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-[birds chirping] -[wind through trees]
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We are a connected society.
We are connected to our families and friends,
but also to our jobs and duties.
We are connected over computer networks,
phone lines and traffic junctions.
The world surrounding us is in constant movement and growth.
We left our houses made of wood to plant an artificial forest
from concrete, glass and metal.
It's not easy escaping a world where everything is connected,
to spend some time in the forest where we seek quiet and rest
from our unsteady lives.
We expect to find some kind of wisdom in the forest,
but we don't understand the voice of nature.
If those trees could only talk!
Little do we know,
that in between this world of stillness,
words are rushing back and forth.
We only have to tilt our heads down and listen...
to our roots.
[serene music]
The Coastal Pacific Rain forest of North America.
These forests are special
and known all over the world.
Here in British Columbia,
one can find trees of heights around 100 meters
and over 1 000 years of age.
People walk amongst these ancient giants
in a sense of spiritual wonder and respect.
But not anymore are these places only described
by mythological metaphors.
Scientists begin to understand the importance of these forests
as they discover more details about the relationships
between trees on a microscopic scale.
Here in Canada,
at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver,
Dr. Suzanne Simard, Professor of Forest Ecology,
conducts ground-breaking research.
Together with a team of passionate forest scientists,
she tries to find out more about the methods
of communication amongst trees.
Before I became a professor
I was actually a forester.
And before that I grew up
in the Inland Rain forest of British Columbia.
As a forester I really was
moving into an area that I loved dear to my heart.
I knew forests.
As I started working for the forest industry,
I started to realize that what was happening
didn't really mesh very well
with what I understood forests to work like.
My job was to go into old clear cuts
or new clear cuts and prescribe trees to be planted.
What the forest industry was doing then
was planting one or two species in clear cuts.
This was very different
than what I understood forests to grow like,
where there's mixes of species.
When we go walking in the woods
we expect to find nature untouched and pure,
but in fact we wander through an environment
that has been largely shaped by men.
Pristine forests are rather unique in the world.
In a small country like Germany
forests have been intensively managed
by people for centuries,
almost everywhere you go.
In an old, close to natural Beech-forest in The Eifel,
a low mountain range in the West of Germany,
forest ranger Peter Wohlleben
is well aware of the value of the trees in his district.
For more than two decades he made his observations.
In his bestselling book "The hidden life of trees"
he describes the most curious and unexpected things
that are going on in his forest.
He knows that this place is a rare treasure
that needs to be protected.
Originally all of Germany would have looked
like this old Beech-forest.
80% of the area was covered with natural Beech-forest.
mixed with other tree species.
But today there's only a fraction left
and we have plantation-forests everywhere.
These consists mostly of plantations
with even edged conifers
that have been planted and are managed
with heavy machinery.
What happened was that they ended up using
the same species everywhere.
The standard practice was to clear-cut and then plant
either Pine or Fir or Spruce.
One species.
And I thought, what was going on here.
The community was not intact any more.
It was much different
than what I grew knowing about these forests.
I studied forestry.
and started my career the classical way.
I prescribed small clear cuts.
Cut down such beautiful old Beech trees like these.
and used insecticides.
As a teenager I wanted to become a conservationist
but I started to realize,
that I was in fact destroying everything.
And that wasn't what I wanted.
When I looked at those trees I found that they didn't
perform that well. They didn't grow very well.
They were sickly. They weren't that healthy.
As I became a scientist
after a few years as a forester,
I started to examine why these trees didn't seem
to grow well when they were by themselves.
I found that when we remove certain species
of their neighbors that trees actually became ill.
They became diseased and more at risk of insect attack.
I wanted to understand why that was the case.
I thought some of the story might be going on below ground.
What we call a tree
is only what is visible above ground.
We consider a tree to consist only of trunk and crown.
However, the major part of its life takes place underground.
What happens in the forest
is actually more than what meets the eye.
The root system of a tree
can spread as far as two to four times
the diameter of its crown.
Only scientists
with state of the art research techniques
are able to dig deep enough into this matter
to uncover that these roots are more than only water pipes.
I started looking at the root systems
and I found that the roots of these different species
when they grew together,
Birch and Fir and Cedar and Hemlock,
were all intertwined and linked together.
I learned later on through more research
as I went into my PhD
that these root systems actually formed what is called
a Mycorrhizal Fungal Association.
Mycorrhizal fungi are certain species of fungi
which associate with all of the tree species worldwide.
They form a mutualistic relationship
where the fungus grows into the root
and provides the root
with nutrients and water
that the fungus gathers from the soil.
Mushrooms are only the fruiting bodies of fungi.
Just like apples are the fruit of apple trees.
Fungi are very underestimated organisms
because so far most of us appreciate only the fruit.
Fungi can spread over several square kilo meters.
One teaspoon of soil may contain
several kilo meters of string like hyphae
that form the internet of the forest.
For their services,
they charge sugar and other products
of tree photosynthesis.
The tree shares up to a third
of its total production with the fungi.
We found, when we mapped these forests,
that all of the trees were
all linked together in a single massive network.
So then I thought OK, if their linked below ground
then what are these linkages about.
How does this actually affect how trees are growing.
We did some more sophisticated experiments,
once we knew that those links were there.
We labeled one tree with an isotope
and traced it from that tree to its neighbor.
We found that carbon molecules
were moving from one tree to another tree
through these mycorrhizal networks.
Then we thought
if carbon is involved,
maybe there's other molecules involved as well.
We started labeling trees
with Nitrogen and Phosphorus and deuterated water.
We found that all of these elements
move back and forth between the trees.
That was the rudimentary
understanding of the language of trees.
So these Birch trees here
will be linked to other Birch trees,
but also to the Douglas Fir
and the Hemlock behind it.
You can see their root-systems coming down there.
They straight into the ground.
The mycorrhizal network
is just below the surface of the forest floor.
As you walk, you are only centimeters
or millimeters away, walking on top of this network.
The network below ground can easily be imagined
as a market place,
where the food is either offered or received
by all the trees that are linked together.
But what about competition?
If all are eating at the same table,
then why don't they steal from each other
and suck each other dry,
in a struggle for the survival of the fittest?
Trees of one species are not competitors.
On the contrary,
They actually support each other almost unconditionally.
The weak are supported by the strong.
Only together they can for example,
regulate the micro-climate
and lower the air temperature.
Because trees love it cool and moist.
You can almost call this Tree Communism.
And it functions perfectly,
compared to human communism.
Here, the individual is not as important as the community.
Trees do care for each other.
We think of that as an interaction between trees,
but really they're looking after each other.
[speaking foreign language]
My Name is Sm'hayetsk.
I'm Teresa Ryan. I'm Tsimshian.
I'm from the Gitlan tribe of the Tsimshian.
My house is Xpe Hanaax.
I'm from the Ganhada Clan; Raven.
My interest in research is the relationships
of the forests to Salmon.
I'm a Fisheries Scientist.
A Fisheries Aquatic Ecologist.
I'm also a Cedar Weaver.
A traditional Tsimshian Cedar Weaver.
We have an understanding of
these ecosystems around us
and the relationships of things within them.
In many of our languages we have
certain words to describe that.
In Sm'algyax we say "of one heart".
The Nuu-chah-nulth people on Vancouver Island
say "Everything is one".
It demonstrates those relationships
that we've known and understood for a long time.
When we mistake trees for loners,
each of them growing by themselves,
oblivious to their neighbors and to the environment,
we underestimate them by far.
If forests are actually
not the kind of harsh environment
we expect them to be.
Where competition determines the survival
of the strongest, fastest and toughest,
then maybe a closer look
might reveal even further relationships
that go beyond our expectations.
The forest industry wants trees to grow quickly.
Initially trees do grow quite fast,
when they grow by themselves
However that is not what they prefer.
Normally trees would rather cuddle
and stand closely together.
They love company and like to take things slow.
We need to relearn that trees do not need to be separated
from alleged competitors.
On the contrary, we need to allow them
to live in tight groups just as they like it.
There is in fact friendship among trees.
It doesn't happen very often
because tree seedlings cannot choose
whom they will be growing next to
for the rest of their lives.
Maybe one out of 50 trees
will become friends with its neighbor.
Like these two.
They grow their branches away from each other,
so that they don't interfere.
Their roots intertwine intensively.
It's like an old couple. If one of them dies
The one left behind might suffer,
and die soon after.
For a tree,
it is a disaster when the social network collapses
You can observe this right here in this forest.
Three trees have blown over.
The remaining tree is now left by itself and gets sick.
The tips of its branches die back.
The leaves turn earlier in the fall
so it can't photosynthesize properly
It really suffers.
In case it is not able to reconnect with other trees,
it will likely die as well.
Do trees have a sense of friendship?
It's language that we are using here
to describe how trees relate to each other.
In ecology we call those things interactions.
Interactions is a very clinical term.
When we think of interactions, we think of:
Do they help each other? Do they compete with each other?
Is one a parasite or a pathogen?
Species interact in a myriad of ways.
Some of them are beneficial.
In Science we call this facilitation.
In human relations we call that friendship.
A grove of Maple Trees with Cedar in it
will indicate to us that the Cedar has enough moisture.
It's got the right moisture regime.
When Cedar and Maple are growing together,
there is a relationship with those two trees.
So it's just a matter of language.
When I think back to my early work with plantations
and we were planting single species of trees
and weeding out the species we didn't want,
I found that Douglas Fir would suffer,
when we took Birch away from it.
We were affecting that facilitation between them.
The transfer of Carbon back and forth,
the nutrition that the Birch provided for the Fir.
The resistance against the pathogens in the soil.
When we took the Birch away,
Douglas Fir lost its friend.
They lost its facilitator.
So is there friendship in forests?
I can use that language.
Sure there is friendship in forests.
There are mutualistic facilitative relationships
going on all the time.
Tree connections may form bonds of friendship,
but they also link each tree
to all the others over hubs,
very similar to a computer network.
Scientists who try to visualize these connections
have been creating complex models
that look like a map.
A map of the Wood Wide Web.
We were also able to identify by looking at this map,
which trees were the most important
part of the network.
Which ones were the most highly linked.
We found that the biggest, oldest trees
were the most highly linked.
We ended up calling these Mother Trees,
because we discovered through this map,
that the younger ones were growing up by
hooking into the network
and growing up around these Mother Trees.
Trees are very social beings.
The parents, the mother trees,
are looking after their offspring.
Their roots grow together
and they feed them with a sugar solution.
One could say that the mother tree
suckle their offspring.
To some it may seem strange comparing the flow
of nutrients between older trees and their kin
with human relationships.
Analogies like that,
based on the observations of a practitioner
should rather stand on a solid ground of scientific facts.
At UBC, students from the faculty of forestry
conduct basic research about the relationships
between Mother Trees and their kin.
All of our experiments involve both field
and greenhouse experiments.
We use similar techniques in both,
to verify what is going on in the other one.
We go into a Douglas Fir forest to gather soil.
That soil has a mixture of mycorrhizal fungi
that prefer to associate with Douglas Fir.
We use that mixture to inoculate our trees.
We grow 'Mother trees', basically seedlings in pots,
inside mesh-bags.
These mesh-bags would either allow
the mycorrhizal network to form
with the neighboring seedling, or not.
We use mesh-bag to keep the roots
from going through and touching each other
and transferring between roots.
We want just the fungi to meet in the middle.
Over a period of a few months,
we allow these two seedlings,
the 'Mother Tree' and her kin,
or the 'Mother Tree' and the stranger,
to communicate with each other
through this mycorrhizal network that had formed.
We had to be able to do the experiment
in the greenhouse, so we couldn't bring in
a big old Mother Tree and plant her in a plot.
We had to use seedlings,
because of the restrictive environment of a greenhouse.
The seedling that grew up first
was well established and had more nutrients
to spare than the one that was planted later.
That one that was previously established
had more resources than it needed.
It was able to shuttle some of those resources
to its little brother that was growing up next to it.
The term Mother Tree is a really nice term
because we understand the importance
of mothers in families.
It's a term that resonates with people.
But it's probably not the most scientifically accurate term.
What we are really talking about is relatedness.
Whether Mother Trees are related
to trees around her or new trees
that are coming up in her neighborhood.
It's really about whether their genetics
are well related to each other or not.
Whether they are distant or close together.
One of the differential responses was
when the new seedling,
the younger sibling if you will,
was related to the older seedling.
the big seedling actually slowed down its growth rate.
It appeared that it would make room
for its younger sibling to grow.
We would label these mother trees with Carbon 13.
Which is an isotope that we injected
into a plastic bag around the seedling.
That bag completely seals in the air.
Then we allow the seedling to photosynthesize.
As we apply the treatment,
the seedling is only able to photosynthesize with 13 CO2.
Any sugars, any products that it makes will be labeled.
We then look for that C13 in the recipient plants.
Remember the recipients are either kin or stranger.
So we'll look at the ratio
of the amount of carbon that is present.
We bring the pots into the potting room,
we clip them and then we clean all the roots,
we brush-off all the dirt, we wash them
and then they are ready to be morphotyped.
We do that using a microscope.
We look for all the fungal connections on the root-tips.
After that they are ready to be dried.
We do that in a large drying oven.
After that each one of those portions
is frozen separately using liquid nitrogen.
Then you are able to grind them
using mortar and pestle.
That creates a powder
that is weighed in very small increments.
We send those to the lab for some micro-spectroscopy.
to evaluate how much C13 is in the sample.
And we found out that seedlings that were kin seedlings
were receiving more Carbon from Mother Trees
than strangers were.
Then it starts to look like a family.
The Mother Tree is nurturing her own family
but she is also looking out for her whole neighborhood.
So it's not just a family.
It's a whole community of trees.
Each with their own role to play in the forest.
Mothers who care lovingly
for their neighborhood and their children?
Also Peter Wohlleben
has a way of expressing the behaviors of trees
in a very humanized language.
When guiding groups of visitors through his forest,
this helps to make biological mechanisms
understandable for everyone.
When he talks about tree families
he goes further by claiming
that they even provide a good education.
This a typical Beech kindergarten.
Beech trees grow up in groups, just like this one.
Parents raise their children very strictly.
by limiting the available light.
Only three percent of the sunlight reaches the ground.
So that the small trees need to stretch to the remaining light.
The benefit of this is that they grow straight trunks
Which can resist strong winds.
However like in any class or kindergarten,
there are little rascals that do as they please.
They grow this way, they grow that way.
They think "I don't have to stretch towards the light"
Slowly their classmates surpass them
and switch off the last bit of light
so that they die off.
Eventually, from this entire bunch
Only one or two trees will remain to grow old.
We discovered that the Mother Tree
was affecting how those seedlings grew.
So if we changed the linkages
or we removed them,
those seedlings would behave differently.
They would either grow worse
or they would grow better.
What we were gathering from this:
If the Mother Tree was trying
to make a favorable place for her seedlings
then she would encourage their growth,
so send more nutrients to those seedlings
and they would grow better.
If the Mother Tree knew that
the environment around her
was not very hospitable for her young,
in other words, if there were diseases
or insects around,
she would it make more difficult for those seedlings to grow.
She would be antagonistic towards them
or become more competitive.
This said to me that
the Mother Tree was communicating with her young,
in order to favor the survival of those seedlings,
whether they should be further away or close to her
depending on how favorable the environment was.
We are doing these experiments
out in the forest as well.
So we'll go to big old Mother Trees
and grow seedlings that are related
or distantly related to her
and see how they perform.
So we will verify what we are seeing in the greenhouse
with what's going on in the forest.
Trees are studied and measured,
cultivated and cut.
They seem defenseless,
because they can't run away from any threat.
Some plants however,
have developed amazing skills to react to attacks.
The response of this Mimosa
makes it obvious
that even plants don't like to be hurt.
Trees have feelings.
They can feel pain.
But can also have emotions such as fear.
This is apparent for example, in this Oak behind us.
It grows these clusters of twigs.
Signs of great distress.
But the Oak will behave differently if for example,
attacked by insects that bore into its bark.
It would feel pain.
Electrical signals would run through its fiber
and the Oak would accumulate defense substances.
At the same time it will alarm its colleagues
via root networks and fungi.
So that they could already accumulate defense substances
although they haven't been attacked yet.
Once the insects arrive, the other Oaks will be prepared.
A forest is much healthier and more resistant
when individual trees warn the rest of the community.
as soon as they realize something is wrong.
At the same time that we were looking
at Carbon transfer, or this energy transfer,
we were also looking at defense signal transfers
through these mycorrhizal networks.
It's mysterious that a plant
would leak these particular compounds
and that a fungus would pick them up
and transmit them through their hyphae
to another plant.
We haven't seen this before,
this flow of signaling molecules.
We're trying to figure out what these signals are.
We have an idea that there are certain
compounds involved.
What happens is that the injured seedling
sends defense signals.
The seedling that receives the signal,
or that piece of communication,
those words, if you can think of it that way,
Then they up-regulate their defense genes.
Those genes start to produce more defense enzymes.
Those enzymes increase the defense of those seedlings
against the attack by those insects.
When you are scared,
your body is producing chemicals
that are telling your whole body
that you are scared.
It's getting your legs ready to run,
and your arms ready to do whatever they need to do.
Those chemicals are specific for that purpose.
If those would leak out of your feet
and something in the ground,
let's say a fungus,
would pick up those chemicals
and transmit them through the ground.
and someone else standing nearby
would pick up those chemicals through their feet
and get scared,
because they would get those
scary chemicals in their body.
That's what we are looking at with the trees.
This guy gets scared
it's sending those chemicals among its own body
and then they go out into the roots.
The question is, whether the fungi,
which are an entirely different organism,
not a tree,
are moving those chemicals through the ground.
and if those are being picked up by the other trees.
Specifically, I am looking at
defense signals, which I induce
using Western Spruce Budworm
onto Douglas Fir.
The tree that has the Western Spruce Budworm
elicits a response from the tree
which is sent into the mycorrhizal network
and gets transferred to an adjacent seedling
that is attached via a mycorrhizal network.
Two plants in a pot.
They are Douglas Fir seedlings;
which is what we tend to use,
they form strong mycorrhizal networks.
They are planted inside mesh-bags.
Those mesh-bags can either be very small
in their pore-size and block mycorrhizal networks
or a bit larger and allow mycorrhizal networks.
So we compare treatments, where they are networks
to treatment where there are not,
and see if that transfer occurs.
This is where we place the Spruce Budworms
and entice them to eat these little budding areas.
You clip off the branches
and then you dip them in liquid nitrogen.
You scrape off the needles
and put the stem in another vile.
You dip it in liquid nitrogen,
because you want to freeze what is happening.
You measure gene expression
by looking at RNA,
which is a really short-lived chemical.
It can degrade very quickly.
You want to take it off the live plant
and dip it in the liquid nitrogen
as fast as you can.
The defense signals, or the warning signals,
are happening really quickly.
So when there is an injury,
there is an almost instant communication.
There is an immediate up-regulation of genes
that increases the defense.
It is actually knowledge that is being passed on
from the seedling that is injured to the new one.
That knowledge, is based in wisdom.
I think of it more as passing on wisdom.
[BURIAL FOREST]
[♪♪♪]
It's important for a forest to sustain all its members.
Including old and dying trees.
Even stumps that you would expect
to have died 100's of years ago
are being kept alive.
Possibly they have stored memories that they can pass on.
This is an ancient stump,
and it is still alive.
The inner part of the tree, the hardwood.
Is without life.
Much like dead bone.
That's why this one is rotten inside.
In trees, life is located in the sapwood.
In the cambium,
and in the roots.
And all of this is still alive in this one here.
The question is,
how can this be possible?
It doesn't have any more leaves
to photosynthesize and nourish itself.
Still, it must consume sugar, otherwise it would die.
The only possible explanation
is that this tree over there
keeps the stump alive via root connections,
that are running across here.
It appears very social and touching
that this old stump is still being nurtured.
The forest's own nursery home for the elderly.
When trees are cut,
fall over or break over with the wind
the stump continues to live.
We can tell that it's living,
because the cambium in the bark
grow over the top of the stump.
There is no way it will grow into a new tree,
because is there is no seed
or there is no epical meristem there.
The stump is still alive,
because it's root systems are grafted
to its neighbors,
or they are linked in
through their mycorrhizal networks, or both.
When you have that pathway,
the trees that are alive around it
are sending Carbon from the foliage
down into the root systems of the stump
and keeping that stump alive.
Where does a tree store its information?
How valuable is such a stump to the community?
So far, we don't know where a tree's memory is located
and where it stores experiences.
For example,
droughts that occurred a long time ago
can influence a tree's behavior over many years.
This demonstrates they store this information somewhere
It is quite likely that this storage sits partially
or even entirely in the roots.
An ancient stump like this might pass on its knowledge
to the neighboring trees and it's descendants.
It's now known that processes occur in the root tips
which are quite similar to those of the brain.
Obviously it is presumptuous to claim that trees
have a brain just like animals.
However, they make decisions within seconds
that are partially processed electrically.
All of this takes place in the roots.
So maybe, we can call this a tree brain.
Through these various experiments
and our discoveries, I've started to think about
the root systems of trees in forests
as the brains of the forest.
There is a number of reasons for this.
First it's the pattern of these connections,
the pattern of the network.
When we look at how it's arranged,
it's very much like how a brain is organized.
There are certain central hubs in forests,
where things are highly connected.
Then there are satellite nodes,
where things are less connected.
If you look at a neural network,
it's patterned very much in the same way.
Secondly, the idea that there are chemicals
that are transmitting from a mycorrhizal root-tip
or root of one tree through the mycorrhizal network
to another tree.
This is like in our brains
we have neurotransmitters.
It's not that much different than
Carbon, Methyl Jasmonate, Nitrogen and water
moving back and forth
through these mycorrhizal networks.
There is another part to the story as well.
In dying Pine forests, for example,
that are attacked by Mountain Pine Beetle,
those dying trees affect the mycorrhizal communities.
Seedlings in healthy forests
have a better suite of defense enzymes
than those from dying forests.
We know that it's not just a Carbon legacy
that is passed on, it's also messages
about the defense chemistry
of the new seedlings coming up.
We really need to think more carefully
about how we manage these dying forests.
We will be dealing with this more and more.
Tree species will be changing as the climate changes.
There's going to be a mortality.
Our response has been to cut those trees down
as quickly as possible,
make them into two-by-fours and sell them.
You can easily see that
by doing that we're cutting off the opportunity
for the old trees, the dying trees,
to pass their legacy onto the new generations.
When we cut down trees,
not only do we disturb the micro-climate of the forest,
But also the relationship between the trees.
They become loners,
and we won't be able to observe
these wonderful processes anymore.
Managed forests are a convenient way
to transform the natural disorder
into efficient, fast growing plantations
of rogue trees.
It's getting quiet.
Planted forests don't talk much.
Plantations are like a group of only children
without parental guidance.
These trees are planted with clipped and damaged roots.
which results in disrupted communication.
Along with many other dysfunctions.
The trees are forced to fend for themselves.
Which leaves them more vulnerable.
If a tree suffers,
it won't receive help from its neighbors.
If one thrives and could share,
It would rather grow a little faster.
Which is also not healthy.
In a forest, speed is always negative.
In Germany there are no more pristine forests left.
In the past centuries, numerous activities
took place everywhere in the forests.
Here for example, charcoal production took place.
This forest will likely be very close to natural again,
In about 100 to 200 years.
Only very few places like this still exist in Germany.
But currently the forest industry
is becoming increasingly radical
and more wood is being harvested.
Sadly we are turning back the clock.
[heavy machinery]
These plantations are increasingly managed
with heavy machinery,
and these machines compress the soil.
They destroy the pore volume
and life in the soils suffocates.
This includes also the fungi
which are extremely important for communication between trees.
Most machines have wide tires
so damage caused is not so visible on the surface.
However compaction remains
and increases with the size of the tires.
The soil becomes compacted down to two meters.
This is comparable to a sponge that has been squeezed.
But unlike a sponge, soil doesn't recover.
Pore size is lost along with Oxygen content.
Compared to before in some cases,
only as little as five percent of the water can be stored.
This is extremely dangerous for trees
because here, during summer,
trees depend on winter precipitation.
And if this can't be stored anymore,
the trees may die of thirst during summer.
According to geologists,
soil damage below 20 cm remains beyond repair
until the next Ice-age.
In horse logging,
harvested stems are first cut to a maximum of 5 m.
A length that a horse can handle.
The horse navigates gently around big and small trees,
and barely causes any damage.
Even today, horse logging could be done on a large scale.
However most horse loggers don't find enough work.
Because there isn't sufficient demand
One could argue that
if all harvesting were done only with horses
it would exceed the number of horses available.
That may be true but when the demand grew,
more people would be motivated to practice horse logging.
It is a wonderful job that has already been practiced
For thousands of years.
I am certain that today it could be just as successful.
Obviously we would need more personnel
to replace large machinery.
One harvester replaces 12 workers.
If we could turn back time, we could create 12 new jobs.
Interestingly enough, this pays off.
We earn more because we preserve the soil
and the forest is more productive.
It grows more wood and better quality.
While we generate more jobs.
More money, more jobs.
I like that.
We didn't treat forests like families at all.
We've treated them like rows of corn plants, basically.
This new understanding that we suddenly had,
that Mother Trees were linked to all these seedlings
and other trees below ground and favoring her kin,
completely turned the idea of how
we manage forests upside down.
Now, instead of rows of trees,
it's families of trees.
How you treat a family of trees
is going to be very different
than how you would treat individual rows of trees.
As a forester, you like to think that you are helping the forest.
But in fact, its comparable to a small child
that fiddles with the clockwork,
thinking that it can make it run smoother afterwards.
That means we need to keep out of such an ecosystem
if we want it to function.
We can take something every once in a while
but once we start to destroy things
we will eventually reach a point of no return.
We as humans make great demands.
We want to be warm during the winter
so we heat our homes with wood.
We want furniture. We want to use paper.
That's OK, but obviously
this clashes with the idea of an intact forest.
We should be aware that when we use a chainsaw
we can't be doing any good.
We pretty much slaughter a tree.
[chainsaw buzzing]
[giant crash]
As long as there is a certain limit to it,
the forest will be able to cope.
But if we take too much it will be destroyed.
What every one of us can do to take better care of forests,
is simply to reduce consumption.
With over seven billion people,
we can't be going on at this level.
Is this a survival of the fittest after all?
We use trees to provide wood for our homes,
which we then build where once these trees used to be.
Our cities grow and displace the forests.
Have we unwillingly turned to enemies,
who compete for the same ground?
Is there an alternative to how we treat forests,
so that we are able to coexist
and preserve what is still left?
In the world of forestry,
foresters generally don't pay any attention to it.
They either don't know about it
or they're so wrapped up in the traditional ways
of practicing forestry.
They've become so rigid in how they do things,
that the idea, that things can be connected below ground
and therefore, to conserve those connections
would mean doing forestry in a very different way.
We need to change terminology.
We shouldn't claim that we are tending to the forest
when we are in fact utilizing wood.
Just as a butcher is not an animal keeper,
a forester is no forest keeper.
Once we realize that we always destroy something
when we use a chainsaw,
we might start to treat the forest more carefully.
I think that there is an enormous opportunity
to transform how we practice forestry,
so that our forest are more wise,
have their language intact,
have their families intact.
They're going to be around in the future.
Whereas the planted forests that we are putting back,
where we don't conserve those features,
or those qualities of a community,
those ones will be way more at risk.
Just like if we become isolated in our societies,
we are more at risk.
It's not any different than forests.
The municipality of Hümmel, where I'm a forest ranger.
Has placed all of the remaining Beech tree forests
under protection.
That's very rare in Germany.
At over 200, these Beech trees are comparatively old.
Here they can live their social lives
entirely undisturbed.
Only in forests like this, can one observe the intact
social life of trees.
It is possible to manage forests so gently,
that they can emulate pristine forest processes.
But that means removing only single trees here and there.
Leaving the rest of the social community alone.
Planting, tending,
producing great wood qualities.
Trees can manage this all by themselves.
We can pretty much sit back.
When people hear about connections below ground
and that there is mothering going on in forests,
people immediate say: "Of course,
I see this all the time.
I knew this all the time."
I am so glad that you've done the science
that validates what I've always felt about a forest.
To me, that's hugely powerful.
There's already a sense out there.
We as humans are part of that forest
and what we're perceiving is really valuable.
We should be paying attention to that,
because it's true.
It's true in our hearts and it's true in the forest.
To me that's a super important message
that this is a natural fit.
It's a natural fit in forests
and it's a natural fit with how we interact with forests.
It's something we can learn from forests
to bring to our own sense of community and family as well.
Hopefully scientists like Suzanne Simard
and observers like Peter Wohlleben
are able to change the way we look at trees.
Looking at nature has often helped engineers
to find inspiration for groundbreaking inventions.
Looking at the forest might inspire us to live
in a healthy human community
that appreciates the natural processes surrounding us.
Next time we take a walk in the forest
and ask ourselves if trees can talk,
the answer lies below the surface.
Trees do talk.
What they want to tell us remains yet to be uncovered.
Maybe all they say is,
"Let us be."
Can you imagine, being a tree
living by yourself?
Without neighbors?
Without others around to care for you?
Trees don't do well when they're by themselves.
They blow over, or they get too much sun
or too much water
or they're more at risk of getting a disease.
But when they are in a community
and they have neighbors around that protect them,
they are caring for each other.
They're making sure they
are a productive, healthy, vibrant,
diverse community of trees.
Families of trees.
[♪♪♪]