1
00:00:07,859 --> 00:00:09,388
thank you for that Steve

2
00:00:09,388 --> 00:00:13,230
well at it's nice to be here for you
folks have

3
00:00:13,230 --> 00:00:17,129
rain spent dry

4
00:00:17,129 --> 00:00:20,429
a out on the great plains I

5
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were not right next to Texas but we're
close enough

6
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to close up

7
00:00:29,739 --> 00:00:34,210
I won't editorialize yet I'll

8
00:00:34,210 --> 00:00:37,219
well it is a pleasure to be here and

9
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I've been here before up some

10
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out of fifteen years ago ten years ago

11
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and drive-through so on

12
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so I'm not a stranger you folks aren't
strangers either

13
00:00:55,530 --> 00:01:02,420
let's hope I am I would've been thinking
about this talk quite a bit

14
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and I had a talk

15
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noon today and you sure don't want to
have to repeat yourself

16
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and so I want to do my best not to

17
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I'll I thought I'd tell you a little bit
what set me off

18
00:01:20,519 --> 00:01:25,728
in 1977 I had been

19
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reading that general accounting office
study on the efficacy

20
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love a the soil erosion her so
Conservation Service

21
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and the way I read it it looked to me
like soil erosion was as bad in 1977

22
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as well and the sole Conservation
Service was formed to

23
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and the the mid-thirties was called the
soil erosion service them

24
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and as under roosevelt

25
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and I you haven't bet wasn't energetic
and a match they've started guy and

26
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a roosevelt made him the founding cheap

27
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have the service and I

28
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thought you know here's something that
job

29
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thousands of miles terraces

30
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grassed waterways I am

31
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Wellington break good said no
organizations been put together

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with more esprit de corps devoted to the
common task of saving our soils

33
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a all the way from the stenographers to
the PHD's in soil science

34
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I read somewhere once I've not been able
to find it sets but I don't doubt it

35
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that 17 the total federal budget

36
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was devoted to soil and water
conservation now that's back during the

37
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eighties

38
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a CCC days so it's easy to imagine

39
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up that be in that

40
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Chuck at the budget and I so

41
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quite I so that giao study at that you
know something's

42
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something's wrong here back in those
days I had interns

43
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and we had a trip a

44
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made a trip to the Konza Prairie which
is just sixty miles

45
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a long I seven they up the road from
saline a

46
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and he Lloyd Hobart

47
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who was ecologist really good grassland
ecologists

48
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gave us a wonderful field trip that day
and a

49
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as I was sitting there listening to the
students

50
00:03:35,489 --> 00:03:39,330
ask Lloyd questions and looking at that
prairie

51
00:03:39,330 --> 00:03:42,870
and what the general accounting office
study in mind

52
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you know he resists prairie that was
running on contemporary sunlight

53
00:03:48,039 --> 00:03:51,189
it was featuring material recycling

54
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it didn't experience it happened at damn
ICT

55
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fixed it so night region and

56
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you know you can see right down the road
card and sorghum and sunflowers and

57
00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:08,378
wheat and so on all dependent upon

58
00:04:08,378 --> 00:04:12,310
the extractive economy but fossil fuels

59
00:04:12,310 --> 00:04:16,680
putting to chemicals out there that are
tissues have no evolutionary experience

60
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with

61
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and and soil erosion

62
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and so are a

63
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that sorta what set me off taking

64
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is it possible to build an agriculture
based on the way that Perry works

65
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well the

66
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so I wrote a paper and 78 her

67
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yeah 78 and I said and I think we can do
it this is after I called around to sum

68
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up my

69
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buddies that were the geneticists and
ecologists and

70
00:04:49,959 --> 00:04:53,939
you know I got the usual response i get
for my friends

71
00:04:53,939 --> 00:04:57,009
a the last year

72
00:04:57,009 --> 00:05:00,590
with your crazy but now this is
completely nuts

73
00:05:00,589 --> 00:05:05,069
everybody knows that you can't get
pretty well as a man high seed yield to

74
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go together

75
00:05:06,389 --> 00:05:09,740
don't you know about the RMK selection
formula

76
00:05:09,740 --> 00:05:12,900
and the trade-off theory and this that
and the other

77
00:05:12,899 --> 00:05:16,719
and a I have to tell you it keeps you
awake at night

78
00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:20,050
I am wonder and have if

79
00:05:20,050 --> 00:05:24,079
maybe this just as crazy a

80
00:05:24,079 --> 00:05:27,740
well a anyway somehow or another

81
00:05:27,740 --> 00:05:32,750
we persevered in I published a book
called the rich for agriculture came out

82
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1980

83
00:05:34,389 --> 00:05:38,449
and up a I got up phone call

84
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a actually I got a letter from Wendell
Berry

85
00:05:42,860 --> 00:05:46,370
pleading with me to change my mind

86
00:05:46,370 --> 00:05:50,810
about tractors running on biofuels
instead

87
00:05:50,810 --> 00:05:54,600
include horses a and my

88
00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:58,560
I had that the last chapter there
outside the solar believes

89
00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:02,860
a a sunshine farm and

90
00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:06,460
so I wrote him back thank him for his
critique can

91
00:06:06,459 --> 00:06:10,930
you know when when does said anything in
those days I was prepared to cave and

92
00:06:10,930 --> 00:06:15,280
do just exactly what you want me to do
so I included horses

93
00:06:15,279 --> 00:06:18,299
the next time jobs but the

94
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he was so pleased with my accommodation
up his critique that he called me up and

95
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they came out and we

96
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had a a I got to be frames

97
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and the been friends ever sense

98
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a but then I we build a greenhouse

99
00:06:36,310 --> 00:06:39,910
and now so I invited wendell to come and
I'm

100
00:06:39,910 --> 00:06:44,800
dedicate that greenhouse and he gave one
of the most useful talks

101
00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,889
that I've ever heard and a top ahead to
do

102
00:06:48,889 --> 00:06:52,900
with the history up hilemon's looking to

103
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nature as a standard

104
00:06:56,038 --> 00:06:59,560
or major and so when dole

105
00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:03,129
though what right back in the literary
tradition

106
00:07:03,129 --> 00:07:06,750
to up well to up Joe

107
00:07:06,750 --> 00:07:10,519
and I'm in fact summary just a little
about

108
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what wendell said a I think it's on

109
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scale here it is he said the

110
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he began by quoting Joe is what jobs
said

111
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as now the beasts and they show teach
the

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and the POW's up the air and they shall
tell the

113
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or speak to the air that it shall teach
the

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and the fish is up the sea showed a
clear under the

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well after Joel I then Virgil

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a little over two thousand years ago and
this is at the beginning up the G or

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checks

118
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this is 36 29 BC

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Abergele instructs asked that before we
plow on

120
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familiar patch it is well to be informed
about the wins

121
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about the variations in the sky

122
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the native traits and habits up the
plates

123
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what each locale permits at what denies

124
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well then when dole jump forward to have

125
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the end of the 16th century a

126
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with edmund Spenser who called nature

127
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the equal mother up all creatures

128
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who noticed each to each as brother and
two brother

129
00:08:31,519 --> 00:08:35,478
and Spencer also so nature is an
instructor of creatures

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and the oldham at earthly judge at their
behaviors

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00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:43,908
well window contended that Bain &
included at it he

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mention shakespeare and as you like it

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you'll remember and shakespearian he has
the forest judge

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a it's in the role of the teacher and a
judge

135
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and then melted a

136
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and I'm Co moves has the lady say about
nature

137
00:09:04,799 --> 00:09:08,329
she good caterers maynes her probation

138
00:09:08,330 --> 00:09:13,670
only to the good that live it according
to her sober laws

139
00:09:13,669 --> 00:09:19,208
at Holy dictate spare temperance

140
00:09:19,208 --> 00:09:23,778
and finally Alexander Pope and his
epistle to Burlington

141
00:09:23,778 --> 00:09:29,110
Council gardeners to quote let nature do
never beeper got

142
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consulted the genius up the place

143
00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:36,440
in all know where those says intersting

144
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thing there spend most useful

145
00:09:39,480 --> 00:09:42,759
princezz the Romantic poets

146
00:09:42,759 --> 00:09:48,980
after that a used the the British
English poets

147
00:09:48,980 --> 00:09:53,000
use nature only as a reservoir assembles

148
00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:56,070
not having any practical value

149
00:09:56,070 --> 00:10:00,260
just a kinda way of showing off their
literary stuff I guess

150
00:10:00,259 --> 00:10:03,649
don't say that welded say that I'm sayin
that

151
00:10:03,649 --> 00:10:06,799
I so a

152
00:10:06,799 --> 00:10:11,809
and then this is the most interesting
point

153
00:10:11,809 --> 00:10:15,088
I wendell says after pope

154
00:10:15,089 --> 00:10:18,769
Alexander Pope they

155
00:10:18,769 --> 00:10:24,240
idea update your having practical value
goes underground

156
00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:27,339
in the formal cult culture

157
00:10:27,339 --> 00:10:31,100
and when it pops up again it's among
scientists

158
00:10:31,100 --> 00:10:35,389
Liberty Hyde Bailey in the holy earth

159
00:10:35,389 --> 00:10:39,169
I Sir Albert Howard

160
00:10:39,169 --> 00:10:42,259
and I also we had some

161
00:10:42,259 --> 00:10:45,929
well J Russell Smith then

162
00:10:45,929 --> 00:10:50,578
here's I think early this the brilliant
insight he says

163
00:10:50,578 --> 00:10:53,849
they in the formal culture

164
00:10:53,850 --> 00:10:58,129
the idea nature having practical value
for us

165
00:10:58,129 --> 00:11:01,149
calms as a series

166
00:11:01,149 --> 00:11:05,679
but it it comes as a six-session

167
00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:09,429
in the common culture

168
00:11:09,429 --> 00:11:14,120
that takes a little while to digest that
in the common culture it's running along

169
00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:15,500
like a stream

170
00:11:15,500 --> 00:11:19,230
always there but it doesn't pop up

171
00:11:19,230 --> 00:11:23,070
in the formal culture among the literary
people or the scientists except in a

172
00:11:23,070 --> 00:11:24,310
series

173
00:11:24,309 --> 00:11:30,399
hope you ya got that

174
00:11:30,399 --> 00:11:34,720
alright so I am after

175
00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:38,250
the these different job

176
00:11:38,250 --> 00:11:41,409
poke that have been creating the series

177
00:11:41,409 --> 00:11:44,409
one would think that with you haven't
bet

178
00:11:44,409 --> 00:11:50,879
and the so Conservation Service that
finally we have it institutionalized

179
00:11:50,879 --> 00:11:55,059
that nature is a major because bennett
set time and again

180
00:11:55,059 --> 00:11:59,739
we always look to nature we ask nature

181
00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:03,810
he says that in just one speech after
another

182
00:12:03,809 --> 00:12:07,859
and a so what's going wrong here

183
00:12:07,860 --> 00:12:11,339
I if we still have these problems

184
00:12:11,339 --> 00:12:15,420
the is it here was our opportunity for

185
00:12:15,419 --> 00:12:18,699
the formal culture to have

186
00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:22,670
get from now on but in my view

187
00:12:22,669 --> 00:12:25,809
now now

188
00:12:25,809 --> 00:12:29,069
I want to shift gears here just a little
bit

189
00:12:29,070 --> 00:12:32,490
and give you an illustration of what I
mean by consulting

190
00:12:32,490 --> 00:12:36,649
the genius over the place in all

191
00:12:36,649 --> 00:12:39,649
up back in the nineteen-thirties

192
00:12:39,649 --> 00:12:44,179
in the Great Plains there's the famous
dust bowl

193
00:12:44,179 --> 00:12:47,500
and I'm their is

194
00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:50,769
lot of studies that were done during
that time I'm gonna pick that particular

195
00:12:50,769 --> 00:12:54,629
graduate student at the University of
Nebraska that was working on a master's

196
00:12:54,629 --> 00:12:56,350
degree

197
00:12:56,350 --> 00:13:00,259
his last name is not all you know L L he
is working with the famous

198
00:13:00,259 --> 00:13:03,429
weaver's above the weaver and Clements

199
00:13:03,429 --> 00:13:07,078
clemency and ecology something we all
know about

200
00:13:07,078 --> 00:13:12,109
had no that have to be the driest year
on record I think maybe 1932

201
00:13:12,110 --> 00:13:17,509
and he was out to a look at the
preceptor tation and what was happening

202
00:13:17,509 --> 00:13:20,269
to the vegetation and he compared

203
00:13:20,269 --> 00:13:24,100
a he compared a never plowed nadie
prairie

204
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:28,320
at to an end Jason quit field and look
measured everything from

205
00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:31,470
temperatures at various heights depp's
where though

206
00:13:31,470 --> 00:13:34,990
how much water there was and so on well

207
00:13:34,990 --> 00:13:38,490
all the up wheat plants died

208
00:13:38,490 --> 00:13:41,500
but the prairie came back

209
00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:46,129
the local genius up that places the
prairie

210
00:13:46,129 --> 00:13:50,289
now that has to do with the water
management system

211
00:13:50,289 --> 00:13:55,480
now go with May 2 a tropical rainforest

212
00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:59,528
their water is a nemesis 2 per te liddy

213
00:13:59,528 --> 00:14:02,620
because the leaching downward a

214
00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:06,350
takes the nutrients below so

215
00:14:06,350 --> 00:14:09,629
the forest is designed to is

216
00:14:09,629 --> 00:14:12,838
a balkan to receive the water

217
00:14:12,839 --> 00:14:17,029
and get rid of it fast

218
00:14:17,028 --> 00:14:20,269
there's the local genius there so

219
00:14:20,269 --> 00:14:23,310
when pope says

220
00:14:23,309 --> 00:14:27,359
consult the genius up the place at all
now Pope was a gardener

221
00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:31,110
and actually that poem had a great
effect on their

222
00:14:31,110 --> 00:14:34,550
a from thereafter on english gardening

223
00:14:34,549 --> 00:14:37,838
and backed up our work area a gardener
could be

224
00:14:37,839 --> 00:14:44,000
fired on the spot if he or she had not
consulted the local genius

225
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:47,669
read that poem is very long poem but
don't read it all

226
00:14:47,669 --> 00:14:51,399
just read like to a and

227
00:14:51,399 --> 00:14:55,850
it's a complicated poll you want
somebody that are set out in

228
00:14:55,850 --> 00:14:58,920
and and bloke if you don't get it

229
00:14:58,919 --> 00:15:03,338
seven hits a its it's ok for me it was a
difficult call

230
00:15:03,339 --> 00:15:06,630
so so here we have

231
00:15:06,629 --> 00:15:09,879
I a world

232
00:15:09,879 --> 00:15:13,889
and as I mentioned that the talk at noon

233
00:15:13,889 --> 00:15:18,698
have that 10,000 years ago

234
00:15:18,698 --> 00:15:22,549
a you know sensually all about nature's
land-based

235
00:15:22,549 --> 00:15:27,219
ecosystems talking about the I spree to
land at the planet

236
00:15:27,220 --> 00:15:31,449
feature perennials grown in mixtures

237
00:15:31,448 --> 00:15:35,399
essentially all there are plenty of
examples around that

238
00:15:35,399 --> 00:15:38,519
represent the exception I

239
00:15:38,519 --> 00:15:41,778
and when we started agriculture by

240
00:15:41,778 --> 00:15:46,299
with the week plant first about the
eastern end of the Mediterranean Hauritz

241
00:15:46,299 --> 00:15:49,539
dry and out with the retrieve the ice

242
00:15:49,539 --> 00:15:53,870
a the place to see nice a

243
00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:57,669
the a that's where the week plant was
found at

244
00:15:57,669 --> 00:16:00,750
Palin has a gross mountains of western
Iran

245
00:16:00,750 --> 00:16:04,370
and that's the beginning love up and
y'all

246
00:16:04,370 --> 00:16:07,778
tale agriculture which means that

247
00:16:07,778 --> 00:16:11,088
if you're going to I

248
00:16:11,089 --> 00:16:14,139
get your seat that germinate yet gotta

249
00:16:14,139 --> 00:16:17,259
destroyed the vegetation

250
00:16:17,259 --> 00:16:20,980
at the surface and there's the beginning
of the idea

251
00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:24,810
that nature's to be subdued or ignored

252
00:16:24,809 --> 00:16:28,469
so it's interesting to see how to thank
al this idea

253
00:16:28,470 --> 00:16:31,570
looking to nature manages to persist

254
00:16:31,570 --> 00:16:35,209
when well now seventy percent of our
calories

255
00:16:35,208 --> 00:16:39,369
some seventy percent of our agricultural
a creature's devoted

256
00:16:39,370 --> 00:16:42,629
at two and y'all grains

257
00:16:42,629 --> 00:16:45,629
they a as the the

258
00:16:45,629 --> 00:16:49,948
grasses at the lake and Germans are
primarily grass seed eaters

259
00:16:49,948 --> 00:16:53,789
at the second there early Lakeview seed
eaters but this idea

260
00:16:53,789 --> 00:16:57,049
has persisted so

261
00:16:57,049 --> 00:17:00,338
quite a I think we need to do

262
00:17:00,339 --> 00:17:04,720
is to Sol the 10,000 year old problem a
biker culture

263
00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:08,759
and we can do it now we can do it now

264
00:17:08,759 --> 00:17:13,828
especially now because %uh the
computational power that's available

265
00:17:13,828 --> 00:17:18,769
because if some love the a techniques
that have been developed

266
00:17:18,769 --> 00:17:22,009
that allow us to have molecular markers

267
00:17:22,009 --> 00:17:25,308
a we're not doing GM owes the

268
00:17:25,308 --> 00:17:29,250
a we start with the idea in

269
00:17:29,250 --> 00:17:34,380
a that perennial ASM is a way of life

270
00:17:34,380 --> 00:17:38,870
there's no gene for perennial its you
don't just find the gene for prey on

271
00:17:38,869 --> 00:17:40,048
park at the end

272
00:17:40,048 --> 00:17:43,529
it serves you know spread across the
Gino

273
00:17:43,529 --> 00:17:47,139
it's a way up be and so

274
00:17:47,140 --> 00:17:50,669
mostly it's just break that we're
talking about so

275
00:17:50,669 --> 00:17:54,740
I'm going to show you some slides and
and I'm

276
00:17:54,740 --> 00:17:58,410
a I'm going to a say some more

277
00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:02,210
a where it were in Seoul their saliva
Kansas

278
00:18:02,210 --> 00:18:05,808
I we have about well about 630 acres

279
00:18:05,808 --> 00:18:09,910
and we have by over

280
00:18:09,910 --> 00:18:13,548
hundred acres so Perry that's never been
plowed

281
00:18:13,548 --> 00:18:17,629
I we jest at the end of this month will
close on a thirty-seven

282
00:18:17,630 --> 00:18:21,400
acre prairie that is the westernmost

283
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:26,410
tall grass prairie that is bottom land
prairie

284
00:18:26,410 --> 00:18:30,370
and so we look at the prairie

285
00:18:30,369 --> 00:18:34,178
as the standard or major and so we take
a lot of data

286
00:18:34,179 --> 00:18:37,480
there to learn about the dynamics and
then hope to

287
00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:41,308
mimic and up %uh that structure ISO

288
00:18:41,308 --> 00:18:44,990
that's a Land Institute and where oh
well we're I'll

289
00:18:44,990 --> 00:18:48,339
31 people work there in the summertime

290
00:18:48,339 --> 00:18:52,038
39 or 40 and a and the

291
00:18:52,038 --> 00:18:56,349
a we have a lot of a lot of fun

292
00:18:56,349 --> 00:18:59,859
a now

293
00:18:59,859 --> 00:19:03,000
a my kids

294
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:08,829
a are all grown and married and have
children of their own and are able to

295
00:19:08,829 --> 00:19:09,149
get

296
00:19:09,150 --> 00:19:13,090
even for me I the children are

297
00:19:13,089 --> 00:19:17,199
I'll they jobs sometimes that the

298
00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:22,240
meal table they would say what they had
to explain that my baby this time

299
00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:26,779
don't go back to the Big Bang I'll

300
00:19:26,779 --> 00:19:29,839
that's one of their lives another one is

301
00:19:29,839 --> 00:19:36,379
a and so Doctor Doom what can we as
ordinary citizens do about this problem

302
00:19:36,380 --> 00:19:39,650
up but I'm gonna go this site at the Big
Bang

303
00:19:39,650 --> 00:19:44,630
heighth because I think it's important
for us to get a context up what's put us

304
00:19:44,630 --> 00:19:48,789
in this particular position and I call
it the 3.45 billion year

305
00:19:48,788 --> 00:19:52,599
parity the fact that we are I'll

306
00:19:52,599 --> 00:19:56,099
biotic that that the all

307
00:19:56,099 --> 00:20:00,199
organisms are carbon-based and so

308
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:04,659
we go after energy-rich carpet or
recreate it

309
00:20:04,659 --> 00:20:08,390
and we've been doing that for 3.45
billion years

310
00:20:08,390 --> 00:20:12,490
so a I

311
00:20:12,490 --> 00:20:16,769
but then ten some ten and eleven
thousand years ago

312
00:20:16,769 --> 00:20:21,970
we started getting the young pulverized
coal up the soil

313
00:20:21,970 --> 00:20:25,700
with annual tale agriculture

314
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:30,100
at that is what started several is Asian
I also think that's when global

315
00:20:30,099 --> 00:20:34,719
warming began climate change began and
then we got the poorest

316
00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:38,200
in order to sponsor the Bronze Age

317
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:43,759
and the Iron Age and I recommend that
you have read lately the FA Cup

318
00:20:43,759 --> 00:20:44,960
Gilgamesh

319
00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:48,569
at how Inc I do and Gilgamesh went out
to kill the

320
00:20:48,569 --> 00:20:53,579
the giant up the for us and then after
he was killed why then they

321
00:20:53,579 --> 00:20:57,908
up the you know they set the war the
wood cutters

322
00:20:57,909 --> 00:21:01,080
lose and so that's that's where

323
00:21:01,079 --> 00:21:05,859
mythology but you could said there's
probably a bump in population

324
00:21:05,859 --> 00:21:09,619
when we got into the four so that was
the eastern end of the Mediterranean we

325
00:21:09,619 --> 00:21:11,949
know that was going on the time I
solomon

326
00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:16,669
he struck a deal with the King a tire
have to buy the Cedars of Lebanon

327
00:21:16,669 --> 00:21:20,100
to build the temple so the

328
00:21:20,099 --> 00:21:24,099
so the the cutting out the forest just
continued and

329
00:21:24,099 --> 00:21:28,219
you know by the time of Charlemagne an
enlightened but the ruler the onslaught

330
00:21:28,220 --> 00:21:30,370
of the force was well underway

331
00:21:30,369 --> 00:21:35,989
so we just spent going and summer that
Pourcel and then became cropland and

332
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:37,130
then the erosion

333
00:21:37,130 --> 00:21:40,390
of course attenuate well then the third

334
00:21:40,390 --> 00:21:43,770
cool up carbon is the coal

335
00:21:43,769 --> 00:21:49,069
at two hundred and fifty years ago and
then natural gas to bed around

336
00:21:49,069 --> 00:21:52,710
up well goes all the way back to

337
00:21:52,710 --> 00:21:56,190
the Oracle at Delphi that Plame that

338
00:21:56,190 --> 00:22:00,019
that that to work all that always spoke
with a kinda

339
00:22:00,019 --> 00:22:03,250
ambiguity a you know telling

340
00:22:03,250 --> 00:22:06,819
creases if you make war against the
Persians a great kingdom of all

341
00:22:06,819 --> 00:22:10,129
increases made work against the purges a
great came to bail

342
00:22:10,130 --> 00:22:15,080
here's a he wouldn't like the Hebrew
prophets you know they'd say P do this

343
00:22:15,079 --> 00:22:15,710
you got to get

344
00:22:15,710 --> 00:22:19,400
that a the Greeks had a different way up

345
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,890
they were more like modern politicians
up

346
00:22:22,890 --> 00:22:26,400
and then the the oil love 1859 and

347
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,000
not long after that natural gas start
being used for power

348
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,609
so those five pools of energy-rich
carbon because

349
00:22:33,609 --> 00:22:38,000
up in my view the 3.45 billion you're a
parrot

350
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:42,038
with not practice restraint so

351
00:22:42,038 --> 00:22:45,259
this is the context a bus so I C

352
00:22:45,259 --> 00:22:48,658
agriculture is where it all began and

353
00:22:48,659 --> 00:22:53,190
ill see I hope by the end that I think
that's where the correction

354
00:22:53,190 --> 00:22:58,308
bus began because as my friend chuck
washburn said the late chuck washburn

355
00:22:58,308 --> 00:23:04,369
said if we don't get sustainability and
agriculture first it's not gonna happen

356
00:23:04,369 --> 00:23:07,558
we got a goal right back to back so

357
00:23:07,558 --> 00:23:14,558
I I like to show this slide to remind
people this is Brian goes 1565

358
00:23:14,599 --> 00:23:20,658
the harvesters I like it partly because
always wonder are those people shorter

359
00:23:20,659 --> 00:23:24,130
as the week tall

360
00:23:24,130 --> 00:23:27,740
at at its probably both I

361
00:23:27,740 --> 00:23:32,480
but you see there the apple and pear
trees

362
00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:35,690
and their land up

363
00:23:35,690 --> 00:23:40,009
to let the light and and look at that
percent at that landscape

364
00:23:40,009 --> 00:23:44,690
that is devoted to the grain the percent
up the egg landscape

365
00:23:44,690 --> 00:23:49,890
this is just to emphasize they were
primarily grass seed eaters

366
00:23:49,890 --> 00:23:53,970
now

367
00:23:53,970 --> 00:23:57,009
it's amazing when we thank God

368
00:23:57,009 --> 00:24:00,579
how this same here

369
00:24:00,579 --> 00:24:04,058
was not to differ from a settler same

370
00:24:04,058 --> 00:24:07,480
that we could have had in the early
nineteen hundred's

371
00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:11,460
but somewhere

372
00:24:11,460 --> 00:24:15,850
after world war two things began to
change

373
00:24:15,849 --> 00:24:20,599
here you can see the rising up the
pesticide industry

374
00:24:20,599 --> 00:24:25,359
I'll not rachel's Carson 1962

375
00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:30,229
the pesticide industry is doubled and
doubled again

376
00:24:30,230 --> 00:24:35,288
any interest up us getting energy-rich
car but

377
00:24:35,288 --> 00:24:39,169
it's sorta like bacteria on a petri dish

378
00:24:39,169 --> 00:24:42,500
I that if there's sugar there

379
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:47,230
they just go for it so

380
00:24:47,230 --> 00:24:51,390
and here is nitrogen and phosphorus
fertilizer

381
00:24:51,390 --> 00:24:54,429
the nitrogen is the blue I read is

382
00:24:54,429 --> 00:24:58,880
our water and a green as the Bosphorus
going back again to about

383
00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:02,570
1948 so

384
00:25:02,569 --> 00:25:06,750
here are the slopes after world war two

385
00:25:06,750 --> 00:25:10,740
we really change the world

386
00:25:10,740 --> 00:25:14,140
I'll and industrialized societies

387
00:25:14,140 --> 00:25:17,210
I mean I'm I'm 75 now

388
00:25:17,210 --> 00:25:21,400
and it it it's amazing when I consider

389
00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:25,900
that in my lifetime ninety-nine percent
up all the oil ever burned has been

390
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:27,400
burnt

391
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:31,080
the 10-year-old has lived through a
quarter

392
00:25:31,079 --> 00:25:34,449
up all the oil ever burnt

393
00:25:34,450 --> 00:25:40,450
the 22-year-old 54 percent up all the
oil ever burn

394
00:25:40,450 --> 00:25:44,860
so the speed that this is coming on as
like a lotta curves

395
00:25:44,859 --> 00:25:47,969
starter out rather slowly and then and
then build

396
00:25:47,970 --> 00:25:52,190
and of course here's the diesel tank

397
00:25:52,190 --> 00:25:55,900
I mean the farm I i was born on had
horses

398
00:25:55,900 --> 00:25:59,080
we had horses I remember when we got the
tractors

399
00:25:59,079 --> 00:26:06,058
up and then up course the most important
inventions of the 20th century

400
00:26:06,058 --> 00:26:09,710
and 99 to germans

401
00:26:09,710 --> 00:26:14,278
brits harbor and Kara boss learned how
to

402
00:26:14,278 --> 00:26:21,278
turn take nitrogen atmospheric nitrogen
and turn it into ammonia

403
00:26:21,409 --> 00:26:24,929
it takes anywhere from have to twice as
many

404
00:26:24,929 --> 00:26:28,740
fossil fuel calories to sponsor nitrogen
fertility

405
00:26:28,740 --> 00:26:34,190
in america's feels as we use for
traction

406
00:26:34,190 --> 00:26:39,230
so it takes you know some like 350

407
00:26:39,230 --> 00:26:42,579
I a the Greek a

408
00:26:42,579 --> 00:26:46,658
atmospheres and 400 degrees C

409
00:26:46,659 --> 00:26:49,990
in order to have these

410
00:26:49,990 --> 00:26:53,490
this nitrogen available for are

411
00:26:53,490 --> 00:26:57,278
fields so once again we go after

412
00:26:57,278 --> 00:27:03,048
the energy-rich carbon because it's a
natural gas as a feedstock

413
00:27:03,048 --> 00:27:06,500
well what do we do with it here is

414
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:10,419
quite was in tel soy beans became an
important crop

415
00:27:10,419 --> 00:27:14,390
the number one killer on the planet
apartment

416
00:27:14,390 --> 00:27:18,169
core this is an lol

417
00:27:18,169 --> 00:27:23,200
I'll it within one year from seventy
million bushels an acre

418
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:28,429
290 million a bushels an acre

419
00:27:28,429 --> 00:27:33,110
a

420
00:27:33,109 --> 00:27:39,699
I feel another digression coming on

421
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:46,058
I gotta say this 26 gallons a gasoline
has the same number of calories that the

422
00:27:46,058 --> 00:27:47,220
average american

423
00:27:47,220 --> 00:27:51,179
eats in a year

424
00:27:51,179 --> 00:27:55,259
let's say we don't eat for a year and
turn all over

425
00:27:55,259 --> 00:28:02,259
food in the ethanol that's two gallons a
month the purse

426
00:28:03,259 --> 00:28:06,379
and let's say we take all the corn
stocks in all

427
00:28:06,380 --> 00:28:09,970
peanut shells and all the grass
clippings and

428
00:28:09,970 --> 00:28:15,000
week stroll and so on and turn that into
at the No

429
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:19,169
maybe another two gallons and stop all
exports

430
00:28:19,169 --> 00:28:26,159
depends on how you calculate it another
one and a half to two gallons

431
00:28:26,159 --> 00:28:29,919
and a huge subsidy

432
00:28:29,919 --> 00:28:33,370
right around six billion dollars

433
00:28:33,369 --> 00:28:38,119
this year I'm

434
00:28:38,119 --> 00:28:42,889
we go after energy-rich carbon and we'll
do it

435
00:28:42,890 --> 00:28:46,600
that the cost the energy-rich carbon
that's how

436
00:28:46,599 --> 00:28:53,278
Nettie we can be as a result at 3.45
billion here parity

437
00:28:53,278 --> 00:28:56,880
so there is more than that there is

438
00:28:56,880 --> 00:29:01,399
this which is really I think the number
one killer now

439
00:29:01,398 --> 00:29:04,959
the both of those systems leak nitrogen
there

440
00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:09,130
only about anywhere from a third to a
half with the nitrogen

441
00:29:09,130 --> 00:29:13,990
mistaken up the rest through the system

442
00:29:13,990 --> 00:29:17,319
and if you look at a satellite photo

443
00:29:17,319 --> 00:29:22,058
the upper midwest this is I was in
Minnesota

444
00:29:22,058 --> 00:29:26,158
and the the brass kazan their of
Minnesota's at the top in the mail you

445
00:29:26,159 --> 00:29:28,340
know their brand you folks know your
state's

446
00:29:28,339 --> 00:29:32,939
a alright good I thought maybe over he
didn't care whether we've had anything

447
00:29:32,940 --> 00:29:35,308
the other side of the mountain

448
00:29:35,308 --> 00:29:40,168
a everything so wonderful I mean what do
we have this Oregon Trail for in the

449
00:29:40,169 --> 00:29:41,759
first place anyway

450
00:29:41,759 --> 00:29:48,359
me makes bit makes person wonder you
know

451
00:29:48,359 --> 00:29:52,579
well look at that imagine now

452
00:29:52,579 --> 00:29:56,079
that the goal for Mexico us out there

453
00:29:56,079 --> 00:30:00,349
and that's the rains come about the time
you prepare the fields for corn and

454
00:30:00,349 --> 00:30:05,918
soybeans

455
00:30:05,919 --> 00:30:10,370
this is not a uncommon picture

456
00:30:10,369 --> 00:30:15,918
somebody asked me what I would do if I
had abacha heads a foundation says

457
00:30:15,919 --> 00:30:20,149
what I would do in order to convince
them not to put him on a bus

458
00:30:20,148 --> 00:30:24,689
and drive them through Iowa Illinois and
Indiana

459
00:30:24,690 --> 00:30:28,558
and a pearl and may

460
00:30:28,558 --> 00:30:32,750
and make him hang their head out the
window

461
00:30:32,750 --> 00:30:39,750
a without any cell phones

462
00:30:41,819 --> 00:30:45,939
now we have minimum chill no tail

463
00:30:45,940 --> 00:30:49,298
and that's supposed to stop the soil
erosion

464
00:30:49,298 --> 00:30:53,658
yes so here's Clearwater coming off a
minimum till

465
00:30:53,659 --> 00:30:59,600
no tail and the Milky water is from a
conventional field

466
00:30:59,599 --> 00:31:05,278
a looks pretty good except you take a
sample that water out at that too

467
00:31:05,278 --> 00:31:08,890
and this by the way came from a man
until no tail

468
00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:12,490
a researcher at

469
00:31:12,490 --> 00:31:16,220
well thank you sir pullman now

470
00:31:16,220 --> 00:31:19,339
but a its twice the

471
00:31:19,339 --> 00:31:25,109
acceptable EPA level for nitrogen coming
out of that too

472
00:31:25,109 --> 00:31:28,778
annual systems leak

473
00:31:28,778 --> 00:31:32,769
and so at the end you have a dead zone

474
00:31:32,769 --> 00:31:36,640
a as though result I'll all that
nitrogen

475
00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:42,950
coming all that dead zones about the
size and New Jersey

476
00:31:42,950 --> 00:31:49,840
all right there's that now here's the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report

477
00:31:49,839 --> 00:31:52,959
UN-sponsored assessment stay at the
planet

478
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:57,319
there it is agriculture's the largest
threat to biodiversity and ecosystem

479
00:31:57,319 --> 00:31:58,139
function up

480
00:31:58,140 --> 00:32:02,350
any single human activity i think im
primarily I think I love

481
00:32:02,349 --> 00:32:06,178
ugly head grade agriculture and
considering what's going on

482
00:32:06,179 --> 00:32:10,009
in Brazil in and

483
00:32:10,009 --> 00:32:15,089
this is Chris fields paper in science no
one

484
00:32:15,089 --> 00:32:19,178
in most parts of the world human
activities and agriculture in particular

485
00:32:19,179 --> 00:32:23,070
have resulted in decreases and net
primary productivity

486
00:32:23,069 --> 00:32:27,778
from the levels that likely existed
prior to him and management

487
00:32:27,778 --> 00:32:32,890
now that's good news for those of us
that are looking to the ecosystem

488
00:32:32,890 --> 00:32:37,140
and from the point of view are breeders
that are involved in reallocation

489
00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:40,990
a photo sent a so

490
00:32:40,990 --> 00:32:44,569
it where Maj in the world before
agriculture

491
00:32:44,569 --> 00:32:48,028
featuring a perennial mixtures

492
00:32:48,028 --> 00:32:52,710
up almost everywhere on land

493
00:32:52,710 --> 00:32:57,528
whether it's a rainforest or desert
scrub

494
00:32:57,528 --> 00:33:01,599
or here as one of our typical prairies a
Kansas

495
00:33:01,599 --> 00:33:04,699
this is the plant Hills a Kansas

496
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:08,038
this has never been plowed

497
00:33:08,038 --> 00:33:11,048
but tens of thousands of acres

498
00:33:11,048 --> 00:33:14,648
that a actually

499
00:33:14,648 --> 00:33:20,168
anywhere from 2.2 to 2.4 pounds will be
put on

500
00:33:20,169 --> 00:33:24,519
a steer in the summertime per day

501
00:33:24,519 --> 00:33:30,120
on these warm season grasses big blue
stab little blue stem and then grass

502
00:33:30,119 --> 00:33:32,449
switch grass blue grama harry grabbed

503
00:33:32,450 --> 00:33:36,000
so on very nutritious

504
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:39,690
that erode beyond replacement levels

505
00:33:39,690 --> 00:33:43,038
natural replacement level so that's our
standard

506
00:33:43,038 --> 00:33:46,919
so what we're about to land mostly is

507
00:33:46,919 --> 00:33:50,649
plant were mostly plant breeders was I'm
ecology

508
00:33:50,648 --> 00:33:54,250
will be adding the ecologists a

509
00:33:54,250 --> 00:33:58,038
we've had ecologists and will be Adam
I'll

510
00:33:58,038 --> 00:34:01,480
so for instance where cross

511
00:34:01,480 --> 00:34:06,558
the annual weighed on the lapd with a
perennial relative on the right we get a

512
00:34:06,558 --> 00:34:07,908
hybrid

513
00:34:07,909 --> 00:34:11,190
a and way

514
00:34:11,190 --> 00:34:14,740
jobs in the greenhouse

515
00:34:14,739 --> 00:34:18,949
we have course you have to emasculate

516
00:34:18,949 --> 00:34:22,289
a clipped the anthers with tiny little
sensors

517
00:34:22,289 --> 00:34:26,398
and the make the crosses all the crosses
with the weights are done at the

518
00:34:26,398 --> 00:34:27,309
greenhouse

519
00:34:27,309 --> 00:34:30,309
sometimes you all

520
00:34:30,309 --> 00:34:33,559
lot of times had some %uh these white
crosses

521
00:34:33,559 --> 00:34:37,898
you'll get the embryo to form but you
won't have the endosperm

522
00:34:37,898 --> 00:34:41,199
farm and so we rescue the embryo

523
00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:45,230
the land that students big on embryo
rescue were pro-life

524
00:34:45,230 --> 00:34:49,338
atlanta's to her we rescue more embryos

525
00:34:49,338 --> 00:34:53,418
the state of Kansas than anybody up

526
00:34:53,418 --> 00:34:58,858
they are a but you can see here some
other these crosses after

527
00:34:58,858 --> 00:35:03,389
harvest why you get some shoes coming up
so we say okay we've got

528
00:35:03,389 --> 00:35:08,639
that's something that's worth paying
attention to sum up don't make it though

529
00:35:08,639 --> 00:35:13,460
you can see up one of our plants we call
kerns a

530
00:35:13,460 --> 00:35:17,490
is a perennial that were domesticating
and I'm

531
00:35:17,489 --> 00:35:21,539
I think maybe I wanna show you a
photograph

532
00:35:21,539 --> 00:35:24,920
a well the sole if that this

533
00:35:24,920 --> 00:35:30,070
you doing alright with this the plant at
the top is the great Platte

534
00:35:30,070 --> 00:35:34,690
that started civilization the one on the
bottom has the kind the plant that'll

535
00:35:34,690 --> 00:35:36,300
save it

536
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:39,700
a so here these root cert NP

537
00:35:39,699 --> 00:35:43,848
law at this plant is about 14 months old

538
00:35:43,849 --> 00:35:47,088
so look at it as and best bet

539
00:35:47,088 --> 00:35:50,578
now there'll be some slopping I'll but

540
00:35:50,579 --> 00:35:55,910
up we the especially with our perennial
sorghum one thing we notice

541
00:35:55,909 --> 00:36:01,809
is that the perennial sorghum is up in
developing a canape be for the grounds

542
00:36:01,809 --> 00:36:03,289
warming up

543
00:36:03,289 --> 00:36:06,969
for the gray have the annual the German
day

544
00:36:06,969 --> 00:36:10,649
so you got a canopy longer so

545
00:36:10,650 --> 00:36:15,619
evoked come up in pet this later

546
00:36:15,619 --> 00:36:20,650
so you can imagine the elegant
micro-management up nutrients and water

547
00:36:20,650 --> 00:36:24,559
you can also imagine out

548
00:36:24,559 --> 00:36:28,349
I mean I just can't resist I you can
also imagine

549
00:36:28,349 --> 00:36:32,039
yeah let's do this again I good

550
00:36:32,039 --> 00:36:36,469
your you kidnap you can also imagine

551
00:36:36,469 --> 00:36:41,000
when we came across the cock that at hit
the grasslands cutting

552
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:44,889
after cutting the forests and plowing
the prairies

553
00:36:44,889 --> 00:36:49,789
where we cut it off and all that scar
but now

554
00:36:49,789 --> 00:36:52,829
that had to have contributed
significantly to global

555
00:36:52,829 --> 00:36:56,010
to climate change that's a lotta carbon

556
00:36:56,010 --> 00:37:00,650
Marty bender at the lake party vendor
who's with us for many years

557
00:37:00,650 --> 00:37:03,650
I walked in one day to Marty

558
00:37:03,650 --> 00:37:07,250
and set the marty let's pretend its
October

559
00:37:07,250 --> 00:37:13,059
1492 and that typical party response was
what the hell you want

560
00:37:13,059 --> 00:37:17,199
do that for and I said

561
00:37:17,199 --> 00:37:20,739
let's getting Esteban at the amount of
carbon

562
00:37:20,739 --> 00:37:25,379
in the biota on the the day before
Columbus

563
00:37:25,380 --> 00:37:30,490
at if that were to be replaced through
the repurchase tation

564
00:37:30,489 --> 00:37:34,118
how many years up oil burning

565
00:37:34,119 --> 00:37:39,820
by the US could be absorbed by the
vegetation

566
00:37:39,820 --> 00:37:42,930
they all got the picture you want me to
run it by again

567
00:37:42,929 --> 00:37:46,679
just but your hand up if you want me to
do it again

568
00:37:46,679 --> 00:37:51,328
good I I like to like to deal with

569
00:37:51,329 --> 00:37:55,269
honest people up

570
00:37:55,269 --> 00:38:00,309
alright when columbus came it's been
estimated that our soils were about 6

571
00:38:00,309 --> 00:38:03,179
percent carpet

572
00:38:03,179 --> 00:38:06,730
way cut the force with clout the
prairies

573
00:38:06,730 --> 00:38:10,789
as we play out the prairie swipe course
this carbon

574
00:38:10,789 --> 00:38:14,619
you know Scott oxidized of co2

575
00:38:14,619 --> 00:38:18,579
so let's pretend that we're gonna get it
back

576
00:38:18,579 --> 00:38:22,430
like it what's now

577
00:38:22,429 --> 00:38:25,519
we've been burning like a

578
00:38:25,519 --> 00:38:30,059
well around $22 million barrels of oil a
day now

579
00:38:30,059 --> 00:38:35,219
a back in nineteen eighty is only $16
million barrels of oil a day but I think

580
00:38:35,219 --> 00:38:38,819
Marty I asking this may be an 2000 I
can't remember

581
00:38:38,820 --> 00:38:42,059
so I said Marty if we were to get all it
back

582
00:38:42,059 --> 00:38:45,159
how many years worth a burning I'll

583
00:38:45,159 --> 00:38:48,739
oil by the US could our

584
00:38:48,739 --> 00:38:52,199
landscape apps or

585
00:38:52,199 --> 00:38:55,838
so he went to work

586
00:38:55,838 --> 00:38:59,259
and estimated somewhere between 17

587
00:38:59,260 --> 00:39:05,180
and thirty years and we sorta settled
closer to 1730 so we said twenty years

588
00:39:05,179 --> 00:39:06,519
work

589
00:39:06,519 --> 00:39:09,940
I'll seaquest rations

590
00:39:09,940 --> 00:39:13,470
possible value all have a

591
00:39:13,469 --> 00:39:17,368
good I'm a pretty good picture if I get
H

592
00:39:17,369 --> 00:39:20,380
take to crack said so

593
00:39:20,380 --> 00:39:24,510
justice give you the subs or to repeat
here now but imagine

594
00:39:24,510 --> 00:39:28,359
the week plant being planted in
september well

595
00:39:28,358 --> 00:39:32,108
this other plant is already there then
December it gets a little bigger and

596
00:39:32,108 --> 00:39:34,069
March a little bigger in time

597
00:39:34,070 --> 00:39:37,630
it's ready for harvest why there it is
so

598
00:39:37,630 --> 00:39:41,670
you know this is a is just obvious

599
00:39:41,670 --> 00:39:46,750
now wave done some work a with perennial
card that's going to take a lot of work

600
00:39:46,750 --> 00:39:49,170
and it's probably gonna take jobs

601
00:39:49,170 --> 00:39:54,690
well there's some people at cornell that
are working on that perennial court

602
00:39:54,690 --> 00:39:59,280
what I was pretty optimistic about
having at Barber ready at a fairly short

603
00:39:59,280 --> 00:40:01,250
period of time

604
00:40:01,250 --> 00:40:04,539
I'll sorghum we've crossed sorghum

605
00:40:04,539 --> 00:40:07,949
and we now have whether hardy up

606
00:40:07,949 --> 00:40:12,199
sorghum that's growing it's still got a
lot of reading to do in order to shorten

607
00:40:12,199 --> 00:40:13,489
that

608
00:40:13,489 --> 00:40:19,129
a David bad tassel a started out as a
molecular biologist has become a

609
00:40:19,130 --> 00:40:23,869
plant breeder he's working with the
sunflowers and Maximilian sunflower he's

610
00:40:23,869 --> 00:40:27,099
managed actually to get the single head

611
00:40:27,099 --> 00:40:31,660
a just through selection of Maximilian
the sunflower

612
00:40:31,659 --> 00:40:36,159
and then another plants opium that we
worked with for some time

613
00:40:36,159 --> 00:40:39,980
is also an important oilseed crop

614
00:40:39,980 --> 00:40:43,480
where also supporting the a

615
00:40:43,480 --> 00:40:47,269
preying on those Asian up the upland
rice in China

616
00:40:47,269 --> 00:40:51,099
I'll ok couple love our guys go over
there every year

617
00:40:51,099 --> 00:40:56,000
have looking at that situation that
Chinese are getting very interested and

618
00:40:56,000 --> 00:41:02,190
perennials generally a the reason is is
upland rice grown on steep slopes a

619
00:41:02,190 --> 00:41:06,170
destroy the vegetation you maybe get a
crop

620
00:41:06,170 --> 00:41:09,200
her for two years but then

621
00:41:09,199 --> 00:41:14,679
that set and it's not just their where
it's happening it's and Malaysia

622
00:41:14,679 --> 00:41:17,789
so this is very a a very serious

623
00:41:17,789 --> 00:41:21,469
a kind the problem and

624
00:41:21,469 --> 00:41:25,919
I and by the way this is a kind of an
old slide

625
00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:29,720
both at those a well the blue one would
be

626
00:41:29,719 --> 00:41:33,889
clear at the top there at the right now
but this is just to show that the scene

627
00:41:33,889 --> 00:41:34,900
wat

628
00:41:34,900 --> 00:41:38,710
a is going up and the response to
selection but just see

629
00:41:38,710 --> 00:41:42,818
yield is up is very high

630
00:41:42,818 --> 00:41:46,730
and all you folks know the story in the
beginning God created the normal

631
00:41:46,730 --> 00:41:48,519
distribution the bell state

632
00:41:48,519 --> 00:41:54,380
her your and so as a consequence you to
select the tail

633
00:41:54,380 --> 00:41:57,608
on large size and ship the

634
00:41:57,608 --> 00:42:03,139
a you can you can get big she didn't get
enough genetic variation

635
00:42:03,139 --> 00:42:06,858
I and hero show you just increase and
the

636
00:42:06,858 --> 00:42:11,190
up a stem length a thats bearing

637
00:42:11,190 --> 00:42:14,838
a bearing seeds

638
00:42:14,838 --> 00:42:18,009
problems and by the way there's gonna be
another boost

639
00:42:18,010 --> 00:42:21,359
and kneeled increase you folks

640
00:42:21,358 --> 00:42:26,139
that breeders know this annual stand the
cell

641
00:42:26,139 --> 00:42:30,088
that is take their own a accept their
own problem

642
00:42:30,088 --> 00:42:33,440
and as a consequence or genetic load
doesn't build up

643
00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:37,099
much perennials tend to be out crossers

644
00:42:37,099 --> 00:42:40,329
so by outcrossing that is

645
00:42:40,329 --> 00:42:44,869
the then consequently the genetic low
can build up because

646
00:42:44,869 --> 00:42:49,220
it's being covered by say a normal gene

647
00:42:49,219 --> 00:42:54,159
so as we start making these this and
doing this in breeding

648
00:42:54,159 --> 00:42:57,420
what we do is we're noticing that only
about

649
00:42:57,420 --> 00:43:01,050
half up the places on the spike

650
00:43:01,050 --> 00:43:04,550
that would be accommodating a seat
actually have seed

651
00:43:04,550 --> 00:43:08,690
what we're doing is getting rid of the
genetic load

652
00:43:08,690 --> 00:43:12,019
so the curb go something like this:

653
00:43:12,019 --> 00:43:16,179
and then once you get rid of that
genetic load then it's gonna go back up

654
00:43:16,179 --> 00:43:21,659
so yea though we go through the valley
of the shadow of death we

655
00:43:21,659 --> 00:43:28,659
there no able for the evolution forces
with us

656
00:43:30,940 --> 00:43:33,170
if your method as you know things like
that

657
00:43:33,170 --> 00:43:40,170
well that's still show you about some
seed size changes

658
00:43:43,650 --> 00:43:48,160
I'm not this is just some other
molecular markers and play

659
00:43:48,159 --> 00:43:51,389
I'll I shouldn't have that in their but
a

660
00:43:51,389 --> 00:43:55,219
well I don't mind happen and then there
but that's boring

661
00:43:55,219 --> 00:44:00,169
OBS on up almost 2,000 plants
forty-three percent

662
00:44:00,170 --> 00:44:03,320
survived the summer of 2010 and these
are some other than that

663
00:44:03,320 --> 00:44:06,870
up survived and a and

664
00:44:06,869 --> 00:44:12,809
some larger Plaza is now in Australia a
summer the plots and who South Wales

665
00:44:12,809 --> 00:44:17,940
this shows the survivability and then
the Paul

666
00:44:17,940 --> 00:44:23,700
and at the United Academy of
Agricultural Sciences with the perennial

667
00:44:23,699 --> 00:44:26,739
rice now

668
00:44:26,739 --> 00:44:29,939
hero show you the job

669
00:44:29,940 --> 00:44:33,720
okay this is

670
00:44:33,719 --> 00:44:37,829
the grain ye olde grams per plot

671
00:44:37,829 --> 00:44:41,190
a the whole grain

672
00:44:41,190 --> 00:44:44,530
and so it

673
00:44:44,530 --> 00:44:49,240
and over here in spring a merchant shoes
the number of shoots

674
00:44:49,239 --> 00:44:53,369
per three meters so here

675
00:44:53,369 --> 00:44:57,009
is the wild perennial

676
00:44:57,010 --> 00:45:00,760
wealth a lotta shoots hold your fire

677
00:45:00,760 --> 00:45:04,980
folks its Johnson grass sorghum hella
pensi

678
00:45:04,980 --> 00:45:08,340
alright here it is here here is the

679
00:45:08,340 --> 00:45:12,720
and y'all grain sorghum are though the
grain sorghum

680
00:45:12,719 --> 00:45:16,589
a hybrid and then the grain sorghum

681
00:45:16,590 --> 00:45:20,079
inbred but over here

682
00:45:20,079 --> 00:45:25,269
is a sorghum times

683
00:45:25,269 --> 00:45:28,440
a the the perennial

684
00:45:28,440 --> 00:45:32,630
the annual sorghum so we have an
outlying here and

685
00:45:32,630 --> 00:45:37,240
well course here's an outlying about it
that have the tide the yield

686
00:45:37,239 --> 00:45:41,039
so we got good he old and we also have

687
00:45:41,039 --> 00:45:45,070
the per naat tissue and here's an
example

688
00:45:45,070 --> 00:45:48,150
a David Van tassels work

689
00:45:48,150 --> 00:45:51,190
to get the single head increased

690
00:45:51,190 --> 00:45:54,250
apical dominance in the sunflower there

691
00:45:54,250 --> 00:45:57,929
is the wild type situation a

692
00:45:57,929 --> 00:46:01,469
over here out a Maximilian

693
00:46:01,469 --> 00:46:04,869
and it's interesting a

694
00:46:04,869 --> 00:46:08,599
it's been interesting to see how easy it
is select for that apparently the Native

695
00:46:08,599 --> 00:46:09,569
Americans

696
00:46:09,570 --> 00:46:14,710
domesticated the sunflower twice once in
the southeastern United States and once

697
00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:15,760
in mexico

698
00:46:15,760 --> 00:46:19,700
a as so that so I've been told

699
00:46:19,699 --> 00:46:23,019
RI

700
00:46:23,019 --> 00:46:27,519
so that's a background and so we felt
confident enough

701
00:46:27,519 --> 00:46:31,360
jobs that it was im that we could

702
00:46:31,360 --> 00:46:35,530
start reaching out bob kerrey the former
governor of Nebraska

703
00:46:35,530 --> 00:46:38,840
and the senator from Nebraska

704
00:46:38,840 --> 00:46:42,450
now is headed New School in New York
City his

705
00:46:42,449 --> 00:46:46,629
always tried to get me involved in the
farm bill the five-year farm bills

706
00:46:46,630 --> 00:46:49,740
I have a Hairston five-year farm bills

707
00:46:49,739 --> 00:46:54,139
a you know they're all devoted primarily
to export

708
00:46:54,139 --> 00:46:57,869
policy and so on. I'm and commodities
and

709
00:46:57,869 --> 00:47:01,489
it it an interesting stuff had that

710
00:47:01,489 --> 00:47:05,059
I said we need a fifty-year far beyond
says tell you what

711
00:47:05,059 --> 00:47:08,750
will do both will do a five-year farm
bill on a fifty-year par bill

712
00:47:08,750 --> 00:47:12,010
well I fulfilled my part of the
obligation but he didn't

713
00:47:12,010 --> 00:47:15,010
and so I want to just tell you a little
about this

714
00:47:15,010 --> 00:47:20,170
sup fifty your power bill five-year farm
bales

715
00:47:20,170 --> 00:47:25,710
feature exports commodity subsidies a
little on this or conservation

716
00:47:25,710 --> 00:47:29,159
and the third programs and of course

717
00:47:29,159 --> 00:47:33,069
our 50-year farm bill would protect soil
from erosion

718
00:47:33,070 --> 00:47:36,990
and so on you folks can read this up

719
00:47:36,989 --> 00:47:42,049
so this is essentially sustaining the
resource over here

720
00:47:42,050 --> 00:47:45,630
is a primarily extracting so

721
00:47:45,630 --> 00:47:49,640
you will go through this kinda slowly
well

722
00:47:49,639 --> 00:47:53,819
this was done in 2009 and word

723
00:47:53,820 --> 00:47:56,840
talking about 3 undead and 20

724
00:47:56,840 --> 00:48:00,510
a million acres RI

725
00:48:00,510 --> 00:48:03,770
down here we have

726
00:48:03,769 --> 00:48:07,429
vegetables and

727
00:48:07,429 --> 00:48:11,289
other things I'll show you in a moment
appear that black part

728
00:48:11,289 --> 00:48:14,509
those your tree in buying props

729
00:48:14,510 --> 00:48:19,000
here is the hay and forage crops now
we're not talking about range

730
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:24,360
we're talking about like alfalfa crops
that are put in rotations

731
00:48:24,360 --> 00:48:27,990
a so what we're saying is

732
00:48:27,989 --> 00:48:31,069
2009 we want the subsidies such that we

733
00:48:31,070 --> 00:48:34,090
increase the a male

734
00:48:34,090 --> 00:48:38,200
I'll I'll perennials

735
00:48:38,199 --> 00:48:42,569
and the rotation and the next five years
more

736
00:48:42,570 --> 00:48:45,990
and then right here are perennial grains
began to come online

737
00:48:45,989 --> 00:48:50,129
the blue here and then another five
years more

738
00:48:50,130 --> 00:48:54,369
and another five years more and at this
point you see where we got those burdick

739
00:48:54,369 --> 00:48:55,779
a little minds in there

740
00:48:55,780 --> 00:48:59,390
now we're starting to introduced
livestock

741
00:48:59,389 --> 00:49:03,019
as management up the perennials

742
00:49:03,019 --> 00:49:09,369
more livestock more perennial Grange
Moor perennial great so that we go probs

743
00:49:09,369 --> 00:49:13,219
20 percent perennial

744
00:49:13,219 --> 00:49:16,339
to eighty percent perennial

745
00:49:16,340 --> 00:49:20,590
and wave doubled the amount of tree in
buying props

746
00:49:20,590 --> 00:49:23,789
we've doubled the vegetables

747
00:49:23,789 --> 00:49:27,079
I over a 15-year period so we're

748
00:49:27,079 --> 00:49:30,380
given them their due but the dual
purpose

749
00:49:30,380 --> 00:49:34,300
we see fire and

750
00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:37,700
grazing as primary management tools

751
00:49:37,699 --> 00:49:41,379
I think more grazing than fire a

752
00:49:41,380 --> 00:49:44,640
the selected grazer the bovine or

753
00:49:44,639 --> 00:49:49,719
the mowing machine a non-selective
greater

754
00:49:49,719 --> 00:49:53,389
well just to show you what we're talking
about in that little

755
00:49:53,389 --> 00:49:58,389
chant down here this is a little bit
here

756
00:49:58,389 --> 00:50:02,059
66 percent that is Scott

757
00:50:02,059 --> 00:50:05,130
I levin percent about is

758
00:50:05,130 --> 00:50:08,340
market vegetables and melons

759
00:50:08,340 --> 00:50:11,850
seven-percent sugar beets seven-percent
processing

760
00:50:11,849 --> 00:50:15,319
vegetables seven-percent potatoes 2
percent back up

761
00:50:15,320 --> 00:50:19,150
up this little part here so

762
00:50:19,150 --> 00:50:25,690
I'm scientist emphasize we gotta be
talking about the grains

763
00:50:25,690 --> 00:50:31,090
so more livestock fed the pasture fruit
now take reach double beds to the lake

764
00:50:31,090 --> 00:50:33,039
reach doubled

765
00:50:33,039 --> 00:50:39,719
and annual Grange replaced with
perennial grains

766
00:50:39,719 --> 00:50:43,429
so that started the summary of the story

767
00:50:43,429 --> 00:50:48,419
right there that there's more to it it
an important ecological sense

768
00:50:48,420 --> 00:50:53,700
that in 1700 the profile look something
like this:

769
00:50:53,699 --> 00:50:57,819
the components of agricultural
sustainability permanent vegetation

770
00:50:57,820 --> 00:51:00,080
nitrogen balance

771
00:51:00,079 --> 00:51:03,380
a rural community health chemical hell

772
00:51:03,380 --> 00:51:08,430
but then your any 1862

773
00:51:08,429 --> 00:51:11,589
we all know that's the beginning have
the up

774
00:51:11,590 --> 00:51:14,850
land-grant college act its also

775
00:51:14,849 --> 00:51:17,949
up the have well

776
00:51:17,949 --> 00:51:21,009
you know how that happened the the

777
00:51:21,010 --> 00:51:24,010
Homestead Act happen because

778
00:51:24,010 --> 00:51:29,570
the civil war starts in 1861 the south
is not coming to congress

779
00:51:29,570 --> 00:51:33,710
the South opposed giving away land
because they do it would

780
00:51:33,710 --> 00:51:36,889
increase the a the favorite is above the
North

781
00:51:36,889 --> 00:51:40,469
so with them not coming why we Bohdan

782
00:51:40,469 --> 00:51:44,429
both the Homestead Act and the
land-grant college act

783
00:51:44,429 --> 00:51:47,980
and then 1883 or so it's up

784
00:51:47,980 --> 00:51:51,070
the experiment station and then 1914

785
00:51:51,070 --> 00:51:56,640
extension and so just as we start
getting everything wired

786
00:51:56,639 --> 00:52:00,420
westward expansion and we start bringing
all this on

787
00:52:00,420 --> 00:52:03,809
look what happens things get worse

788
00:52:03,809 --> 00:52:08,750
and then you get so conservation
programs put in the 1930s you get a

789
00:52:08,750 --> 00:52:09,789
little bump

790
00:52:09,789 --> 00:52:13,800
then you get a card and soil biofuels
Bowman it goes down again

791
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:18,220
so these little black dots those
represent the five-year

792
00:52:18,219 --> 00:52:21,779
far bales where we think we can bring
back

793
00:52:21,780 --> 00:52:27,470
resurrect so a.m.

794
00:52:27,469 --> 00:52:30,569
here's the standard

795
00:52:30,570 --> 00:52:33,890
and here is an

796
00:52:33,889 --> 00:52:37,569
a something have a summary when we were
hunters

797
00:52:37,570 --> 00:52:41,039
gathers we were within the system

798
00:52:41,039 --> 00:52:45,840
we had things that aid on us from the
inside they were called parasites

799
00:52:45,840 --> 00:52:47,240
bacteria

800
00:52:47,239 --> 00:52:51,199
fungi worms and so on

801
00:52:51,199 --> 00:52:55,730
I and we got 8 eaten from the outside to

802
00:52:55,730 --> 00:52:59,590
a things that like to

803
00:52:59,590 --> 00:53:02,920
there were what I mean we were pray but

804
00:53:02,920 --> 00:53:07,309
then a you know we start agriculture

805
00:53:07,309 --> 00:53:10,460
and we began to get outta phase

806
00:53:10,460 --> 00:53:14,369
pretty seriously I to Phase then we have
industrial agriculture get even more out

807
00:53:14,369 --> 00:53:17,420
of place but then we put in sustainable
agriculture

808
00:53:17,420 --> 00:53:20,820
but it's just a tiny little creep we're
still

809
00:53:20,820 --> 00:53:25,280
so heavily dependent upon extraction so
what are we gonna do

810
00:53:25,280 --> 00:53:28,370
well we're not going back together and
having willfully

811
00:53:28,369 --> 00:53:31,429
I'll or pre-industrial agriculture

812
00:53:31,429 --> 00:53:34,739
a in the same way willfully

813
00:53:34,739 --> 00:53:38,750
I so we're saying it's possible to have
a

814
00:53:38,750 --> 00:53:41,840
a and agriculture that's more isomorphic

815
00:53:41,840 --> 00:53:45,500
with the way nature's ecosystems work

816
00:53:45,500 --> 00:53:50,559
so I'll

817
00:53:50,559 --> 00:53:54,940
the soil carbon helps make several is
Asian possible the possible carbon makes

818
00:53:54,940 --> 00:53:58,700
a Bronze and Iron Age possible cold
makes the Industrial Revolution began

819
00:53:58,699 --> 00:54:00,639
oil accelerates that

820
00:54:00,639 --> 00:54:04,859
and so does natural gas and so what we
have and

821
00:54:04,860 --> 00:54:09,360
is this lines where there's a gradual

822
00:54:09,360 --> 00:54:13,289
increase said and boom right here at the
present

823
00:54:13,289 --> 00:54:16,650
is where it really takes all

824
00:54:16,650 --> 00:54:19,829
so or you can look at it from this point
of view

825
00:54:19,829 --> 00:54:23,269
here is the population her

826
00:54:23,269 --> 00:54:28,369
and then if you take a similar time
frame I hear is the use of oil

827
00:54:28,369 --> 00:54:34,089
so how's that any different that
bacteria growing on a petri dish

828
00:54:34,090 --> 00:54:38,960
so what we've done is as far as
population growth respond to the

829
00:54:38,960 --> 00:54:40,519
availability

830
00:54:40,519 --> 00:54:45,759
up the non renewable carbon and two

831
00:54:45,760 --> 00:54:50,040
we build an economic system we got this
powerful

832
00:54:50,039 --> 00:54:56,110
abstraction ability and we build an
economic system

833
00:54:56,110 --> 00:55:00,579
that's nothing more than petri dish
economics

834
00:55:00,579 --> 00:55:04,139
its capital is how we can get to the
engine the

835
00:55:04,139 --> 00:55:09,150
dish now every now and then we say well
it's not fair we need a little more

836
00:55:09,150 --> 00:55:12,139
social justice so we put in a little
regulation

837
00:55:12,139 --> 00:55:17,109
so that we can all get to the edge the
petri dish equally

838
00:55:17,110 --> 00:55:21,340
but it's still grow and we gotta talk
about the end the growth

839
00:55:21,340 --> 00:55:24,880
and i wanna talk about that a just a
little bit cuz

840
00:55:24,880 --> 00:55:28,869
I think the it might be important

841
00:55:28,869 --> 00:55:33,960
so when economics and population absorb
growth

842
00:55:33,960 --> 00:55:37,050
I'll through he have renewables

843
00:55:37,050 --> 00:55:40,530
the although jevans paradox

844
00:55:40,530 --> 00:55:43,890
William Stanley J Evans 1865

845
00:55:43,889 --> 00:55:49,129
his book the coal question he concluded
that it doesn't really England got more

846
00:55:49,130 --> 00:55:51,530
impatient use more resources

847
00:55:51,530 --> 00:55:55,570
particularly coal and iron frees up
capital

848
00:55:55,570 --> 00:55:59,090
that's it so then

849
00:55:59,090 --> 00:56:02,579
what well the end up growth so

850
00:56:02,579 --> 00:56:06,199
if we can keep ourselves spread

851
00:56:06,199 --> 00:56:10,069
I'll

852
00:56:10,070 --> 00:56:14,340
what do we do well take measures to
preserve the salt and water

853
00:56:14,340 --> 00:56:17,900
and so now here comes the end by top

854
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:21,990
and the most interesting part and the
most exciting part

855
00:56:21,989 --> 00:56:28,099
and if you're not ready for why leave up

856
00:56:28,099 --> 00:56:31,480
work going to the foundation world

857
00:56:31,480 --> 00:56:35,440
as ego statesman and saying here's what

858
00:56:35,440 --> 00:56:39,380
needs done we can have

859
00:56:39,380 --> 00:56:42,590
a sustainable green revolution here

860
00:56:42,590 --> 00:56:45,910
we well have

861
00:56:45,909 --> 00:56:49,589
a merger up ecology

862
00:56:49,590 --> 00:56:52,960
and evolutionary biology with

863
00:56:52,960 --> 00:56:56,380
agriculture and so here's

864
00:56:56,380 --> 00:56:59,559
what we're saying to them

865
00:56:59,559 --> 00:57:02,960
Darwin

866
00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:06,769
brought about the first major sent this
is

867
00:57:06,769 --> 00:57:13,769
and biology Darwin clearly was the most
important biologist sense Aristotle

868
00:57:14,670 --> 00:57:18,740
he it was a great sent this is

869
00:57:18,739 --> 00:57:23,069
natural history tradition contributed

870
00:57:23,070 --> 00:57:27,680
greatly thats 1859

871
00:57:27,679 --> 00:57:31,089
that's the same here is great soil well

872
00:57:31,090 --> 00:57:36,180
it's also the same here at that John
Brown was hanged at Harper's Ferry

873
00:57:36,179 --> 00:57:40,789
I won't go into that that's another
lecture

874
00:57:40,789 --> 00:57:44,000
comes at extra charge

875
00:57:44,000 --> 00:57:49,110
1859 1865 is great Armando

876
00:57:49,110 --> 00:57:52,890
but Mendo was not discovered his work
wasn't discovered

877
00:57:52,889 --> 00:57:58,579
until 1908 by three biologists
independently

878
00:57:58,579 --> 00:58:02,389
so genetics had its beginning

879
00:58:02,389 --> 00:58:07,409
and they were had to work through on the
chromosome theory of heredity

880
00:58:07,409 --> 00:58:10,449
they had to learn about gene interaction

881
00:58:10,449 --> 00:58:13,489
they were mapping jane's

882
00:58:13,489 --> 00:58:17,789
they were looking at your shop applies
and my

883
00:58:17,789 --> 00:58:21,699
and cattle and horses and wraps and
snapdragons

884
00:58:21,699 --> 00:58:25,000
San peas and so on

885
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:31,579
but as the geneticists were at work they
were developing their own vocabulary

886
00:58:31,579 --> 00:58:34,849
the natural history people the Darwinian
people

887
00:58:34,849 --> 00:58:39,039
did not have an acrid area heredity

888
00:58:39,039 --> 00:58:43,889
and sewer chasm developed that was
pretty deep

889
00:58:43,889 --> 00:58:47,009
and wide and

890
00:58:47,010 --> 00:58:50,470
the two were unable to really talk to
one another

891
00:58:50,469 --> 00:58:54,199
for about three decades

892
00:58:54,199 --> 00:58:57,699
but a man who had been raised and the

893
00:58:57,699 --> 00:59:03,449
ukraine in a natural history tradition

894
00:59:03,449 --> 00:59:06,669
was at work in Morgans lab at columbia

895
00:59:06,670 --> 00:59:11,530
on Drosophila applies that was
Theodosius stuff John ski

896
00:59:11,530 --> 00:59:15,500
and he began to pull the two together

897
00:59:15,500 --> 00:59:20,349
that in 1936 wrote a book that was
published in 1937

898
00:59:20,349 --> 00:59:25,219
entitled genetics and the Origin of
Species

899
00:59:25,219 --> 00:59:28,849
that was a major synthesis

900
00:59:28,849 --> 00:59:32,469
and there was a great flowering that
followed

901
00:59:32,469 --> 00:59:37,789
dub john's case set this is and others
develop their own version up the set the

902
00:59:37,789 --> 00:59:38,460
service

903
00:59:38,460 --> 00:59:41,650
not necessarily in computation

904
00:59:41,650 --> 00:59:44,809
are not in competition but we had

905
00:59:44,809 --> 00:59:49,730
a flourishing that's 37 so 1865

906
00:59:49,730 --> 00:59:53,849
to eighteen knobs a 1859

907
00:59:53,849 --> 01:00:00,849
the 1937 then

908
01:00:01,030 --> 01:00:04,720
1953 is Watson and Crick

909
01:00:04,719 --> 01:00:07,980
and so now we have molecular biology

910
01:00:07,980 --> 01:00:12,990
that is able to kinda integrated also
I'm called were calling that the third

911
01:00:12,989 --> 01:00:14,000
synthesis

912
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:17,050
by the way this paper that

913
01:00:17,050 --> 01:00:21,480
a firms stand cocks at the Land
Institute

914
01:00:21,480 --> 01:00:25,860
and ecologist at Prescott College tired
on this paper called the next step this

915
01:00:25,860 --> 01:00:26,530
is

916
01:00:26,530 --> 01:00:29,600
so now we have 3

917
01:00:29,599 --> 01:00:32,929
that have come together and so

918
01:00:32,929 --> 01:00:39,369
the the evolutionary biology ecology
with the modern molecular sent this is

919
01:00:39,369 --> 01:00:42,699
were saying now stands ready to merge
with

920
01:00:42,699 --> 01:00:47,869
agriculture now that we have the
perennials on the horizon

921
01:00:47,869 --> 01:00:51,420
and that'd be the ports sentences so
that's what we're saying to the

922
01:00:51,420 --> 01:00:52,970
foundation world

923
01:00:52,969 --> 01:00:56,359
we have a chance for the first time in
history

924
01:00:56,360 --> 01:01:00,910
and partly because the computational
power part because the molecular tools

925
01:01:00,909 --> 01:01:04,429
partly because up a sense the

926
01:01:04,429 --> 01:01:07,639
a a great possibility

927
01:01:07,639 --> 01:01:10,949
to have a conceptual revolution for

928
01:01:10,949 --> 01:01:15,369
agriculture so what we're saying to the
world is

929
01:01:15,369 --> 01:01:19,049
there lotta places around the planet

930
01:01:19,050 --> 01:01:22,370
that week head setup

931
01:01:22,369 --> 01:01:25,509
stations there's

932
01:01:25,510 --> 01:01:30,540
people working with rights they're scary
International Rice Research Institute

933
01:01:30,539 --> 01:01:33,940
in on African rice center

934
01:01:33,940 --> 01:01:37,820
so the fella pains China pan Africa the
quakes

935
01:01:37,820 --> 01:01:43,030
several their corn several here sorghum
several here pigeon pea several

936
01:01:43,030 --> 01:01:47,990
other leg in terms of oilseed crop
soybeans and saw

937
01:01:47,989 --> 01:01:51,529
I'll we authors

938
01:01:51,530 --> 01:01:55,769
are picking 11 sites actually will
probably add another

939
01:01:55,769 --> 01:02:00,309
I there's a very big US program at the
University of Manitoba

940
01:02:00,309 --> 01:02:03,340
on perennials but what we're saying is

941
01:02:03,340 --> 01:02:06,940
we need 11 or 12 sites

942
01:02:06,940 --> 01:02:09,980
around the planet these happen to be are
favored

943
01:02:09,980 --> 01:02:14,829
fiber Chu all sites Cornell University
Georgia Washington State North Carolina

944
01:02:14,829 --> 01:02:17,340
State Texas A&M

945
01:02:17,340 --> 01:02:22,660
and what we do is train a 110

946
01:02:22,659 --> 01:02:26,210
PhD scientists

947
01:02:26,210 --> 01:02:29,490
way would have them calm and

948
01:02:29,489 --> 01:02:32,629
cohorts cohort 1

949
01:02:32,630 --> 01:02:37,110
what have 22 the next year we would
start cohort

950
01:02:37,110 --> 01:02:41,490
to then cohort three then cohort for
than coal or

951
01:02:41,489 --> 01:02:45,429
5 for all 110 total

952
01:02:45,429 --> 01:02:50,000
so we would pay these people

953
01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:53,320
50,000 a year for three years

954
01:02:53,320 --> 01:02:56,740
30,000 Saori 20,000 for

955
01:02:56,739 --> 01:03:02,399
laver whatever breeders molecular
geneticists ecologists and modelers

956
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:03,059
braiders

957
01:03:03,059 --> 01:03:06,989
7 in cohort 1 molecular geneticists 3

958
01:03:06,989 --> 01:03:11,179
colleges modelers and so on the next
year

959
01:03:11,179 --> 01:03:14,599
727 that a you say

960
01:03:14,599 --> 01:03:18,559
and then here's what whether happened

961
01:03:18,559 --> 01:03:23,840
when this program began 50 PhD level
scientists in these levin

962
01:03:23,840 --> 01:03:28,289
sis places getting things established

963
01:03:28,289 --> 01:03:31,829
to good start

964
01:03:31,829 --> 01:03:37,119
a to be receiving these young PhD

965
01:03:37,119 --> 01:03:40,920
so 0 well here's the cost

966
01:03:40,920 --> 01:03:46,950
each Fellow 50,000 times three years

967
01:03:46,949 --> 01:03:51,179
cost that much each major props gets
10,000 per year

968
01:03:51,179 --> 01:03:54,869
bridge fellow this much committee
members

969
01:03:54,869 --> 01:04:01,869
selecting travel 24 million dollars

970
01:04:01,960 --> 01:04:08,789
there then go often work in clusters
Na's 11 or 12 places around the planet

971
01:04:08,789 --> 01:04:12,509
and each cluster would have there'd
these 10

972
01:04:12,510 --> 01:04:18,090
individuals the coordinator a model
where the breeders the geneticists

973
01:04:18,090 --> 01:04:22,280
ecologists agronomist

974
01:04:22,280 --> 01:04:27,120
and then tech nations can i bum 10
support staff a total a thirty

975
01:04:27,119 --> 01:04:33,639
the annual cost per site four and a half
million dollars

976
01:04:33,639 --> 01:04:37,429
so here's a summary

977
01:04:37,429 --> 01:04:42,440
you got fifty PhD level scientists for
the first three years

978
01:04:42,440 --> 01:04:48,190
that's gonna cost $45 million the Fibre
Channel sites twenty two and a half

979
01:04:48,190 --> 01:04:51,380
training PHD's 24 million

980
01:04:51,380 --> 01:04:55,050
and then this will be the cost

981
01:04:55,050 --> 01:04:59,570
for all 11 clusters for the next twenty
seven years

982
01:04:59,570 --> 01:05:04,950
and %uh so on a total cost 1.64 billion

983
01:05:04,949 --> 01:05:08,429
$55 million a year for thirty years

984
01:05:08,429 --> 01:05:11,440
each cluster is ed

985
01:05:11,440 --> 01:05:14,570
is committed to a thirty year time frame

986
01:05:14,570 --> 01:05:17,950
now they'll be working alongside others
at senator

987
01:05:17,949 --> 01:05:21,779
wherever that are working on short term
here and now

988
01:05:21,780 --> 01:05:24,850
and they're all naturally be linkage
between the two

989
01:05:24,849 --> 01:05:28,949
but there to keep their eye on the
30-year ball

990
01:05:28,949 --> 01:05:35,949
and not get distracted into the here and
now

991
01:05:36,099 --> 01:05:39,819
sounds like a lot of money one-third

992
01:05:39,820 --> 01:05:43,800
current current cost for the ethanol

993
01:05:43,800 --> 01:05:48,720
study 30 a subsidy for one year

994
01:05:48,719 --> 01:05:51,909
peanuts

995
01:05:51,909 --> 01:05:55,649
and if we could do that that would be

996
01:05:55,650 --> 01:05:59,119
the most significant possibility now

997
01:05:59,119 --> 01:06:03,929
what do we have to help move this along

998
01:06:03,929 --> 01:06:09,269
we've got this broad discipline of
ecology and evolutionary biology

999
01:06:09,269 --> 01:06:13,570
where they've been putting knowledge on
the shell for 100 years

1000
01:06:13,570 --> 01:06:17,210
we've got 26 long-term ecological
research

1001
01:06:17,210 --> 01:06:20,789
sites around the country

1002
01:06:20,789 --> 01:06:24,730
what I was the Konza Prairie in Kansas
another is

1003
01:06:24,730 --> 01:06:27,780
importer Rico there's one that's
agricultural

1004
01:06:27,780 --> 01:06:31,370
and that's the Kellogg station and I'm
Michigan

1005
01:06:31,369 --> 01:06:35,980
that's run a at yell Michigan run by
Michigan State

1006
01:06:35,980 --> 01:06:39,500
so that was established in nineteen

1007
01:06:39,500 --> 01:06:43,059
eighty by the National Science
Foundation and that body and knowledge

1008
01:06:43,059 --> 01:06:46,049
has been building up on all these
different ecosystems

1009
01:06:46,050 --> 01:06:50,220
the United States including Porto Rico
so here it is

1010
01:06:50,219 --> 01:06:54,079
sittin up their quiver it was put there

1011
01:06:54,079 --> 01:06:57,150
by ecologists that we're trying to
understand

1012
01:06:57,150 --> 01:07:01,240
hell the natural world works

1013
01:07:01,239 --> 01:07:04,709
RI should

1014
01:07:04,710 --> 01:07:08,449
ecologists have had the luxury to

1015
01:07:08,449 --> 01:07:13,029
understood determined how the world is
how the world works

1016
01:07:13,030 --> 01:07:17,660
its they've had the luxury to be
descriptive

1017
01:07:17,659 --> 01:07:22,159
agriculture is a not been so fortunate
they've had the burden to be

1018
01:07:22,159 --> 01:07:25,929
prescript it and those are two cultures

1019
01:07:25,929 --> 01:07:30,269
I did appreciate what extent they are
two cultures

1020
01:07:30,269 --> 01:07:34,719
but if you our stock with the end you
know you're involved in assists with us

1021
01:07:34,719 --> 01:07:40,449
effort but now with the prevails on the
horizon we can imagine

1022
01:07:40,449 --> 01:07:43,759
that it's like changing hardware

1023
01:07:43,760 --> 01:07:46,900
we now have different hardware to work
with

1024
01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:51,400
and so that it's now gonna be easier to
bring those processes up the wild

1025
01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:55,800
a to the farm

1026
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:59,420
I'm

1027
01:07:59,420 --> 01:08:04,760
the last green revolution

1028
01:08:04,760 --> 01:08:09,080
was predicated on bushels an acre zoos

1029
01:08:09,079 --> 01:08:13,309
the last green revolution was fertilizer

1030
01:08:13,309 --> 01:08:17,519
pesticides irrigation wells

1031
01:08:17,520 --> 01:08:22,470
and it led to an awful lot of social
injustice

1032
01:08:22,470 --> 01:08:26,890
a sustainable green revolution has to
take into account the social justice

1033
01:08:26,890 --> 01:08:29,260
issues

1034
01:08:29,260 --> 01:08:32,720
I think that we can say

1035
01:08:32,720 --> 01:08:36,130
that if a farmer

1036
01:08:36,130 --> 01:08:39,650
does not hap to you borrow money

1037
01:08:39,649 --> 01:08:43,789
have credit in order to buy the inputs

1038
01:08:43,789 --> 01:08:47,088
that he or she

1039
01:08:47,088 --> 01:08:52,500
I is not at risk when there's a crop
failure

1040
01:08:52,500 --> 01:08:56,930
we had a lot of that in the last green
revolution

1041
01:08:56,930 --> 01:09:00,880
yes we increase the yields two and a
half to three pole

1042
01:09:00,880 --> 01:09:03,890
a but we

1043
01:09:03,890 --> 01:09:07,640
did it with the industrial mining

1044
01:09:07,640 --> 01:09:10,970
so ecology it seems to me

1045
01:09:10,970 --> 01:09:14,048
has the potential

1046
01:09:14,048 --> 01:09:17,279
the corporate account rep this is a
caipirinha can revolution

1047
01:09:17,279 --> 01:09:20,609
changed our idea ok where we are

1048
01:09:20,609 --> 01:09:25,960
in the universe the Sun doesn't goal
around the earth

1049
01:09:25,960 --> 01:09:29,539
a the earth goes around the Sun

1050
01:09:29,539 --> 01:09:33,729
that had a great philosophical impact on
us

1051
01:09:33,729 --> 01:09:39,789
a in a similar manner to move from the
industrial mind which is given us

1052
01:09:39,789 --> 01:09:42,829
all sorts a brain damage that is

1053
01:09:42,829 --> 01:09:45,869
it's given us this of all

1054
01:09:45,869 --> 01:09:49,130
fundamentalism call technological
fundamentalism

1055
01:09:49,130 --> 01:09:53,670
the belief that we're gonna solve our
problems through technology

1056
01:09:53,670 --> 01:09:58,720
rather than to think about the necessity

1057
01:09:58,720 --> 01:10:01,970
%uh limits and this I

1058
01:10:01,970 --> 01:10:06,270
state will help us appreciate that

1059
01:10:06,270 --> 01:10:10,430
that the Scapa lingo civilization

1060
01:10:10,430 --> 01:10:14,250
that is standing behind all of these a
patient sees

1061
01:10:14,250 --> 01:10:17,600
is honey knowledge

1062
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:22,370
fossil fuel dependency and I'll tell you
I'll let me elaborate here

1063
01:10:22,369 --> 01:10:28,059
for ten years we had a 10-year well
10-year sunshine farms study

1064
01:10:28,060 --> 01:10:32,910
Marty bender directed it it was a total
a 210 acres

1065
01:10:32,909 --> 01:10:35,920
fifty acres of crops 168

1066
01:10:35,920 --> 01:10:39,369
a forage we had we had

1067
01:10:39,369 --> 01:10:44,500
jobs photovoltaic panels that provide
all the electricity for the place

1068
01:10:44,500 --> 01:10:48,770
we had a bio diesel tractor we grew the
fuel for the bio diesel tractor

1069
01:10:48,770 --> 01:10:52,670
we had chickens for eggs and for I'll

1070
01:10:52,670 --> 01:10:56,069
a for me

1071
01:10:56,069 --> 01:10:59,649
I am where draft animals I'll

1072
01:10:59,649 --> 01:11:03,239
we were able to do something other
comparison between the draft panel on

1073
01:11:03,239 --> 01:11:04,579
the bio diesel tractor

1074
01:11:04,579 --> 01:11:08,140
Marty when all the way back to the
energy costs for mining the ornamental

1075
01:11:08,140 --> 01:11:10,630
so tired arrange to build the tractor

1076
01:11:10,630 --> 01:11:14,440
the processing and gary indiana to
assembly

1077
01:11:14,439 --> 01:11:17,839
the thirty worker days for assembly the
6.2

1078
01:11:17,840 --> 01:11:21,770
a a mile one day average commute

1079
01:11:21,770 --> 01:11:25,430
that on and on at all and including a
bold

1080
01:11:25,430 --> 01:11:29,500
if a bowl we went to town to get a bolt
then

1081
01:11:29,500 --> 01:11:33,199
he wait the boat and got the embodied
energy the bow

1082
01:11:33,199 --> 01:11:38,639
so and the trip to town on advertising
the pickup trucks are horrendous

1083
01:11:38,640 --> 01:11:43,510
pocket data a well

1084
01:11:43,510 --> 01:11:47,320
I said the Marty all one day I said look
marty we gotta know

1085
01:11:47,319 --> 01:11:50,590
for these other people where you're
getting some %uh this data

1086
01:11:50,590 --> 01:11:53,760
where do they quit in getting at the
energy costs

1087
01:11:53,760 --> 01:11:57,510
should we be charging any love the
blacktop

1088
01:11:57,510 --> 01:12:02,250
put on the road to the farm

1089
01:12:02,250 --> 01:12:05,460
well how the hell we gonna do that

1090
01:12:05,460 --> 01:12:09,619
I it's okay marty what do we charge or
do we stop

1091
01:12:09,619 --> 01:12:16,619
where did they stop peter is penciled
down he says when they get tired

1092
01:12:17,399 --> 01:12:22,349
you can't get at all about that but what
you can begin to appreciate is once you

1093
01:12:22,350 --> 01:12:23,490
start at

1094
01:12:23,489 --> 01:12:28,029
you realize the skyscrapers

1095
01:12:28,029 --> 01:12:32,789
the board meetings the plights

1096
01:12:32,789 --> 01:12:37,810
making decisions about everything from a
neoprene washer

1097
01:12:37,810 --> 01:12:41,590
to whether it's gonna be made in China

1098
01:12:41,590 --> 01:12:46,350
you see so that's caplinger civilization
is somehow

1099
01:12:46,350 --> 01:12:49,770
opaque to us so here's what I'm

1100
01:12:49,770 --> 01:12:53,100
saying that it we

1101
01:12:53,100 --> 01:12:56,480
if we begin to get an ecological
worldview

1102
01:12:56,479 --> 01:12:59,689
we will be able to come to homes

1103
01:12:59,689 --> 01:13:02,799
with limits faster then

1104
01:13:02,800 --> 01:13:09,159
we ever could so long as we have this
strong dependency on fossil fuels

1105
01:13:09,159 --> 01:13:13,000
I hope you don't misunderstand what I'm
trying to say when I tell you this next

1106
01:13:13,000 --> 01:13:14,109
little tidbit

1107
01:13:14,109 --> 01:13:18,389
that

1108
01:13:18,390 --> 01:13:21,550
Robert Louis Stevenson came across the
country if

1109
01:13:21,550 --> 01:13:26,930
many went to I don't know to hear one of
those islands in the Pacific

1110
01:13:26,930 --> 01:13:30,000
and he noted that

1111
01:13:30,000 --> 01:13:35,670
they practiced infanticide but they
never spank their kids

1112
01:13:35,670 --> 01:13:40,739
he'd come from Scotland where they beat
the hell out other kids but they never

1113
01:13:40,739 --> 01:13:43,819
practice infanticide

1114
01:13:43,819 --> 01:13:46,909
now they knew they had so much land

1115
01:13:46,909 --> 01:13:51,279
they knew how far out they could go to
patients still get back

1116
01:13:51,279 --> 01:13:57,029
so they did make next acknowledge limits

1117
01:13:57,029 --> 01:14:02,599
we got a big con and

1118
01:14:02,600 --> 01:14:07,240
dan Luton at Berkeley said something may
come across the Bay Bridge once he and I

1119
01:14:07,239 --> 01:14:09,500
were both on the border friends the
earth

1120
01:14:09,500 --> 01:14:12,829
and he said he actually publish this
also but he said

1121
01:14:12,829 --> 01:14:17,579
you know Weser problem is we came as a
poor people

1122
01:14:17,579 --> 01:14:22,010
to a seemingly empty land that was rich
in resources

1123
01:14:22,010 --> 01:14:26,020
and we build our institutions for that
perception of reality

1124
01:14:26,020 --> 01:14:30,090
our political institutions our economic
institutions

1125
01:14:30,090 --> 01:14:35,199
in our educational institutions and even
our religious institutions

1126
01:14:35,199 --> 01:14:39,059
predicated on poor people empty land
rich

1127
01:14:39,060 --> 01:14:43,039
but now we've become rich people in an
increasingly poor girl and that's

1128
01:14:43,039 --> 01:14:44,880
pulling up

1129
01:14:44,880 --> 01:14:48,460
knows institutions don't hold we patch
him up

1130
01:14:48,460 --> 01:14:52,689
we give a lick and a promise but they
don't hold software to have this

1131
01:14:52,689 --> 01:14:54,489
cultural transformations

1132
01:14:54,489 --> 01:14:59,229
that is necessary I think it begins with
agriculture

1133
01:14:59,229 --> 01:15:02,859
and it begins right before the break
began for the split

1134
01:15:02,859 --> 01:15:06,029
began and so

1135
01:15:06,029 --> 01:15:10,899
this is more than about that because if
we can imagine say

1136
01:15:10,899 --> 01:15:14,339
quite are the true economies

1137
01:15:14,340 --> 01:15:18,989
their rainforests they're all pine
Meadows

1138
01:15:18,989 --> 01:15:24,079
their prairies they feature material
recycling and they run on contemporary

1139
01:15:24,079 --> 01:15:25,170
sunlight

1140
01:15:25,170 --> 01:15:29,340
they're obeying the second law of
thermodynamics

1141
01:15:29,340 --> 01:15:32,810
at various levels at various true peak
levels

1142
01:15:32,810 --> 01:15:35,870
if we can build a culture that is
somewhat

1143
01:15:35,869 --> 01:15:40,050
isomorphic with that we can then

1144
01:15:40,050 --> 01:15:43,340
began to have a different set up near
the force

1145
01:15:43,340 --> 01:15:46,949
for 8 hilemon economies generally

1146
01:15:46,949 --> 01:15:52,559
and then we may have a chance if we can
keep our soils

1147
01:15:52,560 --> 01:15:57,510
we can get through this long dark tunnel
in which we have the need to decrease

1148
01:15:57,510 --> 01:16:00,789
population and reduce economic growth

1149
01:16:00,789 --> 01:16:04,319
and as a

1150
01:16:04,319 --> 01:16:08,509
TS eliot it's the fourth court at

1151
01:16:08,510 --> 01:16:15,510
little getting the poet TS eliot we
shall not cease from exploration

1152
01:16:16,689 --> 01:16:22,059
and in the end will know the place for
the first time

1153
01:16:22,060 --> 01:16:25,080
the discovery above the earth

1154
01:16:25,079 --> 01:16:29,689
is still before us so far we've only
exploited

1155
01:16:29,689 --> 01:16:30,949
I thank you