经过75年的禁令，2012年 In 2012, after 75 years of prohibition,
科罗拉多州和华盛顿州将休闲大麻合法化， Colorado and Washington state legalized recreational marijuana,
与其他州缓慢但肯定会紧随其后。 with other states slowly but surely following suit.
但是在禁止之前， But long before prohibition,
甚至早在美国之前， Long before the united states, even,
大麻已被确立为人类文明的组成部分。 Cannabis had been established as an integral part of human civilization.
从日本洞穴壁画中的描绘 From it’s depiction in the cave paintings of Japan
在中国古代的葬礼中， To it’s usage in burial ceremonies in ancient China,
似乎我们与杂草的关系 It seems as though our relationship with weed
可能可以追溯到我们物种的出现 Likely goes back to the advent of our species
如果我们的大麻素系统有任何迹象， And if our endocannibinoid system is any indication,
也许甚至在它之前。 Perhaps even before it.
但是尽管有关大麻作用的信息有限 But while there is limited information about marijuana’s role
在哺乳动物的早期发育中 in early mammalian development,
历史上几乎所有文化都有大量证据 There is a wealth of evidence across virtually all cultures throughout history
在纺织品中的重要性 Of it’s importance in textiles
药物 Medicine
和灵性。 And spirituality.
这是被遗忘的过去 This is the forgotten past
最通用的植物之一 Of one of the most versatile plants
曾经发现 Ever discovered
这是大麻失去的历史 This is cannabis A lost history
我们拥有的第一份书面参考资料 The first written reference material we have
当涉及到大麻时， when it comes to cannabis is in the form of the
中药， Chinese materia medica,
据称是由申农于公元前2800年撰写的， alleged to be written by Shen Nung in 2800 B.C.E,
本书最早存在的历史可以追溯到公元前50年左右 The earliest surviving copy of this book dates back to around 50 B.C.E.
神农是中国文化中的传奇人物， Shen Nung is a legendary figure in Chinese culture,
三位国王的一部分，被称为“天皇”。 part of a group of three kings called ‘celestial emperors’.
半皇半神， Half emperor half deity,
据说他早在书面历史上就统治了中国， He is said to have ruled over China long before written history,
发明灌溉，农业，斧头，the头 inventing irrigation, agriculture, the axe, the hoe,
犁，针灸和中药的过程。 the plow, acupuncture, and traditional Chinese medicine in the process.
人们经常描绘他披着树叶的衣服， He is often depicted draped in a garment of leaves,
经常咀嚼它们的茎进行实验 and often chewing on their stems to experiment
对人体的影响 with their effect on the human body.
从本质上讲，神农是第一位药理学家。 Shen Nung was, essentially, the first pharmacologist.
在编写《草药经典》时， In compiling The Classic of Herbal Medicine,
神农发现了大麻的药用特性， shen nung discovered the medicinal properties of cannabis,
说它对痛风，风湿病，疟疾有好处， saying it was good for gout, rheumatism, malaria,
和缺席，以及大约100件事。 and absentmindedness, as well as about 100 other things.
在此之前，中国人称之为“ ma”的植物 Prior to this, the plant which the Chinese called “ma”
数百年来，其纤维一直用于生产布料， had been used for many centuries for its fiber in producing cloth,
纸，绳，甚至在陶器的生产中。 paper, rope, and even in the production of pottery.
随着中国人继续探索大麻的好处， As the Chinese continued to explore cannabis’ benefit,
他们发现它可以有效治疗其他疾病，例如呕吐和感染。 they found it effective in the treatment of other ailments, like vomiting and infections.
通常认为它已用于针灸的艾灸实践中， It is generally believed to have been used in moxibustion practice in acupuncture,
在现代被艾蒿所取代。 being replaced in modern times with mugwort.
大约公元200年，一位名叫华拓的医生 Around 200 A.D. A physician named Hua Tuo
成为第一个在手术中使用麻醉的人， became the first person to use anesthesia in surgery,
在西方被发现之前将近1600年。 nearly 1600 years before its discovery in the west.
虽然华Tu的麻醉方法在现代还没有延续， And while Hua Tuo’s formula for anesthesia has not survived into modern times,
它的名字叫马菲三，大约翻译成大麻沸腾粉” it’s name Ma Fei San, translates approximately to Cannabis boiling powder”
并且被广泛接受以大麻为成分， and is widely accepted to have had cannabis as a component,
与其他候选人，例如吉姆森·杂草和鸦片 with other candidates such as jimson weed and opium
建议作为大麻的补充或替代。 proposed to be either in addition to or instead of marijuana.
大麻是50种基本草药之一 Cannabis was one of the 50 fundamental herbs
中医工具包中的内容。 in the Traditional Chinese medicine toolkit.
在现代，由于其使用的合法性令人怀疑， In modern times, with the questionable legality of its use,
在最近的翻译中提到“ ma” reference to ‘ma’ in recent translations of
中医教科书只做 the Chinese medical textbooks only make
提及非精神活性大麻种子。 reference to non-psychoactive hemp seeds.
但是在古代，中国人并不畏惧歌唱大麻的赞美。 But in antiquity, the Chinese were not shy about singing cannabis’ praise.
孔子编了《诗经》和《礼炮》， Confucius compiled the Book of Odes, and the Cannon of Rites,
详细介绍诗歌，歌曲， detailing poetry, song,
与中国萨满教的宗教仪式实践 and the religious ritualistic practices of the Chinese shamanism
他的同时代人和祖先。 of his contemporaries and ancestors.
在所有这些藏品中，多次提到Ma。 Ma is mentioned numerous times throughout each of these collections.
但也许更有趣的是它很频繁 But perhaps more interesting is it’s frequent
在这段时间内与葬礼相关联。 association with the burial ceremony during this time period.
发现了大麻，无论是燃烧的还是未燃烧的， Cannabis has been found, both burned and unburned,
种子，芽以及它们之间的所有东西， seed, bud, and everything in between, with
在西伯利亚和中国的库尔干坟墓中发现了烧过的种子， Burned seeds having been found in kurgan burial mounds in Siberia and china,
可以追溯到公元前3,000年， dating back to 3,000 B.C,
和将近两磅的芽 and nearly two pounds of bud being
在坟墓中发现的东西被认为是 discovered in the grave of what is believed to be
中国新疆地区的皇家萨满。 a royal shaman in China’s Xin Jiang region.
但是通过贸易路线网络， But through a network of trade routes,
杂草很快在古代世界中找到了自己的路， weed quickly found its way across the ancient world,
在此过程中与众多文化相交。 intersecting with numerous cultures in the process.
接下来， Coming up,
我们将探索杂草在整个东部的传播， we’ll explore weed’s spread throughout the east,
及其在印度文化基础上的重要性。 and its importance in the foundation of indian culture.
大麻作为饮食主食的流行， As marijuana’s popularity as a dietary staple,
一种药物以及用来制造衣服的植物， a medicine and the very plant from which clothes are made grew,
中国被称为大麻和桑蚕之乡。 China came to be known as the land of hemp and mulberry.
桑berries富含蛋白质，铁，维生素和矿物质， Mulberries are high in protein, iron, vitamins and minerals,
就像大麻一样，因此难怪 just like cannabis so it is no wonder that the
两个人都以类似的方式受到尊敬。 two were both revered in this similar way.
但是，尽管有记录的最早大麻历史来自中国， But while the earliest recorded history of cannabis comes from China,
众所周知，它已经在 it is known to have been widely distributed in the
古代世界的河流沿线肥沃的土壤。 fertile soil along the rivers of the ancient world.
沿着这些大河的两岸，例如中国的黄河， Along the banks of these great rivers, like the yellow river in china,
印度梧桐，美索不达米亚的底格里斯河和幼发拉底河， the tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia,the Indus in India,
甚至埃及的尼罗河，文明也开始兴起。 and perhaps even the nile in Egypt, civilization began to sprout up as well.
虽然目前还不清楚如何 And while it is unclear how, exactly,
大麻的药用和精神活性知识广为传播， this knowledge of cannabis’ medicinal and psychoactive properties spread,
一些证据表明游牧部落 some evidence points to nomadic tribes
从中亚的草原（如Yamnaya）崛起， emerging from the steppes of central Asia, such as the Yamnaya,
谁也可能负责 who also may have been responsible for the
在整个地区发现了库尔干墓葬。 kurgan burial mounds found throughout the region.
历史学家认为，高加索地区的这些部落群体 Historians believe that these tribal groups of the caucasus region
帮助推动了亚洲和欧洲的贸易 helped to advance trade across Asia and Europe
在丝绸之路之前 well before the silk road,
展开轮子， spreading the wheel,
马驯化 horse domestication,
和当时的许多其他技术 and many other technologies of the times
这些部落的一部分 Some subset of these tribes,
自称为雅利安人 who called themselves the Aryans,
从北方移民到现在的印度， migrated from the north into what is now India,
最终与已经居住在该地区的人们合并， eventually merging with people who had already inhabited the region,
在此过程中开发原型印度支那语言和文化。 developing the prototypical indo-aryan language and culture in the process.
从这种文化中，印度和伊朗文化等等 From this culture, Indian and Iranian cultures, among others,
最终会诞生。 would ultimately be born.
这种原始文化也负责 This protoculture was also responsible for
一种最早的书面语言的发明， the invention of one of the earliest written languages,
梵文。 Sanskrit.
一些最早的梵文文本， Some of the earliest Sanskrit texts,
吠陀经，即知识，今天仍然存在。 The Vedas, meaning knowledge, are still in existence today.
这些文字是我们了解古代印度历史的基础， These texts are the basis of our knowledge of ancient indian history,
以及灵性，是重要的宗教文本 as well as spirituality, being important religious texts for
琐罗亚斯德教徒和印度教徒都有信仰。 both Zoroastrian and Hindu faiths.
印度俗称大麻， Cannabis, or bhang, as it is called in India,
被誉为第四吠陀的五种神圣植物之一 is mentioned as one of five sacred plants in the fourth veda
印度教神湿婆有时也被称为孟加拉之王。 The Hindu god Shiva is sometimes referred to as lord of the bhang.
有几种传说将湿婆与大麻联系在一起， There are several legends associating Shiva with Cannabis,
用他自己的肉来净化阿姆利特， from him making it of his own flesh to help purify the amrita,
或生命的灵丹妙药，从牛奶中搅出， or elixir of life, to it being churned up from a sea of milk,
湿婆自己的圣牛和月亮。 along with the sacred cow and the moon by Shiva himself.
一个这样的传说说湿婆， One such legend states that Shiva,
在与家人吵架时，逃到了山上。 in the midst of an argument with his family, escaped to the mountains.
随着他继续爬山，他从旅途中变得疲倦，并且太阳灼热。 As he continued to climb, he became tired from his journey, and the suns hot rays.
他在植物下睡着了。 He fell asleep beneath a plant.
当他醒来时，他意识到 When he awoke he became aware of the
芬芳的植物气味，决定品尝其叶子。 fragrant smell of the plant and decided to taste its leaves.
振兴后，湿婆把这颗Ganja制成了他最喜欢的食物， Rejuvenated, Shiva made this Ganja his favorite food,
把它带回人类，以及瑜伽的艺术， bringing it back to humanity, along with the art of yoga,
正确使用这种神圣草药的实践指导手册。 a sort of instruction manual for the practice of using this sacred herb correctly.
结果，湿婆神的奉献者仍然食用b As a result, devotees of Shiva still consume bhang,
迄今为止，ganja和charas是大麻的3种传统制备方法。 ganja, and charas, 3 traditional preparations of cannabis, to this day.
它最常在一种叫做Bhang Lassi的饮料中食用， It is most commonly consumed in a drink known as Bhang Lassi,
类似于西方流行的芒果lassi， which is similar to the mango lassi popularized in the west,
用bhang代替芒果。 with bhang taking place of mango.
这种饮料特别用于节假日，例如洒红节， This drink is especially used on holidays such as Holi,
还有湿婆节Shivrati。 and Shivrati, the festival of Shiva.
即使在非法的地区，在这些庆祝活动中也例外。 Even in regions where it is illegal, an exception is made during these celebrations.
湿婆的萨杜斯，瑜伽圣人和奉献者， The Sadhus, yogic holymen and devotees of Shiva,
每天以ganja和charas的形式抽烟， smoke it in the forms of ganja and charas on a daily basis,
说这使他们更接近湿婆。 saying it brings them closer to shiva.
但是正如我们将看到的 But as we will see,
印度教不是唯一的印度支那宗教传统 Hinduism isn’t the only indoaryan religious tradition
将大麻纳入其文化。 to incorporate cannabis into its culture.
接下来， Coming up,
我们将探讨大麻在佛教，锡克教和琐罗亚斯德教信仰中的地位 we’ll explore marijuana’s place in Buddhism, Sikhism, and the Zoroastrian faith
吠陀的宗教传统，印度支那亚人的原始宗教， The Vedic religious tradition, the proto-religion of the indo-aryan people,
是印度教和琐罗亚斯德教的起源， served as the origin for both Hinduism and Zoroastrianism,
随着印度教在印度次大陆的发展， with Hinduism developing in the Indian Subcontinent,
琐罗亚斯德教徒的信仰在伊朗蓬勃发展。 and the Zoroastrian faith flourishing in Iran.
波斯先知琐罗亚斯德， The Persian prophet, Zoroaster,
据信，它是第一个提到大麻作为圣礼的人。 is believed to be the first to make mention of cannabis as a sacrament.
在Zend-Avesta中， In The Zend-Avesta,
琐罗亚斯德教的重要宗教文献集， a collection of important religious texts in Zoroastrianism,
大麻在10,000多种药用植物中排名第一。 hemp appears first in a list of over 10,000 medicinal plants.
它被认为是神职人员的主要宗教圣礼， It was considered the chief religious sacrament of the priest class,
而且通常是普通人无法使用的。 and was generally unavailable to common people.
这个神职人员会消耗Bhang， This priestly class would consume Bhang,
有时称为bhanga或mang， sometimes referred to as bhanga or mang,
掺酒之后，据说他们 mixed with wine after which it is said that their
当他们的思想进行精神之旅时，身体就休息了。 bodies rested while their minds went on a spiritual journey.
实际上，我们的许多现代概念图像 In fact, many of our modern conceptual imagery
天堂和地狱来自琐罗亚斯德教士Ardak Wiraf， of heaven and hell come from Zoroastrian priest Ardak Wiraf,
众所周知，他通过使用bhang前往这些领域。 who was known to go on journeys to these realms through the use of bhang.
Zoroaster的妻子对这种次要的萨满教徒的经历感到不满意， Zoroaster’s wife, dissatisfied by this secondary shamanic experience,
对他至高无上的祈祷，他“给了她他的好麻醉品，邦加”。 prayed to the supreme being that he “give her his good narcotic, Bhanga.”
回到印度 Back in India,
一种新的宗教正在发展 a new religion was developing
根据一位名叫悉达多·乔达玛（Siddhartha Gautama）的圣人的教。 based on the teachings of a sage named Siddhartha Gautama.
根据传说，释迦牟尼佛 According to legend, Gautama, the Buddha,
减少了食人鱼的饮食（主要以大麻种子的形式） subsided on a diet of cannibas (primarily in the form of hemp seeds)
在他的启示和升为佛陀之前的六年。 for six years before his revelations and his ascent to Buddhahood.
当他坐在菩提树下40天40夜时， As he sat beneath the Bodhi tree for 40 days and 40 nights,
他每天只消耗一粒大麻籽。 he consumed only a single hemp seed per day.
虽然大多数佛教教派 And while most sects of Buddhism have largely
被遗忘或忽略的邦在佛陀一生中的重要地位， forgotten or ignored bhang’s important place in the life of th Budha,
六世纪出现了一种叫做密宗的精神运动 a spiritual movement called tantra sprung up in the 6th century
编织印度教和 weaving Hindu and
佛教信仰成为一种新的深奥哲学 Buddhist beliefs into a new esoteric philosophy
在其中，bhang发挥了举足轻重的作用。 in which bhang played a preeminent role.
在大汉密宗密宗中 In the mahanirvana tantra,
据说，彭有助于大解放。 bhang is said to assist in the great liberation.
这个神圣的宗教经文中包含祈祷 A prayer is contained in this sacred religious text
那应该伴随着bhang的消费 that is supposed to accompany consumption of bhang.
翻译后，它写道：“这大麻对我的心脏有好处吗？” When translated, it reads, “may this cannabis be a blessing to my heart.”
大汉纳瓦还指出， The mahanirvana also states that,
“为了解放自己而消耗能量， “Bhang is consumed in order to liberate oneself,
那些做的人， and that those who do,
在支配他们的精神才能，并遵循瑜伽或湿法定律， in dominating their mental faculties and following the yoga, or law of shiva,
被比喻为地球上的神仙。 are to be likened to immortals on earth.
到了中世纪，bhang变得如此流行，事实上， By the middle ages, bhang became so popular, in fact,
在战斗前经常被消耗掉 that it was often consumed before battle,
就像西方的酒精一样。 much in the way that alcohol was in the west.
他们认为食用hang They believed that consumption of bhang
会使敌人感到被灵魂占据。 would make ones enemies feel possessed by spirits.
后来的宗教传统锡克教起源于密宗， A later religious tradition, Sikhism, which finds its roots in tantra,
禁止所有毒品和酒精... bhang是个例外。 forbids all drugs and alcohol… with bhang being the exception.
他们称其为suknee dhan，意为和平的赐予者。 They call it suknee dhan, meaning giver of peace.
当锡克教徒的创始人被穆罕默德·巴伯国王赠予彭时， And when the sikh’s founder was presented with bhang by the mughul king babur,
他很高兴能提供他的祝福 he was so delighted as to offer his blessing
因为巴布尔拥有他的王国七代。 for babur have his kingdom for seven generations.
这个Sudknee Dhan在一群人中特别受欢迎 This Sudknee Dhan was especially popular with a group
锡克教徒的战士称为nihang，直到今天仍在消耗它。 of sikh warriors known as the nihang who consume it to this day.
尽管殖民主义在很大程度上消灭了全世界的精神植物， And while colonialism has largely wiped out psychotropic plants the world over,
锡克教徒从 the Sikhs received special permissions from the
英国帝国主义者继续使用sudknee dhan。 british imperialists to continue using sudknee dhan.
在1800年代后期， In the late 1800s,
在英国殖民地将鸦片和其他令人关注的毒品定为非法时， when opium and other drugs of concern were made illegal in british colonies,
成立了一个负责创建报告的委员会 a commission was set up who created a report
关于大麻在印度文化中的重要性， on the importance of cannabis in Indian culture,
它得出结论，禁止使用bhang是不合理的， it concluded that suppressing the use of bhang would be unjustifiable,
由于其在印度教中的古老宗教用法 due to its ancient religious usage among hindus
认为适度使用时无害。 and the view that it was harmless when used in moderation.
当我们回来时 When we return,
我们将探讨大麻向古代西方世界的传播。 we’ll explore the spread of cannabis into the ancient western world.
在伊朗定居的雅利安部落继续建立了波斯帝国， The Aryan tribes that settled in Iran went on to form the Persian empire,
他的统治来自印度的边界 whose rule reached from the borders of India
到公元前500年一路到达埃及。 all the way to the land of Egypt by 500 BCE.
但有人认为埃及人曾经 But some suggest the Egyptians had
在此之前将近1500年的大麻知识。 knowledge of cannabis nearly 1500 years before that.
最古老的完整医学文本， The oldest complete medical text,
埃伯的纸莎草纸， the eber’s papyrus,
以及当时的其他著作都提及植物 as well as other writings of the time contain reference to a plant,
shum shum tu， shum shum tu,
由太阳神拉赫和 which was created by the sun god rah and
用于纪念死者的仪式。 used in ceremonies honoring the dead.
许多人认为它不过是大麻。 It is believed by many to be none other than marijuana.
Shum Shum Tu，药用， Shum Shum Tu, used medicinally,
经常与蜂蜜混合并用于 was often combined with honey and used in
用于炎症的局部药物制剂。 topical medical preparations for inflammation.
这种关于“深潜图身份”的解释是否正确， Whether this interpretation of Shum Shum Tu identity is correct or not,
还有其他证据表明古埃及人了解大麻。 There is other evidence indicative of ancient Egyptian knowledge of cannabis.
例如，女神塞沙特几乎 For example, the goddess seshat is almost
普遍用7尖的符号表示 universally depicted with a 7 pointed symbol often
类似于她头顶的7尖大麻叶。 resembling the 7 pointed marijuana leaf above her head.
同样，在阿肯哈滕（Ahkenhaten）墓中发现了大麻纤维， Similarly, hemp fibers have been discovered in the tomb of ahkenhaten,
在拉美西斯二世的木乃伊中发现大麻花粉， with Hemp pollen found inside of the mummy of Rameses II,
他在波斯征服埃及之前将近700年去世。 who died nearly 700 years before the Persian conquest of Egypt.
这两个样品都经过了化学处理 Both of these samples have undergone chemical
分析并确认是杂草。 analyses and confirmed to be weed.
也有许多象形文字 There are also numerous hierogylphs
显示看似是烟斗或礼仪的香炉。 showing what appear to be smoking pipes or ceremonial incense burners.
尽管有些人将这些归因于 And while these have been attributed by some to
代表在仪式上使用蓝色荷花， represent ceremonial use of the blue lotus flower,
它本身具有精神活性 which itself is psychoactive,
大多数研究人员都认为蓝莲花是 most researchers agree that blue lotus was
浸酒而不是抽烟。 steeped in wine as opposed to being smoked.
但是，虽然有古埃及知识的证据 But while evidence of ancient Egyptian knowledge
大麻的精神活性大部分是间接的， of marijuana’s psychoactive properties is mostly circumstantial,
希腊同行有明确的书面记录。 there is an unmistakable written record by their Greek counterparts.
实际上，“大麻”一词 In fact, the word “cannabis”
来自Scythian单词的古希腊语翻译。 comes from an ancient Greek translation of a Scythian word.
人们普遍认为，麻，hanep用古英语， It is generally believed that hemp, hanep in Old English,
来自相同的Scythian来源。 comes from the same Scythian source.
但是希腊人与大麻的关系并非纯粹出于词源。 But the Grecian relationship with cannabis is not purely etymological.
希腊历史学家希罗多德斯是第一人称 The Greek historian Herodotus was the first person
在西方文学中没有提及大麻。 to make any mention of cannabis in western literature.
他写了很多关于斯基泰人的文章， He wrote extensively on the Scythian people,
他在许多旅行中遇到的游牧部落。 a nomadic tribe he had encountered in his many travels.
根据希罗多德斯所说，斯基泰人使用了 According to Herodotus, the Scythians used
大麻制造衣服。 cannabis in the manufacture of their clothes.
他们还在葬礼的宗教仪式中使用了它。 They also used it in religious ceremony accompanying a funeral.
他们用膏膏洗头， They anoint and wash their heads,
为了他们的身体 and for their bodies,
设置三个极点并拢 set up three poles leaning together to a point
并用羊毛垫覆盖它们， and cover these over with wool mats,
然后在如此封闭的空间中， then in the space so enclosed to the best of their ability,
他们在两极下面的中央挖了一个坑 they make a pit in the center beneath the poles
然后将垫子和炽热的石头扔进去。 。 。 。 and the mats and throw red-hot stones into it. . . .
镰刀人然后拿这个（大麻）爬到帐篷里， the Scythians then take this (kannabis) and crawling into the tents,
把它扔在炽热的石头上， throw it on the red-hot stones,
它在哪里弄脏并发出这样的东西 where it smoulders and sends forth such
烟气没有希腊蒸气浴可以超越。 fumes that no Greek vapor-bath could surpass it.
斯基泰人因蒸气而欢呼雀跃 The Scythians howl in their joy caused by the vapors
尽管主流历史学家倾向于拒绝 And while mainstream historians tend to reject
这些做法进入希腊文化的想法， the idea that these practices found their way into greek culture,
似乎有相反的证据。 there appears to be evidence to the contrary.
例如，斯基泰人以其好战的性质而臭名昭著， For instance, the Scythians, notorious for their warlike nature,
占希腊警察部队的很大一部分。 made up a large part of the Greek police force.
那么，这是极不可能的 It is highly unlikely, then,
他们独特的文化传统不会 that their unique cultural traditions would not
在希腊任职期间继续。 be continued during their tenure in Greece.
更重要的是，希罗多德引用了 What’s more, Herodotus makes reference of
另一个游牧部落，他们对大麻的使用并不那么神圣。 another Nomadic tribe whose use of cannabis was not so sacramental.
他说：“他们有聚会，坐在火炉旁， He said, "They have parties and sit around a fire,
他们把其中一些扔进了火焰。 they throw some of it into the flames.
燃烧时 As it burns,
它像香一样冒烟，它的气味使他们喝醉， it smokes like incense, and the smell of it makes them drunk,
就像葡萄酒一样。 just as wine does.
随着更多的水果被扔出去， As more fruit is thrown on,
他们越来越陶醉，直到最后 they get more and more intoxicated until finally
他们跳起来，开始跳舞和唱歌。” they jump up and start dancing and singing."
除了这些直接的书面参考， Outside of these direct written references,
还应该考虑到古希腊人 it should also be taken into account that the ancient Greeks
与雅利安部落持续冲突 had continuing conflict with the Aryan tribes
后来形成了波斯帝国。 that went on to form the Persian empire.
通过波斯的入侵， It is very likely that through the Persian invasion,
大麻在希腊广为人知。 cannabis came to be known in Greece.
但是不管他们第一次遇到它 But regardless of how they first encountered it,
古希腊医师使用大麻 ancient Greek physicians used cannabis
在医学上治疗各种疾病 medicinally to treat a variety of conditions,
例如水肿，甚至肿瘤。 such as edema and even tumors.
那似乎不可能 It seems impossible, then,
它的精神活性特性将不会被注意到 that it’s psychoactive properties would go unnoticed
由古希腊人的哲学思想。 by the philosophically minded among the ancient Greeks.
尽管在学术界对此知之甚少， While there is little about this in academia,
这是因为entheogenic的禁忌性质 it is more likely because of the taboo nature of entheogenic
研究之所以少，是因为不存在使用希腊语的大麻。 research and less so because Grecian use of cannabis did not exist.
限制的另一个可能原因 Another possible reason for the limited
有关该主题的信息是 information on the topic is that the
古希腊哲学家的精神精神仪式 psychospiritual rituals of ancient Greek philosophers
被严密保护的秘密。 were heavily guarded secrets.
虽然笼罩在神秘之中， While generally shrouded in mystery,
有迹象表明大麻' there are some indications of cannabis’
在古希腊用于精神疗法。 psychoactive use in ancient Greece.
一方面 For one,
我们有古希腊香的著作 we have ancient greek writings of an incense
被称为“镰状火”的是阿斯克莱皮乌斯的邪教， known as ‘scythian fire’ being used in the cult of Asclepius,
医学之神。 the God of medicine.
另外， Additionally,
塞族， the thracians,
生活在希腊人中间的另一个游牧部落， another nomadic tribe living amongst the greeks,
他们中间有一个希腊人称为Kapnobatai的团体， had within them a group known to the Greeks as Kapnobatai,
或“烟雾行者” or “Smoke Walkers”
这些“烟行者”是舞者和巫师， These “Smoke Walkers” were dancers and shaman,
他用大麻的烟雾带来to状态。 who used the smoke of hemp to bring about a trancelike state.
这些波斯，色雷斯和斯基泰人的习俗 These Persian, Thracian, and Scythian practices
希腊人几乎不为所动。 hardly went unnoticed by the greeks.
事实上， In fact,
古希腊词Cannabeizen， the ancient Greek word, Cannabeizen,
意思是“燃烧大麻” meaning ‘to burn cannabis’
据信以香炉的形式发生 is believed to have taken place in the form of incense burners
燃烧的大麻和乳香树脂， burning cannabis along with frankincense resin,
也被称为具有精神活性， which is also known to be psychoactive,
以及没药和香脂等其他芳香树脂。 as well as other fragrant resins such as myrrh and balsam.
那不是不可想象的 It is not inconceivable,then,
这样的香可能起了作用 that such an incense may have played a role
在众多的占卜仪式中 in some of the numerous divination rituals
在古希腊由苏格拉底和毕达哥拉斯等人实践。 practiced in ancient Greece by the likes of Socrates and Pythagoras.
不过可以肯定的是， What is known for sure, though,
是大麻通过 is that cannabis found its way to Rome via
他们征服希腊和挪用希腊哲学， their conquest of Greece and appropriation of Greek Philosophy,
科学和艺术，包括Dioscorides的《本草》， science and art including Dioscorides’ Materia Medica,
到中世纪影响西医的经典 a classic that influenced western medicine well into the middle ages
但也许是一些最具争议的 But perhaps some of the most controversial
古代犹太人对大麻的提法来自犹太基督教圣经。 references to cannabis in antiquity come from the Judeochristian bible.
在20世纪上半叶， In the first half of the 20th century,
波兰人类学家苏拉·贝纳特博士 the Polish anthropologist, Dr. Sula Benet,
在圣经的现代翻译中发现了一个明显的错误。 discovered a glaring error in modern translations of the bible.
她指出，圣经多次提到“甜cal蒲” She noted that the bible’s many mentions of ‘sweet calamus’
一直追溯到七十士译本， only went as far back as the Septuagint,
希伯来圣经的希腊文早期译本。 an early Greek translation of the Hebrew bible.
问题在于，cal蒲实际上具有 The problem with this is that calamus has virtually
圣经中没有声称的任何属性。 none of the properties it is purported to in the bible.
贝纳特证明了 Benet demonstrated that the
希伯来语原始脚本使用了“ Kaneh Bosm”一词 original Hebrew script used the term “Kaneh Bosm”
她认为毫无疑问是大麻。 which she believed was, without any doubt, cannabis.
事实上， In fact,
贝纳特博士相信“ Kaneh Bosm” Dr. Benet believed that “Kaneh Bosm”
甚至可能早于Scythian术语“大麻”。 may even predate the Scythian term Kannabis.
在旧约中，多次提到了这个“ kaneh的胸部”。 This “kaneh bosm” was referenced multiple times in the old testament.
例如， Take, for instance,
出埃及记30章 Exodus chapter 30,
上帝在其中指示摩西制造圣膏油。 in which God instructs Moses to make a holy anointing oil.
“耶和华对摩西说： “And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
为自己选择香料： Take for yourself choice spices:
五百舍客勒（6公斤）纯没药， Five Hundred shekels (6kg) of pure myrrh,
一半的香肉桂（3公斤） half as much of fragrant cinnamon (3kg)
250谢克尔kaneh bosm（3kg） two hundred and fifty shekels of kaneh bosm (3kg)
五百舍客勒决明子（6公斤） and five hundred shekels of cassia (6kg)
并与橄榄油（5夸脱）混合” and mix these with olive oil (5 quarts)”
这种圣膏油被用来制作圣殿， This holy anointing oil was used to make the temple,
祭坛，并引用“圣洁的供品”， the altar, and quote “Burned offerings” most holy,
圣经说，任何触及这些的东西，也将成为圣洁。 and the bible says that anything that touches these, too, would become holy.
在旧约和犹太教中，这膏油是 This anointing oil, in the old testament and Judaism,
被用来为国王和祭司等人施洗， was used to baptize the likes of kings and priests,
最终导致希伯来语为“弥赛亚” ultimately leading to the Hebrew term “Messiah”
意思是“受膏者， meaning “The anointed one,
这就引出了一个问题：“耶稣自己使用过大麻吗？” which begs the question, “Did jesus himself use cannabis?”
在旧约中有很好的记载，神圣的香， It is well documented in the old testament that a sacred incense,
烧祭， burned offerings,
还有一种含有kaneh bosm的圣膏油， and a holy anointing oil containing kaneh bosm,
是古代以色列人习惯的一部分。 were an established part of the rituals of ancient Israelites.
这些仪式在会幕中进行， These ceremonies were conducted in a tabernacle,
一座类似于Scythian教堂的庙宇， a temple similar to that of their Scythian counterparts,
在古代历史中曾被展示过的人 who have been shown through ancient historical
与之交易的资源，偶尔 sources to have traded with and occasionally
与古老的犹太人民作战。 fought against the ancient Jewish people.
那就不足为奇了 It is not surprising, then,
旧约描述卡内·波斯姆 that the old testament describes kaneh bosm
就像是来自遥远土地的奇异草药。 as being an exotic herb from a far away land.
但是新约基本上没有 But the new testament makes basically no
直接指向kaneh bosm本身。 direct references to kaneh bosm itself.
耶稣是否知道或使用大麻？ So did Jesus know of, or use cannabis?
看来答案很可能是肯定的。 It seems that the answer may very well be yes.
基督是希腊语，意思是“受膏者” Christ is a Greek term meaning, “The anointed one”
有人认为，这与耶稣的姓氏相反。 as opposed to being Jesus’ last name, as some believe.
实际上，姓氏通常直到中世纪才起源。 In fact, last names generally did not originate until the middle ages.
这些术语“基督”和“弥赛亚”是 These terms, “Christ” and “messiah” are
表明耶稣在圣膏油中被膏了。 indicative of the fact that Jesus was anointed in the holy anointing oil.
摩西和亚伦用相同的油 The very same oil used by Moses and Aaron to
几百年前，他们开始将牧师阶级纳入他们的信仰。 initiate the priestly class into their faith centuries earlier.
正如圣经所记载的， As is well documented in the bible,
耶稣从小就信奉犹太信仰， Jesus was scholarly when it came to his Jewish faith from an early age,
13岁时在圣殿里教Rabbis。 teaching the Rabbis in the temple at the age of 13.
那么，很有可能 It is highly likely, then,
他知道了膏油的配方 that he was aware of the formula of the anointing oil
事实上， In fact,
虽然新约没有直接提到kaneh bosm， while the new testament doesn’t mention kaneh bosm directly,
受膏似乎是耶稣事工的关键部分。 anointing seems to be a key part of Jesus’ ministry.
耶稣膏了十二个门徒， Jesus anointed the 12 disciples,
然后派他们去用圣膏膏别人。 and then sent them out to anoint others in the holy oil.
如马可福音6:13 As put in Mark 6:13
“他们驱逐了许多恶魔 “they were casting out many demons
并用油膏许多患病的人，并治愈他们” and were anointing with oil many who were sick, and healing them”
圣经里有很多参考 There are many references throughout the bible
耶稣膏抹和医治了整个地区的人。 to Jesus anointing and healing those throughout the region.
提到驱除恶魔， References to casting out demons may,
实际上，指的是癫痫病，大麻油已知可以治疗这种病。 in fact, be referring to epilepsy, which cannabis oil is known to treat.
同样， Similarly,
耶稣治愈了麻风病 Jesus heals leprosy,
在许多古代文化中，大麻通常都用大麻来治疗。 which has been commonly treated with cannabis in many ancient cultures.
据说他还治愈了一个盲人。在现代， He is also said to have healed a blind man. In modern times,
我们知道大麻可以成功治疗青光眼。 we know cannabis to successfully treat glaucoma.
但是除了他许多治愈的奇迹之外， But outside of his many healing miracles,
耶稣膏抹人民，就是将圣灵引入他们。 Jesus anointed people, namely, to introduce the holy spirit into them.
如《圣约翰第一书》中所述， As Stated in The First Epistle of Saint John,
“我以这种方式给你写信那些会欺骗你的人， “I am writing to you in this way about those who would deceive you,
但是你从他那里得到的油仍然留在你里面， but the Oil you received from him remains within you,
而且您真的不需要任何人教书；只是留在他里面， and you really need no teaching from anyone; simply remain in him,
因为他的精油会教您一切，这是真实的，不是谎言- for his Oil Teaches you about everything and is true and is no lie--
留在他里面，就像他的油教你做的那样。” remain in him as his Oil has taught you to do.”
平民和外邦人的恩膏， This anointing of common people, and, further, gentiles,
或“非犹太人”直接违反了希伯来法律， or ‘non-jews’ is in direct violation of Hebrew law,
正如神在出埃及记中指示摩西： as God dictated to Moses in Exodus:
“任何喜欢混合或涂抹膏霜的人 “Anyone who makes a blend like it or anoints
除牧师以外的其他人将与社区隔离。” someone other than a priest will be cut off from the community.”
那么，这是否有可能发挥作用 Is it possible, then, that this could have played
在希伯来长老对耶稣的争辩中发挥了作用， a role in the Hebrew elders’ contention towards Jesus,
还是决定将他判处死刑？ or their decision to condemn him to death?
无论您是否相信耶稣的历史性， Whether you believe in the historicity of Jesus or not,
显然，这种圣膏油是 it is clear that this holy anointing oil was
对于早期的基督徒来说是非常特别的。 extremely special to the early Christians.
虽然圣经中发现的福音似乎证实了耶稣的膏油， While the Gospels found in the bible appear to confirm Jesus’ anointing oil,
它们只是古代基督教福音的一小部分。 they are just a small fraction of the Christian Gospels of antiquity.
在耶稣生平的圣典被巩固之前 Before the canon of Jesus’ life was solidified
由罗马皇帝君士坦丁在三世纪 by The Roman Emperor Constantine in the 3rd century,
许多早期的基督教教派， a number of early Christian sects,
统称为The Gnostics，意思是知识， collectively known as The Gnostics, meaning knowledge,
所有人对基督教都有自己的解释。 all had their own interpretations of Christianity.
在《菲利普福音》这样的作品中，作者说 In one such work, The Gospel of Phillip, the author says
受膏比洗礼更好。 The anointing is superior to baptism.
因为在受膏者中我们被称为“受膏者”（基督徒）， For from the anointing we were called ‘anointed ones’ (Christians),
不是因为洗礼。 not because of the baptism.
基督也因受膏而得名， And Christ, too, was [so] named because of the anointing,
因为天父膏了儿子， for the Father anointed the son,
儿子膏了使徒，使徒也膏了我们。 and the son anointed the apostles, and the apostles anointed us.
[因此]受膏的人拥有全部。 [Therefore] he who has been anointed has the All.
他有复活，有光。 。 。神圣的灵魂。 。 。 He has the resurrection, the light. . . the Holy Spirit. . .
[如果]如果有人接受了这个命令，那么这个人将不再是基督徒，而是基督。” [If] one receives this unction, this person is no longer a Christian but a Christ.”
同样，真理福音说耶稣是专门来的…… Similarly, the Gospel of Truth says that Jesus came specifically…
“以便他可以用药膏膏他们。 “so that he might anoint them with the ointment.
软膏是父的怜悯…… The ointment is the mercy of the Father…
被他膏抹的就是那些变得完美的。” those whom he has anointed are the ones who have become perfect.”
在《托马斯福音》中 And in The Gospel of Thomas,
许多人认为这是最早的基督教经文， thought by many to be the earliest Christian text,
膏油更特别地被誉为植物衍生物。 the anointing oil is praised more specifically as a plant derivative.
圣油，赐给我们圣洁…… Holy oil, given us for sanctification…
您是隐藏部分的展开器... you are the unfolder of the hidden parts...
您是展示隐藏宝藏的人。 You are the one who shows the hidden treasures.
你是善良的植物。让你的力量来自这个[联合]。 You are the plant of kindness. Let your power come by this [unction].
但是当罗马人，基督徒的前迫害者， But when the Romans, the former persecutors of the Christians,
把他们喂给狮子的人 who had fed them to lions,
决定将基督教作为官方国教， decided to make Christianity the official state religion,
并确切地决定要采用哪种基督教 and decided exactly which version of Christianity would be practiced,
所有这些早期的不可知论行为都应处以死刑； all of these early gnostic practices became punishable by death;
在最终跌落在路旁之前以象征性的方式传达。 being conveyed in a symbolic manner before, ultimately, falling by the wayside.
有趣的是，这几乎就像耶稣看到了这种降临。 Interestingly enough, it is almost as if Jesus saw this coming.
正如他在马可福音4：11-12中所说的那样， As he is quoted as saying in Mark 4:11-12,
“给了你神国度的秘密， “To you has been given the secret of the Kingdom of God,
但对于那些以外的东西，都是寓言中的： but for those outside everything is in parables:
这样他们确实可以看到但看不到， so that they may indeed see but not perceive,
可能确实听到但听不懂。 ” and may indeed hear but not understand. ”
值得注意的是 It’s worth noting
犹太教和基督教不是唯一的一神教 that Judaism and Christianity aren’t the only monotheistic
大麻在其中发挥作用的宗教。 religions where cannabis played a role.
在7世纪，波斯帝国 In the 7th century, the Persian Empire,
曾经是琐罗亚斯德教徒和斯基泰人的故乡，如今已衰落。 once home to Zoroastrians and Scythians alike, was in decline.
出现了一种新的宗教，拒绝了阿拉伯人的异教徒部落宗教。 A new religion arose, rejecting the pagan tribal religions of the Arabs.
这种新的信仰，伊斯兰教， This new faith, Islam,
起源于亚伯拉罕（或犹太基督教）的宗教传统。 had its roots in the Abrahamic, or judeochristian, religious traditions.
伊斯兰教的创始人先知穆罕默德 Islam's founder, the prophet Muhammad,
在禁止麻醉品方面非常直接； was very direct in forbidding intoxicants;
但似乎专门指酒精。 but seems to refer specifically to alcohol.
难道他也用过大麻吗？ Could it be that he, too, used cannabis?
圣训和古兰经都描述了一个夜晚的旅程 Both the hadith and the Qur’an describe a night journey
穆罕默德骑着一匹有翼马背 in which Muhammad flew on the back of a winged horse,
最终到天堂与真主交谈。 ultimately visiting heaven to speak with Allah.
伊斯兰教的某些教派认为，这个故事指的是非物质体验， Some sects of Islam believe this story to refer to an out of body experience,
可能受到一种酶原的影响。 potentially one influenced by an entheogen.
而且由于这个地区有着悠久的传统， And with this region of the world having a long standing tradition,
即使在那时，使用大麻，特别是哈希， even then, of using cannabis, and particularly hash,
如果这次旅程很可能 it is very possible that, should this journey
要求产生一种酶，很可能是大麻。 have required an entheogen to take place, it was most likely cannabis.
但是虽然没有太多的方法 But while there isn’t much in the way of
穆罕默德使用大麻的证据， evidence for Muhammad’s cannabis use,
我们肯定知道 we know for sure the longstanding tradition of
中东的大麻消费 cannabis consumption in the middle east
没有死于伊斯兰教的根基。 did not die with the foundation of Islam.
尽管有些人接受了先知的宣告 Although some take the prophet’s proclamation
醉酒是哈兰或禁止的， that intoxicants are haram, or forbidden,
扩展到大麻和酒精， to extend to cannabis as well as alcohol,
众所周知，一些阿拉伯医师已将其用作药物， it is known to have been used as medicinally by some Arab physicians,
中世纪医学的世界领导者。 the world leaders in medicine in the middle ages.
就是说，它的使用不仅仅对这个时代的穆斯林有药用价值。 That said, its use was not solely medicinal for the Muslims of this time.
苏菲派 The Sufis,
伊斯兰教的神秘教派 a mystical sect of Islam,
用大麻使自己更高 used cannabis to bring themselves to higher
意识状态，更好地了解真主的本质， states of consciousness and better appreciate the nature of Allah,
和他创作的自然之美。 and the natural beauty of his creation.
正如苏菲派诗人富祖里（Fuzuli）曾经说过的那样：“时髦是完美的存在， As the Sufi poet Fuzuli once said, “hashish is the perfect being,
受到人类的热烈追捧。 sought after by mankind with great eagerness.
对于每个人来说，这可能都不是完美的存在， It may not be the perfect being for everybody,
但这绝对是寻求神秘经验的人。” but it most certainly is for the seeker of mystical experience.”
但是富祖里当然不是唯一一个唱歌大麻的赞美者。 But Fuzuli certainly wasn’t the only one singing cannabis’ praise.
实际上，许多Sufis吃了一种称为ma'joun的哈希准备 In fact, many Sufis ate a hash preparation known as ma’joun
作为一种敬拜行为，请相信它可以让精神…… As an act of worship, believing it to allow the spirit to…
“在无形理解的天上提升中升至最高点。” “ascend to the highest points in a heavenly ascension of disembodied understanding.”
但是，即使古兰经没有将先知称为使用大麻， But even though the Qur’an doesn’t refer to the prophet as using cannabis,
它确实提到了一个被称为“绿色先知”或“ Al Khadir”的人物。 it does mention a figure known as The Green Prophet, or Al Khadir.
哈迪尔（Al Khadir）借鉴了较早的阿拉伯宗教传统。 Al Khadir is borrowed from earlier Arabic religious traditions.
本来， Originally,
绿色先知似乎象征着肥力和植被， The Green prophet seemed to symbolize fertility and vegetation,
花草神奇地绽放 with flowers and plants magically blooming
从他走过的地面上。 from the ground on which he walked.
到了中世纪， By medieval times,
他来代表深奥的知识类型 he came to represent the type of esoteric knowledge
通过震动使您摆脱日常生存的困扰， that breaks you free from the trance of everyday existence through shock,
很像观念上的改变 much like the change in perception one may
感觉受到了雌激素的影响。 feel under the influence of entheogens.
由于他与震惊的实现联系在一起， As a result of his association with schocking realization,
他有点像个守护神 he has come to be somewhat of a patron saint
热情洋溢的艺术家群体。 of artists working with unbound enthusiasm.
但是整个大麻的使用 But much of cannabis’ use throughout the
伊斯兰的早期世纪与《古兰经》或《圣训》无关。 early centuries of Islam is unrelated to The Qur’an or Hadith.
如前所述， As discussed earlier,
苏菲什人通常使用大麻 hashish was commonly used by the Sufis,
并可能通过早期的角色而存在， and likely came into existence via the earlier charas,
在印度和波斯帝国流行。 popular in India and the Persian empire.
但是大麻不是唯一使用的物质 But cannabis wasn’t the only substance used
由苏菲夫妇更好地了解真主的本质。 by The Sufis to better understand the nature of Allah.
他们被认为是有帮助的 They are thought of as having been instrumental
现在我们所了解的咖啡馆的发展中。 in the development of coffeehouses as we now know them.
传说流浪的苏菲曾经透露过 Legend has it that a wandering Sufi once revealed
他如何为逊尼派妇女准备这种新颖独特的饮料。 how he had prepared this new and unique drink to a Sunni woman.
他用散装水烟的水烟准备饮料。 He prepared the beverage using a hash filled hookah.
这种准备可能是长期存在的原因 This preparation could be responsible for the long standing
水烟休息室供应咖啡的传统， tradition of hookah lounges serving coffee,
甚至是供应大麻的咖啡馆， and even coffeehouses serving cannabis,
他们在中东做了几个世纪， which they did in the middle east for several centuries,
并继续在欧洲部分地区（尤其是阿姆斯特丹）开展业务。 and continue to do in parts of Europe, most notably Amsterdam.
但是苏非派并不是伊斯兰教唯一参与大麻使用的分支。 But the Sufis weren’t the only branch of Islam to partake in cannabis use.
马可·波罗（Marco Polo）曾经写过一个神秘的高山老人 Marco Polo once wrote of a mysterious Old Man of the Mountain
带领什叶派战士的秘密乐队与逊尼派作战。 who lead a secretive band of Shia warriors in battle against the Sunnis.
这些战士，叙利亚的尼扎里， These warriors, the Nizari of Syria,
会使用散列使他们更加专注 would use hash to make them more focused
他们的目标，并与每个动作的后果保持一致， on their targets and more in tune with the consequences of every movement,
而且他们经常要承担高水平的目标， and they were often tasked with taking out high level targets,
笼罩在黑夜中。 shrouded in the cover of night.
这些尼扎里人被称为哈希申， These Nizari came to be referred to as hashishins,
为他们使用大麻。 for their use of hashish.
这个词，随着时间的流逝， This word, through time,
演变成刺客一词， evolved into the word assassin,
通常指的是今天使用类似战术的雇佣杀手。 which generally refers to hired killers who use similar tactics today.
也许是因为它与刺客有关， Perhaps because of its association with assassins,
在中东，有很多尝试来抑制大麻的使用， there were many attempts to suppress the use of cannabis in the middle east,
始于约14世纪的埃及， beginning in about the 14th century in Egypt,
在它变得非常流行的地方， where it had grown extremely popular,
特别是其增强音乐的能力。 especially for its ability to enhance music.
吸食大麻已构成犯罪 Cannabis use became a crime
他的惩罚是拔牙。 whose punishment was to have one’s teeth pulled out.
但是大麻使用者对大麻的依附并没有停止使用， But cannabis users, so attached to their hashish did not stop its use,
最终，这些压制的尝试失败了， ultimately, these attempts at suppression failed,
几个世纪后才被西方的干涉所认识。 only being realized many centuries later by western interference.
当我们回来时 When we return,
大麻在启蒙运动前的欧洲如何公平使用， How did cannabis use fair in pre-enlightenment Europe,
在哪里对主流基督教的任何畸变进行了严厉的惩罚？ where any aberrations to mainstream Christianity were viciously punished?
了解大麻的药用特性 Knowledge of Cannabis’ medicinal properties
通过罗马帝国在整个欧洲传播。 spread throughout Europe by way of the Roman Empire.
它找到了日耳曼部落的手 It found its way into the hands of the Germanic tribes
曾经居住在西欧， that had come to inhabit western Europe,
它的种子曾经是古代德国人的食物来源。 where its seeds had served as a food source for ancient Germans.
在中世纪，这些民族 In the middle ages, These peoples,
谁早先converted依基督教 who had earlier been converted to Christianity
在罗马人的手中， at the hands of the Romans,
由于使用酷刑而在历史上声名狼藉。 have become infamous in history for their use of torture.
但是大麻“坏”的想法是一个相对较新的概念， But the idea of cannabis as ‘bad’ is a relatively recent construct,
因此使用它似乎并没有受到惩罚 and so its use did not seem to be punished
在中世纪的欧洲社会。 in medieval European society.
事实上， In fact,
它的精神活性在很大程度上 its psychoactive properties are largely
这次欧洲人漏报了， underreported by the Europeans of this time,
似乎主要使用精神活性蘑菇， who seemed to more prominently use psychoactive mushrooms,
酒精和曼陀罗种进行授精。 alcohol, and datura species for inebriation.
虽然它继续被用作药物， While it continued to be used as a medicine,
在这段时间里，欧洲许多社会都将其种植起来以用于其纤维。 much of European society during this time cultivated it for use of its fibers.
直到文艺复兴后期， Up until the late renaissance period,
大麻仍然被认为很少 cannabis continued to be thought of as little
不只是西欧的纤维来源， more than a source for fiber in western europe,
但是美国的发现预示着 but the discovery of America heralded the
洲际贸易新时代的来临， dawn of a new era in intercontinental trade,
随之而来的是不断变化的文化范式。 and along with it a changing cultural paradigm.
不久，吸烟，实际上已经 Soon, smoking, which had been virtually
在那之前闻所未闻的西欧， Unheard of in Western Europe until that point,
由于美国烟草的不断涌入，它在整个非洲大陆变得流行。 became vogue across the continent due to a steady influx of American tobacco.
与此同时， Meanwhile,
英格兰皇后指示每个 the queen of England instructed every
拥有超过60英亩土地的土地所有人开始种植大麻以用于工业用途， landowner with more than 60 acres to begin growing hemp for industrial use,
亨利八世（Henry VIII）促进了海军的使用。 with Henry the VIII fostering its use by the navy.
及时， In time,
西班牙语和英语的探险家独立 Spanish and English explorers independently
将大麻引入美洲， introduced cannabis to the Americas,
朝圣者将实用农作物带到五月花上。 with the pilgrims bringing the utilitarian crop with them on the mayflower.
实际上，有关新世界大麻的第一部法律， In fact, the first law regarding cannabis in the new world,
实际上需要农民种植它。 actually required farmers to grow it.
短短几个世纪后建立的严厉法律与之相去甚远。 A far cry from the draconian laws instituted just a few short centuries later.
回到欧洲， Back in Europe,
荷兰探险家Jan Hogan Van Linschoten写下了他近东的故事， Dutch explorer Jan Hogan Van Linschoten wrote of his tales to the near east,
他遇到大麻的地方 where he had encountered hashish,
大麻叶的准备， a preparation of cannabis leaves,
就像古希腊哲学家盖伦（Galen）曾经描述的那样，“充满了头脑” that, like Ancient Greek philosopher Galen had once described, 'filled the head'
此后，尽管大麻的使用并没有在欧洲迅速普及， And while cannabis use did not take off in Europe immediately thereafter,
人们开始意识到这种强大的植物， an awareness of this powerful plant began to grow,
特别是在创意社区中。 especially among the creative communities.
在这段时间内，其中的用户是著名的剧作家， Among it's users during this time period was famed playwright,
威廉·莎士比亚。 William Shakespeare.
虽然直到最近才知道， While unknown until recently,
现在人们认为莎士比亚是抽烟的杂草， Shakespeare is now believed to have smoked weed,
如大量烟斗所示 as indicated by the numerous smoking pipes containing
根据他的前财产发现的大麻脂。 cannabis resin discovered on the grounds of his former property.
烟斗的历史可以追溯到莎士比亚时代。 Pipes that date back to the time in which Shakespeare lived.
正如我们所讨论的 As we have discussed,
莎士比亚不是第一个使用这种神圣草药的作家。 Shakespeare wasn't the first writer to utilize this sacred herb.
他当然不是最后一个。 And he certainly wasn't the last.
历史教科书中有很好的记录 It is well documented in History textbooks
美国的开国元勋是富裕的农民。 that the founding fathers of America were wealthy farmers.
然而，他们的农场几乎从未被讨论过。 What they farmed, however, is almost never discussed.
这些人 These men,
他们的许多同胞实际上都是大麻农， and many of their countrymen alike, were actually hemp farmers,
因为大麻被用来制造绳索，衣服， as hemp was used in the manufacture of rope, clothes,
和其他商品。 and other goods.
种植大麻是美国文化的重要组成部分 Growing Cannabis was so much a part of American culture
甚至在1900年代初10美元面额的钞票背面都画着杂草， that weed was even depicted on the back of the $10 bill in the early 1900s,
也印在麻纸上 which was also printed on hemp paper.
实际上，托马斯·杰斐逊曾经说过 In fact, Thomas Jefferson once said
“大麻对于国家的财富和保护至关重要” “Hemp is of first necessity to the wealth and protection of the country”
但是请放心，在美国的早期 But rest assured, in those early days of the U.S.
大麻的用途远不止是制造纺织品。 cannabis was used for a lot more than simply making textiles.
众所周知，乔治·华盛顿（George Washington）曾用它治疗牙齿疼痛， George Washington is known to have used it medicinally for tooth aches,
并说：“充分利用印度大麻种子，并在各地播种。” and said “Make the most of the Indian Hemp seed, and sow it everywhere.”
宪法之父詹姆斯·麦迪逊（James Madison） James Madison, the father of the constitution,
曾经声称大麻给了他洞察力 once claimed that hemp gave him the insight to
组成一个新的民主国家和詹姆斯·梦露， form a new and democratic nation and James Monroe,
谁吸了大麻的习惯 who took up the habit of smoking cannabis
在担任法国驻法国大使期间，一直吸烟直至死。 during his tenure as ambassador to the French, smoked it until his death.
但是美国的创始人不是唯一的 But the American founders weren’t the only
这个时期的世界领导人使用大麻。 world leaders of this time period who used cannabis.
在1830年代，一位名叫William Brooke O'Shaughnessy的爱尔兰医生 In the 1830s, an Irish physician named William Brooke O’Shaughnessy
看到大麻在去印度旅行时被药用。 saw marijuana being used medicinally while on a trip to India.
惊讶于它的功效， Astonished at its efficacy,
奥肖尼西（O'shaughnessy）把植物带回了英国 O’shaughnessy brought the plant back with him to England,
介绍这种“印度大麻” introducing this ‘indian hemp’
那里的医生可用于治疗从关节炎到癫痫症的所有疾病。 to physicians there for use in the treatment of everything from arthritis to epilepsy.
不久， Soon,
英国维多利亚女王开始为月经来潮使用医用大麻， Queen Victoria of England began using medical marijuana for her menstrual cramps,
在她的医师的指导下。 under instruction from her physician.
独立于奥肖内西（O'shaughnessy）重新引入的医用大麻， Independent of O’shaughnessy’s reintroduction of medical cannabis,
拿破仑的军队从埃及的郊游中带回了哈希， Napoleon’s army brought hash back with them from their excursions in Egypt,
似乎是广泛传播的真正开始 and appear to be the true beginnings of widespread
欧洲早期的大麻消费。 hashish consumption in the early modern period in Europe.
到1800年代中期， By the mid 1800s,
一群法国发光论者创立了Hashischins俱乐部， a group of French Luminaries started the Club De Hashischins,
一家致力于散列和其他毒品消费的巴黎俱乐部。 a Parisian club dedicated to the consumption of hash and other drugs.
这个圈子里最受尊敬的作家之一查尔斯·鲍德莱尔 One of the most esteemed writers of this circle Charles Baudelaire
撰写了《哈希诗》和《人工天堂》 wrote “The Poem of Hashish” and “Artificial Paradises”
称赞使用大麻和鸦片，坚持认为， lauding the use of Hashish and opium, insisting that they,
从理论上讲，可以帮助人类达到“理想”的世界。 theoretically, could aid mankind in reaching an “ideal” world.
在美国，菲茨·休·卢德洛（Fitz Hugh Ludlow）写道：“ The Hashish Eater' In America, Fitz Hugh Ludlow wrote, “ The Hashish Eater’
关于他在食用大麻方面的众多经验。 about his numerous experiences in eating cannabis.
这本书大受欢迎， This book became wildly popular,
林肯总统的国务卿约翰·海伊怀念 with President Lincoln’s secretary of state John Hay fondly remembering
“吃点东西，做梦” “eating hasheesh and dreaming dreams”
在布朗大学青年时期。 during his youth at brown university.
当我们回来时 When we return,
大麻的公众认知从医学转向威胁。 marijuana’s shift in public perception from medicine to menace.
随着有关大麻功效的报道开始发表， As reports of marijuana’s efficacy began to be published,
它很快成为欧美的主流医学， it quickly became mainstream medicine across Europe and the United States,
主要是提取物的形式 primarily in the form of extracts,
这些被用于不断增加的条件。 which were used for an ever increasing array of conditions.
但是到1900年代初期， But by the early 1900s,
美国医学协会成立， the American Medical Association was established,
在医学上创造正统 creating an orthodoxy in medical
有些人认为这种疗法妖魔化了草药治疗师。 treatment that some argue demonized herbal healers.
这种统一性为医生带来了沉重的许可费用， This uniformity allowed for heavy licensing fees for physicians,
许多传统从业者无力支付。 which many traditional practitioners were incapable of paying.
AMA， The AMA,
一家私人公司，不久就垄断了医疗行业。 a private company, soon had a monopoly on the medical industry.
麻萨诸塞州的加利福尼亚州禁止使用大麻 Cannabis was banned in California, Massachusetts
此后不久，还有其他几个州， and a handful of other states shortly thereafter,
而许多医师和药剂师 while many physicians and pharmacists under
新法规包含了这种神奇药物的潜力。 the new regulations embraced the potential of this wonder drug.
在禁令时代 During the prohibition era,
在全国范围内禁止使用酒精和其他毒品， in which alcohol and other drugs were banned nationwide,
其他一些州也采取了惩罚使用大麻的措施。 a number of other states followed suite in penalizing cannabis use.
有趣的是，在没有禁止使用草药的州， Interestingly, in states that didn’t ban the herb,
大麻在某种程度上可以代替酒， cannabis serves as somewhat of a replacement for booze,
开设了名为“茶垫”的商店，这些商店提供基于大麻的茶， with shops called ‘tea pads’ opening up that offered cannabis based tea,
在一个国家充当漏洞的合法麻醉剂 a legal intoxicant that served as a loophole in a country
不习惯其新的，无知的免费生活方式。 unaccustomed to its new, inebriant free lifestyle.
从那里， From there,
它的受欢迎程度只会增加， its popularity only increased,
在美国爵士音乐家中被广泛使用， becoming widely used among American jazz musicians,
以及在巴黎被称为“失落的一代”的前Pat作家， and Ex-Pat writers of what is reffered to as “The Lost Generation” in Paris,
Gertrude stein是其中一位。 one of whom was Gertrude stein.
她的爱人， Her lover,
爱丽丝B托克拉斯， Alice B Toklas,
通常被认为是在这段时间里发明了布朗尼锅。 is often credited with having invented the pot brownie during this time period.
同时，在美国， Meanwhile, In America,
机器的进步 advancements to a machine called the
脱胶剂允许剥离大麻纤维 decorticator allowed hemp fibers to be stripped
从工厂以更高的效率， from the plant at a far more efficient rate,
导致流行的技工称大麻为新的十亿美元作物。 leading to popular mechanics calling cannabis the new billion dollar crop.
大麻本来就很优越 Hemp had already been superior in that it takes
生长时间比树木少得多。 significantly less time to grow than trees.
但是现在，随着装饰器简化了生产， But now, with production simplified by the decorticator,
真的没有比赛结果。 it was really no contest whatsover.
与出版商和实业家的关系不佳， This did not sit well with publisher and industrialist,
威廉·兰道夫·赫斯特， William Randolph Hearst who,
除了拥有当时的许多媒体之外， aside from owning much of the media of that time,
他还拥有印刷报纸的纸厂。 also owned the paper factories on which his newspapers were printed.
不久， Soon,
他开始出版宣传作品 he began publishing propaganda pieces
坚持认为，抽烟的墨西哥移民猛烈地强奸了妇女。 insisting that Mexican immigrants who smoked cannabis violently raped women.
随着社会对大麻及其诸多好处的熟悉， As society had grown familiar with cannabis and its many benefits,
赫斯特选择使用“大麻”一词， Hearst chose to use the term “marijuana” which had,
直到现在 up until this point,
只用来形容野生墨西哥人 only been used to describe a wild Mexican
完全与大麻无关的烟草品种。 variety of tobacco completely unrelated to cannabis.
不久，这种新假设的危险 Soon, the dangers of this new supposed
威胁震惊了美国社会。 threat had alarmed American society.
一个小的教会团体制作了一个名为“告诉孩子们”的道德故事。 A small church group produced a morality tale entitled “Tell Your Children”
关于这种新药的报道，据说这种新药会使使用者变得暴力。 about this new drug that supposedly made its users turn violent.
此时， At this time,
最近有一个新的电影代码 a new motion picture code had recently been
由美国政府设立 instituted by the US government which
阻止电影播放无端的暴力或性行为。 prevented movies from featuring gratuitous violence or sex.
机会主义电影制作人Dwain Esper购买了“告诉孩子”， An opportunistic film producer, Dwain Esper, purchased “Tell your children”,
重新剪辑影片以包含此类禁忌行为 recutting the film to include such taboo behavior
所以他可以把它分发到剥削电影电路上 so he could distribute it on the exploitation film circuit
响应这些新的电影法规而应运而生。 that sprung up in response to these new film regulations.
他将其重命名为“冷藏柜疯狂”。 He renamed it, “Reefer Madness.”
对于像埃斯特这样的埃斯珀来说，一切都与金钱有关。 For Esper, like Hearst, it was all about the money.
但是美国人民确实确实开始担心这种危险的毒品大麻， But the American people truly did begin to fear this dangerous drug marijuana,
很大程度上是由于宣传活动稳定增长。 largely due to the steadily growing stream of propaganda.
赫斯特很快就动用了自己的资源开始游说政客， Hearst quickly used his resources to begin lobbying politicians,
包括联邦麻醉品局局长哈里·安斯林格（Harry Anslinger） including Harry Anslinger, head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics,
当今DEA的先驱。 a precursor to today’s DEA.
直到那时 Up until that point,
FBN负责预防鸦片 the FBN was in charge of preventing opiates
像海洛因一样被偷运到该国。 like heroin from being smuggled into the country.
但是安斯林格不久就将大麻列为优先事项， But Anslinger soon made marijuana a priority,
起草1937年的大麻税法 drafting the Marihuana tax act of 1937 to
大大削弱了大麻产业的实力 greatly diminish the strength of the hemp industry
这开始影响安斯林格的纸张和杜邦特的尼龙销售。 that was beginning to effect both Anslinger’s paper and Du Ponte’s nylon sales.
甚至美国医学协会也认为该法案走得太远。 Even the American Medical Association believed that the act went too far.
他们声称该法案是秘密起草的， They claimed that the bill, which had quickly been drafted in secret,
没有足够的时间准备法律异议。 did not allow adequate time to prepare a legal opposition.
此外，使用“大麻”一词代替大麻后， Also, with the term “marijuana” used instead of cannabis,
在AMA的法律辩护中，William Creighton Woodward博士认为 the AMA’s legal defense, Dr. William Creighton Woodward argued that
“大麻不是正确的名词…… “Marijuana is not the correct term…
然而，这项法案的负担沉重 Yet the burden of this bill is placed heavily
这个国家的医生和药剂师” on the doctors and pharmacists of this country”
尽管如此，新法律还是匆忙通过，几乎没有反对。 In spite of this, the new law was passed hastily, facing little opposition.
第二天就进行了第一批逮捕。 The first string of arrests were made the following day.
新法律的一部分表明，税票 Part of the new law indicated that tax stamps
应该提供给那些对种植大麻感兴趣的人， were supposed to be given to those interested in growing cannabis,
但实际上没有发出 but virtually none were issued,
农民担心寻求 and farmers feared that by seeking
如果政府批准此事，他们将自罪自负。 the government’s approval on the matter, they would be incriminating themselves.
该法律的主要反对者之一是 One of the main opponents of the law was
纽约市市长Fiorello La Guardia， the mayor of new York city, Fiorello La Guardia,
拉瓜迪亚机场的名字。 for whom la guardia airport is named.
1938年，他任命了一个委员会调查新法案， In 1938 he appointed a commission to investigate the new bill,
后来成立了“拉瓜迪亚委员会” later creating ‘the la guardia committee’
反对安斯林格反对大麻的严厉行动。 to oppose Anslinger’s draconian campaign against cannabis.
该委员会没有成功，在1942年， The committee was unsuccessful, and in 1942,
大麻被正式从医学教科书中删除。 cannabis was officially removed from medical textbooks.
同年 That same year,
美国部农业乃至军队 the US dept. of agriculture and even the army
他们自己敦促农民种大麻， themselves urged farmers to grow hemp,
发行自己的宣传片《胜利的大麻》， releasing a propaganda film of their own, Hemp for Victory,
谈论农作物的重要性。 talking about the importance of the crop.
很快，随着第二次世界大战的到来， Soon, with World War II in full swing,
发行了税票以允许植物生长。 tax stamps were issued to allow the plant to be grown.
但是这种改变是短暂的 But this change of heart was short lived,
在此期间，大麻的逮捕行动仍在继续， and cannabis arrests continued, increasing during this period,
药物的受欢迎程度也是如此。 as did the drug’s popularity.
最终，在1969年因藏有财产而被捕后， Finally, in 1969, after being arrested for possession,
哈佛大学教授和迷幻先驱 Harvard professor and psychedelic pioneer
蒂莫西·利里（Timothy Leary）在法庭上质疑《大麻税法》。 Timothy Leary challenged the Marihuana tax act in court.
在“利里与美国”中 In “Leary vs. the United States”
联邦法官裁定大麻税法 it was determined by a federal judge that the marihuana tax act
违反宪法，法律被否决。 was unconstitutional and the law was overruled.
作为回应， In response,
国会通过了1970年管制物质法 congress passed the controlled substances act of 1970
确保大麻仍然是非法的， to ensure that cannabis remained illegal,
因为它被反战嬉皮文化所广泛使用， as it was used heavily by the anti-war hippie counter culture,
和黑人争取民权。 and black Americans fighting for civil rights.
DEA诞生了。 The DEA was born.
尼克松总统聘请了一组科学家来 President Nixon hired a team of scientists to
证明该物质的危险，以帮助证明他的决定合理。 prove the dangers of the substance to help justify his decision.
当发现相反的情况时， When just the opposite was found,
他任命的委员会打电话给 and the commission he had appointed called
为了把大麻合法化，他把书房扔进了垃圾箱。 for the decriminalization of marijuana, he threw the study in the trash.
从那以后，大麻在联邦一级一直是非法的。 Cannabis has been illegal at the federal level ever since.
多年来，许多州都看到了 Over the years, numerous states have seen
他们的方式的错误并使其合法化， the error of their ways and decriminalized it,
并出于医疗甚至娱乐目的将其合法化。 with some legalizing it for medical and even recreational purposes.
现在，近3/4的美国人口支持合法化， Now, nearly ¾ of the US population supports legalization,
但联邦政府曾大举反击， but there has been a heavy pushback by the federal government,
来自私人监狱界和监狱看守工会的说客， with lobbyists from the private prison industry and the prison guards union,
除其他外，反对任何合法化努力。 among others, objecting to any legalization efforts.
数以千计的人仍在监狱中， Thousands remain in prison,
很大程度上是由于过去几年的宣传和禁毒情绪。 largely due to the propaganda and anti-drug sentiment of years past.
值得注意的是，这些毒品逮捕中的种族差异， It is worth noting the racial disparity in these drug arrests,
其中大多数非暴力毒品罪犯是少数民族。 with the majority of non-violent drug offenders being minorities.
这就是为什么对于我们这个社会而言，它现在比以往任何时候都更加重要， That’s why it’s now more important than ever for us, as a society,
看人类长期吸食大麻的历史， to look at humanity’s long standing history of cannabis consumption,
作为饮食的主食 as a dietary staple,
圣礼 a sacrament,
一种药物，甚至将其用作纺织品，并意识到我们方法的错误。 a medicine, and even its use as a textile, and to realize the error of our ways.
大麻使用者并不是他们在1930年代被认定的暴力强奸犯， Cannabis users are not the violent rapists they were made out to be in the 1930s,
比他们是懒惰的懒汉 any more than they are the lazy slacker
如今，媒体一直坚持这种刻板印象。 stereotype perpetuated by the media today.
虽然肯定有人在妈妈的地下室里抽大麻， While there are certainly people smoking weed in their mom’s basement,
其他用户是医生，律师，宗教领袖，是的， other users are doctors, lawyers, religious leaders and, yes,
甚至是政客 even politicians,
以及几乎所有其他细分 along with virtually all other segments of the
美国公众， American public,
大麻是消费最广泛的药物之一。 with cannabis being one of the most widely consumed drugs.
现代研究得出的结论是，它比酒精安全数百倍。 Modern studies have concluded that it is hundreds of times safer than alcohol.
它比泰诺醇更安全。 It’s even safer than Tylenol.
过去的失败法则，狭窄的二维刻板印象， The failed laws of yesteryear, the narrow, 2 dimensional stereotypes,
反科学和反智力的争论 the anti-science and anti-intellectual arguments
因为禁令需要重新审视，质疑和挑战。 for prohibition need to be revisited, questioned, and challenged.
对于那些抗癌的人， For those fighting against cancer,
超过100项研究证明大麻可以杀死 which more than 100 studies prove cannabis can kill
或患有癫痫病的人 Or people suffering from epilepsy,
CBD对此产生了深远的影响。 on which CBD has a profound effect.
或自闭症患者 Or people with autism
或老年痴呆症或痛风。 or Alzheimers or gout.
对于那些服务时间为几克。 For those serving time for a couple of grams.
对于创新者艺术家 For the innovators The artists
寻求更深刻见识的作家 seekers of a deeper insight The writers
先知为了人类的美好。 Prophets For the betterment of humanity.