my name is Francesca Tribble Otto I am a permanent faculty in the school 我叫Francesca Tribble Otto我是学校的永久教师
historical studies here at the Institute for Advanced Study and together with my 我的高级研究所和我的历史研究
colleagues Suzanne Akbari and Nicoletta Cosmo we are delighted to see many of 我们的同事Suzanne Akbari和Nicoletta Cosmo很高兴看到
you in this room and to welcome Sebastien Conrad to our yes professor 您在这个房间里，欢迎塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastien Conrad）成为我们的教授
Conrad's career trajectory in writing have been at the forefront of the global 康拉德的书面职业生涯一直走在全球的最前沿
turn that has swept away so many areas of the humanities in the past two 过去两个时代席卷了许多人文领域
decades and we were fortunate that this week he is visiting Preston University 十年，我们很幸运，本周他正在访问普雷斯顿大学
under the edges of the global history lab directed by Jeremy Edelman and has 在Jeremy Edelman指导的全球历史实验室的边缘，
very generously agreed to spend this afternoon with us for this roundtable 非常慷慨地同意在今天下午和我们一起参加这次圆桌会议
and in an effort to keep this conversation as open-ended as it is 并努力保持对话畅通无阻
conceivable we have not coordinated our comments and we will proceed as follows 可以想象，我们尚未协调我们的意见，我们将按以下步骤进行
professor Conrad will speak for about 20 minutes the three of us will follow with 康拉德教授将发言约20分钟，我们三个将跟着
shorter remarks and then we have two microphones going around the room and 简短的发言，然后我们有两个麦克风绕过房间，
we'll open the floor to comments and questions from all of you let me say 我们将请大家发表评论和提出问题，让我说
just very brief a few words of introduction about our main speakers and 只是简短地介绍一下我们的主要演讲者，
about ourselves Sebastian Conrad was trained as a 关于我们自己塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad）被训练为
historian of most modern Germany and modern Japan and after a few years at 最现代的德国和现代日本的历史学家，在
the European University Institute in faisal a near Florencia he has since 他在费洛伦西亚附近的费萨尔（Faisal）的欧洲大学研究所就读，
2010 been teaching at the Free University of Berlin where he also 2010年在柏林自由大学任教，
directs a very large MA program in global intellectual history the limits 在全球知识史上指导一个非常大的文学硕士课程
of the nation stayed as a unit of historical analysis is a consistent 保留为历史分析单位的国家是一致的
interest that cuts across his very many publications including his book on 兴趣横扫了他的许多出版物，包括关于
history writing in post-world War two Germany and Japan 第二次世界大战后德国和日本的历史写作
is co-author of volume an emerging modern world 1750 to 1870 his short 是1750至1870年新兴的现代世界的合著者。
history of German colonialism and two important articles that many of you are 德国殖民主义的历史和你们中许多人的两篇重要文章
certainly familiar with that have appeared in the American historical 当然熟悉的东西已经出现在美国历史上
review the first in 2012 title enlightenment in global history a 回顾2012年全球史上第一个标题启蒙a
historiographical critique and in the very latest issue of the journal a piece 史学评论，以及该杂志的最新一期
that he also presented yesterday at Princeton University titled Greek in 他昨天还在普林斯顿大学以《希腊
their own way writing India and Japan into the world history of architecture 以自己的方式将印度和日本写入世界建筑史
at the turn of the 20th century it's fair to say that he's best known for a 可以说，在20世纪初，他以
slim and very successful vol title what is global history published by Princeton 苗条且非常成功的vol title普林斯顿大学出版的全球历史是什么
University Press in 2016 which many of you have no doubt read and probably 2016年大学出版社，你们中的许多人无疑都读过，也许
taught and discussed with colleagues and students and at the end of the book 与同事和学生一起讲课和讨论，并在书的最后
sebastien remarks the global history as all innovative phenomena is subject to sebastien表示全球历史，因为所有创新现象都受到
the law of diminishing returns so one question we have before us today is 收益递减法则，今天我们要面对的一个问题是
whether or not the inflection point has arrived what have we learned from at 拐点是否已经到来，我们从中学到了什么
least two decades of accumulated work and reflections in matters of global 至少二十年的累积工作和对全球事务的思考
history where are we today what can we and what should we 历史，今天我们在哪里，我们能做什么，我们应该做什么
where can we and where should we go next also on the podium our Suzanne Conkling 我们可以在哪里以及接下来应该在哪里登上领奖台，我们的Suzanne Conkling
Akbari professor of medieval studies in the 阿克巴里中世纪研究教授
school of historical studies and the author among other books of idols in the 历史研究学院，以及其他偶像著作的作者
East European representations of Islam and the Orient 1100 to 1450 and one of 东欧的伊斯兰教和东方1100至1450年代表制，以及
her current endeavors is a collaborative project funded by the mellon foundation 她目前的工作是由梅隆基金会资助的合作项目
called the book and the Silk Roads which reframes the triumphalist Western 称这本书和丝绸之路，重新塑造了凯旋的西方
narrative of book history in a broader array 书籍历史叙述的范围更广
context Nikola D Cosmo is loose foundation professor in East Asian 背景Nikola D Cosmo是东亚的宽松基金会教授
Studies also in the school of historical studies and ice Torian of China and 还在历史研究学院和中国冰托利安学院学习。
inner Asia in 2018 he co-edited with Michaelmas a prize-winning vol title 他于2018年与亚洲内陆地区合演了迈克尔·马斯（Michaelmas）获奖作品
empires and exchanges in Eurasian late antiquity and is currently writing a 欧亚古代晚期的帝国和交流，目前正在撰写
book on the economic and diplomatic relations between Venice and the mango 关于威尼斯和芒果之间的经济和外交关系的书
and as for myself in 2009 I published a book on merchant 至于我自己，2009年我出版了一本关于商人的书
networks in early modern Mediterranean and Beyond which I called a global 早期现代地中海及其他地区的网络，我称之为全球
history on a small scale and I've been living with the consequences of that 小规模的历史，我一直在忍受那种后果
decision ever since and I'm happy to hear your thoughts on that and others so 从那以后的决定，我很高兴听到您对此以及其他人的想法
with no further ado Sebastian thank you for being here and the floor is yours 事不宜迟，塞巴斯蒂安（Sebastian）谢谢您的光临，地板在您手中
well thanks thanks first of all for coming thanks for the invitation it's 好，谢谢，首先感谢您的邀请。
really an honor it's my first time at the Institute so a great moment and it's 真的很荣幸，这是我第一次来研究所，这是一个很棒的时刻，
great to see you all here so many I hope there are a couple of fans of global 很高兴在这里见到大家，我希望有一些全球粉丝
history here as well and it's not the moment of reckoning 历史也在这里，这不是计算的时刻
which is also quite possible yeah I so this is not going to be an introduction 这也是很有可能的，是的，所以这不是介绍
I I hope it's not pitched too much in terms of an internal discussion what is II希望在内部讨论中不要过多介绍什么是什么
global history if you talk about this topic in Princeton there are dark clouds 全球历史，如果您在普林斯顿谈论这个话题，乌云密布
hanging over you after my colleague Jeremy Elliman wrote probably one of the 我的同事杰里米·埃利曼（Jeremy Elliman）写下其中一位
most downloaded articles ever so I'm aware of that even though the clouds are 曾经下载最多的文章，所以即使云层密布，我也知道
different for all of us in different ways I'm also aware that to start a 对于我们所有人而言，以不同的方式有所不同我也意识到，开始
presentation with the near Ferguson cover it can be seen as a bit of an easy 弗格森（Ferguson）封面附近的演示文稿，可以认为这很容易
target but but but but this is actually not my target but more a symptom of 目标，但是但是，但这实际上不是我的目标，而是更多的症状
something that I I think it's important when we have these discussions so in 当我们进行这些讨论时，我认为这很重要
this book for example I mean is just one example of many he you know he says what 举例来说，我的意思是，这只是他中许多人说的一个例子。
what we're going through here we're living through is the end of 500 years 我们在这里经历的是500年的终结
of Western predominance this time the eastern challenge is for real and then 这次西方的优势是东方的挑战是真实的，然后
he goes on to say that the real threat is not 他接着说真正的威胁不是
say China but our own loss of faith in the civilization we inherited from our 说中国，但我们对从我们继承的文明失去了信心
ancestors now apart from the fact you know forgot the question of the who who 现在的祖先，除了你知道的事实，忘记了谁是谁的问题
is the we the hour and so forth it's interesting that many historians these 是我们的时刻，以此类推，许多历史学家对这些感兴趣
days many you know respectable historians are moving into this genre 如今，您知道很多受人尊敬的历史学家都在进入这种类型
right there's for example Anthony Paxton who's given us wonderful books now 举例来说，安东尼·帕克斯顿（Anthony Paxton）现在为我们提供了精美的书籍
writes about the war between East and West John Hadley who has produced a 记载了东西方约翰·哈德利（John Hadley）之间的战争，
whole swath of fascinating books on the on the link between technology and 关于技术与技术之间的联系的大量有趣的书
Empire now gives us the uniqueness and universality of Western civilization in 帝国现在赋予我们西方文明的独特性和普遍性
the place where I teach there's a colleague who you know he doesn't just 在我教书的地方，有一个同事，他知道他不只是
write one book he he wants to establish the preeminence of the what's this yeah 写一本他想建立卓越地位的书
now we can't see it that's too bad anyway it's four volumes 现在我们看不到这太糟糕了，因为它是四卷
of Henryk August Winkler the history of the West so so whatever this is is a 亨利克·奥古斯特·温克勒（Henryk August Winkler）的西方历史，所以无论这是什么
symptom of I think is what I would call Eurocentrism 2.0 meaning it looks like 我认为是欧洲中心主义2.0的症状，它看起来像
the old Eurocentrism but it isn't because it's formulated under conditions 古老的欧洲中心主义，但这不是因为它是在一定条件下制定的
of you know if these these historians they feel that they're well protected 你们知道这些历史学家是否认为自己受到了很好的保护
castle is under siege it's no longer a self-confident Eurocentrism but one that 城堡被围困了，它不再是自信的欧洲中心主义，而是
is on the defensive and it's one of the context I think in which we talk about a 处于防御状态，这是我认为我们谈论
global history these days to get this a little bit of a personal you know street 这些天来的全球历史让这个人有点陌生
credibility when I published one of the articles that Francesca kindly mentioned 信誉，当我发表Francesca友善提及的文章之一时
in the American historical review a few years ago on the Enlightenment if you 在几年前的美国历史评论中，如果您
will the you know in some ways the symbolic iconic moment of the if you 您会以某种方式知道如果您具有象征意义的瞬间
will the self definition of what Europe or the West is I received a couple of 我会收到一些关于欧洲或西方是什么的自我定义
months later the following email Sebastian by a person I had not met 几个月后，以下我未认识的人向塞巴斯蒂安发送了以下电子邮件
attached you will find a refutation of your ahr article on the Enlightenment 附件中，您会在启蒙运动中反驳您的ahr文章
don't take it personally it had to be done I am the only one willing and 不要把它当成个人，我是唯一愿意并且
capable of this type of critique and the author of the uniqueness of Western 有能力进行这类批评，并具有西方独特性
civilized so I didn't take it personal and a few 文明的，所以我没有把它和一些
months later then in 2014 the critique came out as a publication and and we'll 几个月后，2014年，该评论作为出版物发表了，我们将
just I'll just share a couple of words with you it says Conrad's critique is 我只想跟你说几句话，说康拉德的批评是
vacuous absurd and unscholarly a demonstration of the irrational lengths 空泡荒唐而荒谬地证明了不合理的长度
otherwise intelligent europeans will go in their efforts to promote 否则，聪明的欧洲人将努力促进
egalitarianism and affirmative action on a global scale it is important for 在全球范围内实行平等主义和平等权利行动对于
defenders of the West to see with clear eyes that the intended goal of Conrad's 西方捍卫者清楚地看到康拉德的目标
paper is not truth but the dissolution of Europe's intellectual identity so 纸不是真理，而是欧洲知识分子身份的瓦解
first of all don't walk out afterwards and say nobody warned you all right so 首先不要走出去，然后说没人警告你好吧，所以
if you feel that it's not truth I'm talking about but what's really you know 如果您觉得这不是事实，我在说什么，但您实际上知道什么
striking is that that this whole discussion of a global history that is 引人注目的是，关于全球历史的整个讨论
frequently conducted in you know in terms of theory methodology sources 在理论方法论的来源方面，您经常会知道
languages that you need to actually do it and so forth is actually charged 您实际需要执行的语言等等实际上是收费的
politically charged and and this is a thing one of the reasons why we we are 政治上负责，这是我们成为我们的原因之一
here today all right this was really just the preface I want to talk about 今天在这里，这真的只是我想谈的序言
three things briefly in the time that I have so briefly you know say a couple of 在我有这么短暂的时间里简短地讲了三件事
words about what I think the global turn is so I mean they're very different 关于我认为全球转向是什么的话，所以我的意思是说它们截然不同
understandings of what global history could be or should be I'll talk about 我将谈论对全球历史可能是或应该是什么的理解
and then talk about two issues that I think are will be of increasing 然后谈论我认为将会增加的两个问题
relevance when we think through this enterprise of global history in the 当我们思考这个全球历史的企业时的相关性
years to come so briefly the the global turn in my own sort of the quickest the 这么短的几年来，以我自己最快的速度
shortest definition of a summary that I could think of what global history wants 我可以想到全球历史想要的摘要的最短定义
to do is it wants to move beyond to what I call birth defects of modern history 要做的是它希望超越我称之为现代历史的先天缺陷
writing birth defects in the sense of they were sort of built into the 从某种意义上说，他们是天生的缺陷，
discipline of history from the moment of inception in the nineteenth century and 从十九世纪初开始的历史学科
they stay with us in many ways one is history as it was created 他们在很多方面与我们在一起，其中之一就是历史的产生
in Europe in the 19th century was closely linked to the nation-state - 在19世纪的欧洲与民族国家息息相关-
sort of a container for which it essentially wrote the history and the 一种容器，它实际上是在为其记录历史和
second part the second aspect is the Eurocentrism that was also from the 第二部分第二方面是欧洲中心主义
beginning part of not only history writing but also sociology political 不仅是历史写作的开始部分，而且还是社会学政治的开始部分
science and so forth in the 19th century and combined this would be the third 科学等在19世纪，这将是第三次
aspect to come by the combined effect of these two dimensions is that historians 这两个方面共同作用的结果是，历史学家
tend to understand change internally meaning they analyze societies and 倾向于从内部了解变化，这意味着他们可以分析社会并
essentially explain social change is something that happens within the 本质上解释了社会变革是发生在
boundaries of a society and also if you know if we look at social theory we 社会的边界，如果您知道我们是否研究社会理论，
really see the very same effect and global history that would be the 真的看到了相同的影响和全球历史
shortest definition I can think of is the attempt to move beyond these two now 我能想到的最短定义是现在尝试超越这两个定义
this is not exactly what you would find if you look at some of the handbooks on 如果您看一下其中的一些手册，这并不是完全可以找到的。
global history so for example let's look at the Journal of world history and 全球历史，例如，让我们看看世界历史杂志和
their webpage and see what they say they say put simply world history is macro 他们的网页，看看他们说的是什么，简而言之，世界历史是宏观的
history which I don't agree with but let's just move on to a handbook 我不同意的历史，但让我们继续阅读手册
published by Blackwell recently where the two authors say global history 由布莱克韦尔（Blackwell）最近出版，两位作者说全球历史
strictly understood is the history of what happens worldwide across the planet 严格理解的是世界各地发生的事情的历史
as a whole as if viewed from a cosmic Krause nest 从宇宙的克劳斯巢看
with the advantages of immense distance and Pam optic range so again here we 拥有远距离和Pam光学范围的优势，因此在这里我们再次
have again the trope the trope of you know it's always everything but also 再说一遍，你知道那是永远的一切，但是
there's a certain objectivity that is available to the global historians 全球历史学家有一定的客观性
because they you know they come from a distance and from from afar they they 因为他们知道他们来自远方，来自远方
see what really happens in my own book and this is just a you know quick 看看我自己的书中到底发生了什么，这只是您很快就知道的
allusion to some of the things I try to spell out there I 暗指我尝试拼写的一些东西
try to think in a different direction and different from these kinds of 尝试以不同的方向思考，并与这些不同
definitions I folk emphasize three aspects in particular first for me 我对定义特别强调三个方面
global history is primarily an approach it's it's a perspective in other words 全球历史主要是一种方法，换句话说，这是一种观点
it's a lens that allows me to see things in a different light to ask different 这是一个镜头，可以让我以不同的视角看待事物以提出不同的要求
questions which also means that it's the perspective that you know is 问题，这也意味着您所知道的是
particularly productive in some cases and maybe not so much in others the 在某些情况下特别有生产力，而在其他情况下可能没有那么多
second aspect is that no it is not viewing the past from a cosmic Crowsnest 第二个方面是，不，它不是从宇宙Crowsnest看过去
it is a global history is not necessarily planetary but can actually 这是全球历史，不一定是全球历史，但实际上可以
focus on something very specific small minut it couldn't focus on a village but 专注于一些非常具体的小细节，却无法专注于乡村，但
try to see it in a global context and third it's not you know the be-all and 尝试在全球范围内看待它，第三，不是你知道一切
end-all of historiography it's one approach among many and there are many 毕竟，这是众多方法中的一种
interesting approaches and global history will yield interesting results 有趣的方法和全球历史将产生有趣的结果
in some cases in other cases maybe we don't we may want to choose another 在某些情况下，在其他情况下，也许我们不希望选择其他
approach again this is something that is you know that we can take for granted 再次接近，这是您知道的，我们可以认为是理所当然的
there are many global historians out there who would say that global history 有很多全球历史学家会说全球历史
is of the pinnacle of historiographical development we had in some ways the 是史学发展的顶峰
professionalization of history in the zigs in the 60s with the social history 社会历史上60年代之字形的历史专业化
turn then came cultural history and then to top it all global history and there 然后是文化历史，然后是全球所有历史
are some books and you know pretty much make claims of that kind and I don't 有一些书，你知道很多人都提出这样的主张，但我不
agree I would say that global history can help us see things in a different 同意，我会说全球历史可以帮助我们从不同的角度看待事物
light but for some questions it will be yeah the returns will not be as as high 光，但对于某些问题，是的，回报将不会那么高
oh yeah I wanted to make two more comments on this issue here of 哦，是的，我想在此对这个问题再发表两条评论
definition one is when people say global history they essentially engage in two 定义一是当人们说全球历史时，他们本质上参与了两个
kinds of different debates usually you know if they talk about the advantages 通常会有各种不同的辩论，如果他们谈论优势
and disadvantages one would be some historians would say you know global 缺点是一些历史学家会说你知道全球
history is in some ways everything let's let's include as much as possible to 从某种意义上说，历史是我们要包括的所有内容，
produce a global synthesis and this kind of you know understanding gives 产生全球综合，这种你们知道的理解给
great books like the ones by Chris Bailey or you can also handle who wrote 像克里斯·贝利（Chris Bailey）这样的好书，或者您也可以处理谁写的书
in their case the history of the 19th century as a global story but that's of 在他们看来，19世纪的历史是一个全球性的故事，但这是
course only one so when when people say let's look at the whole world then they 当然只有一个，所以当人们说让我们看看整个世界时，他们
essentially mean let's move away from just simply national histories 本质上是指让我们摆脱简单的民族历史
juxtaposed to each other right but this and why is this important because in 彼此并列，但是这以及为什么如此重要，因为在
many parts of the world everything is already a major revolution so for 世界许多地方，一切已经是一场重大革命，因此对于
example in the place where I come from where I teach in in Germany you know 我来自德国教书的地方的例子
this is what historians actually do the the blue is Germany Green is Europe bye 历史学家实际上是这么做的蓝色是德国绿色是欧洲再见
bye Europe essentially we have to realize that this is essentially a 再见欧洲从本质上讲，我们必须意识到这本质上是
leftover from the Cold War period right these are Eastern European studies 这些是冷战时期的残right剩right这些是东欧研究
institutes where the goal was really to understand the enemy a little bit of 目的是真正了解敌人的一些机构
North America and a little bit of the rest so for example in the you know the 北美及其他地区，例如，您知道
Institute where I myself teach everyone is blue I mean every one of my 我自己教大家的学院是蓝色的我的意思是我的每一个人
colleagues so that's the reality in other words that you know what we 同事，这就是现实，换句话说，你知道我们
actually what what many universities actually trained their students in is 实际上，许多大学实际上在训练学生的是
quite limited even in the United States this is a recent survey done by the 即使在美国也相当有限，这是由
American Historical Association yes it's clearly different from the German 美国历史协会是的，它与德国人明显不同
situation but but if you you know take the transatlantic coalition here then 情况，但是如果您知道在这里采取跨大西洋联盟，
you still see that you know the it is clearly the predominant focus but in 您仍然看到您知道这显然是主要的重点，但是在
most countries in let's say continental Europe but also in Mexico Korea 可以说欧洲大陆的大多数国家，也包括墨西哥的韩国
essentially studying history means studying the history of your own country 本质上讲，研究历史意味着研究自己国家的历史
so in that respect this first point everything is actually included is an 因此，在这方面，第一点实际上包括的是
important political point to make or let's call it an institutional point to 重要的政治观点，或者我们称之为制度上的观点
make the term global history whether you're skeptical of it or not helps us 无论您是否对全球历史一词都持怀疑态度，这可以帮助我们
to change the institution in which we teach 改变我们教学的体制
that's only one point of course and the second is it's also a method question 这当然只是要点，第二点也是方法问题
right and in this method debate without going into details here 正确且以这种方法进行辩论，无需在此处进行详细说明
my own plea is to see the question of the global as relevant both as an 我自己的请求是，将全球性问题同
explanatory that is a global historian will always ask what are what are the 作为全球历史学家的解释总是会问什么是
potentially global causes of the particular question I study and at the 我研究的特定问题的潜在全球原因以及
same time it's something that we need to explain through you know the actions of 同时，这是我们需要通过您解释的事情，您需要了解
our historical subjects but this level of the global is always something that I 我们的历史主题，但全球水平始终是我
want to keep in play and I say this visa vie a strong trend in global history 希望继续发挥作用，我说这种签证在全球历史上发展势头强劲
writing which essentially only celebrates connections that is something 基本上只庆祝联系的东西
that you see across the board and I think it is insufficient alright let's 大家都看到了，我认为这还不够，让我们
move to the second point of three which is positionality this is something that 移至三个第二点即位置，这是
i think is going to be of increasing importance in our discussions of how to 我认为在我们有关如何
do history on a global scale the fact that we write history from a particular 在全球范围内进行历史记录我们是根据特定历史记录历史记录
place and that shapes the way we read it or interpret it just take two examples 位置，它塑造了我们阅读或解释它的方式，仅举两个例子
recently published one in France there is dois mondiale doula for most you know 最近在法国出版的《 dois mondiale doula》一书
the world history of France that was seen by some of the conservative 一些保守派人士看到的法国的世界历史
commentators in France as a scandal right piano who says this is the end of 法国的评论员是一部丑闻性的右钢琴，他说这已经结束了
common truth a la finca crowd speaks of the 140 authors as the gravediggers of finca人群的常识说140位作者是
the great French heritage and on the right of this political spectrum in exam 伟大的法国传统，就在这一政治领域的考验之列
were speaks of a war on history now in the very same year Italian historians 在同一年，意大利历史学家谈到了历史战争
also got together and did the same thing right the story I'm on holiday Italia 也聚在一起，对我在意大利度假的故事做了同样的事情
and at the official book launch the editor proudly you know look back at 在正式发布时，您自豪地知道编辑器
this and I've emphasized ed look you know all these authors I I read through 这一点，我强调过ed的样子，您知道所有这些作者II
all their articles and what I realize is how great a nation Italy actually is you 他们所有的文章，我意识到，意大利实际上是一个多么伟大的国家
know you couldn't think of two sort of politics of the pit in some ways really 知道你在某种程度上无法想到两种政治
the mirror project but the politics depending on the place just the opposite 镜像项目，但政治取决于对面的地方
and of course if we you know and this is a whole industry now we have the 当然，如果我们知道，这是整个行业，现在我们有了
Netherlands we have Spain we have Flanders and even Sicily we have these 荷兰，我们有西班牙，我们有法兰德斯，甚至西西里岛，我们都有这些
world histories and they all come with their own particular baggage now the 世界历史，他们都带着自己的特殊行李，现在
first lesson that we take home here is that and this is something that we knew 我们在这里带回家的第一课是，这是我们知道的
essentially from in particular from the work of people like Dominique Sachse 尤其是来自Dominique Sachse这样的人的工作
Maya that it really does matter from where global history is written so he 玛雅人真的很重要，这与写全球历史的位置有关，因此他
has this this book where he describes he compares global history writing in the 有这本书，他在书中描述了他比较了
United States Germany and China and it's really astonishing the extent to which 美国德国和中国，这确实令人惊讶
the the approaches the politics so also the kinds of interpretations that I used 政治的方法，以及我所使用的各种解释
differ global history in other words needs to be understood globally but 换句话说，全球历史不同，但全球需要理解
beyond this in other words this is essentially an analytical perspective 换句话说，这本质上是一种分析视角
right we look at we try to understand that writing from a particular place and 是的，我们着眼于尝试理解来自特定地方和
that doesn't mean only a country it also means under particular institutional 这不仅仅意味着一个国家，它还意味着在特定制度下
constrains and so forth shapes the shapes our interpretations 约束等等塑造我们的解释
but at this what is now increasingly happening is that it's no longer just a 但现在越来越多的是，它不再只是一个
question of description or analysis but it is framed as a prescriptive as a 描述或分析问题，但它被描述为
normative question in other words it's not only clear that historians you know 换句话说，不仅是您知道的历史学家
have different interpretations depending on from where they write but they should 根据书写的位置有不同的解释，但应该
have different interpretations and they need to go beyond in particular Western 有不同的解释，他们需要超越西方
interpretations and you know I could go on for a long time about this but just 解释，你知道我可以对此进行很长一段时间，但是
to give you one example the the so-called national studies as 举一个例子，所谓的国家研究
institutionalized in Chinese universities these days so some of the 如今在中国大学中制度化，所以一些
best most prestigious universities in China they will have you know the 中国最好的最负盛名的大学，他们会让你知道
faculty at the instant for political science sociology history but then also 政治科学，社会学历史的瞬间，但随后
one of national studies where the idea is to go back to ways of knowing ways of 一种国家研究，其想法是回到了解
generating knowledge before the arrival of the modern disciplines sort of a 在现代学科到来之前产生知识
Chinese way of knowing quote-unquote and you know if you translate this 用中文知道引用-取消引用的方式，您知道是否翻译
two debates about global history the result is and here I'm quoting you pay 关于全球历史的两次辩论的结果是，在这里我引用你的话
the director of the world history Institute in the Chinese Academy of 中国科学院世界历史研究所所长
Social Sciences the you know the Chinese Academy this very prestigious 你知道中国科学院社会科学这个非常负盛名的
institution in Beijing and this is what he says he says our research on global 他说他说的是我们对全球的研究
history manifests our standard of valued judgment our view of history our values 历史体现了我们宝贵的判断标准，我们的历史观我们的价值观
our Chinese people's feelings and our Chinese people's understanding of the 我们中国人民的感受和我们中国人民对世界的理解
historical reality sure today's China is very different from that of the mid 19th 历史现实可以肯定，今天的中国与19世纪中叶截然不同
century but patriotism remains the soul of China's world history studies so he 世纪，但爱国主义仍然是中国世界历史研究的灵魂，因此他
so here and this is just one example right I mean if you go to India there 所以这只是一个例子，对不起，如果你去印度
are debates about sort of an he due to our way of understanding history there 由于我们对那里的历史的理解方式，有关他的辩论
there are claims to re susat eight my ways of knowing to understand history in 有人声称要重新确立我的八种了解历史的方式
different ways there are many of these movements to counter what is perceived 这些运动有许多种不同的方式来对抗感知到的东西
as your centrism with different forms of centrism so this kind of should we call 作为具有不同形式的中心主义的您的中心主义，所以我们应该称这种为
it conversation I think is going to be with us in the years to come and as many 我认为在接下来的几年中，我们之间将会进行对话
of you will know it's already there right it's already in the classrooms 你们会知道它已经在教室里了
it's already there very present when students will ask so who you know who 当学生问的时候它已经存在了，所以你知道谁
why are we reading this article on African history written by someone from 我们为什么要阅读由某人撰写的有关非洲历史的文章
Iceland why who speaks for Russian pasts who writes and so forth and so forth 冰岛为什么为谁写的俄罗斯过去说话等等
these debates that and they will be pressing and urgent I think in the years 这些辩论，我认为这些年来它们将是紧迫而紧迫的
to come third point last point micro and global 第三点，最后一点，微观和全球
this is really more a little bit of an experiment it's but Francesca invited me 这确实是一个实验，但是Francesca邀请了我
here so it's a bit of a tribute section to think about the relationship between 在这里考虑一下之间的关系是一个致敬的部分
micro and macro which is and has been in recent years issued a growing field 微观和宏观，并且近年来一直在发展中
let's put it this way one of the most recent examples is this edited volume in 让我们这样说吧最近的例子之一是
by past and present now my own feelings on this so how can we combine global and 从现在到现在，我对此都有自己的感受，那么我们如何将全球和
tiny big entire global and micro and is this actually is this possible or 微小的整体和微观整体，这实际上是可能的还是
is it actually even a problem now I in this field at the moment I and this is 我现在在这个领域实际上是一个问题，现在是
maybe a very idiosyncratic summary stop me if I don't make sense 如果我没有道理，也许一个非常特殊的摘要阻止了我
I see if at the moment four different ways in which micro historians try to 我现在看到微观历史学家尝试四种不同的方法
link to global history or try to engage in this in this conversation one is what 链接到全球历史或尝试参与此对话之一是什么
I like to call the global roller coaster rides so here we have someone who says 我喜欢称之为全球过山车游乐设施，所以我们这里有人说
you know I'm not interested in the big structures I want to focus on one 你知道我对我想关注的大结构不感兴趣
particular person and see how she traveled across continents and different 特定的人，看看她如何穿越各大洲
cultures and then at some point comes home many of these studies you know they 文化，然后在某个时候回到家中，其中许多研究都知道
are fascinated with movement travel but they're not interested in the places 对运动旅行着迷，但他们对这些地方不感兴趣
where these people go in other words they're completely you know it's little 换句话说，这些人去了哪里，他们完全是你知道的很少
like a roller coaster at some point they've safely back home but the places 就像过山车在某个时候他们已经安全地回家了
don't shape either the persons or the narrative that's quite a successful 不要塑造成功的人物或叙述
genre even in bookshops I think it's insufficient as a scholarly 甚至在书店里我都认为这是不够的
project the second strategy I see is the argument to say look we have these big 项目我看到的第二个策略是说看起来我们有这么大
summaries and synthesis Chris Bailey's book but then if I study this particular 总结和综合克里斯·贝利的书，但是如果我研究这个特殊的
village in the Andes it's all more complicated which is a clearly an 安第斯山脉的村庄更加复杂，这显然是
important point to make and it reveals many of the limits that some of these 重要的一点，它揭示了许多限制，其中一些
global syntheses have at the same time it's also limited just to you know say 全局合成同时也仅限于您所知
that it's a little more muddled on the ground ultimately first of all will not 最终它会变得更加混乱
get us very far but also ultimately relies on prior generalizations 让我们走得很远，但最终还是要依靠先前的概括
otherwise you can't even make that argument so as important that is I also 否则你甚至不能说那个论点那么重要，我也是
think that we need to do something else the third version is what I and what I 认为我们需要做其他事情第三版是我和我
would call redemptive histories which essentially 会称为赎回历史
as these big narratives don't really give us enough about you know the the 因为这些重要的叙述并不能真正给我们足够的了解，您知道
marginalized people in forgotten parts of the world we we need to do some 在世界被遗忘的地方被边缘化的人，我们需要做一些
historical justice and bring them back to life again this is a very popular 历史正义，使他们重获新生这是非常受欢迎的
genre in the field of micro history and again I am not so taken by it here's 微观历史领域的流派，我再一次不被它所吸引
what just one example in a classical now classical art article Tony Andrade wrote 托尼·安德拉德（Tony Andrade）撰写的现在古典艺术作品中的一个例子
at the end of the article where he focuses on the figure of one woman and 在文章的结尾，他着重介绍了一个女人的身材，
says she'll remain as anonymous as most of the lives lived on earth we global 说她将像全球大多数人一样匿名
historians should bring alive just for a few pages some of the people who lived 历史学家应该活几页，
through those processes there are stories out there waiting to be told 通过这些过程，那里有故事等待被告知
let's bring the history of our interconnected world to life one story 让我们将互联世界的历史变成现实
at a time is great but then you know every story which one's how many pages 一次很棒，但随后您就会知道每个故事多少页
do we do we do why why every one of those stories I again think it has its 我们要做我们为什么要为什么为什么这些故事中的每一个我再次认为它都有
limits so the the the one version where I think we need to go and this is how I 限制，所以我认为我们需要去的那个版本，这就是我的方式
read Francesca treble Otto's article on Italian micro history and global history 阅读Francesca treble Otto关于意大利微观历史和全球历史的文章
is that a micro perspective allows us to understand the way in which structures 微观的观点使我们能够理解结构的方式
and different scales operate in a much more effective way that is actually the 而不同的规模以更有效的方式运作，这实际上是
direction in which I think we need to move global history without this kind of 我认为我们需要在没有这种情况的情况下推动全球历史发展的方向
sensitivity to place agency the the the you know the concrete is problematic 放置代理的敏感性您知道具体有问题
while reversely micro history without at least view on large-scale processes is 而相反的微观历史却至少不涉及大规模过程
also I think insufficient so to close I'll quote the definition that 我也认为不足以结束我将引用以下定义
Christiane DeVito in this past and present special issue gives of micro Christiane DeVito过去和现在的微型杂志特刊
history and that's really my and he says here I define micro history as the 历史，那真的是我的，他说我在这里将微观历史定义为
analytical approach by which scholars derive the categories spatial unit's 学者得出类别空间单位的分析方法
periodization from the interaction between three 从三者之间的相互作用开始
levels and this is where it really staff the three levels the social practices 级别，这是它真正为三个级别的社会实践服务的地方
revealed by the sources the researchers hypotheses and methodologies and the 消息来源揭示了研究人员的假设和方法，以及
knowledge derived from available scholarship that's his definition of my 从可获得的奖学金中获得的知识就是他对我的定义
Christian but then he goes on to say well actually you know given the global 基督教徒，但他接着说得很好，实际上你知道
turn we actually you know micro history isn't enough we need to do micro spatial 我们实际上知道微观历史还不够，我们需要做微观空间
history and that's what we really need to do but then you know if we briefly 历史，这是我们真正需要做的，但是您知道我们是否简要
think about it the social practice is revealed by the sources sure 想一想，社会实践被消息来源肯定地揭示出来了
the researchers own hypotheses and the knowledge derived from historiography so 研究人员拥有假设，并且从历史学中获得知识，因此
who wouldn't agree isn't that you know what almost any one of us would probably 谁不同意是不是你不知道我们几乎所有人
do so I you know my my last word and this would be to say shouldn't we just 这样做，我你知道我的最后一句话，这就是说我们不应该
do this is a this is a technical term i I admit but I hope you forgive me should 我承认这是一个技术术语，但我希望您能原谅我
we just do good history which means that yes obviously large-scale structures 我们只是做的很好的历史，这意味着是明显的大型结构
matter yes obviously we need to think about their relevance up to potentially 是的，很明显，我们需要考虑它们与潜在
a global level but ultimately if we just stay up there make these generalizations 在全球范围内，但最终如果我们只停留在那儿，就可以进行以下概括
without really knowing what's going on what's in the sources is also not good 没有真正知道发生了什么事的消息来源也不是很好
history I'd like to thank Francesca for organizing this Roundtable and to thank 历史我要感谢Francesca组织这次圆桌会议，并感谢
Sebastian Conrad for his remarks and for his wonderful 2016 book which has done 塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad）的讲话和他出色的2016年著作
so much to help us shape our conversations around the global turn I 可以帮助我们在全球转折中塑造我们的对话
want to take about ten minutes to describe how the global turn looks from 想花大约十分钟来描述全局转折的样子
the vantage point of medieval studies describing very briefly what kinds of 中世纪研究的优势非常简要地描述了哪种
conversations have already been taking place within the field the reasons why 现场已经进行了对话，为什么
this work has come to feel increasingly urgent and some of the problems we face 这项工作变得越来越紧迫，我们面临的一些问题
in trying to conceive of the field in more global terms first of all the 首先尝试以更全球化的方式来构想这个领域
global has been used to frame our field for quite some time a group of 全球化已经被用来构筑我们的领域很长时间了
researchers based at the University of Minnesota and the University of Texas at 明尼苏达大学和德克萨斯大学的研究人员位于
Austin most important among them Geraldine hang have for almost two 其中，奥斯汀最重要的杰拉尔丁·亨拥有近两个
decades been that the global is a useful frame of 几十年来，全球是一个有用的框架
reference the global Middle Ages timeline begins in 2004 with a course on 参考全球中世纪时间表，从2004年开始
global interconnections and hosts a range of projects including the Black 全球互连并主持一系列项目，包括黑人
Death digital archive this project led by historian of science Monica Greene is 由科学史学家莫妮卡·格林（Monica Greene）领导的这个项目的死亡数字档案库是
truly global in scope pandemic like climate offers the historian a field of 真正的全球性大流行，例如气候，为历史学家提供了一个
study that is unconstrained by regional or local limitations other approaches to 不受区域或本地限制的研究其他方法
the medieval past however have been more global in a circumscribed or limited way 然而，中世纪的过去以有限或有限的方式更加全球化
Maria Rosa Meno calls Arabic roll in medieval literary history published in 玛丽亚·罗莎·梅诺（Maria Rosa Meno）称阿拉伯文学在中世纪的文学史中
1987 and reissued 20 years later turned the conventional narrative of the 1987年重新发行，20年后改头换面，
European Middle Ages on its head arguing that Arabic language and 欧洲中世纪争论阿拉伯语言和
literature had played a fundamental role in the emergence of quote/unquote 文学在报价/取消报价的出现中起了根本作用
Western culture that work initially controversial proved to be deeply 最初引起争议的西方文化被证明是深刻的
influential and fruitful a conference on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of 成立20周年之际，富有影响力和富有成果的会议
the publication of that book ended up as a volume that I co-edited with Carla 那本书的出版最终成为我与卡拉合编的一本书
mallet called a sea of languages rethinking the Arabic role in medieval 木槌叫语言之海，重新思考中世纪的阿拉伯角色
literary history what had changed over those twenty years however was the 文学史在这20年中发生了变化的是
emergence of the field of Mediterranean Studies and the concurrent development 地中海研究领域的兴起与同步发展
of a specifically medieval corner of that field of Mediterranean Studies our 地中海研究领域中一个中世纪的角落
book therefore was building on Meno calls literary history but it did so 因此这本书是建立在梅诺称为文学史的基础上的，但它确实做到了
with a focus on regional and confessional identities and with a 着重于区域和ess悔的身份，
targeted approach to the region that owed much to horde in a per cells 对每个单元的应归功于该区域的目标方法
concept of definite places articulated in their book the corrupting see these 在他们的书中阐明了确定地点的概念，腐败见这些
targeted areas of intensification and remission can be investigated they 可以研究针对性的强化和缓解区域
argued in order to produce micro histories that tell us about the nature 为了产生微观历史告诉我们关于自然的争论
of the pre-modern interconnected world so in addition to 前现代互联世界
these two approaches truly global based on climate or pandemic and regional 这两种方法是真正基于气候或大流行以及区域性的全球方法
building on the paradigm of Mediterranean studies we see emerging 在地中海研究范式的基础上，我们看到了新兴
mainly from the fields of art history and archaeology an interest in 主要来自艺术史和考古学领域
conceiving of the pre-modern past in terms of networks and entanglements 在网络和纠缠方面构想前现代的过去
focusing on regional and local identities in a way that is usually 通常以一种方式关注区域和本地身份
distinct from the methodological approach as we find in Mediterranean 与我们在地中海发现的方法学方法不同
studies berry floods 2018 book objects of translation material culture and 研究berry Floods 2018本书的翻译材料文化对象和
medieval Hindu most encounter is a good example of this kind 中世纪的印度教徒遇到最多的就是这种例子
of work as if the 2019 collection assembled by Brian Keene emerging from a 仿佛布赖恩·基恩（Brian Keene）组装的2019年系列从
show that he created at the Getty called torta global Middle Ages this book 展示他在盖蒂创建的名为torta全球中世纪的这本书
toward a global Middle Ages is I think useful in two ways first the range and 我认为，通向全球中世纪是有两个方面的作用的，首先是范围
scope of the essays some of them brief case studies others more extended they 论文范围有些是简短的案例研究，有些则是扩展的
give a variegated picture of the pre-modern past based on a very wide 根据很宽的范围，给出前现代过去的杂色图片
range of perspectives second this book is in some ways sprawling it does not 观点范围第二本书在某种程度上没有扩展
attempt to give a holistic unified view of the global Middle Ages of the sort we 尝试对我们所研究的全球中世纪整体给出统一的看法
just heard about instead it's precisely directed toward that goal implicitly 只是听说过，它是隐式地针对该目标的
putting the aspiration of the global on the distant horizon while giving a 将全球的抱负放在遥远的地平线上，同时给予
robust and plural account of local and regional entanglements so what if given 关于本地和区域纠缠的强大而多元的解释，如果给出的话
you just now is a really fast history of the field I haven't talked about is why 您刚才是该领域的一个非常快的历史，而我还没有谈到这是为什么
this work long scene is kind of peripheral to the main flow of Medieval 这项工作的长景是中世纪主流的一种外围
Studies has come to be seen as central with medieval study centers across North 研究已被视为整个北部的中世纪研究中心的中心
America rebranding and in some cases actually rethinking their academic 美国重塑品牌，在某些情况下实际上是在重新思考自己的学术
programs and new journals and book series on the global medieval popping up 全球中世纪的节目，新期刊和丛书出现
like mushrooms in August 2017 the unites the right rally held in Charlottesville 就像2017年8月的蘑菇一样，团结起来在夏洛茨维尔举行的右集会
Virginia resulted in the death of one and the injury of another nineteen 弗吉尼亚州造成1人死亡，另外19人受伤
counter-protesters there's a lot to say about this event for our purposes today 反抗议者今天对于我们而言，关于此事件有很多话要说
however I just want to draw your attention to the use of medieval symbols 但是我只想提请您注意中世纪符号的使用
by these right-wing demonstrators these include the call to crusade against the 这些右翼示威者，包括呼吁对
Muslims taken from Pope Urban sermon at Claremont Deus vult God wills it seen 穆斯林从克莱蒙特神父的教皇城市讲道中被带走
here and close-up here also from the same demonstration we see the a follow 这里和这里的特写镜头也来自相同的演示，我们看到了一个跟随
rule a rule a letter taken from the Norse alphabet that was used in Nazi 规则规则取自纳粹使用的北欧字母的字母。
Germany as the divisional insignia for two of often SS divisions in 2017 an 2017年，德国成为两个党卫军师的师长徽章
American neo-nazi group the National Socialist Movement decided that they 美国新纳粹组织国家社会主义运动决定
would replace the swastika on their uniforms and things like then signage 会取代制服上的ast字，然后是标牌
with the AFOL Arun it continues to be popular as a tattoo in a clothing logo 凭借AFOL Arun，它继续作为服装徽标中的纹身而广受欢迎
and this medieval emblem as was famously pointed out on Twitter used at 正如在Twitter上使用的著名中世纪徽章
Charlottesville can be found in medieval manuscript illustrations of st. Maurice 夏洛茨维尔（Charlottesville）可以在中世纪的圣手稿插图中找到。莫里斯
this image is particularly revealing it shows not only the appropriation of 该图像特别揭示了它不仅显示了对
medieval forms by right-wing demonstrators alongside Confederate and 右翼示威者与同盟和
other symbols in the nostalgic pursuit of an imagined past but also the primary 怀念过去的想象中的其他符号
way that medievalists would seek to combat this nostalgic fantasy that is 中世纪主义者寻求对抗这种怀旧幻想的方式
with a historically grounded more accurate picture of the medieval past 结合历史，更准确地描绘了中世纪的过去
the original as its put in the tweet instead of a bizarre fantasy of pure 在推文中放入原始内容，而不是纯净的奇异幻想
northern racial identities and a more hierarchical set set of gender norms 北部种族身份和更规范的性别规范集
some medievalists have sought to tell what they often call better stories of 一些中世纪主义者试图讲出他们通常所说的更好的故事
the past describing the cross-cultural and inter-confessional relationships 过去描述了跨文化和自白之间的关系
that linked disparate regions of the pre-modern world this more than anything 与前现代世界不同地区的联系比其他任何事物都重要
else is why those medieval Studies programs I mentioned have been in the 否则就是为什么我提到的那些中世纪研究计划已经出现在
act of rebranding or in some cases truly seeking to reinvent their fields but we 品牌重塑或在某些情况下真正寻求重塑自己领域的行为，但我们
have a problem the global turn requires skill sets and competencies that most 有一个问题，全球转向需要大多数人的技能和能力
private programs are not equipped to provide above all more languages more 私人程序无法提供更多的语言
languages it's so important in some cases this has been improved for example 语言，在某些情况下是如此重要，例如，已经对其进行了改进
at the University of Toronto Giz which is the language found in 在多伦多大学吉兹大学
medieval Ethiopian manuscripts has been added to the program in Medieval Studies 中世纪埃塞俄比亚手稿已被添加到该程序的中世纪研究
there's a lot more I could say about that but they won't do that today but 关于这一点，我还有很多话要说，但是他们今天不会这样做，但是
student uptake has been limited mainly because this course is added on to 学生人数受到限制，主要是因为该课程已添加到
rather than a substitute for existing language requirements beyond the need 而不是替代现有的语言要求
for a wider range of language competencies we face a bigger challenge 对于更广泛的语言能力，我们面临更大的挑战
while each of us is able to master a certain range of languages and 虽然我们每个人都能掌握一定范围的语言，
historical context we each have our limit to fully take advantage of the 在历史背景下，我们每个人都有自己的局限性，无法充分利用
global turn we have to be ready to collaborate at least in some cases this 全球转向，我们至少在某些情况下必须做好合作的准备
is a model that has as yet only partially been worked out in the 是仅在模型中部分完成的模型
humanities finally we might like to develop networked projects and this is 最后，我们可能想开发网络项目，这是
what I'd like to focus on for like the last two minutes of my comments so this 我想重点关注的内容（例如我评论的最后两分钟）
is a web page for a project called the book in the Silk Roads which Francesca 是一个名为Francesca的《丝绸之路上的书》项目的网页
mentioned very briefly and I've been working on this collaboratively over the 非常简短地提到，我一直在
last couple of years funded by Mellon and hopefully getting 最近几年由梅隆（Mellon）资助，希望
Canadian federal funding soon cross your fingers please for us and 加拿大联邦资金很快就会为您和您所用
what the project seeks to do is do did it I don't know what happened I cursed 这个项目想要做的是做的，我不知道我诅咒了什么
it here huh the computer turned off at just the worst possible moment so the 它在这里，计算机只是在最坏的情况下关闭的，所以
project the book in the Silk Roads seeks thank you seeks to give a to take not a 在《丝绸之路》中规划这本书寻求谢谢你寻求付出
planetary approach but a global approach in the sense that it has many many many 行星方法，但从全球方法上讲，它有很多很多
different points of contact and when it seeks to do is to use scientific methods 不同的接触点，当它寻求去做时，就是使用科学方法
to understand the history of books and to use the history of books the study 了解书籍的历史并使用书籍的历史研究
connections among different parts of the pre-modern world and the webpage that I 前现代世界的不同部分与我的网页之间的联系
showed you before is listed there so by scientific methods there just for 展示过您之前的位置，所以在那里用科学方法
example taking samples with an archival kind of eraser to see what kinds of 例如，使用档案类型的橡皮擦取样以查看哪种
materials the animal skin that makes up the manuscript page is made of multi 材料组成手稿页的动物皮肤是由多种材料制成
spectral imaging different kinds of technologies and CT scanning that lets 光谱成像各种技术和CT扫描
you look at the inside structure of a book without actually taking apart the 你看书的内部结构而没有真正拆开
binding you might be who cares about books the structure of 装订您可能是谁在乎书籍的结构
books tells you a great deal about the materials that were present in a 书籍告诉您很多有关
particular place in time and about the crafts practices and the people who put 时间上的特定地点以及关于手工艺品的做法和摆放的人
those books together so they're an incredibly saw rich source of knowledge 这些书在一起，所以它们是难以置信的丰富知识来源
so they can let you bring together for example a book from the British Isles 这样他们就可以让您汇集例如不列颠群岛的一本书
the st. Cuthbert's pop gospel with a a manuscript of the Quran from North 圣卡斯伯特的流行福音与来自北方的古兰经手稿
Africa or to look at again a northern African manuscript in juxtaposition with 非洲或再看一看与并置的北非手稿
one from Central Asia or one from Tibet and so we've in the last year or so 一个来自中亚或一个来自西藏，所以我们在去年左右
we've been sort of developing the technology doing proof of concept around 我们一直在开发技术来围绕概念进行验证
the CT scanning and other kinds of approaches to the books to sort of learn CT扫描和其他种类的书籍学习方法
about what we already know to find new information about the bindings that we 关于我们已经知道的信息，以找到有关我们绑定的新信息
couldn't see with the naked eye and to find unexpected kinds of things and so 肉眼看不见，无法找到意想不到的东西等等
most recently we did proof-of-concept with a modern poti book or palm leaf 最近，我们用现代的便笺簿或棕榈叶做了概念验证
book just to make sure that we would get our technology right before we started 预订只是为了确保我们在开始之前就能正确使用我们的技术
using old books from the libraries and they let you sort of see inside the book 使用图书馆中的旧书，它们使您可以看书内部
in just this kind of way and in the last few weeks we've been doing this with a 以这种方式，在过去的几周中，我们一直在用
16th century Kashmiri manuscript which is really fascinating it comes from the 真正令人着迷的16世纪克什米尔手稿来自
Nexus of persecute Persian speaking regions 逼迫波斯语地区的纽带
Islamic regions and Sanskrit writing regions and what is now India right so 伊斯兰教地区和梵文写作地区，现在印度又是什么？
it's a book that's in what's called an Islamic binding based on the structure 这是一本基于结构的伊斯兰装订书
of the binding but it's in Sanskrit and the book format the tells you something 装订，但使用梵文和书籍格式，可以告诉您一些信息
about where it comes from and we can study that iconographically comparing it 关于它的来源，我们可以通过图像比较来研究它
with different many scripts from the same region or with CT scanning that 使用来自同一区域的许多不同脚本或使用CT扫描
lets you again reveal things about the binding that are normally hidden from 让您再次显示通常对绑定隐藏的东西
the naked eye the really crucial thing and this is what I want to bring out 肉眼真正关键的事情，这就是我要带出的东西
about this project is it makes teams and it brings together people who are highly 这个项目的意义在于它使团队团结起来，并将高度
specialized who are deeply embedded in a very specific field of study and region 深入研究特定领域和领域的专业人士
of the world with people who are part of the core team museum curators and 属于核心团队博物馆策展人的人们
scientists who were working in the particular applications that we're 从事特定应用的科学家
dealing with so we buy and that's what I mean by a networked approach where you 处理，所以我们购买，这就是我所说的网络化方法
bring together people into larger frameworks that have always the solid 将人们聚集到始终牢固的更大框架中
following of individual specific subject areas and so a Sebastian was saying I 关注个别特定主题领域，所以塞巴斯蒂安说我
don't think this is a solution I think it's an approach it's one approach among 不要以为这是解决方案，我认为这是一种方法
many but it was one that has some promise thank you 很多，但是那是一个有希望的谢谢
global history is a very important topic for my field which I consider really 全球历史是我所在领域非常重要的话题，我认为
more inner Asian history than Chinese history in some ways and for this event 在某些方面，这次活动比亚洲历史更内在的亚洲历史
I thought I would try to do something not too theoretical in fact very 我以为我会尝试做一些实际上不太理论的事情
practical sort of applied global history to explain to illustrate rather how 实用的应用全球历史来解释，以说明如何
important the impact of global history has been in sir in certain fields in 重要的是，全球历史的影响一直在
particular the field of innovation history so we are going from the theory 特别是创新历史领域，所以我们要从理论出发
to the practice from the model to the case so to speak and some of you may 从模型到案例的实践，可以这么说，你们中的一些人可能
have heard some of these remarks before anyway I don't have a PowerPoint by the 在我没有PowerPoint之前，我已经听过其中一些评论。
way the 19th International Congress of historical Sciences held in Oslo in 第十九届国际历史科学大会在奥斯陆举行
August 2000 and as one of its major themes perspectives on global history 2000年8月，其主要主题之一是对全球历史的看法
concepts and methodology organized by the German historian Ian 德国历史学家伊恩（Ian）组织的概念和方法论
I presented a paper in one of its panels subdivisions cultural encounters 我在其中一个小组细分的文化遭遇中发表了一篇论文
organized by the late and very much missed Jerry Bentley a pioneer in the 由已故且非常怀念的杰里·本特利（Jerry Bentley）组织的先驱
field of global history one of the discussions was Natalie Zemon Davis at 全球历史领域的讨论之一是娜塔莉·泽蒙·戴维斯（Natalie Zemon Davis），
their times the report on this particular panel which was published 他们的时间在该特定小组中发布的报告
after the conference reads cultural encounters address the problem of 会议读到文化遭遇后解决了
historical center isms such as European American and Asian it was argued that 历史中心主义，例如欧美和亚洲
global by the panelists that global history should be seen as a complement 专题讨论会成员认为“全球历史应被视为补充”
to local and national histories and not as a threat a global consciousness they 对当地和国家的历史，而不是威胁他们的全球意识
would stress the commonalities of human experience the center all points of 将强调人类经验的共同点
origin conceptualized the past in multiple units besides the nation-state 起源除民族国家外，还以多个单位概念化了过去
and abandoned the notion of failed transitions was recommended I'm not sure 我建议不要放弃失败转换的概念
that has been follow through but in any case this was a beginning of a general 这已经过去了，但无论如何这都是一般的开始
discussion on global on global history so now I'd like to revisit 20 years 关于全球历史的全球性讨论，现在我想回顾20年
later the paper I presented in that panel preliminary ideas idea of a 之后，我在该小组中介绍了
project that I've to this date I've not fully completed and and the problem is 我到目前为止的项目还没有完全完成，问题是
really that with global history you keep discovering connections and project can 确实，凭借全球历史，您不断发现联系和项目可以
be actually very long in the making my people was based on a reading of what I 实际上，在使我的员工成长方面花了很长时间
considered to be the most important event in 17th century China the Manchu 被认为是17世纪中国满族最重要的事件
conquest and dynastic transition from the Chinese Ming to the Manchu Qing 从中国明朝到满清的征服和王朝过渡
Dynasty the reading aimed to displace traditional Chinese narratives and 王朝的阅读旨在取代传统的中国叙事和
instead privilege a global world history context which is really interesting 而是优先考虑一个非常有趣的全球世界历史背景
because it intersects with what Sebastian said about the Chinese 因为它与塞巴斯蒂安所说的中国人相交
approach today to global history which is a bit of the opposite that is 今天对全球历史的看法与之相反
stressing traditional Chinese views so traditional Chinese historiography 讲中国传统，所以讲中国传统史学
understood the Manchus in terms consistent with patterns of 了解满族的方式与
shape a turns of Chinese history and traditional ideas first of all the fact 首先是塑造中国历史和传统观念的转折
that these people were militarily superior they created conquest dynasties 这些人在军事上处于优势地位，他们创造了征服王朝
really a tale of barbarism prevailing over civilization with Turks Mongols 真正的故事是与土耳其人蒙古人一起野蛮统治了整个文明
other peoples conquering parts of China the whole of China the Mongol Yuan 其他民族征服中国各地蒙古元
Dynasty being a most significant case another reading claimed that the 王朝是最重要的案例，另一种说法则认为
managers were able to conquer China because they could learn from China 经理人能够征服中国，因为他们可以向中国学习
which is another way to interpret their conquest that is through the explanatory 这是通过解释来解释他们征服的另一种方式
prism of Cinna cessation from culture and language to governance and economy 从文化和语言到治理和经济的肉桂戒断棱镜
those who focus narrowly on the conquest starting from the Manchu conquerors 从满族征服者开始专注于征服的人
Emperor's entering Beijing in 1644 missed the process that allowed the 皇帝于1644年进入北京，错过了允许
Manchus to position themselves as a major political and military power here 满族将自己定位为这里的主要政治和军事力量
is where my understanding of the Manchu conquest in terms completely different 在这里我对满族征服的理解完全不同
from those I just mentioned started to take shape I look at economic growth 从我刚才提到的那些开始形成的角度来看，我看经济增长
military growth in particular and in each case I found connections with 特别是军事发展，在每种情况下我都发现与
global events and worldwide currents that seem to contribute in critical ways 全球事件和全球潮流似乎以关键方式做出了贡献
to the rise of the Manchus American silver flowed into China through the 到满洲的兴起，美国的白银通过
Manila trade from the late 16th century and sustained the rapid process of 从16世纪末开始的马尼拉贸易持续了
commercialization and consumerism in China the Manchu government from the 中国的商业化和消费主义
late 16th century exactly managed to profit greatly through a system of 16世纪末，通过
commercial monopolies for the trade of luxury items produced by they're still 他们生产的奢侈品贸易的商业垄断仍然
rather primitive economy namely first river pearls and above all while the 相当原始的经济，即第一条河明珠，最重要的是
ginseng which has made been over harvested in China and no longer 人参在中国已经超采，不再
sufficient to satisfy increasing demand these solid evidence to show that a 足以满足不断增长的需求，这些有力的证据表明
large deficit developed in China's trade balance with 中国与中国的贸易收支出现巨额赤字
Manchuria which was compensated by silver exports it is possible that up to 通过白银出口得到补偿的满洲，有可能
1/4 of the American silver coming into China 进入中国的美国白银的1/4
might have ended up in Manchuria invested then in agricultural expansion 可能已经结束了对满洲的投资，然后用于农业扩张
programs and military buildup on the military side the firearms and artillery 军事方面的计划和军事建设枪支和火炮
introduced into China by the Portuguese and the Dutch were eventually adopted by 葡萄牙人和荷兰人引入中国的最终被
the Manchus with the creation of special heavy forces mostly Chinese recruits who 满族与特种部队的建立，主要是中国新兵
were experts in the use of firearms and artillery if in the early 1620s the 如果在1620年代初期，是使用枪支和火炮的专家
manchu suffered heavy losses in siege battles because of the european of 满族人在欧洲的围困战中损失惨重
Tillery deployed by the ming to defend border processes by the late sixteen 明军部署的瓦勒机在16世纪后期保卫边界进程
twenties the Manchus own hughes of Av cannon made the siege taxes tactics 二十年代满族人自己的Av加农炮的拥抱使攻城税策略成为可能
far more efficient and allow them to take critical Chinese defenses 更有效率，并允许他们采取重要的中国防御措施
defense installations thus overcoming one of their major weaknesses so 防御设施因此克服了其主要缺点之一，因此
American silver European military technology were essential ingredients in 美国白银欧洲军事技术是
the rise of the Manchus to the status of a major regional power the global 满族崛起为主要区域大国的地位
dimensions of these two aspects is irrefutable there is yet another 这两个方面的维度是无可辩驳的
dimension which has to do with the 17th century crisis decide discussed by 与17世纪危机有关的维度决定了
European historians since the early 1950s the emergence of climate as an 自1950年代初期以来，欧洲历史学家就将气候问题
object of historical research gradually displaced for instance political 历史研究的对象逐渐被取代，例如政治
interpretations by the likes of El Hobsbawm and Hugh trevor-roper El Hobsbawm和Hugh trevor-roper之类的人的解释
recognizing the possible role of the climatic downturn known as the little 认识到气候低迷的可能作用
ice age such climatic approaches stimulated the comparative study of the 冰河时代的这种气候方法激发了对
17th century from East and South Asia to Europe and to the Americas 从东亚和南亚到欧洲再到美洲的17世纪
Geoffrey Parker's book global crisis climate war a war climate and 杰弗里·帕克（Geoffrey Parker）的书《全球危机，气候战争，战争气候和
catastrophe in the 17th century synthesized the climatic thesis the 17世纪的大灾难综合了气候论
level to date it seems to me that a convergence between climatic and 到目前为止，在我看来，气候与气候之间的融合
environmental history on the one side and world and global history on the 一方面是环境历史，另一方面是世界和全球历史
other side lies mostly in comparative history by the dependents of historians 另一面主要在于历史学家的家属的比较历史中
upon climatic data is such that we need more time to come up with a workable 气候数据使我们需要更多时间来提出可行的建议
theory I think on or even perspectives on these matters all of these elements 我在这些问题上思考的理论甚至观点
trade and exchange technology transfer climatic impacts will not be visible 贸易和交换技术转让的气候影响将不明显
without a global history outlook and we will still be searching for the causes 没有全球历史的前景，我们仍将寻找原因
of dementia conquest in the aptitude to learn Chinese or in their pursued 痴呆症患者学习汉语或追求汉语的能力
prowess as a martial race the Jesuits who found themselves in China at the 作为武术的英勇力量，耶稣会士在中国的中国发现自己。
time of the conquest engulfed in this major crisis so so it is an event of 征服的时间卷入了这场重大危机，所以这是
global dimensions and amazingly so in it an opportunity Martina Matheny a Jesuit 全球范围，令人惊讶的是，机会来了耶稣会士马丁娜·玛丝妮（Martina Matheny）
who wrote the de bellota aleca on the TAFTA war that is on the Manchu conquest 他在满族征服的TAFTA战争中写了de bellota aleca
of China of course quite correctly introduced an implicit comparison with 中国当然很正确地引入了与
the Mongols the Tartars well known to Europeans from the thirteenth century 蒙古人十三世纪的欧洲人所熟知的塔塔尔人
but in Martini's narrative the Manchus are justified in the claims against the 但是在马提尼的叙述中，满族在针对
ming dynasty and therefore are presented as a providential alternative to the 明朝，因此被认为是替代
perhaps most civilized but perfidious chinese paving the way to fruitful 也许是最文明但最残酷的中国人铺路致富
collaboration between Jesuits and Manchu emperors yet another global connection 耶稣会士与满族皇帝之间的合作还有另一个全球联系
in the 18th century Joseph de guinea a French Orientalist produced the first 在18世纪，约瑟夫·几内亚（Joseph de几内亚）是法国东方主义者
world history of the toughness history a general history of hands mangoes Turks 世界韧性历史，芒果历史，土耳其人历史
and other Western chapters a foundational text for the history of 和其他西方章节的历史基础文本
inner Asian peoples now to conclude let me just say that the model of history of 现在亚洲内部人民得出的结论是，我只能说，历史的模式
Turks mangas etc created by the being continued to dominate when I was a 在我小时候，土耳其人所产生的漫画等继续占据主导地位
graduate student at Indiana University in the mid to late 1980s it was a type 1980年代中期至后期在印第安纳大学（Indiana University）研究生，这是一种
of history that linked together a series of conquerors archila 将一系列征服者阿基拉联系在一起的历史
Genghis Khan tamerlane behind no basis in any civilization in fact it was the 成吉思汗tamerlane在任何文明中都毫无根据，事实上，
opposite of civilization but the advent of global history allowed us to connect 文明的对立面，但全球历史的到来使我们得以联系
the history of these peoples much more organically with regional and 这些民族的历史与区域和
civilizational histories a move away from sent reasons as we saw before 文明历史与我们之前所见的原因有所不同
European Asian Chinese Mongol history has truly flourished since the 1990s 自1990年代以来，欧洲亚洲华人蒙古人的历史真正蓬勃发展
benefiting from the emphasis on trade exchange and knowledge transfers that 受益于对贸易交流和知识转移的重视，
are the bread and butter so to speak of global history this does not mean that 是面包和黄油，所以说到全球历史并不意味着
everything should be seen in a global perspective but without that perspective 一切都应该从全球的角度来看，但没有这个角度
it would have been impossible to advance a new and more sophisticated in 不可能有一个新的，更先进的
interpretations of the important historical events the global context and 重要历史事件的解释，全球背景和
the tools and methods associated with the global history I've definitely been 我肯定曾经与全球历史相关的工具和方法
after the essential to move the study of Central Asia or inner Asian history from 将中亚或亚洲内部历史研究从
philology centered to history centered and it is perhaps on such once 文字学以历史为中心，也许曾经
peripheral maybe still peripheral fields of history that the light of global 外围也许仍然是历史的外围领域
history has been shining brighter thank you so as I said I didn't know in 历史光彩照人，谢谢，正如我所说，我不知道
preparing my remarks what my colleagues would have said but I knew that they 准备我的话我的同事会说，但我知道他们
would have given us a lot of food for thought and that almost inevitably they 会给我们很多思考的食物，几乎不可避免地，
would have highlighted the extraordinary heterogeneity of global history and so 本来会突出全球历史的非同寻常的异质性，所以
this is the question I'd like to raise explicitly and share with you what is 这是我想明确提出并与您分享什么的问题
global history see the mood is it an approach is it 全球历史看心情是一种方法
method should we try collectively and individually to put some order in the 我们应该集体或单独尝试将一些顺序放在
extraordinary variety of approaches topics even ideological positions that 各种各样的方法主题甚至是意识形态立场
are you know bracketed under one rubric or should we have a kind of let all the 您是否知道放在一个标题下，还是应该让所有
flowers bloom approach and I think I'm pretty sure that you all marvel as I do 花开了，我想我很确定你们都像我一样惊叹
constantly about the fact that this term global history has enormous traction and 不断地关注这个术语的全球历史具有巨大的吸引力，
yet is so slippery and that it many ways global history was born ideologically 却是如此的滑溜溜，以至于全球历史在意识形态上诞生了许多方式
and methodologically malleable and that continues to mean as you heard very many 和方法论上的延展性，这继续意味着您听到了很多
different things to different fields to different national contexts to different 不同的事物到不同的领域到不同的国家背景到不同
generations and so what does it mean for the sociology of knowledge what does it 几代人，这对知识社会学意味着什么
mean for the academic world that we inhabit that we you know that such an 对于我们所居住的学术界​​而言，我们知道
expansive variety of endeavors are referred to by the same term how common 相同的术语指的是广泛的尝试
is it in our recent or not so recent history of academic institutions that 是在我们最近还是不是最近的学术机构历史中
you know give credence to certain terms to have something that you know has one 你知道要相信某些术语，使你知道某件事有一个
name and yet doesn't pinpoint to anything specific is it kind of a 的名字，但没有指出任何具体的东西是不是
plastic mirror of the age in which we live in or is there something or is it a 我们所生活的年龄或是否存在某物的塑料镜
symptom of something deeper and I don't have any answers but I just want to 更深层的症状，我没有任何答案，但我只想
share two data points that I thought might help I looked on one once-a-year 共享两个我认为可以帮助我每年检查一次的数据点
data point is numbers I tend to go there sometimes so I plugged the terms global 数据点是数字，我有时会去那里，所以我插入了全局术语
history in the tidal feel of the search for ocl for the worldcat obviously this 在寻找世界猫的ocl潮汐感中的历史
is only in English but the and divided the the 只用英语，但将
time the 20th set you know the twentieth century until today from 1900 to today 时间20世纪，你知道20世纪，直到今天，从1900年至今
in in in in in in columns of 20 years and he's just extraordinary how recent 在20年的专栏文章中，他简直是不凡
this phenomenon is I mean we know that world history obviously has been written 这个现象是我的意思是我们知道世界历史显然已经被写成
since antiquity by all authors of classical authors of great civilization 自古以来所有伟大文明的古典作家的著作
it was revived by the European enlightenment but there seems to be 欧洲启蒙运动使它复活了，但似乎有
something new that we are grappling with that is actually very recent and since 我们正在努力解决的新事物实际上是最近的，并且
number never mean anything unless they're compared to other numbers I 数字永远没有任何意义，除非将它们与其他数字进行比较
tried to see what happens you know these are very imperfect measures obviously 试图看看会发生什么，你知道这些显然是非常不完善的措施
but if you type cultural history economic history and intellectual 但是如果您输入文化历史，经济历史和知识分子
history as part of a title in the sort of the last half a century or so and you 历史作为过去半个世纪左右的头衔的一部分，您
observe to say obviously this these are not weighted numbers or so that there's 观察说显然这些不是加权数字，否则
also the fate of the book it doesn't seem to be doomed there seem to be many 这本书的命运似乎也没有注定，似乎有很多
more books produce and catalog in spite of of cries for the end of the book form 尽管有哭声，但更多的书籍仍在生产和编目
but you see that first of all there still are many more books that have the 但首先您会发现还有更多书籍
title cultural history and economic history then global history so it goes 标题文化史和经济史，然后是全球史
back to what is the position within the the larger discipline but also that the 回到更大的学科中的位置，而且
oscillations are not as as big you know that there's something in in this very 振荡并不像你所知道的那么大
in the spike that is very recent that I think it tells us something and we can 在最近的高峰期，我认为它可以告诉我们一些信息，我们可以
we know we can all think about various political and disciplinary reasons but 我们知道我们都可以考虑各种政治和纪律原因，但是
what does it mean to make sense of something that is unfolding under our 理解我们下面正在发展的事物是什么意思
eyes and for that I turned to a scholar Lynne hunt who as always struck me as 因此，我转向了一个学者林恩·亨特（Lynne hunt），他总是像
having a particular ability to take the pulse of scholarly trend 具有顺应学术潮流的特殊能力
that are unfolding under our eyes and in a book that she published in 2014 you 在我们的眼中和她2014年出版的书中，
see here title writing history in the global era and this is a quote she 看到这里全球标题写作历史，这是她的名言
writes she identifies four major paradigms of historical research in the 她写道，她确定了历史研究的四个主要范例。
post-world War two ERA marxist modernization the now school and in the 第二次世界大战后ERA马克思主义现代化现在学校和
United States especially identity politics under identity politics she 她特别是身份政治下的美国身份政治
decides to I'm not sure why she chose this rubric it's sort of a large 决定我不确定她为什么选择这个标题
coalition that goes from the linguistic turn to subaltern Studies post-colonial 从语言学转向次要研究的联盟
studies and so that that label is is somewhat less distinctive than the 研究，因此该标签与
previous one but she clarifies that she uses the term paradigm with explicit 上一个，但她澄清说她在明确地使用术语范式
reference to the 1961 noted definition by historian of science Thomas Kuhn the 引用1961年科学史学家托马斯·库恩（Thomas Kuhn）的著名定义
process through which scientific communities establish and then revoke 科学社区建立然后撤销的过程
consensus on research questions and the methods through which we addresses 关于研究问题和解决方法的共识
certain questions so the fifth paradigm she identifies and this is again a quote 某些问题，所以她确定了第五种范式，这又是一句名言
is a more globally oriented history one that might well serve to encourage a 是一个面向全球的历史，很可能会鼓励
sense of international citizenship of belonging to the world and not just to 属于世界的国际公民意识，而不仅仅是
one's own nationality and she's careful and adds a quote again this outcome is 自己的国籍，她很小心，再次加了引号，结果是
as yet far more of a promise than a reality but clearly in her view is 远不止是现实，但在她看来，显然是
something to strive for and what I wanted to ask and I've been 要努力争取的东西，我想问的东西，我一直在
wondering I taught this book many times and and and and and and and and it's 我想知道我曾多次教过这本书，而and and and and and and and
amazing how you know it's so synthetic and introduces very complicated issues 令人惊讶的是，您怎么知道它是如此综合，并引入了非常复杂的问题
but to what extent is global history a paradigm in the ways in which say 但是全球历史在多大程度上是说
Marxism or modernization Theory Meyer or even the announced school these are all 马克思主义或现代化理论迈耶，甚至宣布的学校，这些都是
internally diverse but they can qualify I think in a more classical sense as 内部具有多样性，但我认为他们可以胜任
paradigms at a minimum I think of a minimum this definition of a paradigm as 至少我认为范式的这种定义为
an approach that have some common enemies and and as we heard even the 有一些共同的敌人的方法，而且正如我们所听到的，
ideological stakes among you know self-identified practitioners of global 您认识的意识形态利益攸关者
history can be completely opposite and I think in his presentation and and his 历史可以完全相反，我认为在他的演讲和
book a Sebastian Condren has made a very helpful distinction between global 预订了塞巴斯蒂安·孔德伦（Sebastian Condren），
history as an approach that can encompass the variety of examples for 历史作为一种方法，可以包含各种示例
example that that Suzanne and an ecologist brought to the table and in 苏珊（Suzanne）和一位生态学家带到餐桌上的例子
his view global history as a paradigm that is a focus on those particular 他将全球历史视为关注那些特定领域的范例
global project excuse me global prop processes they're restructured 全球项目对不起，全球道具流程已经过重组
relationship around the globe but I don't think that is actually the 全球关系，但我不认为这实际上是
definition that Lynne Hunt has in mind and I think she you know strives a - for Lynne Hunt想到的定义，我想你知道她努力-为
something that is much more capacious and so I want to just put it out there 更宽敞的东西，所以我想把它放在那里
for us to begin our collective conversation what does it mean that we 对于我们开始集体对话，这意味着我们
have this term that we all you know so what doesn't mean that we're all in the 这个词让我们大家都知道，所以这并不意味着我们都在
same boat when that we do things that are so different and we think of 当我们做不同的事情时，我们会想到
historiographical problems and methodological questions that are so 如此的史学问题和方法论问题
different and yet we can all at some point if we wish call ourself global 不同，但如果我们希望将自己称为全球，我们可以在某个时候
historians so we'll stop here and ask it you know those of you who would like to 历史学家，所以我们将在这里停下来，并询问您您是否愿意
contribute with comments from your experience or with questions for any of 根据您的经验发表意见或对任何问题提出意见
us or for all of us we'll try to do the best we can to address your canoe 我们或我们所有人，我们将尽力解决您的独木舟问题
and comments so we can know thank you very much for this wonderful panel 和评论，所以我们非常感谢您参加这个精彩的小组讨论
Sebastian Conrad you had I mean this for everyone but just quoting back what you 塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad），我的意思是所有人，但只要引用您的意思
said that you said that there were two birth defects in terms of how we write 说你说过我们的写作方式有两个先天缺陷
history the way it was started in the nineteenth century and that one of the 它的历史始于19世纪，
results was of this was the the emphasis on the internalist understanding of 结果就是强调对内部主义的理解
social change but surely that's only for Western society I'm an ottoman historian 社会变革，但可以肯定的是，这仅是针对西方社会，我是一位奥斯曼历史学家
and the birth defect that started the 19th century was precisely that only a 始于19世纪的先天缺陷恰恰是
small group of societies could generate social change internally and the others 一小群社会可以在内部产生社会变革，而其他社会
had to wait for the West to come and awaken them so actually in Ottoman 不得不等西方来唤醒他们，所以实际上是在奥斯曼帝国
history which has not participated as much in global history in Ottoman 在奥斯曼帝国的全球历史中参与程度不高的历史
history those works in the last 15 or 20 years that have insisted on internally 历史上在过去15或20年中在内部坚持的作品
generated social change have been kind of the revolutionary break so I just 引发的社会变革是革命性的突破，所以我只是
like your comments on that I mean it's interesting that first of all the the 像您的评论一样，我的意思是，首先
the discipline of history as its then created in Europe gradually becomes the 随后在欧洲创建的历史学科逐渐成为
discipline of history pretty much virtually everywhere and some of the 历史学科几乎遍布各地，其中一些
social theories and that's you know that could be the Marxist paradigm could be 社会理论，那就是你可能知道的马克思主义范式
the Bavarian paradigm and so forth they essentially produced this notion of 巴伐利亚范式等等，他们基本上产生了
internal development except for everyone who needs a little bit of help as we you 内部发展，但每个需要我们帮助的人
know see in let's say Marxist comments on the opium wars and so forth so so 知道我们可以说马克思主义对鸦片战争的评论等等
you're absolutely right that that that is part of the same I think framework 你是完全正确的，那是我认为框架的一部分
yeah 是的
um hi so thank you for this great panel and I found global history very useful 嗯，非常感谢您参加这个盛大的座谈会，我发现全球历史非常有用
from my own thinking particularly your book professor Conrad so my question is 根据我自己的想法，尤其是您的书本教授康拉德，所以我的问题是
maybe it's more of a provocation but in the way you describe the place of Europe 也许这更像是挑衅，但以您描述欧洲的方式
in global history you say that we know we can't fully forget about it we have 在全球历史中，您说我们知道我们无法完全忘记它
to agree that since maybe 1500 Europe plays a certain role in world history so 同意自从1500年以来欧洲在世界历史中扮演着一定的角色
that even if I mean you know we made descent rate but we can't say it really 即使我的意思是你知道我们取得了下降率，但我们不能说真的
doesn't matter so somewhere and that's that's totally fine but at the same time 没关系，在某个地方，那是完全可以的，但同时
you're saying that we need you sort of agree with the fact that we do need to 您是说我们需要您一定同意我们确实需要
provincial eyes Europe in some ways is we can write histories in which we're 省会以某种方式看待欧洲，因为我们可以写一些历史
not repeating Europe's experience of seeking you know multiple maternities so 不要重复欧洲寻求您了解多种成熟的经验，因此
so I guess my question then is in some way that's very much like the 所以我想我的问题在某种程度上与
post-colonial studies project so how how do you see yourself as different because 后殖民研究项目，所以您如何看待自己与众不同，因为
you also in your book assert criticism or at least distance from post-colonial 您还在书中断言批评或至少远离后殖​​民时代
studies and then my second question is maybe just for everyone which is I think 学习，然后我的第二个问题可能只是针对每个人，我认为
in the conversation about global history some critics have pointed out the 在有关全球历史的对话中，一些批评家指出了
correlation between globalization the collapse of the Soviet Union and the 全球化，苏联解体与
spread of the neoliberal project around the world and how that seems to be 新自由主义计划在世界范围内的传播以及这看起来如何
coincident with the rise of global history and again professor Conrad you 伴随着全球历史的崛起，康拉德教授再次向您致敬
address that a little bit in your book but I felt like you say maybe it's more 解决您的书中的一点点，但我觉得您说的也许更多
complicated or something at least I didn't come away with a clear answer I 复杂的问题或至少我没有给出明确的答案
just feel like that's still an open open question that maybe jeremy Edelman also 只是觉得这仍然是一个开放的问题，也许杰里米·爱德曼也
touched upon in that column so it maybe that's why everyone on the panel thank 在该列中涉及到，所以也许这就是为什么面板上的每个人都感谢
you thanks that these are two very good questions so as to the first one 您感谢这是两个非常好的问题，关于第一个问题
post-colonial studies and global history is a fraud relationship in various ways 后殖民研究和全球历史是各种形式的欺诈关系
actually probably if you look around among people who identify as global 实际上，如果您四处寻找被认为是全球性的人，
historians most of them see this as a move away from post-colonial studies 历史学家中的大多数人都认为这是对后殖民研究的转变
they see this as a salutary actually move away from post-colonial 他们认为这是一种有益的手段，实际上摆脱了后殖民主义
studies my own training is different so I came through post-colonial studies to 学习我自己的训练是不同的，所以我通过后殖民学习来
global history and I actually think that you know without the insides without 全球历史，我实际上认为，您知道没有内在而没有
many of the insights of post-colonial studies a good global history can't be 殖民地后研究的许多见解
done so so that's my very general statement you know is there still a 这样做是我非常笼统的说法，您知道仍然存在
difference I think yes mostly because one post-colonial I mean a certain kind 差异，我认为是的，主要是因为一个后殖民时代的意思是某种
of post-colonial studies tended to be fixated on this colonizer colonized 后殖民研究的趋势倾向于固定在此殖民者身上
relationship right and to the extent that first of all other contexts were 关系权，并且在所有其他情况首先是
excluded and be sort of the the power hierarchy was so almost total that any 被排除在外，属于某种权力等级，几乎是全部
resistance was immediately interpreted as as derivative you know empathic a 抵抗立即被解释为是衍生品，你知道移情的
disease formulation even if you use the arms against the colonizer it's already 疾病配方，即使您用手臂对着殖民者也已经
a derivative move so so I think these both these aspects are limitations and 因此，我认为这两个方面都是局限性，
and and this is where global history and for me at least has worked as a more 这就是全球历史，至少对我而言，
capacious category I do realize however that in practice many times global 宽敞的类别我确实意识到，实际上在全球范围内有很多次
history works as almost you know a strategy to take these hierarchies and 几乎就像您了解历史一样，采用这些层次结构的策略
power relationships out of the equation so that's highly problematic this is the 功率关系不平衡，所以这是个很大的问题
fine line I think that we need to balance the other one just a quick one 细线，我认为我们需要快速平衡另一个平衡点
maybe you have other ideas I mean I think we can we could come up with three 也许您还有其他想法，我是说我想我们可以提出三个建议
genealogies of global history one was mentioned by Francesca there's always 弗朗西斯卡（Francesca）提到了全球历史的家谱，
been problems in some ways Herodotus wrote you know global history Russia 希罗多德在某些方面遇到问题，使您知道全球历史俄罗斯
Aladin wrote his kind of global history so in some ways it's always been there 阿拉丁（Aladin）写下了他的全球历史，因此在某些方面一直存在
but different the second narrative would be sort of the Lynne Hunt kind of thing 但第二种叙述却有所不同，类似于Lynne Hunt
where you know you have different paradigms and in one way or another the 您知道自己有不同的范例，并且以一种或另一种方式
next one is maybe even better than last one 下一个也许比上一个更好
right I mean you can you can look at Lin hunts various writings on the French 对，我的意思是你可以看一下林·亨特（Lin hunts）关于法语的各种著作
Revolution starts out as a social history next book is a cultural history 革命始于社会历史，下一本书是文化历史
then finally a global history of the French Revolution and it's always 最后是法国大革命的全球历史，
getting ever sort of more sophisticated so that's a history of the 变得越来越复杂，这就是
historiography historiographical progress let's say and the third 史学的发展，我们说第三次
analysis and I think that's probably where I would put my eggs would be to 分析，我认为那可能是我要放鸡蛋的地方
say that it's this geopolitical moment of the post 1990s yeah that I mean 说这是1990年代后的这一地缘政治时刻
without that moment we would not have global history nobody would really be 没有那一刻，我们将不会有全球历史，没有人会真正成为
interested in and and to the extent as francesca also said that nobody really 对francesca感兴趣，并且在一定程度上也如此，没有人真正
seems to doubt it right I mean people don't maybe don't like it but there's no 似乎怀疑它是对的，我的意思是人们可能不喜欢它，但是没有
real sustained theoretical or methodological critique of it so so this 对它的真正持续的理论或方法学批评，所以这
is astray I mean as you're saying it's a very strange phenomenon and it is the 是误入歧途，我的意思是，正如您所说的，这是一个非常奇怪的现象，
case because I don't think it's a paradigm but rather it is something that 案例，因为我不认为这是范式，而是
superimpose are grafted on to pretty much every approach so you can of course 叠加被移植到几乎所有方法上，因此您当然可以
we have marxist but they go global today right i mean so so if wallace teen was 我们有马克思主义者，但他们今天走到了全球，我的意思是，所以如果华莱士·青少年
already one move now we have much more sophisticated ways of thinking marxist 现在已经是一招了，我们有更加复杂的马克思主义思维方式
and globally same the notion of modernization is not dead but it's 在全球范围内，现代化的概念并没有消亡，而是
reframed for example as multiple modernity and so forth so so global 重新构架为例如多重现代性等等，如此全球化
history doesn't replace these but in a strange way surfaces umbrella for all of 历史并不能取代这些，但是以一种奇怪的方式为所有
them which makes it seem so difficult to actually go against them what you were 让他们很难与他们对抗
saying about the post-colonial relationship to global --'tis on the one 关于后殖民与全球关系的说法
hand you know the the global global environment that we're finding ourselves 您知道我们正在寻找自己的全球全球环境
in is emerges out of the neoliberalism of the 90s also concerns around climate 是从90年代的新自由主义中浮现出来的，也与气候有关
and so it's almost impossible to respond to this Mical for anyone to you know 因此几乎不可能对您认识的任何人做出回应
sort of critique the approach at its base right because of these 由于这些原因，对基本方法的批评
circumstances but beyond that i wonder if one of the things that's happened at 情况，但除此之外，我想知道是否发生了其中一件事
least some quarters of history that's being done in the global turn is that 在全球范围内，至少有四分之一的历史是
it's taking up space that was occupied earlier by certain post-colonial 它占用了某些后殖民时期之前占用的空间
approaches and about them less in terms of the 方法和关于它们的内容较少
post-colonial but rather ongoing processes of decolonizing and that is a 后殖民化但正在进行的非殖民化过程，这是一个
particular responding to the nineteenth-century birth defects birth 特别是对19世纪出生缺陷的回应
defects of our disciplines that is the temporalities of the post-colonial is 我们学科的缺陷是后殖民时代的短暂性
very much in terms of you know the experience the colonizer and the 就您而言，您非常了解殖民者和
colonized and certain turning points or inflection points in that history the 在那个历史中殖民地和某些转折点或拐点
methodological approach that comes out of decolonizing is a process that is 非殖民化产生的方法论方法是
always underway and is always predicated on land right so I'm wondering if that's 总是在进行，并且总是以陆地为准，所以我想知道是否
a fruitful line to think about in terms of relationship on the post-colonial and 关于后殖民主义和
at least some quarters of the global term there's this conversation between 至少在全球术语的四分之一之间，
the post-colonial and the decolonial I'm not sure whether that's exactly what 后殖民时期和后殖民时期我不确定那到底是什么
you mean because my sense is maybe not next to what you were talking about 你的意思是因为我的感觉可能不跟你在说什么
these various centrosomes you mentioned Gaia among them other kinds of 您提到的Gaia这些各种各样的中心体
Indigenous Studies approaches are very much in that space right yeah yeah I 是的，土著研究方法在这个领域非常多
mean that's actually something that I see as quite problematic between the two 意味着这实际上是我认为两者之间存在很大问题的东西
decolonial post Kaluza it says you know it sounds almost like the same thing but 殖民时代的卡卢扎（Kaluza）说，你知道这听起来几乎是一样的，但是
it isn't so the post-colonial approach would really stress the power 并非如此，后殖民主义方法会真正强调权力
hierarchies and differences and the way in which these power hierarchies produce 层次结构和差异以及这些权力层次结构产生的方式
effects well the decolonial sort of yearns for the pre-colonial and wants to 效果很好，对前殖民主义很渴望
resuscitate it and bring it back on its own terms so read the world through you 复兴它并以它自己的方式带回去，所以通过你阅读世界
know Maya lenses for example I think some of the work is like the caricature 例如，我知道Maya镜片，我认为其中一些作品就像漫画一样
a little bit because there's clearly value in thinking along these lines but 有点是因为按照这些思路思考显然很有价值，但是
at the same time it tends to right out of the equation erase from the equation 同时，它趋于从方程中消除
the many ways in which you know these these in the past two or three hundred 在过去的两三百年中，您以多种方式了解这些
years the different societies interacted and we just can't go back to that moment 多年以来，不同的社会相互作用，我们只是不能回到那个时刻
where we have this almost culturalist understanding right so that's where I 我们在这里几乎拥有文化主义者的理解，这就是我
see a limit of that decolonial approach 看到这种殖民主义方法的局限性
thank you very much for this amazing panel and I have a question for the four 非常感谢您为这个令人赞叹的小组，我对这四个问题有疑问
view actually do you think that this global turn would help us to also 实际上，您是否认为这一全球性转变将有助于我们
decolonize or whatever our syllabuses and historiographies 非殖民化或任何我们的课程表和史学
because beyond languages and beyond their approaches we have our new topics 因为除了语言和方法之外，我们还有新的话题
or we also have I think as a student trying to write something in global 或者我们也有一个学生认为我想在全球范围内写一些东西
history to discover new historiography that are also global and it's actually 发现新的史学的历史，这也是全球性的
very difficult to integrate that you know academic thinking of what we are 很难整合您知道我们对我们的学术思考
writing so if you have any thought of that it's interesting sometimes it's 写作，因此，如果您有任何想法，那有时候很有趣
defined as a social science sometimes they define as like humanities in the 被定义为一门社会科学，有时他们也被定义为类似于人文学科
u.s. campuses in France as I'm sorry you have this down stream and we don't we 我们在法国的校园，很抱歉您遇到了这样的麻烦，我们没有
don't have that but I'm like you know it's it's very difficult for historians 没有，但我想您知道这对历史学家来说非常困难
to decide you know every every graduate program in history North America has a 决定知道历史上每个研究生课程都有一个
question what is the syllabus of the methods class there's you know usually 您通常知道方法类的课程提纲是什么
13 weeks and depending you know like if if you in other social sciences there's 13周，这取决于您是否知道您是否在其他社会科学领域
a much stronger consensus on what defines methodological sets of canons 关于定义规范方法论集的共识更加强烈
and approaches so there is no doubt that this is a it's a peculiarity it's very 和方法，所以毫无疑问，这是一个非常独特的
difficult to teach how to do history and that is a is a fascinating aspect of the 很难教怎么做历史，这是一个令人着迷的方面
discipline for take you know it's not can we all just do good history well 纪律使你知道，我们所有人都不能做好历史
then you know how do you represent how do you pedagogically incorporate it but 那么您知道您如何表示您如何在教学法上将其合并，但是
I would say that it is in a lot of us University my impression is that in fact 我会说，在我们很多人中，我的印象是，事实上
the syllabus tend to be geared toward the more recent literature that's 教学大纲倾向于针对最新的文献
something that I personally have always tried to compensate by you know teaching 我个人一直试图用你知道的东西来弥补
some 19th century authors or classics to see how how far have we come or not 一些19世纪的作家或经典著作，看看我们走了多远
because sometimes we are reinventing wheels a 因为有时我们正在重新发明轮子
little bit and so I in turn the question is can we have historiography that are 一点点，所以我反过来，问题是我们是否可以进行
not in English incorporated at which level of graduate training and that is a 不是用英语作为研究生培训的等级，这是一个
very different it's a very different question but I would not be worried that 非常不同，这是一个非常不同的问题，但是我不会担心
these kind of approaches in the most capacious a sense are not represented 在最宽泛的意义上讲，这种方法没有体现
they may be hyper represented I would say in the in the current training and 我可能会在当前的培训中说，他们可能会超级代表
the other questions about about training is that global history is a very 关于培训的其他问题是，全球历史是一个非常
expensive endeavor sebastien coordinates together with 昂贵的努力sebastien与
jeremy Edelman and colleagues in France and in Tokyo global history lab and they jeremy Edelman及其在法国和东京全球历史实验室的同事
the graduate student meet every year in one in Berlin in Princeton and Tokyo or 研究生每年在普林斯顿和东京的柏林见面，或者
in Paris that's an extraordinary small student population for a very high 在巴黎，这是一个非常小的学生群体，非常高
budget now it is almost inevitable for students in in in history to have to say 现在预算，历史上的学生不得不说几乎是不可避免的
that they do multi archival work but you need to win fellowships and then so it's 他们可以做多个档案工作，但是您需要赢得研究金，然后
not just the training as Suzanne was saying how do you acquire languages how 不只是像苏珊娜所说的培训，您如何学习语言
do you have the time to absorb the depth of the literature but also if one of the 您有时间吸收文献的深度吗？
goal as I think was implicit in an earlier question of some of these global 我认为，在一些全球性问题的早期问题中隐含了这一目标
studies is to criticize the processes of global inequalities that are emerging 研究旨在批评正在出现的全球不平等进程
one could say that the trend of global history is in fact a mirror and a 可以说，全球历史趋势实际上是一面镜子和一面镜子。
product and reinforcing the processes because the vast majority of students 产品和加强流程，因为绝大多数学生
will not have the ability to engage in that most ambitious kind not to speak 将没有能力从事那种最雄心勃勃的不说话
about you know access to you know all sorts of scientific interdisciplinary 关于您的知识您了解各种科学的跨学科知识
methods libraries and and and travel grants so I do think that 方法库和and和旅行补助金，所以我认为
that that actually went there not a lot of programs where you get a degree in 实际上没有很多程序可以让您获得学位
global history as far as I know last time I checked in North America you can 据我上次在北美查看时的全球历史，您可以
do a PhD in world history at University of Pittsburgh and a northeastern and the 在匹兹堡大学，东北大学和
relationship between exactly the the themes of your thesis and and the 论文主题与
training it's complicated so in fact there's also a bit of a disjuncture I 训练很复杂，所以实际上我还有一点脱节
would say between who gets which are the institution and the individuals who are 会说，是谁获得了制度，而个人是
privileged enough to advance this kind of scholarly agenda and how far it can 有足够的特权来推进这种学术议程，以及它能走多远
actually spread through the pedagogical system I just wanted to say two things I 实际上是通过教学系统传播的我只是想说两件事
think Francesca I said a lot that's important the thing is first of all on 想弗朗西斯卡，我说了很多很重要的事情，首先
the one hand yes it is important to decolonize I mean like the age or I 一方面，重要的是要非殖民化，我的意思是像年龄或我
started to do recently the syllabus it is important at the same time it's also 最近开始做课程提纲，重要的是同时
important to keep in mind that it cannot be a discursive strategy alone does that 重要的是要记住，这不能仅是一种话语策略，
make sense so so if we presume that you know if one author is from hails from 有道理，所以如果我们假设您知道一位作者是否来自
Burma and one from the Senegal and so forth then all is fine that's not the 缅甸和塞内加尔的一个，依此类推，那么一切都很好，那不是
case because these power the money the budget the structures behind it are so 之所以如此，是因为这些能为金钱提供动力，而预算背后的结构却是如此
uneven so to just erase these structures and then act as if by including a couple 凹凸不平，所以只需擦除这些结构，然后像添加一对
of voices we erase these hierarchies is also you know problematic so that's 消除这些层次结构的声音也是您所知的问题，因此
something to be kept in mind at the same time I do think that the next big 同时要记住的事情我确实认为下一个大
frontier in global history is exactly the conversation that you mentioned 全球历史的前沿恰恰是您提到的对话
between different historiography in different languages I was I was I was 在不同的历史学和不同的语言之间我是我是
interviewed by a radio show recently in in Germany and the show was about they 最近在德国接受广播节目采访时，节目是关于他们的
they they interviewed scholars and asked what was your shoe Rica's that the work 他们采访了学者，并问你鞋子里卡（Rica）是什么东西
moment yeah so what was the moment that changed things and they I think they 是的，那是什么时候改变了一切，他们我认为他们
expected that I found some you know archival document that explained it all 希望我能找到一些您知道的档案文件来解释这一切
or something like that but you know what I said was 或类似的东西，但你知道我说的是
no my the probably the most transformative moment for me was when i 不，我可能对我而言最具变革性的时刻是当我
probe when I discussed my PhD proposal with Japanese colleagues and they said 当我与日本同事讨论我的博士学位建议时进行了调查，他们说
well sure you can do that but it's not it's not gonna be great it's fine but 很好，您可以做到，但是不是，那不是很好，那很好，但是
not great and they forced me to rethink through that their own historiography 不是很好，他们迫使我重新思考自己的史学
and that made my whole project different this kind of conversation I think is 这使我的整个项目与众不同，这种对话我认为是
absolutely crucial we have not enough of that global history is now many people 绝对至关重要，我们没有足够的全球历史，现在有很多人
in the US and Western Europe write about ever more places but they don't converse 在美国和西欧写了更多的地方，但他们没有交谈
with the colleagues in these places so that I think is where we need to I think 与这些地方的同事一起，所以我认为这是我们需要的地方
you're absolutely right one of the tools that historians use everywhere is 您绝对正确，历史学家到处使用的工具之一是
periodization right we try to periodized our study and it makes things easier and 分期权，我们尝试分期研究，这使事情变得容易和
also allows us to identify critical moments in critical turns so global 还使我们能够识别关键转弯中的关键时刻
history doesn't have really the immediate realisation of a policy 历史并没有真正立即实现政策
doesn't inside with a very decision of other regions or other other histories 并没有其他地区或其他历史的决定
so in in my experience at least a very important book came out in 1989 which 因此，以我的经验，至少有一本非常重要的书于1989年问世，
was a janitor guru God before Europeana Germany they tried to change that 在欧洲德国之前，他们是看门神
standard periodization to a certain extent and placed a great emphasis on 标准分期在一定程度上非常重视
the on the 1250 to 1350 century which was considered to be you know a moment 在1250至1350世纪，这被认为是您知道的片刻
of globalization exactly and what that does is to mobilize a whole new set of 全球化的确切意义是，动员一套全新的
sources because then you have Arabic Persian and Chinese sources they take 资料来源，因为您拥有阿拉伯文波斯文和中文资料
take over essentially and help explain a lot of the connections that we may 从本质上接管并帮助解释许多我们可能会建立的联系
recognize in that particular moment so we can recast right in in those terms 在那个特定的时刻认识到，所以我们可以在这些方面正确地重铸
the global history identifying specific moments in those specific moments then 全球历史确定了特定时刻中的特定时刻
have have in effect an impact on how we read 实际上影响了我们的阅读方式
the sources I think what sources come there is another very short point about 我认为来源来自什么，还有另一点很短
we an aspect of global history that makes me a little bit more dubious and 我们是全球历史的一个方面，这使我更加不确定，
that is when you apply the panoply of global history tools and so on to 那就是当您应用全局历史记录工具等的时候
prehistory 3,000 years ago and so on we have quite a few books that read 3,000年前的史前史等等，我们读了很多书
prehistory in terms of connectivity transfer knowledge trend and I'm not 连接性转移知识趋势方面的史前史，我不是
sure that in that case this particular toolbox is not a mixing metaphors I'm 确保在那种情况下，这个特定的工具箱不是我的混合隐喻
sorry a shortcut to revamp a sort of old fashioned diffusion ism is that have 抱歉，改造某种老式的扩散ism的捷径是
been been disowned in some way so it is it could be a shortcut that is not very 已经以某种方式被取消，所以这可能是一个捷径，不是很
helpful because it prevents us from from finding or looking for a more 很有帮助，因为它阻止我们寻找或寻找更多
appropriate interpretive tools is to Sebastian Conrad I didn't read your book 合适的解释工具是塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德（Sebastian Conrad）我没读过你的书
yet and but I wanted to ask you a spoiler if it doesn't damage the sails I 但是我想问一个扰流板，它是否不会破坏帆
would like to know what is what would you would it be your positive agenda in 想要知道什么是您的积极议程
your presentation you mostly show what isn't or what is against or what it's 您的演示文稿主要显示什么不是反对什么，什么反对
not really or should not be done but you skipped all the parts about the 不是真的或不应该做，但是您跳过了有关
methodology and what is that the approach and when the approach is useful 方法论，该方法是什么以及何时该方法有用
when it's not useful so I'd like to ask what is the positive agenda for a 当它没有用时，我想问一句什么是积极的议程
scholarship not only politically which understand against resisting against the 奖学金不仅在政治上理解反对抵抗
conservative and nationalist wave but what would make a good scholarship that 保守派和民族主义浪潮，但是什么才能使一个好的学术研究
would stand for if your generations thank you right I mean 如果你的世代对你表示感谢，我的意思是
so either I mean I should have invited you to the talk yesterday and you would 所以我是说我应该邀请你参加昨天的演讲，而你会
have seen you know what can be done I think with with global history I this is 看到你知道我认为凭全球历史可以做些什么
a spoiler you know a comparison I use in the book is this if you study chemistry 剧透，你知道我在书中使用的一个比较是，如果你学习化学
and then decide to study just one element it would be a strange chemist if 然后决定只研究一种元素，如果
you study history almost by definition you study just one country that's a 你学习历史几乎就定义而言，你只学习一个国家
strange almost artificial limitation and I you know went through university I 奇怪的几乎是人为的限制，我知道我大学毕业了
don't know what you want to call it college university and everything all 不知道你想怎么称呼它大学和一切
the training was in compartmentalized stories they don't explain the world in 训练是在不讲故事的故事中，他们无法解释世界
which we live so if we want to explain the world in which we live which is a is 如果我们想解释我们所生活的世界，那就是
a world of global interactions and it has been for several centuries at least 一个全球互动的世界，至少已经有几个世纪了
about the prehistory then this is the only way to go yeah I mean this is not 关于史前史，那么这是唯一的方法，是的，我的意思是这不是
any I mean when you write I mean like I could give you an example but then I 任何我的意思是当你写的时候我的意思是我可以举一个例子
would need much more time and I think we have more question but it's just a very 需要更多时间，我想我们还有更多问题，但这只是一个非常
artifact probably in 50 years we'll look back and think wow that was a time when 大概在50年后，我们会回头想想，哇，那时候
people actually studied just one country so I have a comment but I feel like I 人们实际上只研究了一个国家，所以我有一个评论，但我觉得我
should begin as if I'm at an a a meeting I'm Lauren Benton and I'm a global 应该像我在一场会议上一样开始，我是Lauren Benton，我是全球
historian and I've been one for 20 years so I I think a lot of what all of you 我和历史学家在一起已有20年了，所以我想起了你们所有人
have said is great there is this richness and diversity of approaches 曾经说过，很棒的方法如此丰富多样
what I find is that among I guess a circle of people with whom I'm in 我发现，在我当中，我周围有一群人
contact who were doing various versions of legal history of global history 联系谁正在处理各种版本的全球历史法律历史
we're not asking ourselves very often what what global history is it's not an 我们不是经常问自己什么是什么全球历史
interesting question to us I would say I think one could add to the list that 给我们一个有趣的问题，我想说的是，我认为可以添加到
you've given that each of you have given really good examples of some very 你们每个人都给出了一些非常好的例子
interesting facets of global history and one could add to that list 全球历史的有趣方面，可以添加到该列表中
I think could think of sort of about ten other things one could add to that list 我认为可以考虑将其添加到该列表中的大约十种其他内容
people who've studied processes global intellectual history global histories 学习过的人会处理全球知识史和全球历史
that have changed understandings of core concepts of political formation that are 改变了人们对政治形成核心概念的理解
still asking interesting questions about 仍然在问有趣的问题
sovereignty Confederation you know I mean the list could go on and on but I 主权联合会，你知道我的意思是名单可以继续下去，但是我
don't understand the quite I understand the political issue with which you 我不太了解你所面对的政治问题
started but I don't understand what will get ultimately if we make this a longer 开始了，但我不明白如果我们把它弄长一点，最终会得到什么
subject of discussion why don't we I really feel like people are already 讨论的主题我们为什么不真正感受到人们已经
doing it I think maybe this schema in in in in Germany and Europe is different in 我认为也许在德国和欧洲，这种模式在
the institutional world in which there's much more backing for national history 拥有更多国家历史支持的制度世界
and local history but there is now a community of global historians who are 和当地历史，但现在有一个全球历史学家社区，他们
asking interesting questions every day so I guess my comment is you know why 每天问一些有趣的问题，所以我想我的评论是你知道为什么
start with the bad history I guess I'm following up on on the last question and 从糟糕的历史开始，我想我会跟进最后一个问题，
trying to decide what global history is it's it's here it's happening it's it's 试图决定什么是全球历史是在这里正在发生它是
much more interesting to talk about what's been accomplished already and 谈论已经完成的事情更有趣，
what really cutting-edge questions are being asked and answered every day 每天都在问和回答什么最前沿的问题
okay thanks for the panel for you know our excellent remarks and so I have a 好的，谢谢您参加的座谈会，您知道我们的出色讲话，所以我有一个
question for Sebastian that I understand you have scholarship straddles modern 塞巴斯蒂安（Sebastian）的问题，我了解您有奖学金横跨现代
Germany and Amman in Japan and you also mentioned that that Japanese historians 德国和安曼在日本，您还提到过日本历史学家
they have different views about historical study and that also is kind 他们对历史研究有不同的看法，这也是一种
of helpful to you so I wonder that's how you compare because I know that such a 对您有帮助，所以我想知道您的比较方式，因为我知道
pair now also sees the pretty world developed this school of a global 两人现在还看到漂亮的世界发展了这所全球性的学校
history and they they had this tradition of world history but now they also 历史，他们拥有世界历史的传统，但现​​在他们也
change some scholars also change to global history so I wonder how you 改变一些学者也改变全球历史，所以我想知道你如何
compare the Japanese version of global history because this is one of your 比较日语版的全球历史，因为这是您的
points that you made in your talk can always say I hope historic as studies in 您在演讲中提出的观点总能说出我希望历史作为
other parts of the world all right I'll try to be brief on this it's it's clear 好吧，世界其他地区，我会尽力对此进行简要介绍
that global history operates very differently from country to country in 全球历史在各国之间的运作方式大不相同
the Japanese case where history is divided into three segments Japanese 日本将历史分为三部分的案例
history history of the of Asia let's say in history of the West 亚洲的历史让我们说西方的历史
and yes global history is emerging but interestingly enough it's not of much 是的，全球历史正在兴起，但有趣的是，这并不是很多
interest to the historians of Japan it is the historians of you know China of 日本的历史学家对它感兴趣的是您所了解的中国的历史学家
Iran that in America who are interested in it in a way and I'm linking this to 伊朗在美国对这种方式感兴趣的人，我将其与
the earlier comment this is also true in the United States is my reading theories 前面的评论在美国也是如此，这是我的阅读理论
are you you correct me if I'm wrong but for most most historians of the United 如果我错了，你会纠正我吗？但是对于大多数美国历史学家来说
States are not invested and maybe not even you know that interested in global 国家没有投资，甚至您可能都不知道对全球
history and most of the programs that you mentioned they are run by scholars 历史和您提到的大多数程序都是由学者运行的
who do Ottoman history African history and so forth that is the situation so 谁做奥斯曼历史非洲历史等等就是这样
that respect yes in a way it is happening but it's also still cordoned 这种尊重是在某种程度上发生的，但它仍然被封锁
off to certain segments and the other thing is I mean i incredible sympathize 在某些细分市场上，另一件事是我的意思是我难以置信的同情
with watches absolutely we should just get down and 有了手表，我们绝对应该下来
do it in fact many are already doing it right I agree 做到这一点事实上，我已经同意了
but to say that we you know it's already been done for a long time that kind of 但要说的是，我们知道这种工作已经进行了很长时间了
argument always makes me a little weary and I think that the way in which global 争论总是让我有些疲倦，我认为全球化的方式
history is done today dramatically differs from the way in which it was 今天完成的历史与过去的方式截然不同
done 20 30 years ago world history in the old style was comparative most of 在20 30年前完成的旧世界历史比较
the times it was diffusion is most of the times so I think in that respect 在大多数情况下是扩散的时间，所以我认为
there's so much has happened in the past 20 years that's really reshaped the 在过去的20年中发生了太多事情，这确实改变了
field dramatically Laurie Benton's provocation that this is not a 劳里·本顿（Laurie Benton）的挑衅认为这不是
particularly worthy subject we should just go back to our studies and write 特别值得一读的科目，我们应该回到我们的学习并写
our global history I mean that I I am actually more puzzled than that first of 我们的全球历史，我的意思是说，第二个实际上比第一个更困惑
all there has been a lot of history that was written in the past without this 没有过去，所有的历史都是如此
particular label it's hard for me to be in Princeton and not to think that slomo 一个特殊的品牌，我很难去普林斯顿，不去想那烂摊子
Goya time volumes and mediterranean societies today the the editor would put 编辑将把今天的戈雅时间量和地中海社会
global somewhere in the title and yet it has a very long title that includes the 全局标题中的某个位置，但标题很长，其中包括
Cairo Genizah another obscure references but there is also another side 开罗吉尼扎（Cairo Genizah）另一个晦涩的参考文献，但也有另一面
what about deeply transformative books in our discipline that do not have a 那我们学科中没有一本深奥的变革性书籍呢？
global perspective and that how are they received and that what does it mean for 全球视野，它们如何被接受，这意味着什么
a young scholar to write a social history of Anna Torv an Anatolian town 一位年轻的学者撰写安那托利亚小镇安娜·托尔夫（Anna Torv）的社会历史
that you know may not speak to certain of these questions and and what does it 您可能不会讲这些问题中的某些问题，它是什么
mean you know when I think about paradigms I think about books that one 意思是说，您知道当我想到范例时，我就会想到一本书
reads regardless of whether you are in that no do you want to know something 不管您是否在阅读都不会，您是否想知道一些东西
about that subjects or not right that's it 关于那个主题还是不对，就是这样
though what are the the books that you put on the syllabus because you learn 虽然您在课程表中放的书是什么，因为您学习
something about a way of writing history that has been important what what does 关于写历史的方式的一些事情很重要
it mean to think about a global book as a book that you want to write or an 这意味着将一本全球性图书想作为您想写的书或
article that you want specialists outside of your field to read because of 您希望您的领域以外的专家阅读的文章，因为
what you're trying to say I think that's a completely different definition of 您想说的是什么，我认为这是完全不同的定义
global and and some of those books are canonical for good good reasons or not 全球性书籍，其中某些书籍因正当理由而具有规范性
but I do think that there's something to be interrogated about the predominance 但我确实认为，对于优势有一些疑问
that this particular label and perspectives has taken certainly in the 这个特殊的标签和观点肯定已经在
anglo-american universities and elsewhere too I mean there are fields 英美大学和其他地方，我也有领域
intellectual history not just of Europe certainly the intellectual history of 不仅欧洲的知识史当然是欧洲的知识史
the Muslim world have been global forever if they've not been national and 如果穆斯林世界不是全国性的，他们将永远永远全球化。
so I I do think there's something peculiar but I'm not hundred percent 所以我确实认为有些特殊之处，但我不是百分百的
sure there's something peculiar about having a label that encompasses such an 确保包含这样一个标签的标签确实有一些特殊之处
incredible variety of topics approaches political Inklings and and yet sticks 令人难以置信的各种各样的话题与政治纠缠和固执
and yet is so strong and then it'll go away one day and then we'll have some 但是它是如此强大，然后它会消失一天，然后我们会有一些
distance but we're living through something that I think we want to make 距离，但我们生活在我认为我们要做出的事情中
sense of it and I certainly think that when I was you know teaching I had a 感觉，我当然认为，当我还是你的时候，我就知道
concern for graduate students because this has become a pressure there is a 关注研究生，因为这已经成为一种压力
pressure to certainly in medieval history what if you want to write to 一定要给中世纪的历史施加压力如果您想写信给
something that is not doesn't speak to that I think there is there is a 那些没有说的东西我认为那里有一个
pressure but I I didn't want to monopolize the 压力，但二世不想垄断
verse Asian please there's more question not sure this is a fair question but I 诗句亚洲请还有一个问题，不确定这是一个公平的问题，但我
couldn't get the initial slides that caught that Sebastian put up I'm out of 塞巴斯蒂安无法拿到最初的幻灯片，我被淘汰了
my head the anger of certain critics at the sort of confident normalization of 我对某些评论家对...
what should be terrifying doing global history is reassuring and where it's 放心地做全球历史应该放心，它在哪里
exciting and somewhat terrifying in other words where does Canada act as a 换句话说，加拿大在哪里
security blanket and where is one at the edge of a precipice thoughts in question 安全毯，在悬崖边上有什么问题
there's been some people here one person here thank you for the panel I'm a 这里有些人，一个人在这里，谢谢您的参与，我是
graduate student and I think about positionality I come from anthropology 研究生，我认为我来自人类学
to history and anthropology they had the reflexive turn where positionality is 转向历史和人类学，他们反思性地转向立场
the norm people talk about it openly well as historians shy away from stating 当历史学家回避声明时，规范的人们公开谈论它
their positionality because we have that objectivity sort of notion and the other 他们的位置，因为我们有那种客观性的概念和其他
question I'm also wondering about institutional hirings so does it suffice 我也想知道有关机构招聘的问题，是否足够
to have a global historian than to have regional experts which is basically the 拥有全球历史学家比拥有区域专家更重要的是
norm now that departments feel let's say embarrass if they don't have somebody 现在的规范是，如果没有人，部门会感到尴尬
who works let's say on Africa or South Asia or other regions it looks just 假设在非洲或南亚或其他地区工作的人看起来
wrong right so is it going where political sciences have went where they 错误的权利，政治科学去了哪里？
can pick cases studies from around the world and call it global right so I'm 可以从世界各地挑选案例研究，并称之为全球性，所以我
wondering about industrial is hiring politics and whether global 想知道工业正在雇用政治，以及是否全球化
history is also imbricated than that I 历史也比我深陷
mean I think that the last point is right yes there is pressure on on 意思是我认为最后一点是对的，是的。
departments to broaden to higher up but this danger I don't know if that's one 部门扩大到更高的级别，但是这种危险我不知道那是不是
of the dangers that the resource identified but the danger that you are 资源识别出的危险，但您所面临的危险
now referring to namely that you have people who can speak about anything 现在指的是您有可以谈论任何事情的人
I don't think I don't really see that my sense is that most high wings are you 我认为我真的没有看到我的感觉是大多数高翼是你
know usually faculties look for someone who is grounded in a particular area 知道教师通常会寻找某个特定地区的人
status but then has a global perspective or outlook that that is what I actually 地位，但我拥有的是全球视野或前景
see happening these you know to hire just one person who can essentially 看到发生了这些，您知道只雇用了一个基本上可以
replace for others because he/she looks at all these variables around the world 替代他人，因为他/她着眼于全球所有这些变量
I don't in history I don't I don't see that the first part you're right it's 我没有历史，我没有，我没有看到您正确的第一部分是
interesting I mean there there was a moment when historians also started 有趣的是，有一段时间历史学家也开始
writing these long prophecies and talking about talked about their own 写下这些漫长的预言，然后谈论自己的预言
relationship to the subject but it's really not as proust as in anthropology 与主题的关系，但确实不像人类学那样艰难
it's a different I think it's a question of style I say we'll take one last 这是不同的，我认为这是一个风格问题，我说我们要坚持下去
question 题
I was wondering whether Sebastian or any of the panel could offer some some 我想知道塞巴斯蒂安或任何小组是否可以提供一些
guidance on on when some principles may be on when global history is a helpful 关于何时可以使用某些历史原则的指南
set of tools then when it's just a unhelpful fashion for me on historian of 一套工具，那么当这对我的历史学家来说只是一种无益的时尚
economics and I'm writing on the history of international trade theory that's 经济学，我写的是国际贸易理论的历史
something that it's the very subject matter is constituted by national 它是非常主题的东西是由国家组成的
boundaries and it's an political economy is essentially a European thing so it 边界，这是一种政治经济，本质上是欧洲的事情，所以它
seems to me it's global history is useless perhaps even unhelpful but then 在我看来，全球历史毫无用处，甚至无济于事，但随后
there's other histories that we've heard about tonight that a wonderful histories 今晚我们听说过其他一些历史，那就是美好的历史
that use that set of tools very well so I'll be interested now in any 很好地使用了这套工具，所以我现在会对任何
reflections on you know when you can work out when global history is a useful 对您的反思知道何时可以制定出全球历史记录是有用的
set of tools and and when it's not I'm going to I'm going to refer to a few of 套工具，如果不是，我将参考其中的一些
the comments that we made not necessary that that one and in replying to 我们不必要的评论，并在回复时
Teresa's point on the terrifying and reassuring may be one could put it as 特雷莎（Teresa）关于恐怖和令人放心的观点也许可以说是
the difference between epiphany and up often II that is the revelation of 主显节和通常是第二节的启示之间的区别是
something that you're not thought of before which comes to you as you study 学习之前没有想到的东西
these connections interactions and so on but also up often II that is seeing 这些连接的相互作用等等，但也经常出现
patterns where there are no patterns and this is another another danger that is 没有模式的模式，这是另一个危险
we construct a series of connections with because we keep depending I think 我们与之建立了一系列联系，因为我们一直依靠
those are the global history on expertise and on knowledge that to which 这些是关于专业知识和知识的全球历史
we from which we are removed and about which we have no full control and often 我们从中被撤走，而我们对此没有完全的控制，并且经常
and synthesis and synthesis that are complicated because we move away from 和合成以及合成很复杂，因为我们远离
the evidential ground and so that is what worries me a little 证据基础，这让我有些担心
in my work relying so much on work of other people I'm moving away from a 在我的工作中非常依赖其他人的工作，我正在远离
terrain that I find comforting because they can control the sources or because 我感到很安慰的地形，因为它们可以控制辐射源或
they can control the narrative a little bit better but on the other hand we have 他们可以更好地控制叙事，但另一方面
this Eureka moments or epiphanies or whatever we want to call them where we 这个尤里卡时刻或顿悟或任何我们想称呼他们的地方
actually see something different happening and that's quite exciting 实际上看到了一些不同的事情，这非常令人兴奋
energizing about the global turn is it encourages us not to be so timid to be 对全球转向充满活力，这会鼓励我们不要胆怯
mindful of what are the areas of knowledge and the methodologies in the 注意什么是知识领域和方法论
language that we have very good control of what are the areas that we have some 我们可以很好地控制哪些领域的语言
control of and where do we get to the limits of our own individual knowledge 对我们自己的知识的控制以及在何处达到极限
that might bring us to collaborate it might not but it lets us push beyond the 这可能使我们无法合作，但可以让我们超越
safe spaces that so many of us have been limited to and that I find very exciting 我们中很多人都局限于的安全空间，我感到非常激动
to the last questions briefly I mean economic I mean it was your field did 最后一个问题，我的意思是经济，我的意思是那是你的领域
you say economic theory history of economics right so so why would that not 您说的是经济学的经济学理论史，所以为什么不这样做
be a global field I mean I I can see that you know there was a time when when 是一个全球性领域，我的意思是II可以看到您知道曾经有一段时间
someone would say that this is a field that was developed in Europe and then 有人会说这是在欧洲发展起来的领域
gradually people elsewhere started to read these European texts but then again 逐渐地，其他地方的人们开始阅读这些欧洲文本，但随后又
on the other hand and the the integration of the global market be it 另一方面和全球市场的整合
since 1600 or since 1800 has been so profound that it will have produced 自1600年以来或从1800年以来是如此深刻，以至于它将产生
reactions ways of theorizing virtually everywhere where it reached so since to 从理论上讲，几乎可以到达任何地方的反应方式
me to be a genuinely global question sometimes I mean my you know strong 我是一个真正的全球性问题，有时我是说我知道你很坚强
tendency now in in these kinds of fields is to rethink the question of how far 在这些领域中，现在的趋势是重新考虑
the diffusion of a few European texts actually mattered and instead ask why is 一些欧洲文本的传播实际上很重要，而是问为什么
it that people at a particular moment began to read these texts and therefore 人们在特定时刻开始阅读这些文本，因此
the focus would be less on these theories and these texts themselves but 重点将不再是这些理论和这些文本本身，而是
on the conditions that made them actually relevant for people and that is 在使它们与人们真正相关的条件下，那就是
clearly a global framework so I that would be I think a very productive 显然是一个全球框架，所以我认为这是非常有成效的
fruitful way to think about it 富有成效的思考方式
I think we can wrap up here thank you all very much for your questions and for 我想我们可以总结一下，非常感谢大家的提问和
staying with us [Applause] 和我们在一起[鼓掌]