Hello everyone my name is Yuan Dan 大家好 我叫袁丹
I am an associate professor working in 我是一名副教授
College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering 在苏州大学
and Materials Science in Soochow University 材料与化学化工学部任职
The course I teach is Organic Chemistry 我教授有机化学课程
Organic Compounds are the compounds 含有碳原子的化合物
that contain the elements of carbon and 被称作有机化合物
organic chemistry is the study of 有机化学就是
organic compounds 对有机化合物进行研究的学科
Organic molecules constitute 有机分子构建
the chemical bricks of life Fats sugars proteins 生命的基础 油脂、糖类、蛋白质
and nucleic acids are compounds 以及核苷酸都是有机化合物
in which the principal element is carbon 它们的主要元素都是碳
Countless matters that we take for granted 太多的例子可以说明
in everyday life contain organic compounds 我们日常用品都含有有机化合物
toothpaste food soap painting 牙膏、食物、肥皂、油漆等
and many other matters we use everyday 及我们每日使用的其他物质
contain organic compounds 都含有有机化合物
A large portion of drugs also contain compounds 绝大多数的的药物也包含有机物成分
So organic chemistry is closely related to 因此 有机化学与人类的
a range of everyday life 日常生活息息相关
a wide range of matters 与其它的科学的关联也很大
and a wide range of other sciences 与其它的科学的关联也很大
Learning organic chemistry is not only 学习有机化学不仅对
for students who are majored in chemistry 化学专业的学生很重要
but also for those students 也对那些学习
who also study medicine biology nanotechnology 医学 生物 纳米
chemical biology drugs and material science 生物化学 药物 材料专业的学生很重要
Since organic chemistry is an important 由于有机化学是
division of chemistry 化学领域的一大重要分支
the department of chemistry 化学领域的一大重要分支
puts a lot of efforts in improving 化学学院对有机化学的教学很重视
the teaching of organic chemistry and emphasizes a lot 化学学院对有机化学的教学很重视
on teaching of organic chemistry. 并且努力提高教学水平
Currently there is a team of around 15 teachers 现有的有机化学教学团队有近15位老师
teaching organic chemistry to students of 他们教不同专业背景的学生
different levels and backgrounds 他们教不同专业背景的学生
For example they teach students who study 例如 他们给那些学习
chemical science sorry chemical engineering 化工
applied chemistry material science and medicine 化学 材料和医学的学生上课
Some of those teachers are very experienced 其中一些老师很有教学经验
they won teaching awards from different levels 曾获得不同等级的教学竞赛奖
of teaching competitions 曾获得不同等级的教学竞赛奖
I received my undergraduate education in 我在苏州大学接受本科教育
Soochow University 我在苏州大学接受本科教育
and obtained my bachelor degree in 2007 于2007年获得学士学位
So I am pretty familiar with the teaching style 因此 我特别熟悉苏州大学的教学模式
in Soochow University 因此 我特别熟悉苏州大学的教学模式
I then went to Singapore to pursue 之后我去了新加坡
my postgraduate study 进行研究生阶段的学习
and obtained my Ph.D degree in 2012 from 2012年 我从新加坡国立大学
National University of Singapore 获得博士学位
My research focuses on Organic Chemistry 我的研究领域是有机化学
So During my study overseas 在海外留学期间
I attended classes in chemistry taught in English 我用英文上有机化学课
I carry out research in organic chemistry 对有机化学进行了研究
and I have gained a solid knowledge 在有机化学方面打下了扎实的基础
of organic chemistry 在有机化学方面打下了扎实的基础
Overall I have studied and worked 总之 我总共在新加坡学习并且工作了五年
for 5 years in Singapore 我总共在新加坡学习并且工作了五年
and improved my English a lot during that time 在此期间我的英语水平得到了很大的提高
I am able to speak fluent English 我能够用英语流利地
to communicate with foreigners 与外国人交谈
and to deliver scientific reports in English 用英文作学术报告
In addition I also know how to interact with foreigners 另外我还学会了如何与不同文化背景的人交流
with different cultural background 对我来说不难
which is very important in my opinion 在我看来
to teach foreign students 而这是教授外国学生的非常重要的一点
Moreover I used to work as a teaching assistant 除此以外 我读书期间当过二年的助教
for two years and taught both 我读书期间当过二年的助教
theoretical and practical courses 以及给研究生上过理论和实践课
to undergraduate students 给研究生上过理论和实践课
thus before I started teaching in university 所以我在教这门课程之前
I gained already some experience in teaching 已经有了一定的教学经验
I joined Soochow University in 2013 我于2013年加入苏州大学
and started to teach the course of Organic Chemistry 从2013年9月开始给外国学生
to foreign students in September 2013 教授有机化学课程
Before I started teaching 在我进行教学工作之前
I learnt from those experienced teachers by 曾经旁听其他老师的课
attending their class 向教学经验丰富的老师学习
especially from those who are very experienced in teaching organic chemistry in English 特别是那些用英语教授有机化学的老师
The course of organic chemistry is a 这个课程是一个学期的课程
one-semester course conducted in autumn semesters 每年秋季学期开课
and I teach four weeks 我教四周
sorry I teach four hours a week 每周学时为四个小时
I have taught two rounds and in total 230 目前我已经教了两轮该课程总共230名
foreign students 外国学生
In addition to this course 我也用英语给
I also teach theoretical courses to 我也用英语给
undergraduate student who study chemistry in English 化学专业的学生上实验课
The students I teach in the 我教授有机化学课的学生
course of Organic Chemistry 有机化学这门课的学生
come from many countries all over the world 有机化学这门课的学生
they study medicine in Soochow University 都是来苏州大学学医的
They come from US India Saudi Arabia 他们有来自美国 印度 沙特阿拉伯
Malaysia Thailand etc 马来西亚 泰国等等
This course is a theoretical course 这门课是理论课
It is compulsory to every student who studies medicine 对于每个学医的学生来说它是门必修课
and is an important part of their curriculum 在他们的学业中占有十分重要的地位
With the knowledge in chemistry 对化学知识的掌握
they will understand better how 将帮助他们理解
organic compounds work in living systems 有机物在生命体中是如何起作用的
The knowledge in Organic Chemistry also 这些有机化学知识也为
lays a foundation for following courses 以后的课程打下了基础
such as biochemistry 比如说生物化学
The text book we use is 我们使用的教材叫作
Organic Chemistry for Students of Medicine and Biology 医学和生物专业有机
As the name suggests 正如书名所描述的那样
it is compiled for students who study medicine and biology 它是专门为医学和生物专业的学生编写的
To meet this purpose 为了达到这个效果
examples and essays related to medicine and biology 教材里面有很多关于医学和生物的例子和短文
are provided throughout this textbook 贯彻于整本书
For example in the chapter of halohydrocarbons 例如 在卤代烃一章中
the well-known insecticide DDT is given 举了一个比较著名的杀虫剂DDT的例子
In the chapter of aldehydes and ketones 在醛酮一章中
an essay talking about 有一篇有关于生物学的
biological nucleophilic reactions 亲核加成反应的短文
are provided for the students to do extended reading 作为同学们拓展阅读的材料
The primary organization of this textbook is by functional groups 这本教材的组织方式是
beginning with the simple progressing to the more complex 以官能团划分的 由简单逐渐过渡到复杂
Functional groups are specific bonds and atoms 官能团 是决定有机化合物的
within molecules that are responsible for the 典型化学反应的原子或原子团
characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules 典型化学反应的原子或原子团
The same functional group will undergo 带有相同官能团的化合物
the same or similar chemical reactions 发生相同或相似的化学反应
regardless of the size of the molecule 与该官能团所在分子的尺寸无关
it is a part of 这是一个个部分
In a word compounds carrying the same 总之带有相同的官能团的化合物
functional groups have similar structures and 具有相似的结构和
also show similar physical and chemical properties 相似的物理以及化学性质
In nearly all organic textbooks I surveyed 在几乎所有我查阅的教材
the organization based on functional groups is adopted 都采用以官能团为基础的组织方式
it is also the most logical way 这也是用于归纳如此大量的有机化合物的
to group such a huge amount of organic compounds 最符合逻辑的方法
This course starts from a brief introduction 本课程从简单介绍引言开始
to organic chemistry 本课程从简单介绍引言开始
including what organic compounds are 包括什么是有机化合物
they bond types of organic compounds 有机化合物中的成键方式
acid base theory classification and 酸碱理论
reaction types of organic compounds and 有机化合物的分类以及反应类型
attractions between molecules 分子间的相互作用
It provides the most basic 引言这一章提供了有机化学中
yet important concepts of organic chemistry 最为基础但是也最重要的概念
Some contents such as bonding and attractions 有一些内容 列如成键理论和分子间的相互作用
have also been covered in precedent courses 在之前的课程中已经介绍了
such as Inorganic Chemistry 例如 无机化学
so when teaching this chapter it is important 因此 在教授这部分内容时
to remind the students to compare with 应当引导学生对已有的知识进行比较
what they have learnt and to look for similarities and 以找到有机物和无机物之间的
differences between organic and inorganic compounds 异同点
By doing so students will get a clear picture 通过这些 学生们将会对化合物中的
in their mind on these two families 也就对这两类有更清晰的概念
of chemical compounds 也就对这两类有更清晰的概念
From chapter 2 onwards 从第二章开始
each chapter is on one group of organic compounds 每一章节都是关于
bearing the same type of functional group 具有某一类型官能团的有机化合物
The organization of each chapter is similar 每一章节的结构都是类似的
structures of title compounds are introduced first 首先介绍有机化合物的结构
followed by nomenclatures physical 随后是命名及化合物的物理
and chemical properties 化学性质
It is important for students to learn and understand 对于学生来说 学习和理解
the structures of organic compound first 有机化合物的结构是很重要的
as physical and chemical properties of organic compounds 因为它们的物理和化学性质
are mainly decided by their structures 主要是由化合物的结构决定的
Understanding structures provides 理解结构是
basis for understanding of organic sorry 是理解有机
understanding structures provides basis for understanding 理解结构是
physical and chemical properties 理解物理化学性质的基础
Nomenclatures of organic compounds involve mainly 理解物理化学性质的基础
two parts common and IUPAC nomenclatures 有机化合物的命名法包括 通用法和IUPAC命名法
IUPAC stands for the International Union of 这里 IUPAC代表的是
Pure and Applied Chemistry here 国际纯粹和应用化学联合会
So for certain compounds 也就是说
probably two types of names will be given 对于某些化合物可能有两种命名方法
In addition to structures and nomenclature 除了化合物结构和命名
physical and chemical properties 我们还会介绍具有某类官能团的
will also be introduced to compounds 有机化合的物理和化学性质
bearing different functional groups 有机化合的物理和化学性质
in the section of chemical properties 在化学性质方面
the typical characteristic reactions that occur to one group 我们会讲解具有某类官能团的
of compounds will be introduced 化合物发生的经典的反应
in addition the mechanisms for those reactions 此外 这类反应的反应机理
will also be introduced 也同样被介绍
A reaction mechanism is the step by step 反应机理是
sequence of elementary reactions by which 一步接着一步导致
overall chemical change occurs 化学变化的基元反应
It provides explanation on 它解释的是
why should these products form 化合物如何形成
and why should they form in certain ratios 和为什么它们按一定比例形成的
Thus the understanding of mechanisms 因此 理解机理是理解化学反应的关键
is the key point in understanding reactions 理解机理是理解化学反应的关键
The second to fourth chapters are on hydrocarbons 第二到第四章是关于烃类
which are organic compounds 烃类化合物是只包含碳氢两种原子的有机化合物
that contain atoms of carbon and hydrogen only 烃类是只包含碳氢两种原子的有机化合物
Alkanes and hydroalkanes are introduced 在第二章中介绍了烷烃和环烷烃
in the second chapter 在第二章中介绍了烷烃和环烷烃
Alkanes and cycloalkanes contain only 烷烃和环状烷烃只含有
carbon-carbon single bonds 碳碳单键的有机化合物
Although alkanes are the simplest organic compounds 尽管烷烃是最简单的有机化合物
in this champter students will learn 但是学生在这一章节中
a number of new concepts for the first time 将会第一次学习一些新的概念
for example nomenclature how to 比如怎样对一个有机化合物
name a compound mechanism of reactions 进行系统命名 反应机理
isomerism including skeletal and constitutional isomerism 异构包括骨架异构和构象异构
so on and so farth Those important concepts appear again 这些重要的概念在后面的章节中
in the following chapters 会再次出现
After learning this chapter 学习完第二章之后
students need to know the hybridization of 学生要知道碳原子的杂化态
carbon atoms the geometry of alkanes 烷烃的立体结构
skeletal and constitutional isomers of alkanes 烷烃的构造和构象异构
common and IUPAC nomenclatures of alkanes 烷烃的普通命名和IUPAC命名方法
and physical and chemical properties of alkanes 以及烷烃的物理和化学性质
The mechanism of the substitution reactions 烷烃发生的取代反应机理是
that occur to alkanes is radical mechanism 自由基的应机理
This is the first time students learn 这是学生第一次
this type of mechanismand they need to know how to draw this type of mechanism 了解这种类型的机理 他们也必须掌握怎样去画这种类型的机理图
The second part of chapter 2 is on cycloalkanes 第二章的第二部分是关于环状烷烃的内容
Both nomenclatures and stabilities structure of cycloalkanes are different from acyclic alkanes 环烷烃的命名和稳定性都与链状烷烃的不同
Cis-trans isomers are introduced 顺反异构的概念也被提出
which will appear again in the following chapter 同样也会在以后章节中出现
Conformational isomerism of cyclohexanes 环己烷的构象
is the key component of this chapter 是这一章的重要组成部分
and students usually find this part pretty challenging 学生往往会发现这一部分会非常难学
So to help them overcome these problems 所以 为了帮助他们克服困难
I usually make use of different forms of 我利用环己烷的不同模型
cyclohexane such as ball and stick models Sawhorse form 比如 球棍模型 Sawhorse模型
and Newman projection forms 纽曼投影模型
after finishing this chapter students need to know 在学完这一章之后 学生需要学会
how to draw a chair conformations of 怎样画环己烷的椅式构象
cyclohexane and how to find out 以及怎样找出哪种构象更稳定
which conformation is more stable. 以及怎样找出哪种构象更稳定
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons 对于含有双键或三键的烯烃和炔烃
that contain either double- or triple- bonds 这类不饱和的碳氢化合物
and are introduced in the third chapter 将出现在第三章中被介绍
The structures of unsaturated bonds 在第三章中首先讲到的是
are introduced first in the third chapter 不饱和键的结构
which are substantially different 这类不饱和键从本质上不同于饱和键
from saturated bonds 这类不饱和键从本质上不同于饱和键
Typical reactions that occur to alkene and alkynes included electrophilic addition reactions 烯烃和炔烃会发生一些典型的反应 包括亲电加成反应
and those reactions usually take place 这些反应通常发生在不饱和键处
at the unsaturated bonds 这些反应通常发生在不饱和键处
Alkenes and alkynes will also be oxidized 烯烃和炔烃也会被氧化
or reduced in the presence of suitable reagents those reactions again occur to 在合适的试剂存在下被还原 这些反应仍然发生
where unsaturated bonds are 在不饱和键 处
That is to say unsaturated bonds either double bonds or 也就是说 不饱和键双键或
triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes 三键是烯烃和炔烃的
are their functional groups Besides 官能团 此外
students should also pay close attention to 学生还应关注顺反异构烯烃在3章
cis-trans isomerism in alkenes in chapter 3 学生还应关注顺反异构烯烃在3章
The fourth chapter is on aromatic compounds 第四章是关于芳香族化合物的介绍
which focuses on their unique structures and 芳香化合物与脂肪烃不同
properties different from aliphatic hydrocarbons 它们具有独特的结构和性质
They are stable molecules mainly due to the fact 他们是稳定的分子 主要是由于
that extensive delocalization of π electrons 六元环中存在π电子的离域
in the sixmembered ring and they generally 六元环中存在π电子的离域
tend to undergo substitution reaction 他们一般倾向于发生取代反应
instead of addition or reduction reactions 而不是加成或还原反应
in order to preserve the delocalized π system 为了保留共轭的体统
This special property is defined as aromaticity 这种特殊的性质定义为芳香性
Students usually find this point 学生通常会发现这一点很难理解
difficult to understand which required more 这需要更多的解释和阐述
explanation and elaboration 这需要更多的解释和阐述
Electrophilic substitutions reactions are the 亲电取代反应是芳香族化合物发生的典型反应
characteristic reactions that occur to aromatic 亲电取代反应是芳香族化合物的典型反应
and are the main focus of this chapter 是本章关注的重点
Both naturally occurring and synthetic 天然的和合成的
aromatic compounds are important compounds 芳香族化合物是一类具有广泛用途的化合物
and can be used as food preservatives 可以作为食品防腐剂
gasoline components detergents 汽油组分 清洁剂
pain relievers and other medications. 止痛药和其他药物
The concept of enantiomerism is introduced 对映异构的概念的引入
in the fifth chapter 是在第五章
Compounds that compose living systems 构成生命体的化合物普遍具有手性
are universally chiral 构成生命体的化合物普遍具有手性
More than half drugs are chiral drugs 超过一半的药物是手性药物
A pair of enantiomers may exert completely 一对对映异构体可能具有
different chemical functions or biological actions 完全不同的生物作用
One specific enantiomer may be useful drugs 一个特定的异构体可能是有用的药物
and the other enantiomer may be completely 其他的异构体可能是无用的
useless or even toxic or of some other use 甚至是有毒的或有一些其他的应用
For example fluoxetine is an 例如 氟西汀是一种
extraordinarily useful antidepressant 非常有用的抗抑郁药
while the pure S enantiomer works 另外一种S构型的异构体则在
remarkably well in preventing migraine 预防偏头痛方面的作用非常好
Thus it is very important for medicine students to understand the concept of enantiomerism 因此 医学学生理解对映异构的概念是非常重要的
The main focus of chapter 5 本章的重点是
thus to learn how to determine 学习如何判断
whether compounds are chiral or not 化合物是否具有手性
and how to determine the absolute configuration 以及如何确定绝对构型
From chapter 6 onwards organic compounds 从六章起 我们介绍具有杂原子的有机化合物
carrying heteroatoms are introduced 具有杂原子的有机化合物
Heteroatoms include halogen 有机化合物中的杂原子包括卤素
oxygen and nitrogen atoms 氧 氮原子
Halohydrocarbons are covered in chapter 6 第6章介绍的是卤代烃
which carrying halogen in their compounds 即含有卤素的有机化合物
Alcohols phenols ethers aldehydes ketones 醇 酚 醚 醛 酮
and carboxylic acids are compounds 和羧酸是含有氧原子的化合物
containing oxygen atoms and are covered 分别在第七，八和九章中介绍
in chapters 7 8 and 9 respectively 分别在第七，八和九章中介绍
Amines as one group of compounds 胺作为一种含氮原子的化合物
carry nitrogen atoms are also introduced 也将在这些章节中介绍
in those chapters 也将在这些章节中介绍
Besides nomenclatures and physical properties 除了命名和物理性质
structures and chemical properties are the main focus 结构和化学性质是重点
Students need to know the typical 学生需要知道不同的官能团的典型反应
reactions that occur to different functional groups 不同的官能团的典型反应
as well as corresponding mechanisms 以及相应的机理
Halohydrocarbons turn to undergo 卤代烃易发生亲核取代反应
nucleophilic substitution reactions 卤代烃易发生亲核取代反应
which are determined by their structures 这是由其结构决定的
Two classic mechanisms which are 两个经典的机理
SN1 and SN2 mechanisms SN1和SN2机理
will be discussed and compared in detail 将进行详细讨论和分析
Although both alcohols and phenols 虽然醇和酚羟基
bear hydroxylgroups 都有羟基基团
their physical and chemical properties 它们的物理和化学性质
are quite different 有很大的不同
The difference arises from the structural difference 这种差异来自于结构上的差异
as in phenols hydroxyl groups 如酚羟基直接连接在苯环上
are attached directly to phenyl rings 如酚羟基直接连接到苯环
Nucleophilic addition reactions are typical reactions 亲核加成反应是典型的
that occur to aldehydes and ketones 发生在醛和酮上的反应
which are different from addition reaction 这与发生在碳碳双键上的加成反应不同
that happen to carbon carbon double bonds 这与发生在碳碳双键上的加成反应不同
The reason lies in the polarized carbon oxygen double bonds 原因在于酮和醛中的碳氧双键发生极化
in ketones and aldehydes 酮和醛中的碳氧双键发生极化
due to the presence of 由于吸电子的氧原子的存在
electron withdrawing oxygen atoms 由于吸电子的氧原子的存在
In carboxylic acids hydroxyl groups are attached 在羧酸化合物中
directly to carbonyl groups 羟基直接连接在羰基上
Thus they show different properties from alcohols 因此它们和醇有不同的性质
Amines are basic due to the presence of 胺是具有碱性
the lone electron pairs on nitrogen atoms 由于氮原子的孤电子对的存在
reactions occur to amines such as 胺的反应
alkylation reactions are also a result of 例如烷基化反应也是
the lone electron pairs on nitrogen atoms 由于氮原子的孤电子对的存在
All these functional groups in the course of organic chemistry are building blocks 所有这些官能团是生命体中构建生物分子的基石
for biomolecules that occur in living organisms 生命体中构建生物分子的基石
For instance amino acids are carboxylic acids 如 氨基酸 含氨基羧酸
bearing an amino group 含氨基羧酸
Carbohydrates such as sugars 碳水化合物 如糖
are compounds bearing poly hydroxyl groups 含 聚羟基的化合物
Fats and oils are lipids which carry ester groups 油脂 是带有酯基的物质
Thus based on the knowledge on compounds 因此 在了解单个官能团的基础上
bearing individual functional groups 在了解单个官能团的基础上
students find the understanding of carbohydrates 学生能更好地了解 碳水化合物
lipid amino acids peptides proteins 氨基酸 肽 蛋白质和核酸等物质
and nucleic acids much easier 氨基酸 肽 蛋白质和核酸
During teaching I also pay attention to 在教学中 我也注意
relate the functional groups in small molecule with those biomolecules 将一些小分子与生物分子联系起来
carrying the same functional groups 它们有相同的官能团
their chemical reactivities are smiliar to some extent 能在某种程度上进行相似的化学反应
Teaching is an interactive process and 教学是个互动的过程
collecting feedbacks from students is important 从学生那里收集反馈是很重要的
I realize that those foreign students 我发现那些外国留学生
come with different backgrounds in chemistry 有不同的化学背景
Some of them received very good education 他们中的一些人从自己的国家
in chemistry from their own country 受到了很好的化学教育
while some are not as good 也有些不好的
So during teaching I have to change my 所以 在教学中 我要改变
teaching strategies to balance this situation 我的教学策略来平衡这种情况
I pay special attention to those students 我特别关注这些学习进度相对慢的学生
who are relatively slow Moreover 学习进度相对慢的学生
I encourage students to come 另外 我鼓励学生在课余时间
and discuss with me during the break of classes 来跟我讨论
either on specific problems or general problems 无论是特定的问题或者关于学习方面的一般性问题
by doing so I can collect feedbacks 这样我就可以收集他们的学习反馈
from them on learning 这样我就可以收集他们的学习反馈
assignments are another important way 作业是收集反馈的另一重要途径
to collect feedbacks from students 作业是收集反馈的另一重要途径
by reviewing and marking their assignments 通过检查和批改他们的作业
I get to know what are difficult 我知道了什么对他们来说
and challenging for them 是是困难的和具有挑战性的
More explanations on those difficult points 那些难点将被更多的解释
will be given when I elaborate on 也就给那些难点更多的解释
how to solve the problems in assignments 在我讲评作业的时候
According to the feedbacks 据我从外国留学生那里得到的反馈
I obtained from the foreign students 据我从外国留学生那里得到的反馈
they found the knowledge 他们发现
they learn from organic chemistry 从有机化学课学到的知识
are pretty useful to their study 对他们的学习很有用
not only in medicine but also to 无论是医学 还是
some other subjects such as 其他的一些课程 比如
biochemistry and related courses 生物化学及相关的课程
one student said she is inspired by me 一个学生说 她受到了我的激励
and would like to go for graduate study 想完成本科学习后去读研究生
after she finishes undergraduate study 想完成本科学习后去读研究生
I am pretty happy to hear that 我听了很高兴
It seems that my efforts are paid back 看来 我的努力有回报