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Hello. Welcome back to our EAP course.

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In this section, we are going to focus on

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"how to avoid plagiarism by acknowledging sources?"

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First you may wonder: what does it mean by acknowledging sources?

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Well, if you have made use of one of the three ways

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(i.e. quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing)

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to cite others' work or ideas,

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it is necessary to immediately show your credit to the source.

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The source can be a book, an article, a government document, a website, etc.

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To acknowledge sources, in particular, you have to do two things:

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First, directly point out that those words or ideas are from someone else,

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second, you also provide detailed information about the source,

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like the author's name, the publishing year,

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the title of the cited article, etc.

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By acknowledging the source, you can avoid plagiarism.

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How well that you acknowledge your sources determines your credibility

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as a writer and the reception your writing will receive from readers.

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Then how to acknowledge sources?

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The act to show your credit to the source is called referencing.

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There are two types of referencing:

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one is in-text referencing,

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and the other is end-text referencing.

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Providing brief information about a source in the essay,

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usually next to a quotation, paraphrase or summary,

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is known as in-text referencing.

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End-text referencing is to provide detailed and complete information

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about the source at the end of your essay.

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You are going to learn about these two types of referencing in this lecture.

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Let's first look at the different referencing styles in the academic world.

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In order to avoid plagiarism,

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you have to use referencing to acknowledge a source which you have cited.

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There are different systems/styles of referencing

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in the academic publishing all over the world.

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As shown in the following table,

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each discipline has their preferred referencing style.

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For example, MLA style is preferred

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in the disciplines of language, literature and humanities,

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and APA style is preferred in social sciences, education, engineering and business.

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Therefore, you need to get acquainted with the citation

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and referencing system often used in your discipline.

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Always consult your instructor about which referencing style he/she requires

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when doing the written assignment.

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In this section,

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you will learn about the basic rules or guidelines of referencing

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published by APA, or say APA style

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(one of the most widely used documentation systems in the world).

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You may visit its official website

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http://www.apastyle.org/ for more specific information.

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Now, let's focus on in-text referencing.

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In academic writing, if you paraphrase or summarize another author's words,

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you need to mention his/her last name (i.e. family name)

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and the year of publication before or after the cited information

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according to the different focus.

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When you focus on the authority of the source information,

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you should use the original author's name as the subject of the sentence,

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with a reporting verb introducing the cited information.

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Such as:

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Walker (2003) maintains that there are commercial and political reasons

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for high-density living in large and small cities.

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If the focus is the cited information,

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the author's name and the year are placed in brackets

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after the paraphrase or summary (it is called parenthetical format).

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For example:

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There are commercial and political reasons for high-density living

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in large and small cities (Walker, 2003).

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Sometimes there is more than one author

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involved in paraphrasing or summarizing.

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The rules of in-text referencing in such cases are more complicated

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(as illustrated in this table),

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so you need to pay special attention to the details when referencing.

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Take a look at this table,

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I want to call your attention that

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when you are citing a work with three or more authors,

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the first time you reference it in the text,

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you need to provide all the authors' name.

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In the following references,

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you only need to mention the first author's name,

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and use et al. to refer to other authors.

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When using parenthetical format,

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use the symbol "&" to replace the word "and".

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If you directly quote words or sentences from a source,

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besides giving the author's name and the year,

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you also need to provide the page number(s)

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indicating the exact place of the quoted words in the original work.

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Note that "p."/"pp." is short for the word "page".

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If one page is involved, use "p.".

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If two or more pages are involved, use "pp.".

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Let's look at two examples.

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1. Francisco (2003, p. 12) explained that the objective of their program

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was to "provide examples of correction of urban mistakes"

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made in past urban development.

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In this example, the author's name is used as the subject of the sentence,

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the publication year and page number are put in the brackets.

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Here "p." is short for the word "page" when only one page is involved.

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2. The objective of this program

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was to "provide examples of correction of urban mistakes"

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made in past urban development (Francisco, 2003, p. 12).

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In this example, the author's name, the year,

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and the page number are all put in the brackets at the end of the sentence

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to emphasize the quoted information.

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When the quoted work has more than one author,

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you can refer to the referencing formats

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illustrated in the table on the previous slide.

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Now, let's focus on the other type of referencing: end-text referencing.

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For each in-text reference,

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there should be a matching entry (条目) in the Reference list

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placed at the end of the writing.

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For instance, if you have paraphrased from Smith (1984) in the text,

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you need to provide detailed information about this source

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at the end of your text like this:

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Smith, W. S. (1984).

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Mass transport for high-rise high-density living.

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Journal of Transportation Engineering, 110, 521–535.

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This example is the end-text reference of a journal article.

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The first information provided is the last name of the author,

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then the initials of his first name and middle name.

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The year in the brackets is the year of publication of this journal article.

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Then the titles of the article and the journal are given subsequently,

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followed by the issue number of this journal.

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At the end, the page numbers of the cited words are provided.

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Generally speaking, for all types of sources,

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whether it is a book, a journal article or a website,

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you need to provide information on four basic components

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in the end-text references:

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Author name(s), publication date/year,

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title of the work, publication information.

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The following examples illustrate the referencing format of different types of sources:

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You can give your end-text references by following these formats carefully.

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Finally, you have to arrange all the entries in the Reference list

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in alphabetical order according to the first author's last name.

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Finally, let's have a quick review of what we have learnt in this lecture.

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We mainly introduced two types of referencing of the APA style.

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They are in-text referencing and end-text referencing.

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Hope you can learn to use these two types of referencing appropriately

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in your academic writing to help you avoid plagiarism.

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Thank you for joining us.

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See you next time!

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