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《BBC：生命》第十集 靈長類動物 BBC Life 10 Primates
字幕制作、上傳：月亮花(MySiLU) renxiner(VeryCD)
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在生命樹上 In the great Tree of Life,
哺乳類有一個分支 讓我們特別感興趣 one branch of the mammals has a particular fascination for us,
那就是我們所屬的 for we belong to it.
靈長類 Primates.
靈長類的手握力十是 Primate hands provide a firm grip.
朝著前方的雙眼 能精確地評估距離 And forward facing eyes accurately assess distance.
這兩者都對始于樹梢的 生活方式至為重要 Both are crucial for a lifestyle that began in the trees.
靈長類的智力 在動物王國中排名第一 Intelligence among primates can excel that of all other animals.
靈長類能破解難題 Primates can solve difficult problems...
發展出思維和理念 ..develop thoughts and ideas...
建立長長久久的感情 ..and build long-lasting relationships.
最重要的是 But most importantly,
靈長類能記住 在這一生中學到的東西 primates remember what they learn during their lives.
這個節目要告訴各位 智力如何幫助我們的近親 This film reveals how intelligence helps our closest relatives
迎接生命中的挑戰 to tackle the many challenges of life.
《靈長類》
世上有三百五十多種靈長類 There are more than 350 primate species on Earth.
聰明的靈長類 Since they first appeared over 65 million years ago,
在六千五百萬年前出現之后 these clever animals have become adapted
適應了各式各樣的棲息地 to an extraordinary range of habitats.
這里是埃塞俄比亞南部的 阿瓦士地區 The Awash region of southern Ethiopia.
一處偏遠貧瘠的灌木叢林地 A harsh, remote scrubland.
但靈長類依然有辦法 把這里變成自己的家園 But primates have learned how to make it their home.
在懸崖上睡了一晚的 Hamadryas baboons are waking up
長鬃狒狒睡醒了 from a night spent high on the cliffs.
長鬃狒狒群的成員 有時超過四百個 These monkeys live in groups up to four hundred strong,
而且沒有單一的領袖 with no single leader.
長鬃狒狒的社會結構復雜 由好幾個小型妻妾群組成 Theirs is a very complex society, made up of dozens of small harems,
每個妻妾群都由一只公狒狒管理 each governed by a male.
它們每天旱上 離開安全的懸崖覓食 Every morning they leave the safety of the cliffs to find food.
帶頭的是地位最高的公狒狒 Top-ranking males lead the way.
妻妾群里的母狒狒行為稍有不當 They can be very severe with their females
就會被公狒狒嚴厲處罰 if there is the slightest misdemeanour.
雖然長鬃狒狒很強壯 Despite their individual strength,
但它們還是比較喜歡集體行動 hamadryas baboons prefer to travel as a troop.
這樣比較安全 It's safer that way.
今天旱上狒狒群走到一半 On this particular morning,
突然停下腳步 something stops them in their tracks.
另一群狒狒也在這座懸崖過夜 Another troop is using these cliffs as a barracks.
這里可以容納一千多只狒狒過夜 More than a thousand baboons can overnight here.
敵對的狒狒群正朝著它們過來 And a rival faction is heading directly their way.
公狒狒趁著混戰算舊帳 In the chaos of warfare, males settle old scores.
這也是它們搶妻妾的好機會 This is also their best chance of stealing females.
情況平靜下來之后 母狒狒重新三五成群 When the fighting is over, the harems reform.
公狒狒毫不客氣地教訓 它們群中膽敢亂跑的母狒狒 Lead males punish any of their females who had dared to stray.
鐵的紀律是維持秩序的關鍵 Strict discipline is essential if order is to be maintained.
這是個嚴酷的社會制度 It's a harsh social system
但對住在這片荒蕪平原的 長鬃狒狒來說很管用 but it works for hamadryas baboons here on these arid plains.
世上其他地方的靈長類 In other parts of the world, primates have had to organise
因為面對了不同的挑戰 their societies in a different way
以不同的方式組織社會 to cope with different challenges.
日本阿爾卑斯山脈時值隆冬 Mid-winter in the Japanese Alps.
全世界居住位置最北的猴子 就住在這里的上高地谷區 The Kamicoche Valley is the haunt of the most northerly-dwelling monkeys.
住在這里要能忍受 To live here you must be able
攝氏零下二十度的低溫 to survive temperatures which plunge to minus 20 centigrade.
這些是日本獼猴 The Japanese macaque.
它們有濃密厚實的毛發 Dense thick layers of fur help
所以不畏風雪 to insulate these snow moneys in this testing environment.
但它們還是會 感受到刺骨的寒冷 But they still feel the cold.
每年到了這個時節，食物都很少 At this time of the year food is scarce.
但是聰明的獼猴能隨遇而安 But macaques are adaptable and clever.
這群獼猴發現這條河終年不結冰 The troop has learnt that this river stays ice-free the year round.
這只母猴子知道 This female knows
它可以用多用途的雙手 和靈巧的手指 it's a good place to gather insect larvae
在這里的石頭下面 找到昆蟲的幼蟲 from under the rocks, using her versatile hands and nimble fingers.
這群獼猴大半個冬天 都花在覓食上面 In winter, this troop spends most of its time searching for food.
防止這條河結冰的自然力量 The same underground forces that prevent this river from freezing
也給了別的動物慰藉 bring great comfort to others.
日本阿爾卑斯山脈 因火山而形成 The Japanese Alps were built by volcanoes.
其中許多火山至今仍然活躍 Many of them are still active.
有一群雪猴在這個叫做地獄谷的地方 And in a region called Hell's Valley,
找到了最佳的避寒場所 some snow monkeys have found the perfect winter resort.
這座溫泉的溫度 是讓人心曠神怡的 A thermal spa,
攝氏四十一度 where the water temperature is a blissful 41 degrees centigrade.
大伙兒都想進來 但靈長類是政治動物 Everyone wants in, but primates being primates,
獼猴也不例外 there are pool-side politics.
這是個嚴格采行會員制的俱樂部 This is an exclusive members-only club.
只有地位最高的母猴子和小猴子 才有資格泡湯 Only the highest-ranking females and infants are allowed in.
這只公猴子負責看守溫泉 Everyone obeys this male,
過濾泡湯成員 大家都很聽它的話 who guards the pool and vets the entrants.
這些系出名門的小猴子 These youngsters, born of the right bloodline,
不知道自己有多幸運 don't know how privileged they are.
地位較低的猴子 只能在寒風中顫抖 Lower ranking individuals are literally left out in the cold.
日本獼猴的社會明顯呈現兩極化 Japanese macaque society is very divided.
有的逍遙自在 有的什么都沒有 There are those that have. And those that have not.
這是一種很殘忍的分化 And that is a harsh division,
因為熱騰騰的溫泉 和冰天雪地間 because the sixty degrees that separate the steaming water
六十度的差距 from the freezing surroundings
有時是決定生死的關鍵 can make the difference between life and death.
但絕大多數的靈長類 But by far the majority of primate species
都住在溫暖的熱帶森林里 live in warm tropical forests.
其中包括了體型最大的靈長類 Among them are the largest of all.
平地大猩猩的家族族群穩定 Gorillas live in stable family groups
族群只有單一領袖 with just a single leader,
一只銀背公猩猩 a silverback male.
這只住在剛果盆地的銀背公猩猩 守護著由五只母猩猩 This one, here in the Congo basin, is the guardian of his family
和它們的寶寶組成的家族 which includes five females and their infants.
它們覓食的森林地面危機四伏 He has the responsibility of protecting them from the dangers
銀背公猩猩要負起 保護它們的責任 that abound on the forest floor where they feed.
體型龐大的銀背公猩猩 一天要吃三十公斤的食物才會飽 To sustain his huge size, he must consume up to thirty kilos a day.
它們主要是吃素 It's mostly plant food,
但大猩猩有時也會拿用一頓 美味的白蟻小點 but western gorillas also enjoy a sprinkling of termites.
小猩猩食量比爸爸小得多 The youngsters need to eat far less than their father,
所以有很多空閑時間 so they've got time on their hands.
它們和人類一樣 They like to play for the same reasons we do...
以游戲取樂 for fun.
同時借著游戲建立長久的友誼 And it helps build long-lasting relationships.
銀背公猩猩 一刻也不松懈地盯著它們 Their protector keeps a watchful eye on them.
但是 But then...
午睡時間到了 ..it's time for his siesta.
森林中的寧靜被打破了 Something shatters the peace.
這只銀背猩猩占了上好的地盤 This silverback's territory is one of the best.
但附近至少還有八個猩猩家族 But it has borders with at least eight other gorilla groups.
它們槌胸的聲音 The sound of chest-beating
在藤蔓叢生的林下植群中 可以傳到一公里之外 travels more than a mile through the tangled under-storey.
這是宣示主權的戰鼓聲 It's a territorial drum-beat.
想住在這里就得識相點 搞清楚誰才是老大 Everyone must know who is boss around here.
體型比較小的靈長類 行蹤隱密得多 Other smaller primates are rather more secretive.
印尼的蘇拉威西島上 住著一種很特別的靈長類 One of the most unusual is found in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
有一只住在這棵 熱帶榕樹的氣根間 It lives among the aerial roots of this strangler fig.
它們的祖先在白天時出來打獵 Its ancestors were daytime hunters,
但它們發現黃昏時出來覓食 竟爭對手比較少 but they found that there was less competition
現在它們只在天黑之后 if they looked for food in the twilight.
才會出來活動 Now they only stir after dark.
不過天黑之后 可以吃的昆蟲還是很多 Nonetheless there's a lot of insect food around.
這是眼鏡猴 The spectral tarsier.
眼鏡猴是世上唯一 只以食肉為生的靈長類 Tarsiers are the only totally carnivorous primates on Earth.
它們四千五百萬年來 幾乎沒什么變化 They've hardly changed in 45 million years.
大大的眼睛 在最微弱的光線下都看得到東西 Their huge eyes can see in even the faintest light.
眼鏡猴的眼球太大 所以在眼窩里無法轉動 These eye-balls are so wide they can't swivel in their sockets -
它們得要轉頭才行 tarsiers have to rotate their heads.
它們靈活的耳朵 連一絲聲響都不放過 Their mobile ears can detect the faintest sounds.
強而有力的腿部讓它們跳躍的距離 長達體長的四十倍 And their powerful legs enable them to jump 40 times their own length.
這個眼鏡猴家族各自散開狩獵 The family group fans out to hunt.
它們很輕松就找到獵物 Prey is not hard to find.
但眼鏡猴得時時刻刻提高警覺 But the tarsiers must be watchful.
對身高只有十二公分高的 嬌小靈長類來說 For a primate just five inches tall,
森林中的生活處處有危機 life in the forest is full of danger.
公眼鏡猴發出警告聲 The male sounds the alarm.
整個家族全員撒退 And everyone retreats.
回到它們住的大樹 Back in their family tree,
年紀最長的公猴和母猴 發出尖銳的叫聲 the senior male and female send out piercing calls.
讓脫隊的家族成員循著叫聲歸隊 大伙兒趁機連絡家族感情 These calls guide any stragglers home, and there they renew the family bonds.
良好的溝通能力 Good communication
是靈長類社會的特色之一 is one of the hallmarks of primate society.
泰國森林里的白手長臂猿 Few communicate more musically than lar gibbons
可說是靈長類中音律溝通的高手 in the forests of Thailand.
它們用來宣示地盤主權的歌聲 Their songs carry for many miles across the canopy,
在樹冠層中可傳到數公里之外 proclaiming that this piece of forest is theirs.
多數的靈長類 擁有絕佳的色彩視覺 Most primates have excellent colour vision,
色彩也可以用做溝通的工具 and colour too can be used in communication.
成年法氏葉猴的外表 看起來也許有點無趣 Adult Phayre's leaf monkeys might seem rather drab.
但是新生兒是另一回事 But not so their newborn.
寶寶鮮明的橘色毛發相當搶眼 Bright orange fur makes the babies very conspicuous,
所以成年葉猴 可以輕易的看到它們 so the adults can easily keep an eye on them.
親朋好友 Close friends and relatives
都很樂意客串保姆 are eager to help the mother with baby-sitting.
年輕的猴子 可以趁機練習怎么帶孩子 It's a good chance for the younger ones to practice parenting.
因此寶寶很少落單 As a result, a baby is never left on its own for long.
幾個月后小猴子變得比較獨立 When it's a few months old and more independent,
身上的毛色開始變得和母親一樣 it will turn the colour of its mother
并且融入群體 and blend in with the group.
在那之前 想不看到它也難 But until then, it can't be ignored.
氣味對住在馬達加斯加的 Smell is of particular importance
靈長類格外重要 to the primates that live in Madagascar -
那就是狐猴 the lemurs.
它們有尖尖的回鼻部 和潮濕的鼻子 They have pointed snouts and wet noses.
這些是節尾狐猴 These are ringtail lemurs.
公狐猴用腕部的銳利肉墊 The males have sharp pads on their wrists
劃破年輕樹木的樹皮 with which they scratch the trunks of young trees.
它們腕部的腺體 Glands on their wrists
在劃破的樹皮上留下強烈氣味 impregnate the cut bark with a pungent smell
藉以宣示地盤 that acts as a territorial marker.
母狐猴也會留下自己的氣味記號 Females make smelly marks in their own way.
這只母狐猴除了地盤標記之外 還有別的含意 This one's scent carries another signal as well as the territorial one.
它用氣味告訴公狐猴它要發情了 It tells males that she's coming in to heat.
但是它的交配期 頂多只有二十四小時 But she will only be sexually receptive for 24 hours or less.
所以公狐猴間的氣氛很緊張 So tensions run high among the males.
幾只公狐猴 在一陣混亂中悄悄溜走 Amid the commotion, some males sneak off.
它們對著母狐猴揮舞 They have anointed their tails
沾滿氣味的尾巴 with scent and waft it towards her
想說服它交配 in an attempt to persuade her to mate.
母狐猴是準備好了 She's ready...
但是挑剔得很 but fussy.
這只公狐猴在尾巴上 多抹了些腕部腺體分泌的香水 This male adds more of his wrist gland perfume to his tail.
這招似乎很有效 因為它們一起離開了 It seems to work, for they leave the party together.
這只公狐猴 憑著誘人的尾巴得到勝利 And he wafts his way to victory.
交配意愿 算是相當直接了當的訊息 A willingness to mate is a relatively straightforward message.
但是靈長類 還能進行更復雜的溝通 But primates are capable of much more complex communication.
故事要從一對母女開始說起 It starts between a mother and her baby.
這里是蘇門答臘的雨林 The rainforests of Sumatra.
這只母紅毛猩猩四十二歲了 This female orang-utan is forty-two years old.
它的第三胎，六歲的女兒 Her third child, a six year old daughter,
還跟在它身邊 is still with her.
紅毛猩猩照顧下一代的時間 Orangs look after their children for longer than any other primate...
在靈長類中僅次于人類 except ourselves.
它要花九年時間傳授下一代 It will take her nine years to teach her youngster
一切有關 這個復雜樹梢世界的知識 everything she needs to know about this complex tree-top world.
小紅毛猩猩要學習 如何捉螞蟻和白蟻 She must learn how to collect ants and termites.
如何辨識至少兩百種 可以吃的植物 How to identify at least 200 kinds of edible plants...
及避免誤食有毒植物 and how to avoid the poisonous ones.
如何辨別如這顆榴蓮等的果實 熟得恰到好處可以吃了 And how to judge when fruit, like this durian, has ripened to perfection.
它的女兒得學會如何判斷 哪些樹枝可以承受自己的體重 Her child must be able to judge which branches can carry her weight.
哪些昆蟲的巢穴可以安全覓食 And which insect nests are safe to raid.
完整傳授雨林覓食指南 是很冗長的過程 Building up a complete guide to the foods of the forest is a long process.
小紅毛猩猩的課程 當然不局限于食物 Her lessons, of course, aren't limited to food.
想在樹梢生存 There are other crucial skills she must learn
還得學習別的重要技巧 if she is to survive in the tree tops.
比方說搭建一個 可以安穩過夜的巢 Building a secure nest in which to spend the night,
得練習好幾年才能抓到竅門 for example, takes years of practice.
還有這里畢竟是雨林 And this is, of course, a rainforest.
所以所有的紅毛猩猩 從小就要學著如何搭建檔雨棚 So all orangs must learn how to make a shelter early in their lives.
這里幾乎天天下雨 It rains almost every day,
所以這只六歲的小紅毛猩猩 已經是老經驗了 so this six year old has already had plenty of practice.
它的壽命可能長達五十年 She might live to be fifty years old
有朝一日當了媽媽 and if she too becomes a mother,
也要把這身絕活傳給自己的小孩 she'll pass on all this expertise to her own children.
熟記學到的知識 是靈長類生活中很重要的一部分 Remembering your lessons is a vital part of primate life.
光是學會如何利用環境還不夠 It's not just learning how to exploit your environment.
學會何時這么做也一樣重要 Just as important is knowing when to do so.
非洲的開普半島 This is Africa's Cape peninsula.
是猴子分布范圍的最南端 It's the furthest south that monkeys have managed to settle.
這里有許多可以吃的植物 There's a wide range of plant food here,
但是土壤缺乏養分 but because the soil is so poor in nutrients,
所以熊狒狒發現 不管它們吃了多少食物 Chacma baboons find it difficult to get the range of sustenance they need,
都很難滿是對營養的需求 however much they eat.
所以它們要填飽肚子 得發揮冒險精神 So they have had to become quite adventurous in what they will tackle.
開普半島的海域相當富饒 The waters around the Cape are among the richest in the world.
機靈的狒狒成了潮汐專家 And the wily baboons have become tidal experts.
靠潮水覓食 If you rely on the tides to expose your food,
必須遵守嚴格的時間表 you have to work to fairly tight schedules.
在大潮期的最低潮間 Every two weeks, on the lowest spring tide,
每隔兩周熊狒狒可以 撿到很特別的食物 there's a chance to collect something really special.
它們要找的東西 藏在糾結的海草間 What they've been waiting for is hidden among the fronds of seaweed.
鯊魚卵 Shark eggs.
雖然每一回都只夠塞牙縫 Each one is only a tiny mouthful,
但是鯊魚卵很多又很營養 but there are lots of them and they're so nutritious
所以麻煩點是值得的 it's worth the trouble.
但是狒狒不能待太久 因為潮水開始轉向 But the baboons can't stay long... the tide is turning.
于是它們把注意力 轉向今天的主菜，淡菜 So now they switch their attention to the main course of the day... mussels.
這道美食每天 都會隨著潮水送上門來 This delicacy is exposed every day, by every tide.
狒狒有強力的雙顎和巨大的犬齒 Baboons have powerful jaws and huge canines...
可以輕易地咬碎貝殼 ideal for cracking shells.
如果想在海邊 Timing is an essential skill
取得依時出現的所有食物 if you are to harvest all the food
那么時機的掌握就變得格外重要 that becomes available at one time or another around a coast.
不過有些食物是雙手靈巧 Some foods, however, are only available
腦筋靈活者的專利 to those who have skilful hands and sharp intelligence.
在哥斯大黎加海邊的紅樹林里 On the coast of Costa Rica, among the mangroves,
住著某些全美洲 live some of the most intelligent monkeys
最聰明的猴子 in the whole of the Americas.
白喉卷尾猴 White-faced capuchins.
它們也學會了如何利用潮水 They too have learnt to work the tides.
白喉卷尾猴的目標是蚌 They are after clams.
但卷尾猴的體型嬌小 But capuchins are quite small
沒有力氣撬開蚌殼 and don't have the brawn to open such shellfish.
還好腦力可以弧補體力的不是 But they do have the brain,
它們發明了一種解決問題的妙招 and they've devised an ingenious way to solve the problem.
那就是把蚌殼敲開 They hammer the clams.
它們并不是想把蚌殼敲碎 They are not trying to crack the shells,
這種敲滾的動作有另一種功用 all this pounding and rolling has another purpose,
讓蚌用來緊閉蚌殼的肌肉疲乏 to tire the muscle with which the clam is holding itself shut.
蚌終于再也撐不住了 Eventually the clam can hold out no longer,
卷尾猴的辛苦有了回報 and the capuchin gets its reward.
嘗試錯誤 Trial and error
也許是以解決這個問題 may have been sufficient to solve this particular problem.
但是它們在巴西的表親 比它們更進一步 But one of their cousins in Brazil has taken things a step further.
褐卷尾猴 Brown-tufted capuchins
結合了靈巧的身手和高智商 combine manual dexterity with considerable intelligence.
它們學會了使用工具 And they have learned to use tools,
用石頭當槌子敲開堅果 hammer stones with which to open palm nuts.
有些石頭幾乎有它們的一半重 Some of the stones are nearly half the weight of the monkey.
如果不用工具打開這些堅果 幾乎是不可能的任務 Without a tool, opening these nuts would be an impossible task.
使用工具是靈長類 演化的重大突破 Tool-using was a major breakthrough in primate evolution.
這一點在西非幾內亞 And nowhere is it more convincingly displayed
波蘇的森林里最明顯 than here in the forest of Bossou in Guinea, West Africa.
這一群黑猩猩只有十三只 Chimpanzees in this small community of thirteen individuals
它們會使用各種不同的工具 use tools in a variety of ways.
最讓人佩服的是它們用樹枝或葉柄 撈螞蟻的手法 The most delicate is the way they use a twig or leaf stem to dip for ants.
有些技巧是這群黑猩猩的專利 Some of their skills are unique to this particular group.
其中一種是剝開棕櫚葉 One of these involves stripping a palm leaf frond
再用它來搗碎營養豐富的棕櫚心 and using it like a pestle to mash up the nutritious palm heart.
這只四歲大的黑猩猩學得很快 這也是沒辦法的事 This four-year old is learning fast. She needs to.
如果到了八歲還沒學會某些技巧 If chimpanzees haven't learned particular skills by the age of 8,
就永遠學不會了 they never seem able to acquire them.
最令人贊嘆的是敲堅果 這種技巧結合了靈巧的手指 The most impressive skill of all, which involves nimble fingers,
手眼協調和智力 hand-eye coordination and intelligence, is nut cracking.
黑猩猩的層次 比卷尾猴又高了一級 Chimpanzees have gone a stage further than capuchins.
它們學會如何把堅果放在砧石上 They have learned how to carefully position the nut on an anvil
并精確掌握力道敲破果殼 and to judge how much force to use
但不會敲碎果仁 in order to crack the shell but not smash the kernel to pieces.
它們使用工具 兼顧了效率和精準 Their use of tools is both efficient and precise.
這只十一歲的母猩猩有砧石 但是找不到槌子 This eleven year old female has an anvil, but can't find a hammer.
它湊近一只公猩猩 看能不能借到槌子 She approaches a male to see if he will lend her his.
公猩猩慷慨地答應了 He obliges.
黑猩猩會展現驚人的和藹 和同情心 Chimpanzees can show great kindness and compassion.
分享 Sharing.
嘗試 Experimenting.
移情 Empathy.
計劃 Planning.
智力 Intelligence.
傳授 Teaching,
與學習 and learning.
這些行為是我們這些 高等靈長類的特質 Behaviour so characteristic of us higher primates.
我們是最有創造力 和創意的靈長類 We are the most inventive and innovative of all primates.
我們只是一個 開枝散葉大家族的一個分支 Just one branch of a large and extended family.
這個家族 A family which has refined the ability
精進了發展及傳授 to develop and pass on individual learning
個人知識的能力 to the next generation.
一個奠基于母子親情的家族 A family which is built on strong bonds between mother and baby.
一個和我們有眾多共同點的家族 A family with which we share so much.
要呈現靈長類動物行為 最好的拍攝效果 To film the very best primate behaviour,
‘生命脈動’制作團隊也必須善用 身為靈長類動物的靈巧和適應力 the Life team had to use all their primate ingenuity and adaptability.
過程中他們發現 人類和近親動物之間 And in doing so, they discovered an extraordinary affinity
有特殊的相似之處 with our extended family.
尤其是和人類 Especially with a great ape
有百分之九十九相同基因 with who we share almost 99% of our genes,
屬于類人猿的黑猩猩 the Chimpanzee.
它睡得好熟 He was completely asleep just then,
剛才還翻身 好像要從樹上掉下來一樣 so you just, just rocking to the side as if he might just fall off
你可以看到它嘴唇抽動 好像睡得很沉在作夢 the branch, you could see his lips were twitching like he was in a deep dream,
真的很平靜的畫面 that was really beautiful.
黑猩猩是與我們最相近的動物 Chimpanzees are our closest relatives.
賈絲汀艾凡斯花了一個月的時間 Justine Evans spent almost a month with them in the forest of Guinea
在幾內亞的森林里和它們相處 她要拍攝黑猩猩使用工具的畫面 to film their use of tools.
黑猩猩到那里就不見了 The chimps have disappeared off down there,
它們會到另一片森林去 they're gonna cross over into another area of forest
希望會使用一些工具 and hopefully start using some tools.
快去用工具吧 那就是我們來的目的 Go and use tools, that's what we're here for.
黑猩猩必須先接受你 Chimpanzees have to accept you.
如果它們不想被拍 它們就會消失不見 If they don't want to be filmed, they'll simply disappear.
賈絲汀需要靈長類動物學家 塔天娜洪雷的引導 Justine needed the expert guidance of Tatyana Humle, a primatologist
塔天娜研究這群黑猩猩 who's spent more than ten years
已經十年了 studying these individuals.
看到它們的時候 記得保持鎮靜 So when we see them always keep calm
不要盯著它們的眼睛看 and don't stare straight into the eyes.
你曾經遇過麻煩 Have you ever had problems
碰到它們對你挑釁嗎 with them coming right up being aggressive?
沒有，從來沒有。。。 我是說那真的很少見 No, never, never. I mean it's pretty rare, so...
我完全不知道會是什么情形 因為我從來沒看過野生的黑猩猩 I don't know what to expect cos I've never seen them in the wild before
這是第一次 so it's a first for me.
只要記得保持鎮靜 假如有黑猩猩經過，很靠近你 So just always stay, stay calm and if one of them walks by really close,
假裝沒看到就好 just ignore them.
有一只年輕的公黑猩猩 可能會丟樹枝 One particular young male might throw sticks,
不要理它，它就像小孩子一樣 ignore him as well, it's like he's like a kid
只是要吸引你的注意 and he just wants attention
所以它會一直丟 so he'll just keep doing it.
我們必須戴上口罩 We've got to put these face masks on
以免傳染疾病給它們 in case we pass on any infectious diseases.
以前在其他的研究據點 有幾只黑猩猩死于呼吸道疾病 Quite a few chimps have died in the past from respiratory diseases
所以這是非常重要的 in other study sites, so it's very important.
賈絲汀找到面對黑猩猩的訣竅了 Justine was finding her way with the chimps.
但是還需要時間 But it would take time.
你很難預測它們會有什么行為 It's never easy anticipating their behaviour.
我現在要趕快準備好 I'm trying to get ready really quickly
因為我們認為有些黑猩猩 because we're expecting some chimps
會從我們前面走過來 to come down the path straight ahead of me.
它們要是真的 出現在這塊空地就太棒了 It'd be lovely if they'd merge out into this clearing,
因為這些樹葉檔住不容易看清楚 cos it's really difficult to see through all this foliage.
塔天娜和她的團隊非常重要 Tatyana and her team were invaluable,
他們向賈絲汀說明 黑猩猩不同的習慣和性格 they introduced Justine to the chimps' different habits and characters.
黑猩猩好奇的天性 Soon the natural inquisitiveness of the chimps
很快地打敗了對賈絲汀的顧忌 overcame any worries they might have had of Justine.
事實上它們似乎對賈絲汀 還有她的專業工具感到驚奇 In fact, they seemed fascinated by her, and the tools of her trade.
然而使用工具的黑猩猩 才是賈絲汀來此拍攝的目標 But it was their use of tools that Justine was here to film.
這是她第一次的大好機會 And this was her first good opportunity.
我在拍它們釣螞蟻時 As I filmed them fishing for ants
對它們的靈巧感到驚嘆 I was amazed by their dexterity.
但在這么暗的光線下保持焦距 But holding focus in such low light
真的考驗我攝影技術的極限 really tested my own coordination to the limit.
- 它現在要離開了 - 它要走了 Now she's moving away. She's moving.
今天一整天都很忙 It's been all go today,
還沒結束呢 如果我們可以離開這里 it's not over yet, if we can get out of here into an open,
到比較寬廣的地方去 more open area we'll actually have enough light to film by
就可以有比較多光線拍攝 因為太陽還沒下山 cos the sun's still up,
但是很難講 but I don't know.
雖然賈絲汀主要的目標 是拍攝黑猩猩使用工具的畫面 Although Justine's main goal was to film tool use,
黑猩猩還有一個行為 也是她想捕捉的 there was another piece of behaviour she really wanted to capture.
沒有人在這里拍到過 黑猩猩敲打板根的畫面 Buttress root drumming had never been filmed here before
而賈絲汀總是慢了一步 but she was always just a bit too late.
我們回到另一棵樹下 Back at yet another buttress in the hope that we might
希望能拍到黑猩猩敲打板根 get some sort of buttress drumming,
但是開始下雨了 那就真的不太妙 but it's started raining which is an absolute pain.
這是一個等待的游戲 It's a waiting game.
我們只好盯著幾棵大樹 Just staking out a couple of really big trees
這些大樹都有很大的板根 that have got very large buttress roots
希望公的黑猩猩會下來敲打 in the hope that a male will come down and drum on them.
它們總是在別的地方敲打 The drumming always happens somewhere else,
而且顯然都是公的黑猩猩 好像偷偷跑下來敲的 and apparently, it's usually the males that sort of sneak off to go and do it,
感覺機會不是很大 it feels like a bit of a long shot at the moment.
需要有點耐心 I've have to have some patience.
黑猩猩就像多數的 靈長類動物一樣 The thing about chimps is that, like most primates,
你無法預測它要做什么 you can't always predict what they're going to do,
或是什么時候要做，在哪里 when they're going to do it, or where.
你只能跟上它們的腳步 You've just got to keep with them.
有個不同的聲音把賈絲汀 帶回她原本拍攝的任務 A different type of sound brought Justine back to her main mission.
敲果實的聲音 Nut cracking.
這是賈絲汀來此拍攝的重要題材 This was the key sequence Justine was here to film.
拍攝黑猩猩使用工具 Filming the chimps using tools
讓我了解到我們和它們多相近 made me realise just how close to them we are.
我覺得和它們好像 I felt so similar to them.
拍攝快要結束時 By the end of our filming trip
我已經可以分辨它們每一只了 I was able to recognise most of the individuals in the group
也開始知道它們不同的個性 and had begun to understand their different personalities.
我個人覺得最震撼的一刻 For me, the most poignant moment of all
是有只科學家取名克雷的公猩猩 was when the male the scientist called Clay
把它的工具借給一只母猩猩 lent a female his tools.
我知道靈長類是很社會化的動物 I know that primates are very social animals
但是看到這種慷慨分享的動作 我永遠都不會忘記 but seeing this act of generosity was something that I'll never forget.
就在我們離開之前 黑猩猩終于愿意 Just before we left, the chimpanzees finally put on the display
讓我如愿以償 that I'd been hoping for.
我們和黑猩猩大概在六百萬年前 In the great Tree of Life,
在演化的過程中走上不同的道路 we and chimpanzees went our separate ways about six million years ago,
但是它們仍是現存 與我們最相近的動物 but they remain our closest living relatives.