在所有杰出的心理学家之中， Of all the great figures in psychology,
也许西格蒙德·弗洛伊德最为重要。 perhaps Sigmund Freud is the most important.
我们都在谈弗洛伊德， We all speak Freud.
无论我们是在说“他太吹毛求疵了”， Every time we turn around and say, "Oh, he's so anal",
还是在说“这人是个控制狂”， or "that person is a control freak,"
又或者谈论弗洛伊德口误， or talk about Freudian slips,
甚至是推测梦境的含义。 or even speculate about the meaning of our dreams.
弗洛伊德富有智慧，同时也是个怪人。 He was intellectual. He was an eccentric.
有时，他滥用药物。 At times, he was an abuser of substances.
我认为， I think
历史上对弗洛伊德的评价相当复杂， history has been complex in its relation to Sigmund Freud.
人们对他褒贬不一，毁誉参半。 He's both valued and devalued. He's idealized and he's denigrated.
1938年是弗洛伊德生命中最后一年， In 1938, during the last year of his life,
他当时年老病重，但思维依然敏锐。 Sigmund Freud was old and sick. But his mind was still Sharp.
我发现了一些无意识的重要现象。 I discovered some important new facts about the unconscious.
由这些发现诞生了一门新的科学 Out of these findings grew a new science,
即精神分析学。 psychoanalysis.
弗洛伊德通过精神分析学， And with psychoanalysis,
打开了通往无意识领域的大门， Sigmund Freud opened the doors to the unconscious,
从而永远改变了我们对人类心理的看法。 forever changing the way we view the human mind.
19世纪末标志维多利亚时代走向结束， The late 1800s marked the end of the Victorian Age,
那是一个极端的清教徒式的时代。 a period of extreme puritanical restrictions.
一切性欲的表达都视为丑行。 Any expression of human sexuality was considered an outrage.
良家妇女必须在监护人的陪同下才能看医生。 Respectable women only went to their doctors with a chaperone.
上流社会从不谈论私人生活， Personal matters were never discussed in polite society.
也缺少专业的治疗师。 Professional therapists didn't exist.
有心理问题的人无处可去。 And people with psychological problems had nowhere to go.
精神病人受到排斥。 Mental patients were treated like outcasts.
他们被送进精神病院接受治疗， They were put in asylums
这种治疗已经过时， and received antiquated,
有时候甚至非常残忍。 and in some cases, even barbaric care.
治疗方法包括冷热水交替洗浴 Treatments included alternating hot and cold baths,
以及长期药物诱导睡眠， lengthy periods of drug-induced sleep,
在某些情况下， and in some cases,
实施可致死的脑外科手术。 brain surgery that resulted in death.
在这当中，1886年 It was in the midst of this, in 1886,
弗洛伊德开始用 Dr. Sigmund Freud began treating patients
一种简单却前卫的方法治疗病人。 with a simple, but radical approach.
那就是倾听。 He listened.
当时的医生给病人开药， Physicians of that day prescribed,
但是不会去倾听。 but they didn’t listen.
医生是专家。 They were the authorities.
实际上，病人只要听从医生的话。 The patients was expected to，in effect, obey and listen to the doctor.
所以倾听病人的人生历程 Listening to a patient’s life history
是一个全新的发展。 was an entirely new development.
弗洛伊德的目的是 Freud’s goal was to
让病人尽可能地无所不谈。 get his patients to talk as much as possible about anything and everything.
在弗洛伊德的办公室里， In Frued’s office,
没有话题是需要避讳的。 no subject was taboo.
但是弗洛伊德不是面对面地和病人交谈， But rather than interview them face to face,
而是让他们躺在一张背对着他的长沙发上， he had his patients lie on a couch turned away from him,
这样病人们就会更加自在地 so that they would be more comfortable
诉说自己最深处的想法。 revealing their deepest thoughts.
如果说这些方法似乎有些怪异， If his methods seemed peculiar,
那么其背后的理论更为奇特。 the theories behind them were even more outlandish.
弗洛伊德提出了研究人类心理的 Sigmund Freud developed a revolutionary new way
一种创新的方式。 of thinking about the human mind.
他提出了无意识的概念。 He introduced the idea of the unconscious.
弗洛伊德认为， Freud believed
无意识的层面是我们埋藏矛盾冲突的地方， that the unconscious is a place where we bury conflicts
例如，痛苦的回忆， such as painful memories
我们难以接受的不愿面对的想法。 or unacceptable thoughts that we do not want to deal with.
而这导致有意识的生活更加困难。 And this can make conscious life more difficult.
弗洛伊德认为无意识的层面是真正的自己， He said the unconscious is the real us.
就像冰山的底端一样藏在下面 Buried down like the bottom of an iceberg.
我们看到的只是冰山露出海面的一角。 All we see is the tip of the iceberg above the surface of the ocean.
那是现实的自我， That’s the present-day us,
但是真正形成自我的是潜意识的部分。 but what really makes us is the downstairs, the subconcious.
例如，我们受到性欲的驱动， We are driven by sexual desires, for example,
这种欲望蛰伏在心里， that lay dormant,
却以某种方式影响着我们的行为。 but are trying to somehow affect our behaviour.
弗洛伊德坚信， Freud was convinced
他的父母如果可以把压抑的想法 that if his patients could bring their repressed thoughts
通过谈话表露出来， to the surface through conversation,
就不得不去正视这些想法。 they would have to confront them.
仅凭这一方法便能减轻他们的忧虑， This alone could diminish their anxieties,
并且最终缓解这些症状。 and eventually relieve them of their symptoms.
弗洛伊德学说中最重要的无意识观念， This central Freudian notion of the unconscious mind
是每个人都要去应付的， is the one that everyone has to deal with,
无论我们接受与否。 whether they accept it or reject it.
人们不能忽视这一观念。 They cannot ignore it.
在观念史上， There aren't that many ideas
拥有那种激励人心的力量的观念并不多。 within the history of ideas that have that kind of a galvanizing power.
起初，主流医学界 At first, the mainstream medical community
对弗洛伊德嗤之以鼻，冷嘲热讽。 met Freud with scorn and derision.
他们称其为激进分子、革命者， They labeled him a radical and revolutionary,
这一形容即使对于小时候的弗洛伊德 a description that suited him
也是恰如其分。 even as a child.
弗洛伊德在维也纳一个贫穷的犹太区长大。 Sigmund Freud grew up in a poor Jewish neighborhood in Vienna.
学生时期的弗洛伊德天资聪颖， As a boy, Sigmund was a brilliant,
胸怀大志，而且固执己见。 ambitious, and opinionated student.
在学校，我一直是大胆的反对派， At school, I was always the bold oppositionist,
随时为某个极端观点作辩护。 always on hand when an extreme had to be defended.
当我们研究弗洛伊德的成就时， One could say that, in a certain sense,
从某种意义上可以说， as we look at Freud's accomplishments,
他在很小的时候就已经出类拔萃。 that he was already at a very young age, in a class by himself.
17岁时，弗洛伊德从高中毕业， At 17, Freud graduated high school
进入了维也纳大学学习医学。 and entered the University of Vienna to study medicine.
对于一个聪明的犹太男孩来说， Medicine was a good way for a young Jewish boy
学医是成就事业的好方法。 who was very bright to make a career for himself.
但显然，弗洛伊德也对科学充满好奇。 But Freud also, clearly had a great deal of scientific curiosity.
他自幼就有探索精神。 He always had, from his youth, this kind of questing.
他总是给自己提出问题，追根究底， He would put himself a problem and then just go after it,
直到解决问题。 until he solved it.
1882年， In 1882,
弗洛伊德进入维也纳综合医院实习。 Freud began an internship at the general hospital in Vienna.
其后三年，他尝试担任过不同专科医生， And for the next three years, he experimented with a number of different specialties,
其中包括神经科。 including neurology.
弗洛伊德为他的研究耗费了心血。 Freud was consumed by his research.
但是这个26岁的年轻人也坠入了情网。 But the 26-year-old was also in love.
正是在实习期间， It was during his internship
他遇见了玛莎·伯内斯。 that Freud met Martha Bernays，
玛莎活泼而聪慧， A lively, intelligent woman，
她出身于一个有名望的奥地利家庭。 Martha came from a good Austrian family.
玛莎是他的挚爱，他努力赢得她的芳心， This was his great love, and he struggled to win her,
并且为赚取跟她结婚的资本而奋斗。 and to get together enough money to be able to marry her.
在以后的几年中，这个愿望慢慢实现。 And it's over several years that this unfolds.
唯有一件事情阻碍着他们。 Only one thing stood in their way.
那就是弗洛伊德没有名气。 Sigmund Freud was unknown.
他首先必须立身扬名。 He would have to make a name for himself first.
弗洛伊德在医院里加倍努力工作。 Freud redoubled his efforts at the hospital.
他梦想自己做出新发现， He dreamt of making a discovery
这既会让他名利双收，同时也造福人类。 that would make him famous, wealthy, and benefit mankind.
他很快寄希望于一种鲜为人知的药物， He soon pinned his hopes for fame and fortune on a little-known drug,
这种药用作麻醉剂以及疲劳、抑郁的疗法， which seemed to hold great promise as an anesthetic and as a treatment
似乎前景极佳。 for exhaustion and depression.
这种药就是可卡因。 It was cocaine.
弗洛伊德非常相信可卡因， Freud believed in cocaine so much
他开始自己服用可卡因， that he began using the drug himself,
甚至还寄了一些给玛莎。 and even sent some to Martha.
弗洛伊德说， Freud said
可卡因令他在社交场合中从容自如， cocaine helped him relax in social situations
并且使他感觉更有男人味。 and made him feel more like a man.
你会发现自己的自制力提高了， You perceive an increase in self-control,
工作热情、工作能力也提升了。 more vitality and more capacity for work.
保证不会产生任何不适之感， This result is ensured without any unpleasant aftermaths,
而酒精虽然也有兴奋作用， which accompany exhilaration
却会引发后遗症。 from alcoholic means.
弗洛伊德急于利用这一发现， Anxious to capitalize on his discovery,
发表了一篇颂扬可卡因好处的论文。 Freud published a paper extolling the drug's virtues.
但之后可卡因的成瘾性为人所知， But Freud deeply regretted his haste,
弗洛伊德非常后悔自己的仓促。 after the drug's addictive properties became known.
这是对弗洛伊德工作上的巨大打击。 It was a huge blow for Freud professionally.
这让弗洛伊德大失所望， It was a source of great disappointment for Freud
因为他原本希望， because he had hoped
首次有效使用可卡因作局部麻醉， to be the discoverer of local anesthesia,
从而成为最早发现局部麻醉药的人。 cocaine being first used effectively as a local anesthetic.
可能弗洛伊德甚至认为 It's possible that Freud even thought
可卡因具有激发性欲的特性。 it had certain aphrodisiac qualities.