Gooday class! 大家好!
In this lecture we will introduce literariness 今天的讲座将介绍文学性
Good literary works can always involve us emotionally 好的文学作品总能在情感上使我们投入
and inspire us spiritually 在精神上启发我们
What makes a piece of writing different？ 是什么使一篇文章与众不同？
What gives it a power to enchant us? 是什么赋予它一种力量来蛊惑我们？
If one of your roommates was missing 如果你的一个室友失踪了
you are going to report to the police 你要向警方报案
how would you write a missing report? 你会怎么写失踪报告？
You will probably describe his appearances 你可能会描述他的外貌
the clothes he/she wears and his/her height 他/她穿的衣服和他/她的身高
typical features and so on 典型的特征等等
Now next let’s look at the poem written by English poet Barry Cole 下面我们看看英国诗人巴里.科尔的这首诗
The situation he describes is that 他所描述的情况是
a man goes to a police station to report his lover is missing 一个男人去警察局报案说他的情人失踪了
and the policeman asks him for a description of her 警察要求他对她进行描述
Let’s read the poem 让我们阅读这首诗
Can you give me a precise description? 你能给我一个准确的描述吗？
Said the policeman 警察说
Her lips, I told him. Were soft 我告诉他 她的嘴唇很柔软
Could you give me, he said, pencil Raised, a metaphor? 他拿着铅笔说 你能打个比喻吗？
Soft as an open mouth I said 像张开的嘴唇一样柔软 我说
Were there any noticeable Peculiarities? 有什么让人注意的特点吗？
He asked 他问
Her hair hung Heavily, I said 她的头发重重地垂着，我回答
Any particular Colour? He said 是什么特别的颜色？他问
I told him I could recall Little but its distinctive scent 我告诉他我只记得它那特别的芬芳
What do You mean, he asked, by distinctive? 你说特别的，他问，是什么意思？
It had The smell of woman’s hair, I said 它有女人头发的芬芳，我回答
Where Were you? he asked 你在哪？他问
Closer than I am to Anyone at present, I said 目前我离她比任何人都近，我回答
level With her mouth, level with her eyes 与她的嘴唇 与她的眼睛
Her eyes?He said, what about her eyes? 她的眼睛？他问，她的眼睛怎么了？
There were two,I said, both black 有两只,我回答，都是黑色的
It has been established, 大家都知道
He said, that eyes cannot, outside common Usage, be black 他说，眼睛，除了特别的原因，不可能乌黑
are you implying that Violence was used? 你是在暗示使用了暴力吗？
Only the gentle Hammer blow of her kisses 只有轻啄的亲吻
the scent Of her breath,the … 她气息里的芬芳，她……
Quite, said the policeman 好了，警察站在那儿说
Standing, but I regret that we know of No one answering to that description 我很遗憾地告诉你我们没有发现与你的描述吻合的人
Look at the man’s description: 看看这个男人的描述：
Her lips were soft as an open mouth; 她的嘴唇像张开的嘴一样柔软
her hair hung heavily 她的头发重重地垂下，
with a distinctive smell – the smell of woman’s hair 带着一个独特的气味-女人的头发的气味
her eyes were two and black 她的眼睛是两只黑色的
Can we really find a person by this description? Impossible 我们可以通过这种描述找到一个人吗？ 不可能
So here 所以 在这里
the man’s description is not to provide a practical guide 这个男人的描述不是为找到一个失踪的女人
to find a missing woman 提供实际的指导
Instead, through the description 相反 通过描述
we may find his deep impression to the woman 我们可能会发现他对这个女人有着深刻的印象
and how much he misses his friend 以及他多么想念他的朋友
The woman might have left him 那个女人可能已经离开了他
but the woman’s gentle kisses 但女人的温柔亲吻
the sweet smelling of her hair 她头发甜美的香味
her pair of black eyes were still haunting him 她的一双黑眼睛仍在困扰着他
We may feel that strong desire of the man 这个女人能够回来
for the woman’s coming back 这个女人能够回来
This is what makes the writing a piece of poem 正是这点使这篇写作成为一首诗
So, we may find the difference between Cole’s “Missing Report” 因此, 我们可能会发现科尔的 "失踪报告"
and a real police’s missing report 和真正的警察失踪报告之间的区别
A practical missing report may help us to find a person 一个实际的失踪报告可能会帮助我们找到一个人
but Cole’s “Missing Report” helps to stir up our sympathy 但科尔的 "失踪报告" 激起了我们的同情
Read the following passages 阅读下列段落
and identify which of the texts is from a literary source? 并确定哪个文本是来自于文学？
What helps you to decide? 又是什么让你决定的？
Passage 1: 段落一:
This is a small Edwardian terraced house with limited natural light 这是一所小型的爱德华联体别墅 自然光照有限
Venetian blinds were chosen to cover the windows 百叶窗用来遮盖窗户
They screen the street scene during the day 白天遮蔽街景
and add to the impression of space given by the light walls and modern furniture 淡颜色的墙面和现代家具增加了房间的空间感
Curtains in deep coral would have looked heavy 深珊瑚色的窗帘虽然看起来很沉重
but the sunshine that streams through the blinds 但透过百叶窗的阳光
but the sunshinkeeps the overall effect light 能使房间保持明快的整体效果
Let’s come to Passage 2: 我们再来读段落二：
The windows were ajar 这些落地式窗户半开着
and gleaming white against the fresh grass outside 映着外面的几乎快要延伸到房子里来的油油嫩草
that seemed to grow a little way into the house 窗户上的玻璃发出闪闪的白光
A breeze blew through the room 一阵微风吹过房间
blew curtains in at one end and out the other like pale flags 先是将深色的窗帘吹得像旗子一般飘舞起来
twisting them up toward the frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling 直抛向乳白色的吊顶天花板
and then rippled over the wine-colored rug 然后又轻轻地拂过酒红色的地毯
making a shadow on it as the wind does at sea 宛如风吹过海面一样留下一串影子
The two passages are similar 这两个段落是相似的
Both describe the window 都描述了窗户
the sunshine and the curtain 阳光和窗帘
What are the differences between them 它们之间有什么区别呢
In the first passage 在第一个段落中
every sentence is informative 每句话都提供了信息
For instance 例如
the first sentence tells us 第一句告诉我们
what type of house that is and the overall light effect 那是什么类型的房子是和整体的光效
Then the Venetian blind 然后是描述软百叶窗
the modern furniture and curtains 现代家具和窗帘
were described to illustrate the impression of space 用以阐明空间感
With this passage 通过这篇文章
you may make up your mind whether to buy that house or not 你会决定是否买下那所房子
In the second passage 在第二个段落中
the language is more vivid 语言更加生动
and figures of speech such as simile and metaphor have been used 使用了明喻和暗喻等修辞手法
The curtain has been compared to a pale flag 窗帘被比作一面苍白的旗帜
and the ceiling has been compared to the wedding-cake 天花板被比作婚礼蛋糕
Besides when reading the passage 此外 当阅读这段文字时
a picture may come to our mind: 脑海中可能会出现一幅画面:
a fine sunny day 阳光明媚的一天
the green meadow shines outside the window 窗外绿油油的草地
a quiet room a cozy afternoon 一个安静的房间 一个舒适的下午
So, we may find the languages in the two paragraphs are totally different 因此 我们可以发现两段中的语言是完全不同的
The first one is taken from an advertisement 第一个段落取自广告
and the second one is from the famous novel The Great Gatsby. 第二个则取自著名小说《了不起的盖茨比》中的段落
So, we may see the difference 我们可以看到其中的区别
There are two types of languages here 这里有两种类型的语言
The first type is referential language 第一种是指示性语言
Referential language is transaction-based 指示性语言是基于事务的
socially conditioned and motivated by a social or personal rationale 有社会条件的，由有社会或者个人理论促动的
It is almost exclusively limited to everyday real life and situational use 它几乎只限于日常生活和情境使用
The second type of language is representational language 第二种是表现性语言
Representational language engages the imagination 表现性语言激发想象力
It opens up calls upon 它开放 呼唤
stimulates and uses areas of the mind from imagination to emotion 刺激和使用心灵的区域：
from pleasure to pain 从想象到情感 从快乐到痛苦
Whereas referential language informs 鉴于指示性语言通知
representational language involves 表现性语言参与
So in most cases 所以 在大多数情况下
in literary works 在文学作品中
representational language is used 作者使用表现性语言
because the writer will always want to arouse our emotion or imagination 因为作者总是想激起我们的情感或想象力
In this part 在这部分
we show the relationship between language and literariness 我们展示了语言与文学性之间的关系
In the following course 在接下来的课程中
we will gradually learn how to appreciate the language in the literary works 我们将逐步学习如何欣赏文学作品中的语言
and find the beauty of it 并从中找到它的美
That’s all for today 我们今天就到这里