16,809 --> 00:14:20,839
end-all of historiography it's one approach among many and there are many
毕竟，这是众多方法中的一种

161
00:14:21,039 --> 00:14:26,419
interesting approaches and global history will yield interesting results
有趣的方法和全球历史将产生有趣的结果

162
00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:31,279
in some cases in other cases maybe we don't we may want to choose another
在某些情况下，在其他情况下，也许我们不希望选择其他

163
00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:34,789
approach again this is something that is you know that we can take for granted
再次接近，这是您知道的，我们可以认为是理所当然的

164
00:14:34,990 --> 00:14:39,679
there are many global historians out there who would say that global history
有很多全球历史学家会说全球历史

165
00:14:39,879 --> 00:14:44,509
is of the pinnacle of historiographical development we had in some ways the
是史学发展的顶峰

166
00:14:44,710 --> 00:14:48,049
professionalization of history in the zigs in the 60s with the social history
社会历史上60年代之字形的历史专业化

167
00:14:48,250 --> 00:14:53,509
turn then came cultural history and then to top it all global history and there
然后是文化历史，然后是全球所有历史

168
00:14:53,710 --> 00:14:58,579
are some books and you know pretty much make claims of that kind and I don't
有一些书，你知道很多人都提出这样的主张，但我不

169
00:14:58,779 --> 00:15:04,789
agree I would say that global history can help us see things in a different
同意，我会说全球历史可以帮助我们从不同的角度看待事物

170
00:15:04,990 --> 00:15:10,969
light but for some questions it will be yeah the returns will not be as as high
光，但对于某些问题，是的，回报将不会那么高

171
00:15:11,169 --> 00:15:14,679
oh yeah I wanted to make two more comments on this issue here of
哦，是的，我想在此对这个问题再发表两条评论

172
00:15:14,879 --> 00:15:20,389
definition one is when people say global history they essentially engage in two
定义一是当人们说全球历史时，他们本质上参与了两个

173
00:15:20,590 --> 00:15:24,409
kinds of different debates usually you know if they talk about the advantages
通常会有各种不同的辩论，如果他们谈论优势

174
00:15:24,610 --> 00:15:29,120
and disadvantages one would be some historians would say you know global
缺点是一些历史学家会说你知道全球

175
00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:34,099
history is in some ways everything let's let's include as much as possible to
从某种意义上说，历史是我们要包括的所有内容， 

176
00:15:34,299 --> 00:15:37,969
produce a global synthesis and this kind of you know understanding gives
产生全球综合，这种你们知道的理解给

177
00:15:38,169 --> 00:15:42,439
great books like the ones by Chris Bailey or you can also handle who wrote
像克里斯·贝利（Chris Bailey）这样的好书，或者您也可以处理谁写的书

178
00:15:42,639 --> 00:15:50,419
in their case the history of the 19th century as a global story but that's of
在他们看来，19世纪的历史是一个全球性的故事，但这是

179
00:15:50,620 --> 00:15:55,669
course only one so when when people say let's look at the whole world then they
当然只有一个，所以当人们说让我们看看整个世界时，他们

180
00:15:55,870 --> 00:16:00,189
essentially mean let's move away from just simply national histories
本质上是指让我们摆脱简单的民族历史

181
00:16:00,389 --> 00:16:06,289
juxtaposed to each other right but this and why is this important because in
彼此并列，但是这以及为什么如此重要，因为在

182
00:16:06,490 --> 00:16:11,299
many parts of the world everything is already a major revolution so for
世界许多地方，一切已经是一场重大革命，因此对于

183
00:16:11,500 --> 00:16:15,559
example in the place where I come from where I teach in in Germany you know
我来自德国教书的地方的例子

184
00:16:15,759 --> 00:16:25,969
this is what historians actually do the the blue is Germany Green is Europe bye
历史学家实际上是这么做的蓝色是德国绿色是欧洲再见

185
00:16:26,169 --> 00:16:30,019
bye Europe essentially we have to realize that this is essentially a
再见欧洲从本质上讲，我们必须意识到这本质上是

186
00:16:30,220 --> 00:16:34,549
leftover from the Cold War period right these are Eastern European studies
这些是冷战时期的残right剩right这些是东欧研究

187
00:16:34,750 --> 00:16:39,589
institutes where the goal was really to understand the enemy a little bit of
目的是真正了解敌人的一些机构

188
00:16:39,789 --> 00:16:42,199
North America and a little bit of the rest so for example in the you know the
北美及其他地区，例如，您知道

189
00:16:42,399 --> 00:16:46,519
Institute where I myself teach everyone is blue I mean every one of my
我自己教大家的学院是蓝色的我的意思是我的每一个人

190
00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:49,490
colleagues so that's the reality in other words that you know what we
同事，这就是现实，换句话说，你知道我们

191
00:16:49,690 --> 00:16:54,740
actually what what many universities actually trained their students in is
实际上，许多大学实际上在训练学生的是

192
00:16:54,940 --> 00:16:59,120
quite limited even in the United States this is a recent survey done by the
即使在美国也相当有限，这是由

193
00:16:59,320 --> 00:17:04,190
American Historical Association yes it's clearly different from the German
美国历史协会是的，它与德国人明显不同

194
00:17:04,390 --> 00:17:09,559
situation but but if you you know take the transatlantic coalition here then
情况，但是如果您知道在这里采取跨大西洋联盟， 

195
00:17:09,759 --> 00:17:14,299
you still see that you know the it is clearly the predominant focus but in
您仍然看到您知道这显然是主要的重点，但是在

196
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:18,819
most countries in let's say continental Europe but also in Mexico Korea
可以说欧洲大陆的大多数国家，也包括墨西哥的韩国

197
00:17:19,019 --> 00:17:24,200
essentially studying history means studying the history of your own country
本质上讲，研究历史意味着研究自己国家的历史

198
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:28,789
so in that respect this first point everything is actually included is an
因此，在这方面，第一点实际上包括的是

199
00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:33,109
important political point to make or let's call it an institutional point to
重要的政治观点，或者我们称之为制度上的观点

200
00:17:33,309 --> 00:17:38,109
make the term global history whether you're skeptical of it or not helps us
无论您是否对全球历史一词都持怀疑态度，这可以帮助我们

201
00:17:38,309 --> 00:17:42,369
to change the institution in which we teach
改变我们教学的体制

202
00:17:42,569 --> 00:17:48,200
that's only one point of course and the second is it's also a method question
这当然只是要点，第二点也是方法问题

203
00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:51,509
right and in this method debate without going into details here
正确且以这种方法进行辩论，无需在此处进行详细说明

204
00:17:51,710 --> 00:17:57,990
my own plea is to see the question of the global as relevant both as an
我自己的请求是，将全球性问题同

205
00:17:58,190 --> 00:18:03,240
explanatory that is a global historian will always ask what are what are the
作为全球历史学家的解释总是会问什么是

206
00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:09,448
potentially global causes of the particular question I study and at the
我研究的特定问题的潜在全球原因以及

207
00:18:09,648 --> 00:18:13,588
same time it's something that we need to explain through you know the actions of
同时，这是我们需要通过您解释的事情，您需要了解

208
00:18:13,788 --> 00:18:17,399
our historical subjects but this level of the global is always something that I
我们的历史主题，但全球水平始终是我

209
00:18:17,599 --> 00:18:24,629
want to keep in play and I say this visa vie a strong trend in global history
希望继续发挥作用，我说这种签证在全球历史上发展势头强劲

210
00:18:24,829 --> 00:18:29,219
writing which essentially only celebrates connections that is something
基本上只庆祝联系的东西

211
00:18:29,419 --> 00:18:36,809
that you see across the board and I think it is insufficient alright let's
大家都看到了，我认为这还不够，让我们

212
00:18:37,009 --> 00:18:43,619
move to the second point of three which is positionality this is something that
移至三个第二点即位置，这是

213
00:18:43,819 --> 00:18:48,659
i think is going to be of increasing importance in our discussions of how to
我认为在我们有关如何

214
00:18:48,859 --> 00:18:54,240
do history on a global scale the fact that we write history from a particular
在全球范围内进行历史记录我们是根据特定历史记录历史记录

215
00:18:54,440 --> 00:19:00,659
place and that shapes the way we read it or interpret it just take two examples
位置，它塑造了我们阅读或解释它的方式，仅举两个例子

216
00:19:00,859 --> 00:19:04,858
recently published one in France there is dois mondiale doula for most you know
最近在法国出版的《 dois mondiale doula》一书

217
00:19:05,058 --> 00:19:09,299
the world history of France that was seen by some of the conservative
一些保守派人士看到的法国的世界历史

218
00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:14,729
commentators in France as a scandal right piano who says this is the end of
法国的评论员是一部丑闻性的右钢琴，他说这已经结束了

219
00:19:14,929 --> 00:19:21,869
common truth a la finca crowd speaks of the 140 authors as the gravediggers of
 finca人群的常识说140位作者是

220
00:19:22,069 --> 00:19:27,119
the great French heritage and on the right of this political spectrum in exam
伟大的法国传统，就在这一政治领域的考验之列

221
00:19:27,319 --> 00:19:33,269
were speaks of a war on history now in the very same year Italian historians
在同一年，意大利历史学家谈到了历史战争

222
00:19:33,470 --> 00:19:37,348
also got together and did the same thing right the story I'm on holiday Italia
也聚在一起，对我在意大利度假的故事做了同样的事情

223
00:19:37,548 --> 00:19:43,979
and at the official book launch the editor proudly you know look back at
在正式发布时，您自豪地知道编辑器

224
00:19:44,179 --> 00:19:48,299
this and I've emphasized ed look you know all these authors I I read through
这一点，我强调过ed的样子，您知道所有这些作者II 

225
00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:55,019
all their articles and what I realize is how great a nation Italy actually is you
他们所有的文章，我意识到，意大利实际上是一个多么伟大的国家

226
00:19:55,220 --> 00:19:59,009
know you couldn't think of two sort of politics of the pit in some ways really
知道你在某种程度上无法想到两种政治

227
00:19:59,210 --> 00:20:04,759
the mirror project but the politics depending on the place just the opposite
镜像项目，但政治取决于对面的地方

228
00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:08,000
and of course if we you know and this is a whole industry now we have the
当然，如果我们知道，这是整个行业，现在我们有了

229
00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:11,419
Netherlands we have Spain we have Flanders and even Sicily we have these
荷兰，我们有西班牙，我们有法兰德斯，甚至西西里岛，我们都有这些

230
00:20:11,619 --> 00:20:15,109
world histories and they all come with their own particular baggage now the
世界历史，他们都带着自己的特殊行李，现在

231
00:20:15,309 --> 00:20:18,289
first lesson that we take home here is that and this is something that we knew
我们在这里带回家的第一课是，这是我们知道的

232
00:20:18,490 --> 00:20:22,220
essentially from in particular from the work of people like Dominique Sachse
尤其是来自Dominique Sachse这样的人的工作

233
00:20:22,420 --> 00:20:26,629
Maya that it really does matter from where global history is written so he
玛雅人真的很重要，这与写全球历史的位置有关，因此他

234
00:20:26,829 --> 00:20:32,180
has this this book where he describes he compares global history writing in the
有这本书，他在书中描述了他比较了

235
00:20:32,380 --> 00:20:38,769
United States Germany and China and it's really astonishing the extent to which
美国德国和中国，这确实令人惊讶

236
00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:43,599
the the approaches the politics so also the kinds of interpretations that I used
政治的方法，以及我所使用的各种解释

237
00:20:43,799 --> 00:20:48,769
differ global history in other words needs to be understood globally but
换句话说，全球历史不同，但全球需要理解

238
00:20:48,970 --> 00:20:52,399
beyond this in other words this is essentially an analytical perspective
换句话说，这本质上是一种分析视角

239
00:20:52,599 --> 00:20:57,680
right we look at we try to understand that writing from a particular place and
是的，我们着眼于尝试理解来自特定地方和

240
00:20:57,880 --> 00:21:01,879
that doesn't mean only a country it also means under particular institutional
这不仅仅意味着一个国家，它还意味着在特定制度下

241
00:21:02,079 --> 00:21:06,700
constrains and so forth shapes the shapes our interpretations
约束等等塑造我们的解释

242
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:12,289
but at this what is now increasingly happening is that it's no longer just a
但现在越来越多的是，它不再只是一个

243
00:21:12,490 --> 00:21:17,839
question of description or analysis but it is framed as a prescriptive as a
描述或分析问题，但它被描述为

244
00:21:18,039 --> 00:21:22,940
normative question in other words it's not only clear that historians you know
换句话说，不仅是您知道的历史学家

245
00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,809
have different interpretations depending on from where they write but they should
根据书写的位置有不同的解释，但应该

246
00:21:27,009 --> 00:21:33,009
have different interpretations and they need to go beyond in particular Western
有不同的解释，他们需要超越西方

247
00:21:33,210 --> 00:21:37,970
interpretations and you know I could go on for a long time about this but just
解释，你知道我可以对此进行很长一段时间，但是

248
00:21:38,170 --> 00:21:42,009
to give you one example the the so-called national studies as
举一个例子，所谓的国家研究

249
00:21:42,210 --> 00:21:46,369
institutionalized in Chinese universities these days so some of the
如今在中国大学中制度化，所以一些

250
00:21:46,569 --> 00:21:52,750
best most prestigious universities in China they will have you know the
中国最好的最负盛名的大学，他们会让你知道

251
00:21:52,950 --> 00:21:59,240
faculty at the instant for political science sociology history but then also
政治科学，社会学历史的瞬间，但随后

252
00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:07,839
one of national studies where the idea is to go back to ways of knowing ways of
一种国家研究，其想法是回到了解

253
00:22:08,039 --> 00:22:13,009
generating knowledge before the arrival of the modern disciplines sort of a
在现代学科到来之前产生知识

254
00:22:13,210 --> 00:22:18,019
Chinese way of knowing quote-unquote and you know if you translate this
用中文知道引用-取消引用的方式，您知道是否翻译

255
00:22:18,220 --> 00:22:22,098
two debates about global history the result is and here I'm quoting you pay
关于全球历史的两次辩论的结果是，在这里我引用你的话

256
00:22:22,298 --> 00:22:25,789
the director of the world history Institute in the Chinese Academy of
中国科学院世界历史研究所所长

257
00:22:25,990 --> 00:22:30,740
Social Sciences the you know the Chinese Academy this very prestigious
你知道中国科学院社会科学这个非常负盛名的

258
00:22:30,940 --> 00:22:35,149
institution in Beijing and this is what he says he says our research on global
他说他说的是我们对全球的研究

259
00:22:35,349 --> 00:22:41,838
history manifests our standard of valued judgment our view of history our values
历史体现了我们宝贵的判断标准，我们的历史观我们的价值观

260
00:22:42,038 --> 00:22:47,539
our Chinese people's feelings and our Chinese people's understanding of the
我们中国人民的感受和我们中国人民对世界的理解

261
00:22:47,740 --> 00:22:52,938
historical reality sure today's China is very different from that of the mid 19th
历史现实可以肯定，今天的中国与19世纪中叶截然不同

262
00:22:53,138 --> 00:22:59,509
century but patriotism remains the soul of China's world history studies so he
世纪，但爱国主义仍然是中国世界历史研究的灵魂，因此他

263
00:22:59,710 --> 00:23:03,198
so here and this is just one example right I mean if you go to India there
所以这只是一个例子，对不起，如果你去印度

264
00:23:03,398 --> 00:23:08,539
are debates about sort of an he due to our way of understanding history there
由于我们对那里的历史的理解方式，有关他的辩论

265
00:23:08,740 --> 00:23:15,318
there are claims to re susat eight my ways of knowing to understand history in
有人声称要重新确立我的八种了解历史的方式

266
00:23:15,519 --> 00:23:22,459
different ways there are many of these movements to counter what is perceived
这些运动有许多种不同的方式来对抗感知到的东西

267
00:23:22,659 --> 00:23:27,078
as your centrism with different forms of centrism so this kind of should we call
作为具有不同形式的中心主义的您的中心主义，所以我们应该称这种为

268
00:23:27,278 --> 00:23:32,568
it conversation I think is going to be with us in the years to come and as many
我认为在接下来的几年中，我们之间将会进行对话

269
00:23:32,769 --> 00:23:36,409
of you will know it's already there right it's already in the classrooms
你们会知道它已经在教室里了

270
00:23:36,609 --> 00:23:40,969
it's already there very present when students will ask so who you know who
当学生问的时候它已经存在了，所以你知道谁

271
00:23:41,169 --> 00:23:44,899
why are we reading this article on African history written by someone from
我们为什么要阅读由某人撰写的有关非洲历史的文章

272
00:23:45,099 --> 00:23:49,938
Iceland why who speaks for Russian pasts who writes and so forth and so forth
冰岛为什么为谁写的俄罗斯过去说话等等

273
00:23:50,138 --> 00:23:54,348
these debates that and they will be pressing and urgent I think in the years
这些辩论，我认为这些年来它们将是紧迫而紧迫的

274
00:23:54,548 --> 00:23:58,188
to come third point last point micro and global
第三点，最后一点，微观和全球

275
00:23:58,388 --> 00:24:03,889
this is really more a little bit of an experiment it's but Francesca invited me
这确实是一个实验，但是Francesca邀请了我

276
00:24:04,089 --> 00:24:08,149
here so it's a bit of a tribute section to think about the relationship between
在这里考虑一下之间的关系是一个致敬的部分

277
00:24:08,349 --> 00:24:13,729
micro and macro which is and has been in recent years issued a growing field
微观和宏观，并且近年来一直在发展中

278
00:24:13,929 --> 00:24:18,289
let's put it this way one of the most recent examples is this edited volume in
让我们这样说吧最近的例子之一是

279
00:24:18,490 --> 00:24:26,779
by past and present now my own feelings on this so how can we combine global and
从现在到现在，我对此都有自己的感受，那么我们如何将全球和

280
00:24:26,980 --> 00:24:32,930
tiny big entire global and micro and is this actually is this possible or
微小的整体和微观整体，这实际上是可能的还是

281
00:24:33,130 --> 00:24:38,329
is it actually even a problem now I in this field at the moment I and this is
我现在在这个领域实际上是一个问题，现在是

282
00:24:38,529 --> 00:24:43,729
maybe a very idiosyncratic summary stop me if I don't make sense
如果我没有道理，也许一个非常特殊的摘要阻止了我

283
00:24:43,929 --> 00:24:48,588
I see if at the moment four different ways in which micro historians try to
我现在看到微观历史学家尝试四种不同的方法

284
00:24:48,788 --> 00:24:56,509
link to global history or try to engage in this in this conversation one is what
链接到全球历史或尝试参与此对话之一是什么

285
00:24:56,710 --> 00:25:04,940
I like to call the global roller coaster rides so here we have someone who says
我喜欢称之为全球过山车游乐设施，所以我们这里有人说

286
00:25:05,140 --> 00:25:07,909
you know I'm not interested in the big structures I want to focus on one
你知道我对我想关注的大结构不感兴趣

287
00:25:08,109 --> 00:25:12,709
particular person and see how she traveled across continents and different
特定的人，看看她如何穿越各大洲

288
00:25:12,909 --> 00:25:18,740
cultures and then at some point comes home many of these studies you know they
文化，然后在某个时候回到家中，其中许多研究都知道

289
00:25:18,940 --> 00:25:24,348
are fascinated with movement travel but they're not interested in the places
对运动旅行着迷，但他们对这些地方不感兴趣

290
00:25:24,548 --> 00:25:27,519
where these people go in other words they're completely you know it's little
换句话说，这些人去了哪里，他们完全是你知道的很少

291
00:25:27,720 --> 00:25:32,750
like a roller coaster at some point they've safely back home but the places
就像过山车在某个时候他们已经安全地回家了

292
00:25:32,950 --> 00:25:37,930
don't shape either the persons or the narrative that's quite a successful
不要塑造成功的人物或叙述

293
00:25:38,130 --> 00:25:44,809
genre even in bookshops I think it's insufficient as a scholarly
甚至在书店里我都认为这是不够的

294
00:25:45,009 --> 00:25:52,909
project the second strategy I see is the argument to say look we have these big
项目我看到的第二个策略是说看起来我们有这么大

295
00:25:53,109 --> 00:25:58,250
summaries and synthesis Chris Bailey's book but then if I study this particular
总结和综合克里斯·贝利的书，但是如果我研究这个特殊的

296
00:25:58,450 --> 00:26:03,858
village in the Andes it's all more complicated which is a clearly an
安第斯山脉的村庄更加复杂，这显然是

297
00:26:04,058 --> 00:26:11,000
important point to make and it reveals many of the limits that some of these
重要的一点，它揭示了许多限制，其中一些

298
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:19,490
global syntheses have at the same time it's also limited just to you know say
全局合成同时也仅限于您所知

299
00:26:19,690 --> 00:26:23,690
that it's a little more muddled on the ground ultimately first of all will not
最终它会变得更加混乱

300
00:26:23,890 --> 00:26:28,669
get us very far but also ultimately relies on prior generalizations
让我们走得很远，但最终还是要依靠先前的概括

301
00:26:28,869 --> 00:26:34,729
otherwise you can't even make that argument so as important that is I also
否则你甚至不能说那个论点那么重要，我也是

302
00:26:34,929 --> 00:26:39,649
think that we need to do something else the third version is what I and what I
认为我们需要做其他事情第三版是我和我

303
00:26:39,849 --> 00:26:43,729
would call redemptive histories which essentially
会称为赎回历史

304
00:26:43,929 --> 00:26:51,729
as these big narratives don't really give us enough about you know the the
因为这些重要的叙述并不能真正给我们足够的了解，您知道

305
00:26:51,929 --> 00:26:56,209
marginalized people in forgotten parts of the world we we need to do some
在世界被遗忘的地方被边缘化的人，我们需要做一些

306
00:26:56,409 --> 00:27:01,088
historical justice and bring them back to life again this is a very popular
历史正义，使他们重获新生这是非常受欢迎的

307
00:27:01,288 --> 00:27:07,129
genre in the field of micro history and again I am not so taken by it here's
微观历史领域的流派，我再一次不被它所吸引

308
00:27:07,329 --> 00:27:13,009
what just one example in a classical now classical art article Tony Andrade wrote
托尼·安德拉德（Tony Andrade）撰写的现在古典艺术作品中的一个例子

309
00:27:13,210 --> 00:27:17,418
at the end of the article where he focuses on the figure of one woman and
在文章的结尾，他着重介绍了一个女人的身材， 

310
00:27:17,618 --> 00:27:25,068
says she'll remain as anonymous as most of the lives lived on earth we global
说她将像全球大多数人一样匿名

311
00:27:25,269 --> 00:27:30,108
historians should bring alive just for a few pages some of the people who lived
历史学家应该活几页， 

312
00:27:30,308 --> 00:27:34,668
through those processes there are stories out there waiting to be told
通过这些过程，那里有故事等待被告知

313
00:27:34,868 --> 00:27:39,529
let's bring the history of our interconnected world to life one story
让我们将互联世界的历史变成现实

314
00:27:39,730 --> 00:27:47,119
at a time is great but then you know every story which one's how many pages
一次很棒，但随后您就会知道每个故事多少页

315
00:27:47,319 --> 00:27:52,818
do we do we do why why every one of those stories I again think it has its
我们要做我们为什么要为什么为什么这些故事中的每一个我再次认为它都有

316
00:27:53,019 --> 00:27:56,928
limits so the the the one version where I think we need to go and this is how I
限制，所以我认为我们需要去的那个版本，这就是我的方式

317
00:27:57,128 --> 00:28:01,009
read Francesca treble Otto's article on Italian micro history and global history
阅读Francesca treble Otto关于意大利微观历史和全球历史的文章

318
00:28:01,210 --> 00:28:07,389
is that a micro perspective allows us to understand the way in which structures
微观的观点使我们能够理解结构的方式

319
00:28:07,589 --> 00:28:14,298
and different scales operate in a much more effective way that is actually the
而不同的规模以更有效的方式运作，这实际上是

320
00:28:14,499 --> 00:28:18,108
direction in which I think we need to move global history without this kind of
我认为我们需要在没有这种情况的情况下推动全球历史发展的方向

321
00:28:18,308 --> 00:28:25,519
sensitivity to place agency the the the you know the concrete is problematic
放置代理的敏感性您知道具体有问题

322
00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:32,959
while reversely micro history without at least view on large-scale processes is
而相反的微观历史却至少不涉及大规模过程

323
00:28:33,159 --> 00:28:38,119
also I think insufficient so to close I'll quote the definition that
我也认为不足以结束我将引用以下定义

324
00:28:38,319 --> 00:28:42,828
Christiane DeVito in this past and present special issue gives of micro
 Christiane DeVito过去和现在的微型杂志特刊

325
00:28:43,028 --> 00:28:50,659
history and that's really my and he says here I define micro history as the
历史，那真的是我的，他说我在这里将微观历史定义为

326
00:28:50,859 --> 00:28:55,068
analytical approach by which scholars derive the categories spatial unit's
学者得出类别空间单位的分析方法

327
00:28:55,269 --> 00:28:58,440
periodization from the interaction between three
从三者之间的相互作用开始

328
00:28:58,640 --> 00:29:03,319
levels and this is where it really staff the three levels the social practices
级别，这是它真正为三个级别的社会实践服务的地方

329
00:29:03,519 --> 00:29:10,219
revealed by the sources the researchers hypotheses and methodologies and the
消息来源揭示了研究人员的假设和方法，以及

330
00:29:10,419 --> 00:29:16,078
knowledge derived from available scholarship that's his definition of my
从可获得的奖学金中获得的知识就是他对我的定义

331
00:29:16,278 --> 00:29:19,348
Christian but then he goes on to say well actually you know given the global
基督教徒，但他接着说得很好，实际上你知道

332
00:29:19,548 --> 00:29:24,000
turn we actually you know micro history isn't enough we need to do micro spatial
我们实际上知道微观历史还不够，我们需要做微观空间

333
00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:27,899
history and that's what we really need to do but then you know if we briefly
历史，这是我们真正需要做的，但是您知道我们是否简要

334
00:29:28,099 --> 00:29:33,088
think about it the social practice is revealed by the sources sure
想一想，社会实践被消息来源肯定地揭示出来了

335
00:29:33,288 --> 00:29:39,119
the researchers own hypotheses and the knowledge derived from historiography so
研究人员拥有假设，并且从历史学中获得知识，因此

336
00:29:39,319 --> 00:29:43,709
who wouldn't agree isn't that you know what almost any one of us would probably
谁不同意是不是你不知道我们几乎所有人

337
00:29:43,909 --> 00:29:48,809
do so I you know my my last word and this would be to say shouldn't we just
这样做，我你知道我的最后一句话，这就是说我们不应该

338
00:29:49,009 --> 00:29:57,690
do this is a this is a technical term i I admit but I hope you forgive me should
我承认这是一个技术术语，但我希望您能原谅我

339
00:29:57,890 --> 00:30:02,430
we just do good history which means that yes obviously large-scale structures
我们只是做的很好的历史，这意味着是明显的大型结构

340
00:30:02,630 --> 00:30:06,899
matter yes obviously we need to think about their relevance up to potentially
是的，很明显，我们需要考虑它们与潜在

341
00:30:07,099 --> 00:30:11,969
a global level but ultimately if we just stay up there make these generalizations
在全球范围内，但最终如果我们只停留在那儿，就可以进行以下概括

342
00:30:12,169 --> 00:30:17,369
without really knowing what's going on what's in the sources is also not good
没有真正知道发生了什么事的消息来源也不是很好

343
00:30:17,569 --> 00:30:28,019
history I'd like to thank Francesca for organizing this Roundtable and to thank
历史我要感谢Francesca组织这次圆桌会议，并感谢

344
00:30:28,220 --> 00:30:32,369
Sebastian Conrad for his remarks and for his wonderful 2016 book which has done
塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad）的讲话和他出色的2016年著作

345
00:30:32,569 --> 00:30:35,969
so much to help us shape our conversations around the global turn I
可以帮助我们在全球转折中塑造我们的对话

346
00:30:36,169 --> 00:30:40,198
want to take about ten minutes to describe how the global turn looks from
想花大约十分钟来描述全局转折的样子

347
00:30:40,398 --> 00:30:44,129
the vantage point of medieval studies describing very briefly what kinds of
中世纪研究的优势非常简要地描述了哪种

348
00:30:44,329 --> 00:30:47,940
conversations have already been taking place within the field the reasons why
现场已经进行了对话，为什么

349
00:30:48,140 --> 00:30:51,959
this work has come to feel increasingly urgent and some of the problems we face
这项工作变得越来越紧迫，我们面临的一些问题

350
00:30:52,159 --> 00:30:56,909
in trying to conceive of the field in more global terms first of all the
首先尝试以更全球化的方式来构想这个领域

351
00:30:57,109 --> 00:31:00,448
global has been used to frame our field for quite some time a group of
全球化已经被用来构筑我们的领域很长时间了

352
00:31:00,648 --> 00:31:04,198
researchers based at the University of Minnesota and the University of Texas at
明尼苏达大学和德克萨斯大学的研究人员位于

353
00:31:04,398 --> 00:31:07,919
Austin most important among them Geraldine hang have for almost two
其中，奥斯汀最重要的杰拉尔丁·亨拥有近两个

354
00:31:08,119 --> 00:31:10,709
decades been that the global is a useful frame of
几十年来，全球是一个有用的框架

355
00:31:10,909 --> 00:31:15,899
reference the global Middle Ages timeline begins in 2004 with a course on
参考全球中世纪时间表，从2004年开始

356
00:31:16,099 --> 00:31:21,029
global interconnections and hosts a range of projects including the Black
全球互连并主持一系列项目，包括黑人

357
00:31:21,230 --> 00:31:25,588
Death digital archive this project led by historian of science Monica Greene is
由科学史学家莫妮卡·格林（Monica Greene）领导的这个项目的死亡数字档案库是

358
00:31:25,788 --> 00:31:31,828
truly global in scope pandemic like climate offers the historian a field of
真正的全球性大流行，例如气候，为历史学家提供了一个

359
00:31:32,028 --> 00:31:36,750
study that is unconstrained by regional or local limitations other approaches to
不受区域或本地限制的研究其他方法

360
00:31:36,950 --> 00:31:41,869
the medieval past however have been more global in a circumscribed or limited way
然而，中世纪的过去以有限或有限的方式更加全球化

361
00:31:42,069 --> 00:31:46,649
Maria Rosa Meno calls Arabic roll in medieval literary history published in
玛丽亚·罗莎·梅诺（Maria Rosa Meno）称阿拉伯文学在中世纪的文学史中

362
00:31:46,849 --> 00:31:51,000
1987 and reissued 20 years later turned the conventional narrative of the
 1987年重新发行，20年后改头换面， 

363
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,418
European Middle Ages on its head arguing that Arabic language and
欧洲中世纪争论阿拉伯语言和

364
00:31:54,618 --> 00:31:58,048
literature had played a fundamental role in the emergence of quote/unquote
文学在报价/取消报价的出现中起了根本作用

365
00:31:58,249 --> 00:32:02,519
Western culture that work initially controversial proved to be deeply
最初引起争议的西方文化被证明是深刻的

366
00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:07,229
influential and fruitful a conference on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of
成立20周年之际，富有影响力和富有成果的会议

367
00:32:07,429 --> 00:32:11,818
the publication of that book ended up as a volume that I co-edited with Carla
那本书的出版最终成为我与卡拉合编的一本书

368
00:32:12,019 --> 00:32:15,779
mallet called a sea of languages rethinking the Arabic role in medieval
木槌叫语言之海，重新思考中世纪的阿拉伯角色

369
00:32:15,980 --> 00:32:19,649
literary history what had changed over those twenty years however was the
文学史在这20年中发生了变化的是

370
00:32:19,849 --> 00:32:22,918
emergence of the field of Mediterranean Studies and the concurrent development
地中海研究领域的兴起与同步发展

371
00:32:23,118 --> 00:32:27,389
of a specifically medieval corner of that field of Mediterranean Studies our
地中海研究领域中一个中世纪的角落

372
00:32:27,589 --> 00:32:31,048
book therefore was building on Meno calls literary history but it did so
因此这本书是建立在梅诺称为文学史的基础上的，但它确实做到了

373
00:32:31,249 --> 00:32:34,318
with a focus on regional and confessional identities and with a
着重于区域和ess悔的身份， 

374
00:32:34,519 --> 00:32:37,519
targeted approach to the region that owed much to horde in a per cells
对每个单元的应归功于该区域的目标方法

375
00:32:37,720 --> 00:32:42,688
concept of definite places articulated in their book the corrupting see these
在他们的书中阐明了确定地点的概念，腐败见这些

376
00:32:42,888 --> 00:32:46,469
targeted areas of intensification and remission can be investigated they
可以研究针对性的强化和缓解区域

377
00:32:46,669 --> 00:32:49,740
argued in order to produce micro histories that tell us about the nature
为了产生微观历史告诉我们关于自然的争论

378
00:32:49,940 --> 00:32:53,490
of the pre-modern interconnected world so in addition to
前现代互联世界

379
00:32:53,690 --> 00:32:57,990
these two approaches truly global based on climate or pandemic and regional
这两种方法是真正基于气候或大流行以及区域性的全球方法

380
00:32:58,190 --> 00:33:01,288
building on the paradigm of Mediterranean studies we see emerging
在地中海研究范式的基础上，我们看到了新兴

381
00:33:01,489 --> 00:33:05,279
mainly from the fields of art history and archaeology an interest in
主要来自艺术史和考古学领域

382
00:33:05,480 --> 00:33:08,788
conceiving of the pre-modern past in terms of networks and entanglements
在网络和纠缠方面构想前现代的过去

383
00:33:08,989 --> 00:33:12,209
focusing on regional and local identities in a way that is usually
通常以一种方式关注区域和本地身份

384
00:33:12,409 --> 00:33:15,000
distinct from the methodological approach as we find in Mediterranean
与我们在地中海发现的方法学方法不同

385
00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:21,389
studies berry floods 2018 book objects of translation material culture and
研究berry Floods 2018本书的翻译材料文化对象和

386
00:33:21,589 --> 00:33:24,599
medieval Hindu most encounter is a good example of this kind
中世纪的印度教徒遇到最多的就是这种例子

387
00:33:24,799 --> 00:33:29,549
of work as if the 2019 collection assembled by Brian Keene emerging from a
仿佛布赖恩·基恩（Brian Keene）组装的2019年系列从

388
00:33:29,750 --> 00:33:34,619
show that he created at the Getty called torta global Middle Ages this book
展示他在盖蒂创建的名为torta全球中世纪的这本书

389
00:33:34,819 --> 00:33:39,299
toward a global Middle Ages is I think useful in two ways first the range and
我认为，通向全球中世纪是有两个方面的作用的，首先是范围

390
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:43,769
scope of the essays some of them brief case studies others more extended they
论文范围有些是简短的案例研究，有些则是扩展的

391
00:33:43,970 --> 00:33:47,190
give a variegated picture of the pre-modern past based on a very wide
根据很宽的范围，给出前现代过去的杂色图片

392
00:33:47,390 --> 00:33:53,309
range of perspectives second this book is in some ways sprawling it does not
观点范围第二本书在某种程度上没有扩展

393
00:33:53,509 --> 00:33:57,059
attempt to give a holistic unified view of the global Middle Ages of the sort we
尝试对我们所研究的全球中世纪整体给出统一的看法

394
00:33:57,259 --> 00:34:02,129
just heard about instead it's precisely directed toward that goal implicitly
只是听说过，它是隐式地针对该目标的

395
00:34:02,329 --> 00:34:05,460
putting the aspiration of the global on the distant horizon while giving a
将全球的抱负放在遥远的地平线上，同时给予

396
00:34:05,660 --> 00:34:10,920
robust and plural account of local and regional entanglements so what if given
关于本地和区域纠缠的强大而多元的解释，如果给出的话

397
00:34:11,119 --> 00:34:15,630
you just now is a really fast history of the field I haven't talked about is why
您刚才是该领域的一个非常快的历史，而我还没有谈到这是为什么

398
00:34:15,829 --> 00:34:18,959
this work long scene is kind of peripheral to the main flow of Medieval
这项工作的长景是中世纪主流的一种外围

399
00:34:19,159 --> 00:34:23,820
Studies has come to be seen as central with medieval study centers across North
研究已被视为整个北部的中世纪研究中心的中心

400
00:34:24,019 --> 00:34:28,350
America rebranding and in some cases actually rethinking their academic
美国重塑品牌，在某些情况下实际上是在重新思考自己的学术

401
00:34:28,550 --> 00:34:32,190
programs and new journals and book series on the global medieval popping up
全球中世纪的节目，新期刊和丛书出现

402
00:34:32,389 --> 00:34:37,709
like mushrooms in August 2017 the unites the right rally held in Charlottesville
就像2017年8月的蘑菇一样，团结起来在夏洛茨维尔举行的右集会

403
00:34:37,909 --> 00:34:40,949
Virginia resulted in the death of one and the injury of another nineteen
弗吉尼亚州造成1人死亡，另外19人受伤

404
00:34:41,148 --> 00:34:45,719
counter-protesters there's a lot to say about this event for our purposes today
反抗议者今天对于我们而言，关于此事件有很多话要说

405
00:34:45,918 --> 00:34:49,019
however I just want to draw your attention to the use of medieval symbols
但是我只想提请您注意中世纪符号的使用

406
00:34:49,219 --> 00:34:53,699
by these right-wing demonstrators these include the call to crusade against the
这些右翼示威者，包括呼吁对

407
00:34:53,898 --> 00:34:59,460
Muslims taken from Pope Urban sermon at Claremont Deus vult God wills it seen
穆斯林从克莱蒙特神父的教皇城市讲道中被带走

408
00:34:59,659 --> 00:35:04,050
here and close-up here also from the same demonstration we see the a follow
这里和这里的特写镜头也来自相同的演示，我们看到了一个跟随

409
00:35:04,250 --> 00:35:08,130
rule a rule a letter taken from the Norse alphabet that was used in Nazi
规则规则取自纳粹使用的北欧字母的字母。 

410
00:35:08,329 --> 00:35:13,710
Germany as the divisional insignia for two of often SS divisions in 2017 an
 2017年，德国成为两个党卫军师的师长徽章

411
00:35:13,909 --> 00:35:17,400
American neo-nazi group the National Socialist Movement decided that they
美国新纳粹组织国家社会主义运动决定

412
00:35:17,599 --> 00:35:20,730
would replace the swastika on their uniforms and things like then signage
会取代制服上的ast字，然后是标牌

413
00:35:20,929 --> 00:35:25,320
with the AFOL Arun it continues to be popular as a tattoo in a clothing logo
凭借AFOL Arun，它继续作为服装徽标中的纹身而广受欢迎

414
00:35:25,519 --> 00:35:30,300
and this medieval emblem as was famously pointed out on Twitter used at
正如在Twitter上使用的著名中世纪徽章

415
00:35:30,500 --> 00:35:36,429
Charlottesville can be found in medieval manuscript illustrations of st. Maurice
夏洛茨维尔（Charlottesville）可以在中世纪的圣手稿插图中找到。莫里斯

416
00:35:36,989 --> 00:35:42,100
this image is particularly revealing it shows not only the appropriation of
该图像特别揭示了它不仅显示了对

417
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:45,580
medieval forms by right-wing demonstrators alongside Confederate and
右翼示威者与同盟和

418
00:35:45,780 --> 00:35:50,289
other symbols in the nostalgic pursuit of an imagined past but also the primary
怀念过去的想象中的其他符号

419
00:35:50,489 --> 00:35:54,760
way that medievalists would seek to combat this nostalgic fantasy that is
中世纪主义者寻求对抗这种怀旧幻想的方式

420
00:35:54,960 --> 00:35:58,120
with a historically grounded more accurate picture of the medieval past
结合历史，更准确地描绘了中世纪的过去

421
00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:03,519
the original as its put in the tweet instead of a bizarre fantasy of pure
在推文中放入原始内容，而不是纯净的奇异幻想

422
00:36:03,719 --> 00:36:07,690
northern racial identities and a more hierarchical set set of gender norms
北部种族身份和更规范的性别规范集

423
00:36:07,889 --> 00:36:12,129
some medievalists have sought to tell what they often call better stories of
一些中世纪主义者试图讲出他们通常所说的更好的故事

424
00:36:12,329 --> 00:36:15,669
the past describing the cross-cultural and inter-confessional relationships
过去描述了跨文化和自白之间的关系

425
00:36:15,869 --> 00:36:19,720
that linked disparate regions of the pre-modern world this more than anything
与前现代世界不同地区的联系比其他任何事物都重要

426
00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:23,590
else is why those medieval Studies programs I mentioned have been in the
否则就是为什么我提到的那些中世纪研究计划已经出现在

427
00:36:23,789 --> 00:36:28,810
act of rebranding or in some cases truly seeking to reinvent their fields but we
品牌重塑或在某些情况下真正寻求重塑自己领域的行为，但我们

428
00:36:29,010 --> 00:36:34,060
have a problem the global turn requires skill sets and competencies that most
有一个问题，全球转向需要大多数人的技能和能力

429
00:36:34,260 --> 00:36:38,530
private programs are not equipped to provide above all more languages more
私人程序无法提供更多的语言

430
00:36:38,730 --> 00:36:43,930
languages it's so important in some cases this has been improved for example
语言，在某些情况下是如此重要，例如，已经对其进行了改进

431
00:36:44,130 --> 00:36:47,379
at the University of Toronto Giz which is the language found in
在多伦多大学吉兹大学

432
00:36:47,579 --> 00:36:51,210
medieval Ethiopian manuscripts has been added to the program in Medieval Studies
中世纪埃塞俄比亚手稿已被添加到该程序的中世纪研究

433
00:36:51,409 --> 00:36:55,330
there's a lot more I could say about that but they won't do that today but
关于这一点，我还有很多话要说，但是他们今天不会这样做，但是

434
00:36:55,530 --> 00:36:59,980
student uptake has been limited mainly because this course is added on to
学生人数受到限制，主要是因为该课程已添加到

435
00:37:00,179 --> 00:37:04,149
rather than a substitute for existing language requirements beyond the need
而不是替代现有的语言要求

436
00:37:04,349 --> 00:37:07,300
for a wider range of language competencies we face a bigger challenge
对于更广泛的语言能力，我们面临更大的挑战

437
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:11,409
while each of us is able to master a certain range of languages and
虽然我们每个人都能掌握一定范围的语言， 

438
00:37:11,608 --> 00:37:16,240
historical context we each have our limit to fully take advantage of the
在历史背景下，我们每个人都有自己的局限性，无法充分利用

439
00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:20,769
global turn we have to be ready to collaborate at least in some cases this
全球转向，我们至少在某些情况下必须做好合作的准备

440
00:37:20,969 --> 00:37:24,159
is a model that has as yet only partially been worked out in the
是仅在模型中部分完成的模型

441
00:37:24,358 --> 00:37:29,110
humanities finally we might like to develop networked projects and this is
最后，我们可能想开发网络项目，这是

442
00:37:29,309 --> 00:37:35,200
what I'd like to focus on for like the last two minutes of my comments so this
我想重点关注的内容（例如我评论的最后两分钟） 

443
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:38,409
is a web page for a project called the book in the Silk Roads which Francesca
是一个名为Francesca的《丝绸之路上的书》项目的网页

444
00:37:38,608 --> 00:37:41,110
mentioned very briefly and I've been working on this collaboratively over the
非常简短地提到，我一直在

445
00:37:41,309 --> 00:37:44,619
last couple of years funded by Mellon and hopefully getting
最近几年由梅隆（Mellon）资助，希望

446
00:37:44,818 --> 00:37:48,410
Canadian federal funding soon cross your fingers please for us and
加拿大联邦资金很快就会为您和您所用

447
00:37:48,610 --> 00:37:55,370
what the project seeks to do is do did it I don't know what happened I cursed
这个项目想要做的是做的，我不知道我诅咒了什么

448
00:37:55,570 --> 00:38:06,680
it here huh the computer turned off at just the worst possible moment so the
它在这里，计算机只是在最坏的情况下关闭的，所以

449
00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:12,710
project the book in the Silk Roads seeks thank you seeks to give a to take not a
在《丝绸之路》中规划这本书寻求谢谢你寻求付出

450
00:38:12,909 --> 00:38:16,280
planetary approach but a global approach in the sense that it has many many many
行星方法，但从全球方法上讲，它有很多很多

451
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:20,840
different points of contact and when it seeks to do is to use scientific methods
不同的接触点，当它寻求去做时，就是使用科学方法

452
00:38:21,039 --> 00:38:24,110
to understand the history of books and to use the history of books the study
了解书籍的历史并使用书籍的历史研究

453
00:38:24,309 --> 00:38:27,590
connections among different parts of the pre-modern world and the webpage that I
前现代世界的不同部分与我的网页之间的联系

454
00:38:27,789 --> 00:38:33,050
showed you before is listed there so by scientific methods there just for
展示过您之前的位置，所以在那里用科学方法

455
00:38:33,250 --> 00:38:36,470
example taking samples with an archival kind of eraser to see what kinds of
例如，使用档案类型的橡皮擦取样以查看哪种

456
00:38:36,670 --> 00:38:40,640
materials the animal skin that makes up the manuscript page is made of multi
材料组成手稿页的动物皮肤是由多种材料制成

457
00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:45,050
spectral imaging different kinds of technologies and CT scanning that lets
光谱成像各种技术和CT扫描

458
00:38:45,250 --> 00:38:48,140
you look at the inside structure of a book without actually taking apart the
你看书的内部结构而没有真正拆开

459
00:38:48,340 --> 00:38:52,039
binding you might be who cares about books the structure of
装订您可能是谁在乎书籍的结构

460
00:38:52,239 --> 00:38:54,740
books tells you a great deal about the materials that were present in a
书籍告诉您很多有关

461
00:38:54,940 --> 00:38:59,000
particular place in time and about the crafts practices and the people who put
时间上的特定地点以及关于手工艺品的做法和摆放的人

462
00:38:59,199 --> 00:39:01,970
those books together so they're an incredibly saw rich source of knowledge
这些书在一起，所以它们是难以置信的丰富知识来源

463
00:39:02,170 --> 00:39:06,170
so they can let you bring together for example a book from the British Isles
这样他们就可以让您汇集例如不列颠群岛的一本书

464
00:39:06,369 --> 00:39:11,690
the st. Cuthbert's pop gospel with a a manuscript of the Quran from North
圣卡斯伯特的流行福音与来自北方的古兰经手稿

465
00:39:11,889 --> 00:39:18,320
Africa or to look at again a northern African manuscript in juxtaposition with
非洲或再看一看与并置的北非手稿

466
00:39:18,519 --> 00:39:25,130
one from Central Asia or one from Tibet and so we've in the last year or so
一个来自中亚或一个来自西藏，所以我们在去年左右

467
00:39:25,329 --> 00:39:28,130
we've been sort of developing the technology doing proof of concept around
我们一直在开发技术来围绕概念进行验证

468
00:39:28,329 --> 00:39:32,750
the CT scanning and other kinds of approaches to the books to sort of learn
 CT扫描和其他种类的书籍学习方法

469
00:39:32,949 --> 00:39:36,410
about what we already know to find new information about the bindings that we
关于我们已经知道的信息，以找到有关我们绑定的新信息

470
00:39:36,610 --> 00:39:42,560
couldn't see with the naked eye and to find unexpected kinds of things and so
肉眼看不见，无法找到意想不到的东西等等

471
00:39:42,760 --> 00:39:45,890
most recently we did proof-of-concept with a modern poti book or palm leaf
最近，我们用现代的便笺簿或棕榈叶做了概念验证

472
00:39:46,090 --> 00:39:49,100
book just to make sure that we would get our technology right before we started
预订只是为了确保我们在开始之前就能正确使用我们的技术

473
00:39:49,300 --> 00:39:53,480
using old books from the libraries and they let you sort of see inside the book
使用图书馆中的旧书，它们使您可以看书内部

474
00:39:53,679 --> 00:39:57,380
in just this kind of way and in the last few weeks we've been doing this with a
以这种方式，在过去的几周中，我们一直在用

475
00:39:57,579 --> 00:40:01,220
16th century Kashmiri manuscript which is really fascinating it comes from the
真正令人着迷的16世纪克什米尔手稿来自

476
00:40:01,420 --> 00:40:03,500
Nexus of persecute Persian speaking regions
逼迫波斯语地区的纽带

477
00:40:03,699 --> 00:40:09,800
Islamic regions and Sanskrit writing regions and what is now India right so
伊斯兰教地区和梵文写作地区，现在印度又是什么？ 

478
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:13,190
it's a book that's in what's called an Islamic binding based on the structure
这是一本基于结构的伊斯兰装订书

479
00:40:13,389 --> 00:40:17,420
of the binding but it's in Sanskrit and the book format the tells you something
装订，但使用梵文和书籍格式，可以告诉您一些信息

480
00:40:17,619 --> 00:40:20,960
about where it comes from and we can study that iconographically comparing it
关于它的来源，我们可以通过图像比较来研究它

481
00:40:21,159 --> 00:40:24,320
with different many scripts from the same region or with CT scanning that
使用来自同一区域的许多不同脚本或使用CT扫描

482
00:40:24,519 --> 00:40:27,470
lets you again reveal things about the binding that are normally hidden from
让您再次显示通常对绑定隐藏的东西

483
00:40:27,670 --> 00:40:30,740
the naked eye the really crucial thing and this is what I want to bring out
肉眼真正关键的事情，这就是我要带出的东西

484
00:40:30,940 --> 00:40:34,730
about this project is it makes teams and it brings together people who are highly
这个项目的意义在于它使团队团结起来，并将高度

485
00:40:34,929 --> 00:40:39,140
specialized who are deeply embedded in a very specific field of study and region
深入研究特定领域和领域的专业人士

486
00:40:39,340 --> 00:40:43,610
of the world with people who are part of the core team museum curators and
属于核心团队博物馆策展人的人们

487
00:40:43,809 --> 00:40:47,000
scientists who were working in the particular applications that we're
从事特定应用的科学家

488
00:40:47,199 --> 00:40:50,750
dealing with so we buy and that's what I mean by a networked approach where you
处理，所以我们购买，这就是我所说的网络化方法

489
00:40:50,949 --> 00:40:54,170
bring together people into larger frameworks that have always the solid
将人们聚集到始终牢固的更大框架中

490
00:40:54,369 --> 00:41:00,410
following of individual specific subject areas and so a Sebastian was saying I
关注个别特定主题领域，所以塞巴斯蒂安说我

491
00:41:00,610 --> 00:41:03,200
don't think this is a solution I think it's an approach it's one approach among
不要以为这是解决方案，我认为这是一种方法

492
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:07,980
many but it was one that has some promise thank you
很多，但是那是一个有希望的谢谢

493
00:41:09,809 --> 00:41:14,240
global history is a very important topic for my field which I consider really
全球历史是我所在领域非常重要的话题，我认为

494
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:20,120
more inner Asian history than Chinese history in some ways and for this event
在某些方面，这次活动比亚洲历史更内在的亚洲历史

495
00:41:20,320 --> 00:41:26,630
I thought I would try to do something not too theoretical in fact very
我以为我会尝试做一些实际上不太理论的事情

496
00:41:26,829 --> 00:41:34,700
practical sort of applied global history to explain to illustrate rather how
实用的应用全球历史来解释，以说明如何

497
00:41:34,900 --> 00:41:40,730
important the impact of global history has been in sir in certain fields in
重要的是，全球历史的影响一直在

498
00:41:40,929 --> 00:41:46,160
particular the field of innovation history so we are going from the theory
特别是创新历史领域，所以我们要从理论出发

499
00:41:46,360 --> 00:41:50,840
to the practice from the model to the case so to speak and some of you may
从模型到案例的实践，可以这么说，你们中的一些人可能

500
00:41:51,039 --> 00:41:57,350
have heard some of these remarks before anyway I don't have a PowerPoint by the
在我没有PowerPoint之前，我已经听过其中一些评论。 

501
00:41:57,550 --> 00:42:04,519
way the 19th International Congress of historical Sciences held in Oslo in
第十九届国际历史科学大会在奥斯陆举行

502
00:42:04,719 --> 00:42:10,750
August 2000 and as one of its major themes perspectives on global history
 2000年8月，其主要主题之一是对全球历史的看法

503
00:42:10,949 --> 00:42:16,169
concepts and methodology organized by the German historian Ian
德国历史学家伊恩（Ian）组织的概念和方法论

504
00:42:16,369 --> 00:42:21,330
I presented a paper in one of its panels subdivisions cultural encounters
我在其中一个小组细分的文化遭遇中发表了一篇论文

505
00:42:21,530 --> 00:42:25,890
organized by the late and very much missed Jerry Bentley a pioneer in the
由已故且非常怀念的杰里·本特利（Jerry Bentley）组织的先驱

506
00:42:26,090 --> 00:42:31,050
field of global history one of the discussions was Natalie Zemon Davis at
全球历史领域的讨论之一是娜塔莉·泽蒙·戴维斯（Natalie Zemon Davis）， 

507
00:42:31,250 --> 00:42:37,320
their times the report on this particular panel which was published
他们的时间在该特定小组中发布的报告

508
00:42:37,519 --> 00:42:43,370
after the conference reads cultural encounters address the problem of
会议读到文化遭遇后解决了

509
00:42:43,570 --> 00:42:50,550
historical center isms such as European American and Asian it was argued that
历史中心主义，例如欧美和亚洲

510
00:42:50,750 --> 00:42:54,990
global by the panelists that global history should be seen as a complement
专题讨论会成员认为“全球历史应被视为补充” 

511
00:42:55,190 --> 00:42:59,850
to local and national histories and not as a threat a global consciousness they
对当地和国家的历史，而不是威胁他们的全球意识

512
00:43:00,050 --> 00:43:05,310
would stress the commonalities of human experience the center all points of
将强调人类经验的共同点

513
00:43:05,510 --> 00:43:09,900
origin conceptualized the past in multiple units besides the nation-state
起源除民族国家外，还以多个单位概念化了过去

514
00:43:10,099 --> 00:43:15,210
and abandoned the notion of failed transitions was recommended I'm not sure
我建议不要放弃失败转换的概念

515
00:43:15,409 --> 00:43:22,500
that has been follow through but in any case this was a beginning of a general
这已经过去了，但无论如何这都是一般的开始

516
00:43:22,699 --> 00:43:28,860
discussion on global on global history so now I'd like to revisit 20 years
关于全球历史的全球性讨论，现在我想回顾20年

517
00:43:29,059 --> 00:43:34,740
later the paper I presented in that panel preliminary ideas idea of a
之后，我在该小组中介绍了

518
00:43:34,940 --> 00:43:42,000
project that I've to this date I've not fully completed and and the problem is
我到目前为止的项目还没有完全完成，问题是

519
00:43:42,199 --> 00:43:48,030
really that with global history you keep discovering connections and project can
确实，凭借全球历史，您不断发现联系和项目可以

520
00:43:48,230 --> 00:43:55,320
be actually very long in the making my people was based on a reading of what I
实际上，在使我的员工成长方面花了很长时间

521
00:43:55,519 --> 00:44:00,269
considered to be the most important event in 17th century China the Manchu
被认为是17世纪中国满族最重要的事件

522
00:44:00,469 --> 00:44:03,780
conquest and dynastic transition from the Chinese Ming to the Manchu Qing
从中国明朝到满清的征服和王朝过渡

523
00:44:03,980 --> 00:44:08,850
Dynasty the reading aimed to displace traditional Chinese narratives and
王朝的阅读旨在取代传统的中国叙事和

524
00:44:09,050 --> 00:44:13,440
instead privilege a global world history context which is really interesting
而是优先考虑一个非常有趣的全球世界历史背景

525
00:44:13,639 --> 00:44:16,650
because it intersects with what Sebastian said about the Chinese
因为它与塞巴斯蒂安所说的中国人相交

526
00:44:16,849 --> 00:44:22,050
approach today to global history which is a bit of the opposite that is
今天对全球历史的看法与之相反

527
00:44:22,250 --> 00:44:26,659
stressing traditional Chinese views so traditional Chinese historiography
讲中国传统，所以讲中国传统史学

528
00:44:26,858 --> 00:44:31,230
understood the Manchus in terms consistent with patterns of
了解满族的方式与

529
00:44:31,429 --> 00:44:36,690
shape a turns of Chinese history and traditional ideas first of all the fact
首先是塑造中国历史和传统观念的转折

530
00:44:36,889 --> 00:44:41,970
that these people were militarily superior they created conquest dynasties
这些人在军事上处于优势地位，他们创造了征服王朝

531
00:44:42,170 --> 00:44:48,690
really a tale of barbarism prevailing over civilization with Turks Mongols
真正的故事是与土耳其人蒙古人一起野蛮统治了整个文明

532
00:44:48,889 --> 00:44:52,470
other peoples conquering parts of China the whole of China the Mongol Yuan
其他民族征服中国各地蒙古元

533
00:44:52,670 --> 00:44:57,780
Dynasty being a most significant case another reading claimed that the
王朝是最重要的案例，另一种说法则认为

534
00:44:57,980 --> 00:45:01,669
managers were able to conquer China because they could learn from China
经理人能够征服中国，因为他们可以向中国学习

535
00:45:01,869 --> 00:45:06,450
which is another way to interpret their conquest that is through the explanatory
这是通过解释来解释他们征服的另一种方式

536
00:45:06,650 --> 00:45:12,530
prism of Cinna cessation from culture and language to governance and economy
从文化和语言到治理和经济的肉桂戒断棱镜

537
00:45:12,730 --> 00:45:18,629
those who focus narrowly on the conquest starting from the Manchu conquerors
从满族征服者开始专注于征服的人

538
00:45:18,829 --> 00:45:25,470
Emperor's entering Beijing in 1644 missed the process that allowed the
皇帝于1644年进入北京，错过了允许

539
00:45:25,670 --> 00:45:30,269
Manchus to position themselves as a major political and military power here
满族将自己定位为这里的主要政治和军事力量

540
00:45:30,469 --> 00:45:34,440
is where my understanding of the Manchu conquest in terms completely different
在这里我对满族征服的理解完全不同

541
00:45:34,639 --> 00:45:40,129
from those I just mentioned started to take shape I look at economic growth
从我刚才提到的那些开始形成的角度来看，我看经济增长

542
00:45:40,329 --> 00:45:45,930
military growth in particular and in each case I found connections with
特别是军事发展，在每种情况下我都发现与

543
00:45:46,130 --> 00:45:51,090
global events and worldwide currents that seem to contribute in critical ways
全球事件和全球潮流似乎以关键方式做出了贡献

544
00:45:51,289 --> 00:45:57,090
to the rise of the Manchus American silver flowed into China through the
到满洲的兴起，美国的白银通过

545
00:45:57,289 --> 00:46:01,169
Manila trade from the late 16th century and sustained the rapid process of
从16世纪末开始的马尼拉贸易持续了

546
00:46:01,369 --> 00:46:05,669
commercialization and consumerism in China the Manchu government from the
中国的商业化和消费主义

547
00:46:05,869 --> 00:46:10,590
late 16th century exactly managed to profit greatly through a system of
 16世纪末，通过

548
00:46:10,789 --> 00:46:14,700
commercial monopolies for the trade of luxury items produced by they're still
他们生产的奢侈品贸易的商业垄断仍然

549
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:20,129
rather primitive economy namely first river pearls and above all while the
相当原始的经济，即第一条河明珠，最重要的是

550
00:46:20,329 --> 00:46:25,530
ginseng which has made been over harvested in China and no longer
人参在中国已经超采，不再

551
00:46:25,730 --> 00:46:32,070
sufficient to satisfy increasing demand these solid evidence to show that a
足以满足不断增长的需求，这些有力的证据表明

552
00:46:32,269 --> 00:46:36,000
large deficit developed in China's trade balance with
中国与中国的贸易收支出现巨额赤字

553
00:46:36,199 --> 00:46:41,730
Manchuria which was compensated by silver exports it is possible that up to
通过白银出口得到补偿的满洲，有可能

554
00:46:41,929 --> 00:46:44,800
1/4 of the American silver coming into China
进入中国的美国白银的1/4 

555
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:50,580
might have ended up in Manchuria invested then in agricultural expansion
可能已经结束了对满洲的投资，然后用于农业扩张

556
00:46:50,780 --> 00:46:57,899
programs and military buildup on the military side the firearms and artillery
军事方面的计划和军事建设枪支和火炮

557
00:46:58,099 --> 00:47:03,700
introduced into China by the Portuguese and the Dutch were eventually adopted by
葡萄牙人和荷兰人引入中国的最终被

558
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:09,550
the Manchus with the creation of special heavy forces mostly Chinese recruits who
满族与特种部队的建立，主要是中国新兵

559
00:47:09,750 --> 00:47:16,930
were experts in the use of firearms and artillery if in the early 1620s the
如果在1620年代初期，是使用枪支和火炮的专家

560
00:47:17,130 --> 00:47:20,980
manchu suffered heavy losses in siege battles because of the european of
满族人在欧洲的围困战中损失惨重

561
00:47:21,179 --> 00:47:26,620
Tillery deployed by the ming to defend border processes by the late sixteen
明军部署的瓦勒机在16世纪后期保卫边界进程

562
00:47:26,820 --> 00:47:33,010
twenties the Manchus own hughes of Av cannon made the siege taxes tactics
二十年代满族人自己的Av加农炮的拥抱使攻城税策略成为可能

563
00:47:33,210 --> 00:47:37,600
far more efficient and allow them to take critical Chinese defenses
更有效率，并允许他们采取重要的中国防御措施

564
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:43,450
defense installations thus overcoming one of their major weaknesses so
防御设施因此克服了其主要缺点之一，因此

565
00:47:43,650 --> 00:47:50,169
American silver European military technology were essential ingredients in
美国白银欧洲军事技术是

566
00:47:50,369 --> 00:47:56,919
the rise of the Manchus to the status of a major regional power the global
满族崛起为主要区域大国的地位

567
00:47:57,119 --> 00:48:01,780
dimensions of these two aspects is irrefutable there is yet another
这两个方面的维度是无可辩驳的

568
00:48:01,980 --> 00:48:07,810
dimension which has to do with the 17th century crisis decide discussed by
与17世纪危机有关的维度决定了

569
00:48:08,010 --> 00:48:16,360
European historians since the early 1950s the emergence of climate as an
自1950年代初期以来，欧洲历史学家就将气候问题

570
00:48:16,559 --> 00:48:21,580
object of historical research gradually displaced for instance political
历史研究的对象逐渐被取代，例如政治

571
00:48:21,780 --> 00:48:26,880
interpretations by the likes of El Hobsbawm and Hugh trevor-roper
 El Hobsbawm和Hugh trevor-roper之类的人的解释

572
00:48:27,079 --> 00:48:32,919
recognizing the possible role of the climatic downturn known as the little
认识到气候低迷的可能作用

573
00:48:33,119 --> 00:48:38,169
ice age such climatic approaches stimulated the comparative study of the
冰河时代的这种气候方法激发了对

574
00:48:38,369 --> 00:48:43,530
17th century from East and South Asia to Europe and to the Americas
从东亚和南亚到欧洲再到美洲的17世纪

575
00:48:43,730 --> 00:48:49,000
Geoffrey Parker's book global crisis climate war a war climate and
杰弗里·帕克（Geoffrey Parker）的书《全球危机，气候战争，战争气候和

576
00:48:49,199 --> 00:48:55,260
catastrophe in the 17th century synthesized the climatic thesis the
 17世纪的大灾难综合了气候论

577
00:48:55,460 --> 00:49:00,930
level to date it seems to me that a convergence between climatic and
到目前为止，在我看来，气候与气候之间的融合

578
00:49:01,130 --> 00:49:05,190
environmental history on the one side and world and global history on the
一方面是环境历史，另一方面是世界和全球历史

579
00:49:05,389 --> 00:49:10,560
other side lies mostly in comparative history by the dependents of historians
另一面主要在于历史学家的家属的比较历史中

580
00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:15,780
upon climatic data is such that we need more time to come up with a workable
气候数据使我们需要更多时间来提出可行的建议

581
00:49:15,980 --> 00:49:21,840
theory I think on or even perspectives on these matters all of these elements
我在这些问题上思考的理论甚至观点

582
00:49:22,039 --> 00:49:28,530
trade and exchange technology transfer climatic impacts will not be visible
贸易和交换技术转让的气候影响将不明显

583
00:49:28,730 --> 00:49:33,900
without a global history outlook and we will still be searching for the causes
没有全球历史的前景，我们仍将寻找原因

584
00:49:34,099 --> 00:49:39,110
of dementia conquest in the aptitude to learn Chinese or in their pursued
痴呆症患者学习汉语或追求汉语的能力

585
00:49:39,309 --> 00:49:46,950
prowess as a martial race the Jesuits who found themselves in China at the
作为武术的英勇力量，耶稣会士在中国的中国发现自己。 

586
00:49:47,150 --> 00:49:53,340
time of the conquest engulfed in this major crisis so so it is an event of
征服的时间卷入了这场重大危机，所以这是

587
00:49:53,539 --> 00:50:00,930
global dimensions and amazingly so in it an opportunity Martina Matheny a Jesuit
全球范围，令人惊讶的是，机会来了耶稣会士马丁娜·玛丝妮（Martina Matheny） 

588
00:50:01,130 --> 00:50:06,539
who wrote the de bellota aleca on the TAFTA war that is on the Manchu conquest
他在满族征服的TAFTA战争中写了de bellota aleca 

589
00:50:06,739 --> 00:50:12,750
of China of course quite correctly introduced an implicit comparison with
中国当然很正确地引入了与

590
00:50:12,949 --> 00:50:17,990
the Mongols the Tartars well known to Europeans from the thirteenth century
蒙古人十三世纪的欧洲人所熟知的塔塔尔人

591
00:50:18,190 --> 00:50:23,550
but in Martini's narrative the Manchus are justified in the claims against the
但是在马提尼的叙述中，满族在针对

592
00:50:23,750 --> 00:50:28,620
ming dynasty and therefore are presented as a providential alternative to the
明朝，因此被认为是替代

593
00:50:28,820 --> 00:50:34,230
perhaps most civilized but perfidious chinese paving the way to fruitful
也许是最文明但最残酷的中国人铺路致富

594
00:50:34,429 --> 00:50:39,720
collaboration between Jesuits and Manchu emperors yet another global connection
耶稣会士与满族皇帝之间的合作还有另一个全球联系

595
00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:45,720
in the 18th century Joseph de guinea a French Orientalist produced the first
在18世纪，约瑟夫·几内亚（Joseph de几内亚）是法国东方主义者

596
00:50:45,920 --> 00:50:51,900
world history of the toughness history a general history of hands mangoes Turks
世界韧性历史，芒果历史，土耳其人历史

597
00:50:52,099 --> 00:50:57,269
and other Western chapters a foundational text for the history of
和其他西方章节的历史基础文本

598
00:50:57,469 --> 00:51:05,970
inner Asian peoples now to conclude let me just say that the model of history of
现在亚洲内部人民得出的结论是，我只能说，历史的模式

599
00:51:06,170 --> 00:51:12,510
Turks mangas etc created by the being continued to dominate when I was a
在我小时候，土耳其人所产生的漫画等继续占据主导地位

600
00:51:12,710 --> 00:51:19,019
graduate student at Indiana University in the mid to late 1980s it was a type
 1980年代中期至后期在印第安纳大学（Indiana University）研究生，这是一种

601
00:51:19,219 --> 00:51:23,730
of history that linked together a series of conquerors archila
将一系列征服者阿基拉联系在一起的历史

602
00:51:23,929 --> 00:51:30,900
Genghis Khan tamerlane behind no basis in any civilization in fact it was the
成吉思汗tamerlane在任何文明中都毫无根据，事实上， 

603
00:51:31,099 --> 00:51:36,450
opposite of civilization but the advent of global history allowed us to connect
文明的对立面，但全球历史的到来使我们得以联系

604
00:51:36,650 --> 00:51:41,640
the history of these peoples much more organically with regional and
这些民族的历史与区域和

605
00:51:41,840 --> 00:51:49,310
civilizational histories a move away from sent reasons as we saw before
文明历史与我们之前所见的原因有所不同

606
00:51:49,510 --> 00:51:57,440
European Asian Chinese Mongol history has truly flourished since the 1990s
自1990年代以来，欧洲亚洲华人蒙古人的历史真正蓬勃发展

607
00:51:57,639 --> 00:52:02,430
benefiting from the emphasis on trade exchange and knowledge transfers that
受益于对贸易交流和知识转移的重视， 

608
00:52:02,630 --> 00:52:07,650
are the bread and butter so to speak of global history this does not mean that
是面包和黄油，所以说到全球历史并不意味着

609
00:52:07,849 --> 00:52:12,269
everything should be seen in a global perspective but without that perspective
一切都应该从全球的角度来看，但没有这个角度

610
00:52:12,469 --> 00:52:16,280
it would have been impossible to advance a new and more sophisticated in
不可能有一个新的，更先进的

611
00:52:16,480 --> 00:52:22,830
interpretations of the important historical events the global context and
重要历史事件的解释，全球背景和

612
00:52:23,030 --> 00:52:27,900
the tools and methods associated with the global history I've definitely been
我肯定曾经与全球历史相关的工具和方法

613
00:52:28,099 --> 00:52:33,660
after the essential to move the study of Central Asia or inner Asian history from
将中亚或亚洲内部历史研究从

614
00:52:33,860 --> 00:52:39,900
philology centered to history centered and it is perhaps on such once
文字学以历史为中心，也许曾经

615
00:52:40,099 --> 00:52:44,880
peripheral maybe still peripheral fields of history that the light of global
外围也许仍然是历史的外围领域

616
00:52:45,079 --> 00:52:55,260
history has been shining brighter thank you so as I said I didn't know in
历史光彩照人，谢谢，正如我所说，我不知道

617
00:52:55,460 --> 00:52:59,250
preparing my remarks what my colleagues would have said but I knew that they
准备我的话我的同事会说，但我知道他们

618
00:52:59,449 --> 00:53:04,410
would have given us a lot of food for thought and that almost inevitably they
会给我们很多思考的食物，几乎不可避免地， 

619
00:53:04,610 --> 00:53:12,240
would have highlighted the extraordinary heterogeneity of global history and so
本来会突出全球历史的非同寻常的异质性，所以

620
00:53:12,440 --> 00:53:19,560
this is the question I'd like to raise explicitly and share with you what is
这是我想明确提出并与您分享什么的问题

621
00:53:19,760 --> 00:53:22,830
global history see the mood is it an approach is it
全球历史看心情是一种方法

622
00:53:23,030 --> 00:53:31,160
method should we try collectively and individually to put some order in the
我们应该集体或单独尝试将一些顺序放在

623
00:53:31,360 --> 00:53:39,870
extraordinary variety of approaches topics even ideological positions that
各种各样的方法主题甚至是意识形态立场

624
00:53:40,070 --> 00:53:48,960
are you know bracketed under one rubric or should we have a kind of let all the
您是否知道放在一个标题下，还是应该让所有

625
00:53:49,159 --> 00:53:55,980
flowers bloom approach and I think I'm pretty sure that you all marvel as I do
花开了，我想我很确定你们都像我一样惊叹

626
00:53:56,179 --> 00:54:02,370
constantly about the fact that this term global history has enormous traction and
不断地关注这个术语的全球历史具有巨大的吸引力， 

627
00:54:02,570 --> 00:54:10,620
yet is so slippery and that it many ways global history was born ideologically
却是如此的滑溜溜，以至于全球历史在意识形态上诞生了许多方式

628
00:54:10,820 --> 00:54:16,080
and methodologically malleable and that continues to mean as you heard very many
和方法论上的延展性，这继续意味着您听到了很多

629
00:54:16,280 --> 00:54:21,750
different things to different fields to different national contexts to different
不同的事物到不同的领域到不同的国家背景到不同

630
00:54:21,949 --> 00:54:27,450
generations and so what does it mean for the sociology of knowledge what does it
几代人，这对知识社会学意味着什么

631
00:54:27,650 --> 00:54:34,200
mean for the academic world that we inhabit that we you know that such an
对于我们所居住的学术界​​而言，我们知道

632
00:54:34,400 --> 00:54:41,010
expansive variety of endeavors are referred to by the same term how common
相同的术语指的是广泛的尝试

633
00:54:41,210 --> 00:54:49,310
is it in our recent or not so recent history of academic institutions that
是在我们最近还是不是最近的学术机构历史中

634
00:54:49,510 --> 00:54:56,670
you know give credence to certain terms to have something that you know has one
你知道要相信某些术语，使你知道某件事有一个

635
00:54:56,869 --> 00:55:02,340
name and yet doesn't pinpoint to anything specific is it kind of a
的名字，但没有指出任何具体的东西是不是

636
00:55:02,539 --> 00:55:07,470
plastic mirror of the age in which we live in or is there something or is it a
我们所生活的年龄或是否存在某物的塑料镜

637
00:55:07,670 --> 00:55:12,269
symptom of something deeper and I don't have any answers but I just want to
更深层的症状，我没有任何答案，但我只想

638
00:55:12,469 --> 00:55:22,019
share two data points that I thought might help I looked on one once-a-year
共享两个我认为可以帮助我每年检查一次的数据点

639
00:55:22,219 --> 00:55:27,870
data point is numbers I tend to go there sometimes so I plugged the terms global
数据点是数字，我有时会去那里，所以我插入了全局术语

640
00:55:28,070 --> 00:55:35,310
history in the tidal feel of the search for ocl for the worldcat obviously this
在寻找世界猫的ocl潮汐感中的历史

641
00:55:35,510 --> 00:55:41,190
is only in English but the and divided the the
只用英语，但将

642
00:55:41,389 --> 00:55:47,190
time the 20th set you know the twentieth century until today from 1900 to today
时间20世纪，你知道20世纪，直到今天，从1900年至今

643
00:55:47,389 --> 00:55:54,360
in in in in in in columns of 20 years and he's just extraordinary how recent
在20年的专栏文章中，他简直是不凡

644
00:55:54,559 --> 00:55:58,710
this phenomenon is I mean we know that world history obviously has been written
这个现象是我的意思是我们知道世界历史显然已经被写成

645
00:55:58,909 --> 00:56:05,940
since antiquity by all authors of classical authors of great civilization
自古以来所有伟大文明的古典作家的著作

646
00:56:06,139 --> 00:56:09,930
it was revived by the European enlightenment but there seems to be
欧洲启蒙运动使它复活了，但似乎有

647
00:56:10,130 --> 00:56:15,930
something new that we are grappling with that is actually very recent and since
我们正在努力解决的新事物实际上是最近的，并且

648
00:56:16,130 --> 00:56:20,909
number never mean anything unless they're compared to other numbers I
数字永远没有任何意义，除非将它们与其他数字进行比较

649
00:56:21,108 --> 00:56:26,100
tried to see what happens you know these are very imperfect measures obviously
试图看看会发生什么，你知道这些显然是非常不完善的措施

650
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:30,120
but if you type cultural history economic history and intellectual
但是如果您输入文化历史，经济历史和知识分子

651
00:56:30,320 --> 00:56:42,000
history as part of a title in the sort of the last half a century or so and you
历史作为过去半个世纪左右的头衔的一部分，您

652
00:56:42,199 --> 00:56:46,139
observe to say obviously this these are not weighted numbers or so that there's
观察说显然这些不是加权数字，否则

653
00:56:46,338 --> 00:56:49,860
also the fate of the book it doesn't seem to be doomed there seem to be many
这本书的命运似乎也没有注定，似乎有很多

654
00:56:50,059 --> 00:56:57,240
more books produce and catalog in spite of of cries for the end of the book form
尽管有哭声，但更多的书籍仍在生产和编目

655
00:56:57,440 --> 00:57:02,519
but you see that first of all there still are many more books that have the
但首先您会发现还有更多书籍

656
00:57:02,719 --> 00:57:08,100
title cultural history and economic history then global history so it goes
标题文化史和经济史，然后是全球史

657
00:57:08,300 --> 00:57:14,550
back to what is the position within the the larger discipline but also that the
回到更大的学科中的位置，而且

658
00:57:14,750 --> 00:57:20,220
oscillations are not as as big you know that there's something in in this very
振荡并不像你所知道的那么大

659
00:57:20,420 --> 00:57:26,669
in the spike that is very recent that I think it tells us something and we can
在最近的高峰期，我认为它可以告诉我们一些信息，我们可以

660
00:57:26,869 --> 00:57:32,340
we know we can all think about various political and disciplinary reasons but
我们知道我们都可以考虑各种政治和纪律原因，但是

661
00:57:32,539 --> 00:57:35,970
what does it mean to make sense of something that is unfolding under our
理解我们下面正在发展的事物是什么意思

662
00:57:36,170 --> 00:57:42,720
eyes and for that I turned to a scholar Lynne hunt who as always struck me as
因此，我转向了一个学者林恩·亨特（Lynne hunt），他总是像

663
00:57:42,920 --> 00:57:49,830
having a particular ability to take the pulse of scholarly trend
具有顺应学术潮流的特殊能力

664
00:57:50,030 --> 00:57:57,450
that are unfolding under our eyes and in a book that she published in 2014 you
在我们的眼中和她2014年出版的书中， 

665
00:57:57,650 --> 00:58:03,630
see here title writing history in the global era and this is a quote she
看到这里全球标题写作历史，这是她的名言

666
00:58:03,829 --> 00:58:09,390
writes she identifies four major paradigms of historical research in the
她写道，她确定了历史研究的四个主要范例。 

667
00:58:09,590 --> 00:58:15,600
post-world War two ERA marxist modernization the now school and in the
第二次世界大战后ERA马克思主义现代化现在学校和

668
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:20,550
United States especially identity politics under identity politics she
她特别是身份政治下的美国身份政治

669
00:58:20,750 --> 00:58:25,050
decides to I'm not sure why she chose this rubric it's sort of a large
决定我不确定她为什么选择这个标题

670
00:58:25,250 --> 00:58:30,300
coalition that goes from the linguistic turn to subaltern Studies post-colonial
从语言学转向次要研究的联盟

671
00:58:30,500 --> 00:58:37,050
studies and so that that label is is somewhat less distinctive than the
研究，因此该标签与

672
00:58:37,250 --> 00:58:43,200
previous one but she clarifies that she uses the term paradigm with explicit
上一个，但她澄清说她在明确地使用术语范式

673
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:50,550
reference to the 1961 noted definition by historian of science Thomas Kuhn the
引用1961年科学史学家托马斯·库恩（Thomas Kuhn）的著名定义

674
00:58:50,750 --> 00:58:55,580
process through which scientific communities establish and then revoke
科学社区建立然后撤销的过程

675
00:58:55,780 --> 00:59:00,990
consensus on research questions and the methods through which we addresses
关于研究问题和解决方法的共识

676
00:59:01,190 --> 00:59:07,200
certain questions so the fifth paradigm she identifies and this is again a quote
某些问题，所以她确定了第五种范式，这又是一句名言

677
00:59:07,400 --> 00:59:14,550
is a more globally oriented history one that might well serve to encourage a
是一个面向全球的历史，很可能会鼓励

678
00:59:14,750 --> 00:59:19,980
sense of international citizenship of belonging to the world and not just to
属于世界的国际公民意识，而不仅仅是

679
00:59:20,179 --> 00:59:26,760
one's own nationality and she's careful and adds a quote again this outcome is
自己的国籍，她很小心，再次加了引号，结果是

680
00:59:26,960 --> 00:59:32,300
as yet far more of a promise than a reality but clearly in her view is
远不止是现实，但在她看来，显然是

681
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:38,930
something to strive for and what I wanted to ask and I've been
要努力争取的东西，我想问的东西，我一直在

682
00:59:39,130 --> 00:59:45,780
wondering I taught this book many times and and and and and and and and it's
我想知道我曾多次教过这本书，而and and and and and and and 

683
00:59:45,980 --> 00:59:50,850
amazing how you know it's so synthetic and introduces very complicated issues
令人惊讶的是，您怎么知道它是如此综合，并引入了非常复杂的问题

684
00:59:51,050 --> 00:59:57,390
but to what extent is global history a paradigm in the ways in which say
但是全球历史在多大程度上是说

685
00:59:57,590 --> 01:00:02,850
Marxism or modernization Theory Meyer or even the announced school these are all
马克思主义或现代化理论迈耶，甚至宣布的学校，这些都是

686
01:00:03,050 --> 01:00:10,769
internally diverse but they can qualify I think in a more classical sense as
内部具有多样性，但我认为他们可以胜任

687
01:00:10,969 --> 01:00:16,039
paradigms at a minimum I think of a minimum this definition of a paradigm as
至少我认为范式的这种定义为

688
01:00:16,239 --> 01:00:23,550
an approach that have some common enemies and and as we heard even the
有一些共同的敌人的方法，而且正如我们所听到的， 

689
01:00:23,750 --> 01:00:29,910
ideological stakes among you know self-identified practitioners of global
您认识的意识形态利益攸关者

690
01:00:30,110 --> 01:00:37,019
history can be completely opposite and I think in his presentation and and his
历史可以完全相反，我认为在他的演讲和

691
01:00:37,219 --> 01:00:42,780
book a Sebastian Condren has made a very helpful distinction between global
预订了塞巴斯蒂安·孔德伦（Sebastian Condren）， 

692
01:00:42,980 --> 01:00:48,539
history as an approach that can encompass the variety of examples for
历史作为一种方法，可以包含各种示例

693
01:00:48,739 --> 01:00:54,870
example that that Suzanne and an ecologist brought to the table and in
苏珊（Suzanne）和一位生态学家带到餐桌上的例子

694
01:00:55,070 --> 01:01:02,480
his view global history as a paradigm that is a focus on those particular
他将全球历史视为关注那些特定领域的范例

695
01:01:02,679 --> 01:01:08,269
global project excuse me global prop processes they're restructured
全球项目对不起，全球道具流程已经过重组

696
01:01:08,469 --> 01:01:12,990
relationship around the globe but I don't think that is actually the
全球关系，但我不认为这实际上是

697
01:01:13,190 --> 01:01:19,410
definition that Lynne Hunt has in mind and I think she you know strives a - for
 Lynne Hunt想到的定义，我想你知道她努力-为

698
01:01:19,610 --> 01:01:24,450
something that is much more capacious and so I want to just put it out there
更宽敞的东西，所以我想把它放在那里

699
01:01:24,650 --> 01:01:30,720
for us to begin our collective conversation what does it mean that we
对于我们开始集体对话，这意味着我们

700
01:01:30,920 --> 01:01:34,380
have this term that we all you know so what doesn't mean that we're all in the
这个词让我们大家都知道，所以这并不意味着我们都在

701
01:01:34,579 --> 01:01:39,390
same boat when that we do things that are so different and we think of
当我们做不同的事情时，我们会想到

702
01:01:39,590 --> 01:01:43,950
historiographical problems and methodological questions that are so
如此的史学问题和方法论问题

703
01:01:44,150 --> 01:01:49,680
different and yet we can all at some point if we wish call ourself global
不同，但如果我们希望将自己称为全球，我们可以在某个时候

704
01:01:49,880 --> 01:01:57,690
historians so we'll stop here and ask it you know those of you who would like to
历史学家，所以我们将在这里停下来，并询问您您是否愿意

705
01:01:57,889 --> 01:02:04,050
contribute with comments from your experience or with questions for any of
根据您的经验发表意见或对任何问题提出意见

706
01:02:04,250 --> 01:02:09,539
us or for all of us we'll try to do the best we can to address your canoe
我们或我们所有人，我们将尽力解决您的独木舟问题

707
01:02:09,739 --> 01:02:16,140
and comments so we can know thank you very much for this wonderful panel
和评论，所以我们非常感谢您参加这个精彩的小组讨论

708
01:02:16,340 --> 01:02:20,400
Sebastian Conrad you had I mean this for everyone but just quoting back what you
塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad），我的意思是所有人，但只要引用您的意思

709
01:02:20,599 --> 01:02:24,300
said that you said that there were two birth defects in terms of how we write
说你说过我们的写作方式有两个先天缺陷

710
01:02:24,500 --> 01:02:28,169
history the way it was started in the nineteenth century and that one of the
它的历史始于19世纪， 

711
01:02:28,369 --> 01:02:34,470
results was of this was the the emphasis on the internalist understanding of
结果就是强调对内部主义的理解

712
01:02:34,670 --> 01:02:39,840
social change but surely that's only for Western society I'm an ottoman historian
社会变革，但可以肯定的是，这仅是针对西方社会，我是一位奥斯曼历史学家

713
01:02:40,039 --> 01:02:47,400
and the birth defect that started the 19th century was precisely that only a
始于19世纪的先天缺陷恰恰是

714
01:02:47,599 --> 01:02:51,960
small group of societies could generate social change internally and the others
一小群社会可以在内部产生社会变革，而其他社会

715
01:02:52,159 --> 01:02:56,519
had to wait for the West to come and awaken them so actually in Ottoman
不得不等西方来唤醒他们，所以实际上是在奥斯曼帝国

716
01:02:56,719 --> 01:03:01,620
history which has not participated as much in global history in Ottoman
在奥斯曼帝国的全球历史中参与程度不高的历史

717
01:03:01,820 --> 01:03:05,850
history those works in the last 15 or 20 years that have insisted on internally
历史上在过去15或20年中在内部坚持的作品

718
01:03:06,050 --> 01:03:12,990
generated social change have been kind of the revolutionary break so I just
引发的社会变革是革命性的突破，所以我只是

719
01:03:13,190 --> 01:03:30,030
like your comments on that I mean it's interesting that first of all the the
像您的评论一样，我的意思是，首先

720
01:03:30,230 --> 01:03:34,289
the discipline of history as its then created in Europe gradually becomes the
随后在欧洲创建的历史学科逐渐成为

721
01:03:34,489 --> 01:03:36,990
discipline of history pretty much virtually everywhere and some of the
历史学科几乎遍布各地，其中一些

722
01:03:37,190 --> 01:03:43,380
social theories and that's you know that could be the Marxist paradigm could be
社会理论，那就是你可能知道的马克思主义范式

723
01:03:43,579 --> 01:03:46,800
the Bavarian paradigm and so forth they essentially produced this notion of
巴伐利亚范式等等，他们基本上产生了

724
01:03:47,000 --> 01:03:52,980
internal development except for everyone who needs a little bit of help as we you
内部发展，但每个需要我们帮助的人

725
01:03:53,179 --> 01:03:58,650
know see in let's say Marxist comments on the opium wars and so forth so so
知道我们可以说马克思主义对鸦片战争的评论等等

726
01:03:58,849 --> 01:04:04,800
you're absolutely right that that that is part of the same I think framework
你是完全正确的，那是我认为框架的一部分

727
01:04:05,000 --> 01:04:07,389
yeah
是的

728
01:04:11,550 --> 01:04:16,460
um hi so thank you for this great panel and I found global history very useful
嗯，非常感谢您参加这个盛大的座谈会，我发现全球历史非常有用

729
01:04:16,659 --> 01:04:21,200
from my own thinking particularly your book professor Conrad so my question is
根据我自己的想法，尤其是您的书本教授康拉德，所以我的问题是

730
01:04:21,400 --> 01:04:25,670
maybe it's more of a provocation but in the way you describe the place of Europe
也许这更像是挑衅，但以您描述欧洲的方式

731
01:04:25,869 --> 01:04:31,610
in global history you say that we know we can't fully forget about it we have
在全球历史中，您说我们知道我们无法完全忘记它

732
01:04:31,809 --> 01:04:37,070
to agree that since maybe 1500 Europe plays a certain role in world history so
同意自从1500年以来欧洲在世界历史中扮演着一定的角色

733
01:04:37,269 --> 01:04:41,060
that even if I mean you know we made descent rate but we can't say it really
即使我的意思是你知道我们取得了下降率，但我们不能说真的

734
01:04:41,260 --> 01:04:46,190
doesn't matter so somewhere and that's that's totally fine but at the same time
没关系，在某个地方，那是完全可以的，但同时

735
01:04:46,389 --> 01:04:49,400
you're saying that we need you sort of agree with the fact that we do need to
您是说我们需要您一定同意我们确实需要

736
01:04:49,599 --> 01:04:52,550
provincial eyes Europe in some ways is we can write histories in which we're
省会以某种方式看待欧洲，因为我们可以写一些历史

737
01:04:52,750 --> 01:04:57,740
not repeating Europe's experience of seeking you know multiple maternities so
不要重复欧洲寻求您了解多种成熟的经验，因此

738
01:04:57,940 --> 01:05:01,610
so I guess my question then is in some way that's very much like the
所以我想我的问题在某种程度上与

739
01:05:01,809 --> 01:05:07,160
post-colonial studies project so how how do you see yourself as different because
后殖民研究项目，所以您如何看待自己与众不同，因为

740
01:05:07,360 --> 01:05:13,940
you also in your book assert criticism or at least distance from post-colonial
您还在书中断言批评或至少远离后殖​​民时代

741
01:05:14,139 --> 01:05:17,150
studies and then my second question is maybe just for everyone which is I think
学习，然后我的第二个问题可能只是针对每个人，我认为

742
01:05:17,349 --> 01:05:23,260
in the conversation about global history some critics have pointed out the
在有关全球历史的对话中，一些批评家指出了

743
01:05:23,460 --> 01:05:27,170
correlation between globalization the collapse of the Soviet Union and the
全球化，苏联解体与

744
01:05:27,369 --> 01:05:30,560
spread of the neoliberal project around the world and how that seems to be
新自由主义计划在世界范围内的传播以及这看起来如何

745
01:05:30,760 --> 01:05:35,660
coincident with the rise of global history and again professor Conrad you
伴随着全球历史的崛起，康拉德教授再次向您致敬

746
01:05:35,860 --> 01:05:40,190
address that a little bit in your book but I felt like you say maybe it's more
解决您的书中的一点点，但我觉得您说的也许更多

747
01:05:40,389 --> 01:05:43,250
complicated or something at least I didn't come away with a clear answer I
复杂的问题或至少我没有给出明确的答案

748
01:05:43,449 --> 01:05:47,570
just feel like that's still an open open question that maybe jeremy Edelman also
只是觉得这仍然是一个开放的问题，也许杰里米·爱德曼也

749
01:05:47,769 --> 01:05:52,490
touched upon in that column so it maybe that's why everyone on the panel thank
在该列中涉及到，所以也许这就是为什么面板上的每个人都感谢

750
01:05:52,690 --> 01:06:00,560
you thanks that these are two very good questions so as to the first one
您感谢这是两个非常好的问题，关于第一个问题

751
01:06:00,760 --> 01:06:06,050
post-colonial studies and global history is a fraud relationship in various ways
后殖民研究和全球历史是各种形式的欺诈关系

752
01:06:06,250 --> 01:06:10,820
actually probably if you look around among people who identify as global
实际上，如果您四处寻找被认为是全球性的人， 

753
01:06:11,019 --> 01:06:14,330
historians most of them see this as a move away from post-colonial studies
历史学家中的大多数人都认为这是对后殖民研究的转变

754
01:06:14,530 --> 01:06:18,210
they see this as a salutary actually move away from post-colonial
他们认为这是一种有益的手段，实际上摆脱了后殖民主义

755
01:06:18,409 --> 01:06:22,680
studies my own training is different so I came through post-colonial studies to
学习我自己的训练是不同的，所以我通过后殖民学习来

756
01:06:22,880 --> 01:06:26,010
global history and I actually think that you know without the insides without
全球历史，我实际上认为，您知道没有内在而没有

757
01:06:26,210 --> 01:06:28,860
many of the insights of post-colonial studies a good global history can't be
殖民地后研究的许多见解

758
01:06:29,059 --> 01:06:36,240
done so so that's my very general statement you know is there still a
这样做是我非常笼统的说法，您知道仍然存在

759
01:06:36,440 --> 01:06:46,530
difference I think yes mostly because one post-colonial I mean a certain kind
差异，我认为是的，主要是因为一个后殖民时代的意思是某种

760
01:06:46,730 --> 01:06:51,510
of post-colonial studies tended to be fixated on this colonizer colonized
后殖民研究的趋势倾向于固定在此殖民者身上

761
01:06:51,710 --> 01:06:57,840
relationship right and to the extent that first of all other contexts were
关系权，并且在所有其他情况首先是

762
01:06:58,039 --> 01:07:07,230
excluded and be sort of the the power hierarchy was so almost total that any
被排除在外，属于某种权力等级，几乎是全部

763
01:07:07,429 --> 01:07:14,039
resistance was immediately interpreted as as derivative you know empathic a
抵抗立即被解释为是衍生品，你知道移情的

764
01:07:14,239 --> 01:07:18,750
disease formulation even if you use the arms against the colonizer it's already
疾病配方，即使您用手臂对着殖民者也已经

765
01:07:18,949 --> 01:07:24,960
a derivative move so so I think these both these aspects are limitations and
因此，我认为这两个方面都是局限性， 

766
01:07:25,159 --> 01:07:30,300
and and this is where global history and for me at least has worked as a more
这就是全球历史，至少对我而言， 

767
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:36,419
capacious category I do realize however that in practice many times global
宽敞的类别我确实意识到，实际上在全球范围内有很多次

768
01:07:36,619 --> 01:07:42,330
history works as almost you know a strategy to take these hierarchies and
几乎就像您了解历史一样，采用这些层次结构的策略

769
01:07:42,530 --> 01:07:47,100
power relationships out of the equation so that's highly problematic this is the
功率关系不平衡，所以这是个很大的问题

770
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:54,780
fine line I think that we need to balance the other one just a quick one
细线，我认为我们需要快速平衡另一个平衡点

771
01:07:54,980 --> 01:07:59,330
maybe you have other ideas I mean I think we can we could come up with three
也许您还有其他想法，我是说我想我们可以提出三个建议

772
01:07:59,530 --> 01:08:03,360
genealogies of global history one was mentioned by Francesca there's always
弗朗西斯卡（Francesca）提到了全球历史的家谱， 

773
01:08:03,559 --> 01:08:07,680
been problems in some ways Herodotus wrote you know global history Russia
希罗多德在某些方面遇到问题，使您知道全球历史俄罗斯

774
01:08:07,880 --> 01:08:11,340
Aladin wrote his kind of global history so in some ways it's always been there
阿拉丁（Aladin）写下了他的全球历史，因此在某些方面一直存在

775
01:08:11,539 --> 01:08:17,730
but different the second narrative would be sort of the Lynne Hunt kind of thing
但第二种叙述却有所不同，类似于Lynne Hunt 

776
01:08:17,930 --> 01:08:21,570
where you know you have different paradigms and in one way or another the
您知道自己有不同的范例，并且以一种或另一种方式

777
01:08:21,770 --> 01:08:23,570
next one is maybe even better than last one
下一个也许比上一个更好

778
01:08:23,770 --> 01:08:28,190
right I mean you can you can look at Lin hunts various writings on the French
对，我的意思是你可以看一下林·亨特（Lin hunts）关于法语的各种著作

779
01:08:28,390 --> 01:08:31,489
Revolution starts out as a social history next book is a cultural history
革命始于社会历史，下一本书是文化历史

780
01:08:31,689 --> 01:08:34,579
then finally a global history of the French Revolution and it's always
最后是法国大革命的全球历史， 

781
01:08:34,779 --> 01:08:40,900
getting ever sort of more sophisticated so that's a history of the
变得越来越复杂，这就是

782
01:08:41,100 --> 01:08:44,960
historiography historiographical progress let's say and the third
史学的发展，我们说第三次

783
01:08:45,159 --> 01:08:49,550
analysis and I think that's probably where I would put my eggs would be to
分析，我认为那可能是我要放鸡蛋的地方

784
01:08:49,750 --> 01:08:54,380
say that it's this geopolitical moment of the post 1990s yeah that I mean
说这是1990年代后的这一地缘政治时刻

785
01:08:54,579 --> 01:08:57,470
without that moment we would not have global history nobody would really be
没有那一刻，我们将不会有全球历史，没有人会真正成为

786
01:08:57,670 --> 01:09:02,690
interested in and and to the extent as francesca also said that nobody really
对francesca感兴趣，并且在一定程度上也如此，没有人真正

787
01:09:02,890 --> 01:09:06,949
seems to doubt it right I mean people don't maybe don't like it but there's no
似乎怀疑它是对的，我的意思是人们可能不喜欢它，但是没有

788
01:09:07,149 --> 01:09:12,980
real sustained theoretical or methodological critique of it so so this
对它的真正持续的理论或方法学批评，所以这

789
01:09:13,180 --> 01:09:16,880
is astray I mean as you're saying it's a very strange phenomenon and it is the
是误入歧途，我的意思是，正如您所说的，这是一个非常奇怪的现象， 

790
01:09:17,079 --> 01:09:20,750
case because I don't think it's a paradigm but rather it is something that
案例，因为我不认为这是范式，而是

791
01:09:20,949 --> 01:09:25,760
superimpose are grafted on to pretty much every approach so you can of course
叠加被移植到几乎所有方法上，因此您当然可以

792
01:09:25,960 --> 01:09:30,230
we have marxist but they go global today right i mean so so if wallace teen was
我们有马克思主义者，但他们今天走到了全球，我的意思是，所以如果华莱士·青少年

793
01:09:30,430 --> 01:09:33,980
already one move now we have much more sophisticated ways of thinking marxist
现在已经是一招了，我们有更加复杂的马克思主义思维方式

794
01:09:34,180 --> 01:09:37,970
and globally same the notion of modernization is not dead but it's
在全球范围内，现代化的概念并没有消亡，而是

795
01:09:38,170 --> 01:09:41,539
reframed for example as multiple modernity and so forth so so global
重新构架为例如多重现代性等等，如此全球化

796
01:09:41,739 --> 01:09:47,570
history doesn't replace these but in a strange way surfaces umbrella for all of
历史并不能取代这些，但是以一种奇怪的方式为所有

797
01:09:47,770 --> 01:09:56,480
them which makes it seem so difficult to actually go against them what you were
让他们很难与他们对抗

798
01:09:56,680 --> 01:10:02,360
saying about the post-colonial relationship to global --'tis on the one
关于后殖民与全球关系的说法

799
01:10:02,560 --> 01:10:07,789
hand you know the the global global environment that we're finding ourselves
您知道我们正在寻找自己的全球全球环境

800
01:10:07,989 --> 01:10:11,720
in is emerges out of the neoliberalism of the 90s also concerns around climate
是从90年代的新自由主义中浮现出来的，也与气候有关

801
01:10:11,920 --> 01:10:18,500
and so it's almost impossible to respond to this Mical for anyone to you know
因此几乎不可能对您认识的任何人做出回应

802
01:10:18,699 --> 01:10:22,010
sort of critique the approach at its base right because of these
由于这些原因，对基本方法的批评

803
01:10:22,210 --> 01:10:25,190
circumstances but beyond that i wonder if one of the things that's happened at
情况，但除此之外，我想知道是否发生了其中一件事

804
01:10:25,390 --> 01:10:28,909
least some quarters of history that's being done in the global turn is that
在全球范围内，至少有四分之一的历史是

805
01:10:29,109 --> 01:10:34,070
it's taking up space that was occupied earlier by certain post-colonial
它占用了某些后殖民时期之前占用的空间

806
01:10:34,270 --> 01:10:37,579
approaches and about them less in terms of the
方法和关于它们的内容较少

807
01:10:37,779 --> 01:10:42,079
post-colonial but rather ongoing processes of decolonizing and that is a
后殖民化但正在进行的非殖民化过程，这是一个

808
01:10:42,279 --> 01:10:45,498
particular responding to the nineteenth-century birth defects birth
特别是对19世纪出生缺陷的回应

809
01:10:45,698 --> 01:10:49,310
defects of our disciplines that is the temporalities of the post-colonial is
我们学科的缺陷是后殖民时代的短暂性

810
01:10:49,510 --> 01:10:53,329
very much in terms of you know the experience the colonizer and the
就您而言，您非常了解殖民者和

811
01:10:53,529 --> 01:10:58,119
colonized and certain turning points or inflection points in that history the
在那个历史中殖民地和某些转折点或拐点

812
01:10:58,319 --> 01:11:02,479
methodological approach that comes out of decolonizing is a process that is
非殖民化产生的方法论方法是

813
01:11:02,679 --> 01:11:07,369
always underway and is always predicated on land right so I'm wondering if that's
总是在进行，并且总是以陆地为准，所以我想知道是否

814
01:11:07,569 --> 01:11:10,909
a fruitful line to think about in terms of relationship on the post-colonial and
关于后殖民主义和

815
01:11:11,109 --> 01:11:16,489
at least some quarters of the global term there's this conversation between
至少在全球术语的四分之一之间， 

816
01:11:16,689 --> 01:11:20,570
the post-colonial and the decolonial I'm not sure whether that's exactly what
后殖民时期和后殖民时期我不确定那到底是什么

817
01:11:20,770 --> 01:11:24,168
you mean because my sense is maybe not next to what you were talking about
你的意思是因为我的感觉可能不跟你在说什么

818
01:11:24,368 --> 01:11:27,918
these various centrosomes you mentioned Gaia among them other kinds of
您提到的Gaia这些各种各样的中心体

819
01:11:28,118 --> 01:11:31,579
Indigenous Studies approaches are very much in that space right yeah yeah I
是的，土著研究方法在这个领域非常多

820
01:11:31,779 --> 01:11:36,050
mean that's actually something that I see as quite problematic between the two
意味着这实际上是我认为两者之间存在很大问题的东西

821
01:11:36,250 --> 01:11:40,100
decolonial post Kaluza it says you know it sounds almost like the same thing but
殖民时代的卡卢扎（Kaluza）说，你知道这听起来几乎是一样的，但是

822
01:11:40,300 --> 01:11:45,579
it isn't so the post-colonial approach would really stress the power
并非如此，后殖民主义方法会真正强调权力

823
01:11:45,779 --> 01:11:49,369
hierarchies and differences and the way in which these power hierarchies produce
层次结构和差异以及这些权力层次结构产生的方式

824
01:11:49,569 --> 01:11:54,918
effects well the decolonial sort of yearns for the pre-colonial and wants to
效果很好，对前殖民主义很渴望

825
01:11:55,118 --> 01:12:00,800
resuscitate it and bring it back on its own terms so read the world through you
复兴它并以它自己的方式带回去，所以通过你阅读世界

826
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:05,930
know Maya lenses for example I think some of the work is like the caricature
例如，我知道Maya镜片，我认为其中一些作品就像漫画一样

827
01:12:06,130 --> 01:12:08,989
a little bit because there's clearly value in thinking along these lines but
有点是因为按照这些思路思考显然很有价值，但是

828
01:12:09,189 --> 01:12:15,168
at the same time it tends to right out of the equation erase from the equation
同时，它趋于从方程中消除

829
01:12:15,368 --> 01:12:19,189
the many ways in which you know these these in the past two or three hundred
在过去的两三百年中，您以多种方式了解这些

830
01:12:19,389 --> 01:12:23,390
years the different societies interacted and we just can't go back to that moment
多年以来，不同的社会相互作用，我们只是不能回到那个时刻

831
01:12:23,590 --> 01:12:28,579
where we have this almost culturalist understanding right so that's where I
我们在这里几乎拥有文化主义者的理解，这就是我

832
01:12:28,779 --> 01:12:33,179
see a limit of that decolonial approach
看到这种殖民主义方法的局限性

833
01:12:35,340 --> 01:12:39,350
thank you very much for this amazing panel and I have a question for the four
非常感谢您为这个令人赞叹的小组，我对这四个问题有疑问

834
01:12:39,550 --> 01:12:46,149
view actually do you think that this global turn would help us to also
实际上，您是否认为这一全球性转变将有助于我们

835
01:12:46,349 --> 01:12:51,829
decolonize or whatever our syllabuses and historiographies
非殖民化或任何我们的课程表和史学

836
01:12:52,029 --> 01:12:57,109
because beyond languages and beyond their approaches we have our new topics
因为除了语言和方法之外，我们还有新的话题

837
01:12:57,309 --> 01:13:05,329
or we also have I think as a student trying to write something in global
或者我们也有一个学生认为我想在全球范围内写一些东西

838
01:13:05,529 --> 01:13:10,788
history to discover new historiography that are also global and it's actually
发现新的史学的历史，这也是全球性的

839
01:13:10,988 --> 01:13:16,819
very difficult to integrate that you know academic thinking of what we are
很难整合您知道我们对我们的学术思考

840
01:13:17,019 --> 01:13:29,509
writing so if you have any thought of that it's interesting sometimes it's
写作，因此，如果您有任何想法，那有时候很有趣

841
01:13:29,708 --> 01:13:33,139
defined as a social science sometimes they define as like humanities in the
被定义为一门社会科学，有时他们也被定义为类似于人文学科

842
01:13:33,338 --> 01:13:37,729
u.s. campuses in France as I'm sorry you have this down stream and we don't we
我们在法国的校园，很抱歉您遇到了这样的麻烦，我们没有

843
01:13:37,929 --> 01:13:44,149
don't have that but I'm like you know it's it's very difficult for historians
没有，但我想您知道这对历史学家来说非常困难

844
01:13:44,349 --> 01:13:49,038
to decide you know every every graduate program in history North America has a
决定知道历史上每个研究生课程都有一个

845
01:13:49,238 --> 01:13:54,409
question what is the syllabus of the methods class there's you know usually
您通常知道方法类的课程提纲是什么

846
01:13:54,609 --> 01:14:00,199
13 weeks and depending you know like if if you in other social sciences there's
 13周，这取决于您是否知道您是否在其他社会科学领域

847
01:14:00,399 --> 01:14:08,838
a much stronger consensus on what defines methodological sets of canons
关于定义规范方法论集的共识更加强烈

848
01:14:09,038 --> 01:14:15,529
and approaches so there is no doubt that this is a it's a peculiarity it's very
和方法，所以毫无疑问，这是一个非常独特的

849
01:14:15,729 --> 01:14:22,159
difficult to teach how to do history and that is a is a fascinating aspect of the
很难教怎么做历史，这是一个令人着迷的方面

850
01:14:22,359 --> 01:14:27,139
discipline for take you know it's not can we all just do good history well
纪律使你知道，我们所有人都不能做好历史

851
01:14:27,338 --> 01:14:34,819
then you know how do you represent how do you pedagogically incorporate it but
那么您知道您如何表示您如何在教学法上将其合并，但是

852
01:14:35,019 --> 01:14:41,269
I would say that it is in a lot of us University my impression is that in fact
我会说，在我们很多人中，我的印象是，事实上

853
01:14:41,469 --> 01:14:48,918
the syllabus tend to be geared toward the more recent literature that's
教学大纲倾向于针对最新的文献

854
01:14:49,118 --> 01:14:54,048
something that I personally have always tried to compensate by you know teaching
我个人一直试图用你知道的东西来弥补

855
01:14:54,248 --> 01:14:59,509
some 19th century authors or classics to see how how far have we come or not
一些19世纪的作家或经典著作，看看我们走了多远

856
01:14:59,708 --> 01:15:02,600
because sometimes we are reinventing wheels a
因为有时我们正在重新发明轮子

857
01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:09,288
little bit and so I in turn the question is can we have historiography that are
一点点，所以我反过来，问题是我们是否可以进行

858
01:15:09,488 --> 01:15:14,628
not in English incorporated at which level of graduate training and that is a
不是用英语作为研究生培训的等级，这是一个

859
01:15:14,828 --> 01:15:20,958
very different it's a very different question but I would not be worried that
非常不同，这是一个非常不同的问题，但是我不会担心

860
01:15:21,158 --> 01:15:27,050
these kind of approaches in the most capacious a sense are not represented
在最宽泛的意义上讲，这种方法没有体现

861
01:15:27,250 --> 01:15:32,479
they may be hyper represented I would say in the in the current training and
我可能会在当前的培训中说，他们可能会超级代表

862
01:15:32,679 --> 01:15:37,189
the other questions about about training is that global history is a very
关于培训的其他问题是，全球历史是一个非常

863
01:15:37,389 --> 01:15:42,649
expensive endeavor sebastien coordinates together with
昂贵的努力sebastien与

864
01:15:42,849 --> 01:15:48,260
jeremy Edelman and colleagues in France and in Tokyo global history lab and they
 jeremy Edelman及其在法国和东京全球历史实验室的同事

865
01:15:48,460 --> 01:15:56,479
the graduate student meet every year in one in Berlin in Princeton and Tokyo or
研究生每年在普林斯顿和东京的柏林见面，或者

866
01:15:56,679 --> 01:16:03,079
in Paris that's an extraordinary small student population for a very high
在巴黎，这是一个非常小的学生群体，非常高

867
01:16:03,279 --> 01:16:09,529
budget now it is almost inevitable for students in in in history to have to say
现在预算，历史上的学生不得不说几乎是不可避免的

868
01:16:09,729 --> 01:16:15,260
that they do multi archival work but you need to win fellowships and then so it's
他们可以做多个档案工作，但是您需要赢得研究金，然后

869
01:16:15,460 --> 01:16:19,760
not just the training as Suzanne was saying how do you acquire languages how
不只是像苏珊娜所说的培训，您如何学习语言

870
01:16:19,960 --> 01:16:27,579
do you have the time to absorb the depth of the literature but also if one of the
您有时间吸收文献的深度吗？ 

871
01:16:27,779 --> 01:16:33,560
goal as I think was implicit in an earlier question of some of these global
我认为，在一些全球性问题的早期问题中隐含了这一目标

872
01:16:33,760 --> 01:16:41,060
studies is to criticize the processes of global inequalities that are emerging
研究旨在批评正在出现的全球不平等进程

873
01:16:41,260 --> 01:16:46,640
one could say that the trend of global history is in fact a mirror and a
可以说，全球历史趋势实际上是一面镜子和一面镜子。 

874
01:16:46,840 --> 01:16:51,260
product and reinforcing the processes because the vast majority of students
产品和加强流程，因为绝大多数学生

875
01:16:51,460 --> 01:17:00,649
will not have the ability to engage in that most ambitious kind not to speak
将没有能力从事那种最雄心勃勃的不说话

876
01:17:00,849 --> 01:17:08,149
about you know access to you know all sorts of scientific interdisciplinary
关于您的知识您了解各种科学的跨学科知识

877
01:17:08,349 --> 01:17:13,829
methods libraries and and and travel grants so I do think that
方法库和and和旅行补助金，所以我认为

878
01:17:14,029 --> 01:17:19,380
that that actually went there not a lot of programs where you get a degree in
实际上没有很多程序可以让您获得学位

879
01:17:19,579 --> 01:17:23,070
global history as far as I know last time I checked in North America you can
据我上次在北美查看时的全球历史，您可以

880
01:17:23,270 --> 01:17:30,060
do a PhD in world history at University of Pittsburgh and a northeastern and the
在匹兹堡大学，东北大学和

881
01:17:30,260 --> 01:17:35,460
relationship between exactly the the themes of your thesis and and the
论文主题与

882
01:17:35,659 --> 01:17:39,539
training it's complicated so in fact there's also a bit of a disjuncture I
训练很复杂，所以实际上我还有一点脱节

883
01:17:39,739 --> 01:17:45,390
would say between who gets which are the institution and the individuals who are
会说，是谁获得了制度，而个人是

884
01:17:45,590 --> 01:17:52,980
privileged enough to advance this kind of scholarly agenda and how far it can
有足够的特权来推进这种学术议程，以及它能走多远

885
01:17:53,180 --> 01:18:04,110
actually spread through the pedagogical system I just wanted to say two things I
实际上是通过教学系统传播的我只是想说两件事

886
01:18:04,310 --> 01:18:08,220
think Francesca I said a lot that's important the thing is first of all on
想弗朗西斯卡，我说了很多很重要的事情，首先

887
01:18:08,420 --> 01:18:12,029
the one hand yes it is important to decolonize I mean like the age or I
一方面，重要的是要非殖民化，我的意思是像年龄或我

888
01:18:12,229 --> 01:18:18,570
started to do recently the syllabus it is important at the same time it's also
最近开始做课程提纲，重要的是同时

889
01:18:18,770 --> 01:18:24,720
important to keep in mind that it cannot be a discursive strategy alone does that
重要的是要记住，这不能仅是一种话语策略， 

890
01:18:24,920 --> 01:18:29,159
make sense so so if we presume that you know if one author is from hails from
有道理，所以如果我们假设您知道一位作者是否来自

891
01:18:29,359 --> 01:18:35,369
Burma and one from the Senegal and so forth then all is fine that's not the
缅甸和塞内加尔的一个，依此类推，那么一切都很好，那不是

892
01:18:35,569 --> 01:18:41,430
case because these power the money the budget the structures behind it are so
之所以如此，是因为这些能为金钱提供动力，而预算背后的结构却是如此

893
01:18:41,630 --> 01:18:47,340
uneven so to just erase these structures and then act as if by including a couple
凹凸不平，所以只需擦除这些结构，然后像添加一对

894
01:18:47,539 --> 01:18:51,690
of voices we erase these hierarchies is also you know problematic so that's
消除这些层次结构的声音也是您所知的问题，因此

895
01:18:51,890 --> 01:18:57,420
something to be kept in mind at the same time I do think that the next big
同时要记住的事情我确实认为下一个大

896
01:18:57,619 --> 01:19:01,079
frontier in global history is exactly the conversation that you mentioned
全球历史的前沿恰恰是您提到的对话

897
01:19:01,279 --> 01:19:05,930
between different historiography in different languages I was I was I was
在不同的历史学和不同的语言之间我是我是

898
01:19:06,130 --> 01:19:11,850
interviewed by a radio show recently in in Germany and the show was about they
最近在德国接受广播节目采访时，节目是关于他们的

899
01:19:12,050 --> 01:19:16,980
they they interviewed scholars and asked what was your shoe Rica's that the work
他们采访了学者，并问你鞋子里卡（Rica）是什么东西

900
01:19:17,180 --> 01:19:20,550
moment yeah so what was the moment that changed things and they I think they
是的，那是什么时候改变了一切，他们我认为他们

901
01:19:20,750 --> 01:19:24,539
expected that I found some you know archival document that explained it all
希望我能找到一些您知道的档案文件来解释这一切

902
01:19:24,739 --> 01:19:27,458
or something like that but you know what I said was
或类似的东西，但你知道我说的是

903
01:19:27,658 --> 01:19:31,510
no my the probably the most transformative moment for me was when i
不，我可能对我而言最具变革性的时刻是当我

904
01:19:31,710 --> 01:19:36,489
probe when I discussed my PhD proposal with Japanese colleagues and they said
当我与日本同事讨论我的博士学位建议时进行了调查，他们说

905
01:19:36,689 --> 01:19:42,279
well sure you can do that but it's not it's not gonna be great it's fine but
很好，您可以做到，但是不是，那不是很好，那很好，但是

906
01:19:42,479 --> 01:19:46,748
not great and they forced me to rethink through that their own historiography
不是很好，他们迫使我重新思考自己的史学

907
01:19:46,948 --> 01:19:51,159
and that made my whole project different this kind of conversation I think is
这使我的整个项目与众不同，这种对话我认为是

908
01:19:51,359 --> 01:19:56,409
absolutely crucial we have not enough of that global history is now many people
绝对至关重要，我们没有足够的全球历史，现在有很多人

909
01:19:56,609 --> 01:20:02,140
in the US and Western Europe write about ever more places but they don't converse
在美国和西欧写了更多的地方，但他们没有交谈

910
01:20:02,340 --> 01:20:09,820
with the colleagues in these places so that I think is where we need to I think
与这些地方的同事一起，所以我认为这是我们需要的地方

911
01:20:10,020 --> 01:20:14,229
you're absolutely right one of the tools that historians use everywhere is
您绝对正确，历史学家到处使用的工具之一是

912
01:20:14,429 --> 01:20:19,659
periodization right we try to periodized our study and it makes things easier and
分期权，我们尝试分期研究，这使事情变得容易和

913
01:20:19,859 --> 01:20:25,239
also allows us to identify critical moments in critical turns so global
还使我们能够识别关键转弯中的关键时刻

914
01:20:25,439 --> 01:20:29,170
history doesn't have really the immediate realisation of a policy
历史并没有真正立即实现政策

915
01:20:29,369 --> 01:20:34,930
doesn't inside with a very decision of other regions or other other histories
并没有其他地区或其他历史的决定

916
01:20:35,130 --> 01:20:42,038
so in in my experience at least a very important book came out in 1989 which
因此，以我的经验，至少有一本非常重要的书于1989年问世， 

917
01:20:42,238 --> 01:20:47,279
was a janitor guru God before Europeana Germany they tried to change that
在欧洲德国之前，他们是看门神

918
01:20:47,479 --> 01:20:52,300
standard periodization to a certain extent and placed a great emphasis on
标准分期在一定程度上非常重视

919
01:20:52,500 --> 01:21:00,220
the on the 1250 to 1350 century which was considered to be you know a moment
在1250至1350世纪，这被认为是您知道的片刻

920
01:21:00,420 --> 01:21:07,900
of globalization exactly and what that does is to mobilize a whole new set of
全球化的确切意义是，动员一套全新的

921
01:21:08,100 --> 01:21:13,050
sources because then you have Arabic Persian and Chinese sources they take
资料来源，因为您拥有阿拉伯文波斯文和中文资料

922
01:21:13,250 --> 01:21:19,208
take over essentially and help explain a lot of the connections that we may
从本质上接管并帮助解释许多我们可能会建立的联系

923
01:21:19,408 --> 01:21:27,579
recognize in that particular moment so we can recast right in in those terms
在那个特定的时刻认识到，所以我们可以在这些方面正确地重铸

924
01:21:27,779 --> 01:21:32,529
the global history identifying specific moments in those specific moments then
全球历史确定了特定时刻中的特定时刻

925
01:21:32,729 --> 01:21:35,829
have have in effect an impact on how we read
实际上影响了我们的阅读方式

926
01:21:36,029 --> 01:21:42,130
the sources I think what sources come there is another very short point about
我认为来源来自什么，还有另一点很短

927
01:21:42,329 --> 01:21:47,020
we an aspect of global history that makes me a little bit more dubious and
我们是全球历史的一个方面，这使我更加不确定， 

928
01:21:47,220 --> 01:21:52,960
that is when you apply the panoply of global history tools and so on to
那就是当您应用全局历史记录工具等的时候

929
01:21:53,159 --> 01:22:00,060
prehistory 3,000 years ago and so on we have quite a few books that read
 3,000年前的史前史等等，我们读了很多书

930
01:22:00,260 --> 01:22:06,369
prehistory in terms of connectivity transfer knowledge trend and I'm not
连接性转移知识趋势方面的史前史，我不是

931
01:22:06,569 --> 01:22:14,020
sure that in that case this particular toolbox is not a mixing metaphors I'm
确保在那种情况下，这个特定的工具箱不是我的混合隐喻

932
01:22:14,220 --> 01:22:21,970
sorry a shortcut to revamp a sort of old fashioned diffusion ism is that have
抱歉，改造某种老式的扩散ism的捷径是

933
01:22:22,170 --> 01:22:31,180
been been disowned in some way so it is it could be a shortcut that is not very
已经以某种方式被取消，所以这可能是一个捷径，不是很

934
01:22:31,380 --> 01:22:36,369
helpful because it prevents us from from finding or looking for a more
很有帮助，因为它阻止我们寻找或寻找更多

935
01:22:36,569 --> 01:22:47,350
appropriate interpretive tools is to Sebastian Conrad I didn't read your book
合适的解释工具是塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad）我没读过你的书

936
01:22:47,550 --> 01:22:55,470
yet and but I wanted to ask you a spoiler if it doesn't damage the sails I
但是我想问一个扰流板，它是否不会破坏帆

937
01:22:55,670 --> 01:23:03,220
would like to know what is what would you would it be your positive agenda in
想要知道什么是您的积极议程

938
01:23:03,420 --> 01:23:09,369
your presentation you mostly show what isn't or what is against or what it's
您的演示文稿主要显示什么不是反对什么，什么反对

939
01:23:09,569 --> 01:23:13,930
not really or should not be done but you skipped all the parts about the
不是真的或不应该做，但是您跳过了有关

940
01:23:14,130 --> 01:23:18,520
methodology and what is that the approach and when the approach is useful
方法论，该方法是什么以及何时该方法有用

941
01:23:18,720 --> 01:23:23,680
when it's not useful so I'd like to ask what is the positive agenda for a
当它没有用时，我想问一句什么是积极的议程

942
01:23:23,880 --> 01:23:28,659
scholarship not only politically which understand against resisting against the
奖学金不仅在政治上理解反对抵抗

943
01:23:28,859 --> 01:23:34,119
conservative and nationalist wave but what would make a good scholarship that
保守派和民族主义浪潮，但是什么才能使一个好的学术研究

944
01:23:34,319 --> 01:23:40,930
would stand for if your generations thank you right I mean
如果你的世代对你表示感谢，我的意思是

945
01:23:41,130 --> 01:23:46,369
so either I mean I should have invited you to the talk yesterday and you would
所以我是说我应该邀请你参加昨天的演讲，而你会

946
01:23:46,569 --> 01:23:50,720
have seen you know what can be done I think with with global history I this is
看到你知道我认为凭全球历史可以做些什么

947
01:23:50,920 --> 01:23:56,708
a spoiler you know a comparison I use in the book is this if you study chemistry
剧透，你知道我在书中使用的一个比较是，如果你学习化学

948
01:23:56,908 --> 01:24:02,538
and then decide to study just one element it would be a strange chemist if
然后决定只研究一种元素，如果

949
01:24:02,738 --> 01:24:06,590
you study history almost by definition you study just one country that's a
你学习历史几乎就定义而言，你只学习一个国家

950
01:24:06,789 --> 01:24:12,619
strange almost artificial limitation and I you know went through university I
奇怪的几乎是人为的限制，我知道我大学毕业了

951
01:24:12,819 --> 01:24:15,560
don't know what you want to call it college university and everything all
不知道你想怎么称呼它大学和一切

952
01:24:15,760 --> 01:24:20,779
the training was in compartmentalized stories they don't explain the world in
训练是在不讲故事的故事中，他们无法解释世界

953
01:24:20,979 --> 01:24:24,590
which we live so if we want to explain the world in which we live which is a is
如果我们想解释我们所生活的世界，那就是

954
01:24:24,789 --> 01:24:29,119
a world of global interactions and it has been for several centuries at least
一个全球互动的世界，至少已经有几个世纪了

955
01:24:29,319 --> 01:24:36,829
about the prehistory then this is the only way to go yeah I mean this is not
关于史前史，那么这是唯一的方法，是的，我的意思是这不是

956
01:24:37,029 --> 01:24:40,279
any I mean when you write I mean like I could give you an example but then I
任何我的意思是当你写的时候我的意思是我可以举一个例子

957
01:24:40,479 --> 01:24:44,619
would need much more time and I think we have more question but it's just a very
需要更多时间，我想我们还有更多问题，但这只是一个非常

958
01:24:44,819 --> 01:24:49,788
artifact probably in 50 years we'll look back and think wow that was a time when
大概在50年后，我们会回头想想，哇，那时候

959
01:24:49,988 --> 01:24:56,628
people actually studied just one country so I have a comment but I feel like I
人们实际上只研究了一个国家，所以我有一个评论，但我觉得我

960
01:24:56,828 --> 01:25:00,529
should begin as if I'm at an a a meeting I'm Lauren Benton and I'm a global
应该像我在一场会议上一样开始，我是Lauren Benton，我是全球

961
01:25:00,729 --> 01:25:09,140
historian and I've been one for 20 years so I I think a lot of what all of you
我和历史学家在一起已有20年了，所以我想起了你们所有人

962
01:25:09,340 --> 01:25:15,128
have said is great there is this richness and diversity of approaches
曾经说过，很棒的方法如此丰富多样

963
01:25:15,328 --> 01:25:21,409
what I find is that among I guess a circle of people with whom I'm in
我发现，在我当中，我周围有一群人

964
01:25:21,609 --> 01:25:27,409
contact who were doing various versions of legal history of global history
联系谁正在处理各种版本的全球历史法律历史

965
01:25:27,609 --> 01:25:34,458
we're not asking ourselves very often what what global history is it's not an
我们不是经常问自己什么是什么全球历史

966
01:25:34,658 --> 01:25:42,800
interesting question to us I would say I think one could add to the list that
给我们一个有趣的问题，我想说的是，我认为可以添加到

967
01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:48,890
you've given that each of you have given really good examples of some very
你们每个人都给出了一些非常好的例子

968
01:25:49,090 --> 01:25:53,440
interesting facets of global history and one could add to that list
全球历史的有趣方面，可以添加到该列表中

969
01:25:53,640 --> 01:25:56,829
I think could think of sort of about ten other things one could add to that list
我认为可以考虑将其添加到该列表中的大约十种其他内容

970
01:25:57,029 --> 01:26:01,390
people who've studied processes global intellectual history global histories
学习过的人会处理全球知识史和全球历史

971
01:26:01,590 --> 01:26:08,739
that have changed understandings of core concepts of political formation that are
改变了人们对政治形成核心概念的理解

972
01:26:08,939 --> 01:26:13,489
still asking interesting questions about
仍然在问有趣的问题

973
01:26:13,670 --> 01:26:19,300
sovereignty Confederation you know I mean the list could go on and on but I
主权联合会，你知道我的意思是名单可以继续下去，但是我

974
01:26:19,500 --> 01:26:25,090
don't understand the quite I understand the political issue with which you
我不太了解你所面对的政治问题

975
01:26:25,289 --> 01:26:31,539
started but I don't understand what will get ultimately if we make this a longer
开始了，但我不明白如果我们把它弄长一点，最终会得到什么

976
01:26:31,739 --> 01:26:36,909
subject of discussion why don't we I really feel like people are already
讨论的主题我们为什么不真正感受到人们已经

977
01:26:37,109 --> 01:26:42,880
doing it I think maybe this schema in in in in Germany and Europe is different in
我认为也许在德国和欧洲，这种模式在

978
01:26:43,079 --> 01:26:48,880
the institutional world in which there's much more backing for national history
拥有更多国家历史支持的制度世界

979
01:26:49,079 --> 01:26:56,190
and local history but there is now a community of global historians who are
和当地历史，但现在有一个全球历史学家社区，他们

980
01:26:56,390 --> 01:27:02,110
asking interesting questions every day so I guess my comment is you know why
每天问一些有趣的问题，所以我想我的评论是你知道为什么

981
01:27:02,310 --> 01:27:09,640
start with the bad history I guess I'm following up on on the last question and
从糟糕的历史开始，我想我会跟进最后一个问题， 

982
01:27:09,840 --> 01:27:14,440
trying to decide what global history is it's it's here it's happening it's it's
试图决定什么是全球历史是在这里正在发生它是

983
01:27:14,640 --> 01:27:17,920
much more interesting to talk about what's been accomplished already and
谈论已经完成的事情更有趣， 

984
01:27:18,119 --> 01:27:24,979
what really cutting-edge questions are being asked and answered every day
每天都在问和回答什么最前沿的问题

985
01:27:33,380 --> 01:27:42,850
okay thanks for the panel for you know our excellent remarks and so I have a
好的，谢谢您参加的座谈会，您知道我们的出色讲话，所以我有一个

986
01:27:43,050 --> 01:27:48,400
question for Sebastian that I understand you have scholarship straddles modern
塞巴斯蒂安（Sebastian）的问题，我了解您有奖学金横跨现代

987
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:53,890
Germany and Amman in Japan and you also mentioned that that Japanese historians
德国和安曼在日本，您还提到过日本历史学家

988
01:27:54,090 --> 01:27:58,840
they have different views about historical study and that also is kind
他们对历史研究有不同的看法，这也是一种

989
01:27:59,039 --> 01:28:04,119
of helpful to you so I wonder that's how you compare because I know that such a
对您有帮助，所以我想知道您的比较方式，因为我知道

990
01:28:04,319 --> 01:28:10,300
pair now also sees the pretty world developed this school of a global
两人现在还看到漂亮的世界发展了这所全球性的学校

991
01:28:10,500 --> 01:28:15,159
history and they they had this tradition of world history but now they also
历史，他们拥有世界历史的传统，但现​​在他们也

992
01:28:15,359 --> 01:28:20,020
change some scholars also change to global history so I wonder how you
改变一些学者也改变全球历史，所以我想知道你如何

993
01:28:20,220 --> 01:28:25,329
compare the Japanese version of global history because this is one of your
比较日语版的全球历史，因为这是您的

994
01:28:25,529 --> 01:28:31,960
points that you made in your talk can always say I hope historic as studies in
您在演讲中提出的观点总能说出我希望历史作为

995
01:28:32,159 --> 01:28:38,380
other parts of the world all right I'll try to be brief on this it's it's clear
好吧，世界其他地区，我会尽力对此进行简要介绍

996
01:28:38,579 --> 01:28:41,800
that global history operates very differently from country to country in
全球历史在各国之间的运作方式大不相同

997
01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:46,239
the Japanese case where history is divided into three segments Japanese
日本将历史分为三部分的案例

998
01:28:46,439 --> 01:28:51,100
history history of the of Asia let's say in history of the West
亚洲的历史让我们说西方的历史

999
01:28:51,300 --> 01:28:57,610
and yes global history is emerging but interestingly enough it's not of much
是的，全球历史正在兴起，但有趣的是，这并不是很多

1000
01:28:57,810 --> 01:29:03,400
interest to the historians of Japan it is the historians of you know China of
日本的历史学家对它感兴趣的是您所了解的中国的历史学家

1001
01:29:03,600 --> 01:29:08,770
Iran that in America who are interested in it in a way and I'm linking this to
伊朗在美国对这种方式感兴趣的人，我将其与

1002
01:29:08,970 --> 01:29:14,380
the earlier comment this is also true in the United States is my reading theories
前面的评论在美国也是如此，这是我的阅读理论

1003
01:29:14,579 --> 01:29:18,880
are you you correct me if I'm wrong but for most most historians of the United
如果我错了，你会纠正我吗？但是对于大多数美国历史学家来说

1004
01:29:19,079 --> 01:29:23,529
States are not invested and maybe not even you know that interested in global
国家没有投资，甚至您可能都不知道对全球

1005
01:29:23,729 --> 01:29:29,350
history and most of the programs that you mentioned they are run by scholars
历史和您提到的大多数程序都是由学者运行的

1006
01:29:29,550 --> 01:29:34,270
who do Ottoman history African history and so forth that is the situation so
谁做奥斯曼历史非洲历史等等就是这样

1007
01:29:34,470 --> 01:29:39,279
that respect yes in a way it is happening but it's also still cordoned
这种尊重是在某种程度上发生的，但它仍然被封锁

1008
01:29:39,479 --> 01:29:44,739
off to certain segments and the other thing is I mean i incredible sympathize
在某些细分市场上，另一件事是我的意思是我难以置信的同情

1009
01:29:44,939 --> 01:29:46,750
with watches absolutely we should just get down and
有了手表，我们绝对应该下来

1010
01:29:46,949 --> 01:29:50,550
do it in fact many are already doing it right I agree
做到这一点事实上，我已经同意了

1011
01:29:50,750 --> 01:29:57,670
but to say that we you know it's already been done for a long time that kind of
但要说的是，我们知道这种工作已经进行了很长时间了

1012
01:29:57,869 --> 01:30:04,360
argument always makes me a little weary and I think that the way in which global
争论总是让我有些疲倦，我认为全球化的方式

1013
01:30:04,560 --> 01:30:08,170
history is done today dramatically differs from the way in which it was
今天完成的历史与过去的方式截然不同

1014
01:30:08,369 --> 01:30:17,650
done 20 30 years ago world history in the old style was comparative most of
在20 30年前完成的旧世界历史比较

1015
01:30:17,850 --> 01:30:23,650
the times it was diffusion is most of the times so I think in that respect
在大多数情况下是扩散的时间，所以我认为

1016
01:30:23,850 --> 01:30:27,640
there's so much has happened in the past 20 years that's really reshaped the
在过去的20年中发生了太多事情，这确实改变了

1017
01:30:27,840 --> 01:30:36,610
field dramatically Laurie Benton's provocation that this is not a
劳里·本顿（Laurie Benton）的挑衅认为这不是

1018
01:30:36,810 --> 01:30:40,630
particularly worthy subject we should just go back to our studies and write
特别值得一读的科目，我们应该回到我们的学习并写

1019
01:30:40,829 --> 01:30:46,150
our global history I mean that I I am actually more puzzled than that first of
我们的全球历史，我的意思是说，第二个实际上比第一个更困惑

1020
01:30:46,350 --> 01:30:51,670
all there has been a lot of history that was written in the past without this
没有过去，所有的历史都是如此

1021
01:30:51,869 --> 01:30:56,680
particular label it's hard for me to be in Princeton and not to think that slomo
一个特殊的品牌，我很难去普林斯顿，不去想那烂摊子

1022
01:30:56,880 --> 01:31:01,480
Goya time volumes and mediterranean societies today the the editor would put
编辑将把今天的戈雅时间量和地中海社会

1023
01:31:01,680 --> 01:31:05,829
global somewhere in the title and yet it has a very long title that includes the
全局标题中的某个位置，但标题很长，其中包括

1024
01:31:06,029 --> 01:31:13,060
Cairo Genizah another obscure references but there is also another side
开罗吉尼扎（Cairo Genizah）另一个晦涩的参考文献，但也有另一面

1025
01:31:13,260 --> 01:31:20,560
what about deeply transformative books in our discipline that do not have a
那我们学科中没有一本深奥的变革性书籍呢？ 

1026
01:31:20,760 --> 01:31:27,670
global perspective and that how are they received and that what does it mean for
全球视野，它们如何被接受，这意味着什么

1027
01:31:27,869 --> 01:31:34,869
a young scholar to write a social history of Anna Torv an Anatolian town
一位年轻的学者撰写安那托利亚小镇安娜·托尔夫（Anna Torv）的社会历史

1028
01:31:35,069 --> 01:31:47,079
that you know may not speak to certain of these questions and and what does it
您可能不会讲这些问题中的某些问题，它是什么

1029
01:31:47,279 --> 01:31:52,029
mean you know when I think about paradigms I think about books that one
意思是说，您知道当我想到范例时，我就会想到一本书

1030
01:31:52,229 --> 01:31:57,760
reads regardless of whether you are in that no do you want to know something
不管您是否在阅读都不会，您是否想知道一些东西

1031
01:31:57,960 --> 01:32:00,140
about that subjects or not right that's it
关于那个主题还是不对，就是这样

1032
01:32:00,340 --> 01:32:04,039
though what are the the books that you put on the syllabus because you learn
虽然您在课程表中放的书是什么，因为您学习

1033
01:32:04,239 --> 01:32:11,659
something about a way of writing history that has been important what what does
关于写历史的方式的一些事情很重要

1034
01:32:11,859 --> 01:32:16,640
it mean to think about a global book as a book that you want to write or an
这意味着将一本全球性图书想作为您想写的书或

1035
01:32:16,840 --> 01:32:22,010
article that you want specialists outside of your field to read because of
您希望您的领域以外的专家阅读的文章，因为

1036
01:32:22,210 --> 01:32:28,119
what you're trying to say I think that's a completely different definition of
您想说的是什么，我认为这是完全不同的定义

1037
01:32:28,319 --> 01:32:33,199
global and and some of those books are canonical for good good reasons or not
全球性书籍，其中某些书籍因正当理由而具有规范性

1038
01:32:33,399 --> 01:32:38,779
but I do think that there's something to be interrogated about the predominance
但我确实认为，对于优势有一些疑问

1039
01:32:38,979 --> 01:32:45,920
that this particular label and perspectives has taken certainly in the
这个特殊的标签和观点肯定已经在

1040
01:32:46,119 --> 01:32:54,400
anglo-american universities and elsewhere too I mean there are fields
英美大学和其他地方，我也有领域

1041
01:32:54,600 --> 01:32:59,210
intellectual history not just of Europe certainly the intellectual history of
不仅欧洲的知识史当然是欧洲的知识史

1042
01:32:59,409 --> 01:33:05,090
the Muslim world have been global forever if they've not been national and
如果穆斯林世界不是全国性的，他们将永远永远全球化。 

1043
01:33:05,289 --> 01:33:10,699
so I I do think there's something peculiar but I'm not hundred percent
所以我确实认为有些特殊之处，但我不是百分百的

1044
01:33:10,899 --> 01:33:17,420
sure there's something peculiar about having a label that encompasses such an
确保包含这样一个标签的标签确实有一些特殊之处

1045
01:33:17,619 --> 01:33:26,570
incredible variety of topics approaches political Inklings and and yet sticks
令人难以置信的各种各样的话题与政治纠缠和固执

1046
01:33:26,770 --> 01:33:32,390
and yet is so strong and then it'll go away one day and then we'll have some
但是它是如此强大，然后它会消失一天，然后我们会有一些

1047
01:33:32,590 --> 01:33:36,650
distance but we're living through something that I think we want to make
距离，但我们生活在我认为我们要做出的事情中

1048
01:33:36,850 --> 01:33:41,930
sense of it and I certainly think that when I was you know teaching I had a
感觉，我当然认为，当我还是你的时候，我就知道

1049
01:33:42,130 --> 01:33:47,150
concern for graduate students because this has become a pressure there is a
关注研究生，因为这已经成为一种压力

1050
01:33:47,350 --> 01:33:51,650
pressure to certainly in medieval history what if you want to write to
一定要给中世纪的历史施加压力如果您想写信给

1051
01:33:51,850 --> 01:33:56,989
something that is not doesn't speak to that I think there is there is a
那些没有说的东西我认为那里有一个

1052
01:33:57,189 --> 01:34:00,739
pressure but I I didn't want to monopolize the
压力，但二世不想垄断

1053
01:34:00,939 --> 01:34:04,610
verse Asian please there's more question not sure this is a fair question but I
诗句亚洲请还有一个问题，不确定这是一个公平的问题，但我

1054
01:34:04,810 --> 01:34:10,310
couldn't get the initial slides that caught that Sebastian put up I'm out of
塞巴斯蒂安无法拿到最初的幻灯片，我被淘汰了

1055
01:34:10,510 --> 01:34:16,550
my head the anger of certain critics at the sort of confident normalization of
我对某些评论家对... 

1056
01:34:16,750 --> 01:34:27,560
what should be terrifying doing global history is reassuring and where it's
放心地做全球历史应该放心，它在哪里

1057
01:34:27,760 --> 01:34:31,130
exciting and somewhat terrifying in other words where does Canada act as a
换句话说，加拿大在哪里

1058
01:34:31,329 --> 01:34:58,579
security blanket and where is one at the edge of a precipice thoughts in question
安全毯，在悬崖边上有什么问题

1059
01:34:58,779 --> 01:35:12,230
there's been some people here one person here thank you for the panel I'm a
这里有些人，一个人在这里，谢谢您的参与，我是

1060
01:35:12,430 --> 01:35:18,079
graduate student and I think about positionality I come from anthropology
研究生，我认为我来自人类学

1061
01:35:18,279 --> 01:35:22,699
to history and anthropology they had the reflexive turn where positionality is
转向历史和人类学，他们反思性地转向立场

1062
01:35:22,899 --> 01:35:27,590
the norm people talk about it openly well as historians shy away from stating
当历史学家回避声明时，规范的人们公开谈论它

1063
01:35:27,789 --> 01:35:33,590
their positionality because we have that objectivity sort of notion and the other
他们的位置，因为我们有那种客观性的概念和其他

1064
01:35:33,789 --> 01:35:38,360
question I'm also wondering about institutional hirings so does it suffice
我也想知道有关机构招聘的问题，是否足够

1065
01:35:38,560 --> 01:35:46,310
to have a global historian than to have regional experts which is basically the
拥有全球历史学家比拥有区域专家更重要的是

1066
01:35:46,510 --> 01:35:51,739
norm now that departments feel let's say embarrass if they don't have somebody
现在的规范是，如果没有人，部门会感到尴尬

1067
01:35:51,939 --> 01:35:55,850
who works let's say on Africa or South Asia or other regions it looks just
假设在非洲或南亚或其他地区工作的人看起来

1068
01:35:56,050 --> 01:36:02,180
wrong right so is it going where political sciences have went where they
错误的权利，政治科学去了哪里？ 

1069
01:36:02,380 --> 01:36:08,630
can pick cases studies from around the world and call it global right so I'm
可以从世界各地挑选案例研究，并称之为全球性，所以我

1070
01:36:08,829 --> 01:36:13,329
wondering about industrial is hiring politics and whether global
想知道工业正在雇用政治，以及是否全球化

1071
01:36:13,529 --> 01:36:18,288
history is also imbricated than that I
历史也比我深陷

1072
01:36:24,708 --> 01:36:30,609
mean I think that the last point is right yes there is pressure on on
意思是我认为最后一点是对的，是的。 

1073
01:36:30,809 --> 01:36:36,998
departments to broaden to higher up but this danger I don't know if that's one
部门扩大到更高的级别，但是这种危险我不知道那是不是

1074
01:36:37,198 --> 01:36:40,269
of the dangers that the resource identified but the danger that you are
资源识别出的危险，但您所面临的危险

1075
01:36:40,469 --> 01:36:44,859
now referring to namely that you have people who can speak about anything
现在指的是您有可以谈论任何事情的人

1076
01:36:45,059 --> 01:36:51,819
I don't think I don't really see that my sense is that most high wings are you
我认为我真的没有看到我的感觉是大多数高翼是你

1077
01:36:52,019 --> 01:36:57,519
know usually faculties look for someone who is grounded in a particular area
知道教师通常会寻找某个特定地区的人

1078
01:36:57,719 --> 01:37:01,659
status but then has a global perspective or outlook that that is what I actually
地位，但我拥有的是全球视野或前景

1079
01:37:01,859 --> 01:37:06,430
see happening these you know to hire just one person who can essentially
看到发生了这些，您知道只雇用了一个基本上可以

1080
01:37:06,630 --> 01:37:11,859
replace for others because he/she looks at all these variables around the world
替代他人，因为他/她着眼于全球所有这些变量

1081
01:37:12,059 --> 01:37:15,399
I don't in history I don't I don't see that the first part you're right it's
我没有历史，我没有，我没有看到您正确的第一部分是

1082
01:37:15,599 --> 01:37:19,239
interesting I mean there there was a moment when historians also started
有趣的是，有一段时间历史学家也开始

1083
01:37:19,439 --> 01:37:22,798
writing these long prophecies and talking about talked about their own
写下这些漫长的预言，然后谈论自己的预言

1084
01:37:22,998 --> 01:37:29,079
relationship to the subject but it's really not as proust as in anthropology
与主题的关系，但确实不像人类学那样艰难

1085
01:37:29,279 --> 01:37:35,350
it's a different I think it's a question of style I say we'll take one last
这是不同的，我认为这是一个风格问题，我说我们要坚持下去

1086
01:37:35,550 --> 01:37:38,029
question
题

1087
01:37:40,649 --> 01:37:45,310
I was wondering whether Sebastian or any of the panel could offer some some
我想知道塞巴斯蒂安或任何小组是否可以提供一些

1088
01:37:45,510 --> 01:37:50,470
guidance on on when some principles may be on when global history is a helpful
关于何时可以使用某些历史原则的指南

1089
01:37:50,670 --> 01:37:57,190
set of tools then when it's just a unhelpful fashion for me on historian of
一套工具，那么当这对我的历史学家来说只是一种无益的时尚

1090
01:37:57,390 --> 01:38:03,010
economics and I'm writing on the history of international trade theory that's
经济学，我写的是国际贸易理论的历史

1091
01:38:03,210 --> 01:38:07,449
something that it's the very subject matter is constituted by national
它是非常主题的东西是由国家组成的

1092
01:38:07,649 --> 01:38:13,300
boundaries and it's an political economy is essentially a European thing so it
边界，这是一种政治经济，本质上是欧洲的事情，所以它

1093
01:38:13,500 --> 01:38:18,519
seems to me it's global history is useless perhaps even unhelpful but then
在我看来，全球历史毫无用处，甚至无济于事，但随后

1094
01:38:18,719 --> 01:38:22,510
there's other histories that we've heard about tonight that a wonderful histories
今晚我们听说过其他一些历史，那就是美好的历史

1095
01:38:22,710 --> 01:38:27,159
that use that set of tools very well so I'll be interested now in any
很好地使用了这套工具，所以我现在会对任何

1096
01:38:27,359 --> 01:38:31,869
reflections on you know when you can work out when global history is a useful
对您的反思知道何时可以制定出全球历史记录是有用的

1097
01:38:32,069 --> 01:38:43,029
set of tools and and when it's not I'm going to I'm going to refer to a few of
套工具，如果不是，我将参考其中的一些

1098
01:38:43,229 --> 01:38:50,199
the comments that we made not necessary that that one and in replying to
我们不必要的评论，并在回复时

1099
01:38:50,399 --> 01:38:56,769
Teresa's point on the terrifying and reassuring may be one could put it as
特雷莎（Teresa）关于恐怖和令人放心的观点也许可以说是

1100
01:38:56,969 --> 01:39:03,779
the difference between epiphany and up often II that is the revelation of
主显节和通常是第二节的启示之间的区别是

1101
01:39:03,979 --> 01:39:09,850
something that you're not thought of before which comes to you as you study
学习之前没有想到的东西

1102
01:39:10,050 --> 01:39:15,699
these connections interactions and so on but also up often II that is seeing
这些连接的相互作用等等，但也经常出现

1103
01:39:15,899 --> 01:39:21,458
patterns where there are no patterns and this is another another danger that is
没有模式的模式，这是另一个危险

1104
01:39:21,658 --> 01:39:27,208
we construct a series of connections with because we keep depending I think
我们与之建立了一系列联系，因为我们一直依靠

1105
01:39:27,408 --> 01:39:32,619
those are the global history on expertise and on knowledge that to which
这些是关于专业知识和知识的全球历史

1106
01:39:32,819 --> 01:39:39,220
we from which we are removed and about which we have no full control and often
我们从中被撤走，而我们对此没有完全的控制，并且经常

1107
01:39:39,420 --> 01:39:45,340
and synthesis and synthesis that are complicated because we move away from
和合成以及合成很复杂，因为我们远离

1108
01:39:45,539 --> 01:39:50,270
the evidential ground and so that is what worries me a little
证据基础，这让我有些担心

1109
01:39:50,470 --> 01:39:57,230
in my work relying so much on work of other people I'm moving away from a
在我的工作中非常依赖其他人的工作，我正在远离

1110
01:39:57,430 --> 01:40:01,489
terrain that I find comforting because they can control the sources or because
我感到很安慰的地形，因为它们可以控制辐射源或

1111
01:40:01,689 --> 01:40:06,650
they can control the narrative a little bit better but on the other hand we have
他们可以更好地控制叙事，但另一方面

1112
01:40:06,850 --> 01:40:11,360
this Eureka moments or epiphanies or whatever we want to call them where we
这个尤里卡时刻或顿悟或任何我们想称呼他们的地方

1113
01:40:11,560 --> 01:40:17,079
actually see something different happening and that's quite exciting
实际上看到了一些不同的事情，这非常令人兴奋

1114
01:40:17,279 --> 01:40:21,920
energizing about the global turn is it encourages us not to be so timid to be
对全球转向充满活力，这会鼓励我们不要胆怯

1115
01:40:22,119 --> 01:40:24,800
mindful of what are the areas of knowledge and the methodologies in the
注意什么是知识领域和方法论

1116
01:40:25,000 --> 01:40:28,369
language that we have very good control of what are the areas that we have some
我们可以很好地控制哪些领域的语言

1117
01:40:28,569 --> 01:40:31,400
control of and where do we get to the limits of our own individual knowledge
对我们自己的知识的控制以及在何处达到极限

1118
01:40:31,600 --> 01:40:36,800
that might bring us to collaborate it might not but it lets us push beyond the
这可能使我们无法合作，但可以让我们超越

1119
01:40:37,000 --> 01:40:42,070
safe spaces that so many of us have been limited to and that I find very exciting
我们中很多人都局限于的安全空间，我感到非常激动

1120
01:40:42,270 --> 01:40:48,199
to the last questions briefly I mean economic I mean it was your field did
最后一个问题，我的意思是经济，我的意思是那是你的领域

1121
01:40:48,399 --> 01:40:55,279
you say economic theory history of economics right so so why would that not
您说的是经济学的经济学理论史，所以为什么不这样做

1122
01:40:55,479 --> 01:41:00,850
be a global field I mean I I can see that you know there was a time when when
是一个全球性领域，我的意思是II可以看到您知道曾经有一段时间

1123
01:41:01,050 --> 01:41:04,130
someone would say that this is a field that was developed in Europe and then
有人会说这是在欧洲发展起来的领域

1124
01:41:04,329 --> 01:41:08,510
gradually people elsewhere started to read these European texts but then again
逐渐地，其他地方的人们开始阅读这些欧洲文本，但随后又

1125
01:41:08,710 --> 01:41:11,900
on the other hand and the the integration of the global market be it
另一方面和全球市场的整合

1126
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:18,770
since 1600 or since 1800 has been so profound that it will have produced
自1600年以来或从1800年以来是如此深刻，以至于它将产生

1127
01:41:18,970 --> 01:41:23,900
reactions ways of theorizing virtually everywhere where it reached so since to
从理论上讲，几乎可以到达任何地方的反应方式

1128
01:41:24,100 --> 01:41:29,810
me to be a genuinely global question sometimes I mean my you know strong
我是一个真正的全球性问题，有时我是说我知道你很坚强

1129
01:41:30,010 --> 01:41:35,989
tendency now in in these kinds of fields is to rethink the question of how far
在这些领域中，现在的趋势是重新考虑

1130
01:41:36,189 --> 01:41:42,260
the diffusion of a few European texts actually mattered and instead ask why is
一些欧洲文本的传播实际上很重要，而是问为什么

1131
01:41:42,460 --> 01:41:47,600
it that people at a particular moment began to read these texts and therefore
人们在特定时刻开始阅读这些文本，因此

1132
01:41:47,800 --> 01:41:50,869
the focus would be less on these theories and these texts themselves but
重点将不再是这些理论和这些文本本身，而是

1133
01:41:51,069 --> 01:41:54,590
on the conditions that made them actually relevant for people and that is
在使它们与人们真正相关的条件下，那就是

1134
01:41:54,789 --> 01:41:58,100
clearly a global framework so I that would be I think a very productive
显然是一个全球框架，所以我认为这是非常有成效的

1135
01:41:58,300 --> 01:42:02,159
fruitful way to think about it
富有成效的思考方式

1136
01:42:02,319 --> 01:42:07,939
I think we can wrap up here thank you all very much for your questions and for
我想我们可以总结一下，非常感谢大家的提问和

1137
01:42:08,139 --> 01:42:15,829
staying with us [Applause]
和我们在一起[鼓掌]