500 years ago, England was emerging into a new era. 500年前，英国走进了一个新时代。
After years of war, plague and famine, 经历了连年的征战、瘟疫和饥荒后，
the kingdom was enjoying peace and prosperity 王国在第一任都铎国王亨利七世的统治下
under the reign of the first Tudor king - Henry VII. 被和平与繁荣所笼罩。
A new class of business-savvy farmer was thriving, 农民这一具有商业头脑的新兴阶层茁壮成长
boosting food production. 极大增加了粮食的产量
And then over she goes. 这样它就翻身了。
While wool from their sheep was generating half the nation's wealth. 当时羊毛产业占据了全国财富的一般。
Many of the nation's farms were under the control of the biggest 全国大量的农场都由除国王之外
landowner in England after the king - 英国最大的地主所控制
the monasteries. 那就是修道院。
Their influence could be felt in every aspect of daily life. 修道院在日常生活中的影响力无处不在。
They were not just places of religion, 它们不仅是宗教场所，
they were at the forefront of technology, education and farming. 更引领者技术、教育和农业的前沿。
But with the daily lives of monks devoted to prayer 然而道士生活的大部分时间都被祷告所占据，
they depended increasingly on tenant farmers, 因此他们越来越依赖
who worked and tended their lands. 那些在他们领地上工作并照料农田的佃农。
Steady girl. 稳住。
Now historian Ruth Goodman 现在历史学家Ruth Goodman
and archaeologists Tom Pinfold and Peter Ginn 以及考古学家Tom Pinfold和Peter Ginn
are turning the clock back to Tudor England, 尝试把时光倒流到都铎时代英国的
here at Weald and Downland in West Sussex, 西萨西克威尔德镇和唐兰德镇，
to work as ordinary farmers 在修道院地主的监视下
under the watchful eye of a monastic landlord. 像普通农民一样工作。
That's the way, nice. 就这样，很好。
To succeed they'll have to master long lost farming methods. 要想成功他们必须重新掌握失传已久的农耕技术。
Watch those flanks, they're going again. 看好那些羊，它们又跑了。
And get to grips with Tudor technology. 并深入掌握都铎技术。
SCREAMING （尖叫声）
Quite noisy. 很吵。
It's a really violent process. 这真是一个暴力的过程。
While immersing themselves in the beliefs... 同时全身心地投入信仰...
ALL: Amen. 阿门。
..customs... 习俗
..and rituals that shaped the age. 以及刻画了那个时代的仪式。
This is merry England for heaven's sake, so to speak, let's enjoy it. 这么说来，这真的是上天保佑的快乐英国，让我们享受吧。
SCREAMING （尖叫）
This is the untold story of the monastic farms of Tudor England. 这就是都铎英国的修道院农场的未知故事。
In 1500, England was at a crossroads. 在1500年，英国站在了一个十字路口上。
The subsistence farming of the medieval era 中世纪式勉强度日的农耕
was giving way to a modern spirit of commercialisation. 逐渐被充满现代精神的商业化模式所替代。
A world dominated by the Church and the rhythm of farming 一个被教堂和农耕节奏主宰的世界
was now opening up to a new force - 正向一股新兴力量开放：
money. 金钱的力量。
As great landowners, the monasteries had capitalised 几个世纪以来，修道院这一庞大的地主
on their land and their tenants for centuries... 在他们的土地上投资，雇佣佃农，
controlling everything, from crop production 控制着所有的一切，从粮食生产
to new technologies and trading relationships with merchants. 到新技术以及和商人的贸易往来。
But now as more and more monastic farms were being rented out, 但现在越来越多的修道院农场被出租，
Tudor tenant farmers realised that they too 都铎佃农意识到他们也可以
could make a profit from the land. 从土地里赚钱。
Ruth is doing the monthly accounts. Ruth正在做月账。
In 1500, those farmers who are in a position 在1500年，那些可以向诸如修道院之类的对象
to rent large parcels of land from people like the monasteries, 承租大量田地的农民
were becoming much more businessmen, and perhaps businesswomen. 男人甚至是女人，都越来越具有商业头脑。
They were thinking much more in terms of profit and loss 他们比之前任何时候都更加
and, erm, accumulated wealth than perhaps had been the case before. 在乎利益、损失以及财富积累。
I mean, this is a moment which farming is beginning to change 我想说的是，这是一个农业即将产生变化的时代
into something that's closer 变成当下我们所熟知的
to the buying and selling and trading and merchant thinking 买卖、交易
that we're so accustomed to these days. 和商业化思维
But for even the most industrious farmers, 然而即便对于最勤奋的农民而言，
the farming calendar was still shaped 农耕的日历依然由
by the cycle of religious festivals. 年复一年的宗教节日所决定。
It's May and the feast of Whitsun, 现在是五月，
also known as Pentecost, 圣灵降临节，也被成为五旬节，
is on the horizon - 即将到来，
traditionally celebrated with a special market day. 传统中人们通过一个特殊的市场日庆祝这一节日。
Falling seven weeks after Easter, 在复活节后七周后的圣灵降临节
it commemorated the descent of the Holy Spirit to Jesus' disciples. 纪念圣灵降临于耶稣的门徒。
Although the team's main income will come from their sheep, 尽管团队的主要收入来源于他们的羊，
Tom and Peter have also been raising geese to sell. Tom和Peter也饲养鹅用于出售。
We've got two sitting over there, and six very angry ones there. 我们有两只公鹅，还有六只愤怒的母鹅。
So we're going to have a load of little goslings pretty soon. 因此我们很快就会有一群鹅宝宝。
That's very exciting. Just hope these ones come out then. 这真是令人激动。希望能有结果。
A bit of hissing starting up. 它们开始叫了。
They look pretty good condition, those ones, don't they? 它们看上去状态不错，不是吗？
This is when it gets exciting though. 它们激动时状态一向不错。
They're certainly good mothers, aren't they? 它们一定会成为好母亲，不是吗？
Cos they're hissing, they're protecting their nests. 因为它们在嘶叫，它们在保护自己的巢。
Yeah. I'm always a little wary of being in here. 是的。我每次在那里的时候都很仔细。
So if we don't feed them in here, they might not go out for food, 如果我们不在这里喂它们，它们也许不会外出觅食。
so they'll start losing condition, 所以它们的体重会减轻，
they won't be able to rear their young properly, 这样它们就不能很好地孕育下一代了，
we'll have massive problems, 我们就会遇上大问题。
but little bit of, er, pottage goes a long way. 但是一点点的，呃，粥对它们大有帮助。
Looks better than it did last night actually in my opinion. 我觉得它比昨晚好很多。
HE LAUGHS （笑声）
Most rural households, including monastic ones, 大部分乡村家庭，包括修道院的家庭，
kept geese for their eggs, meat and fat, 饲养鹅用来获得它们的蛋、肉
which was used in medicine. 和药用的脂肪。
GOOSE HISSES （鹅叫）
Back in the Tudor times, good source of revenue. 回到都铎时代，这是很好的利润来源。
Exactly, and we are here to make money. 没错，我们也在赚钱。
We, we've got Whitsun fair coming up, 圣灵降临节集市马上就要来了，
so it might be nice to take a couple of our geese to market. 带一对鹅到集市上出售是一个好主意。
Especially since we've got little goslings coming on. 尤其是当小鹅孵化出来的时候。
In 1500, the farming landscape was very different. 在1500年，农耕环境非常不同。
Common lands had not yet been enclosed 公用土地还没有被圈占，
and farmers had the right to graze their animals 因此农民有权利
on lush upland pastures - 在茂盛的高地牧场上放牧
kept fresh and green by the wet climate. 这些牧场因湿润的气候而草质新鲜、嫩绿。
It meant sheep produced longer, fuller fleeces, 这意味着绵羊能产出更长、更浓密的羊毛，
putting English wool in great demand. 使得英国羊毛大受欢迎。
Raw fleece and woollen cloth 粗羊毛和羊毛织物
accounted for 75% of England's exports. 占据了英国对外出口量的75%
For hundreds of years the monasteries had dominated the trade, 几百年来修道院控制了贸易，
keeping huge flocks of up to 20,000 sheep. 饲养了数量达20000只羊的巨大羊群。
May was the time of year for flocks to be driven from the uplands 五月是一年里把羊群从高地
back to the farm, 赶到农场的时间。
for the most profitable job in a sheep farmer's calendar - shearing. 为了牧羊人一年中利润最大的一件事——剪羊毛。
Claire King is an expert in the history of shepherding. Claire King是牧羊历史专家。
She's making some Tudor style crooks to control 她正在做一些都铎式的牧羊棍
the sheep on the journey - 用来在途中控制羊群
made from hollow cow horns. 牧羊棍由空心牛角制成。
So your mud, stones goes in there. Yep. 因此泥巴、石块从这里穿过。 是的。
And basically you just swing it. 而且基本上你只需要摇摆它。
Yes, almost like a slingshot. 对，几乎就像一个弹弓。
Are these going to be any good for controlling our sheep? 这些对于控制羊群管用吗？
They will be in the confined spaces of the lanes. 羊群会跑到小道上的局限空间。
If you've got a gap you don't want them to go through, 如有一个空档你不想让它们钻过去，
or they're hesitating, 或者它们在犹豫，
then you can throw some stones ahead of them 你就可以扔一些石头在它们前面，
and that will frighten them out of that gap. 这会把它们吓得离开空挡。
Yeah. That's the plan. 是的，这就是计划。
Obviously they've got a practical purpose. Mm-hmm. 显然它们有一个实用的目的。是的。
They do look quite fun. 它们看上去很有趣。
They are fun. 是很有趣。
RUTH: Hopeless. 无药可救。
I just missed them entirely. 我不知道把它们弄哪去了。
The crooks, known as hulets, were invaluable to the Tudor shepherd 牧羊棍，被称为hulets，对于在都铎时代广袤辽阔的乡村土地上
who looked after a whole community's sheep in the wide-open countryside. 照看整个社区的牧羊人而言意义非凡
Oh, that was a bit better. Oh, yeah, that's better. 哦，这下好一点了。 是的，好多了。
Whee! Whee！
But gathering the sheep out in the open was a difficult task. 但在野外想把羊群集中起来是一个艰巨的任务。
In addition to the crooks, the team have enlisted the help of Bess, 除了牧羊棍，团队还请Bess和她的主人Hugh Emerson
and her owner Hugh Emerson, to drive the flock back to the farm. 来帮忙把羊群赶回农场。
Sheep naturally flock together. Right. 绵羊通常是聚集在一起的。 是的。
So that's an essential characteristic of sheep. 这是绵羊的一个重要特点。
There are only really three commands - 实际上只有三种指令-
go left, go right and stop. 向左，向右以及停下。
That's the key one. 这是关键。
That's the key one. Nice and simple then. 这确实是关键。 简单有效。
If you don't stop your dog, 如果你不阻止你的狗，
then she'll just drive them off and they'll disappear. 它就会把羊群赶跑，它们就不见了。
If you've got those three commands, your dog will work sheep. 如果你掌握了这三种指令，你的狗就能管好羊群。
Walk on. Go on, Bess. Go on, Bess. 快走。Bess，快走。Bess，快走。
Getting them moving. 让羊群动起来。
Bess is a bearded collie, a traditional sheepdog. Bess是一只胡须柯利犬，一种传统的牧羊犬。
Bess, this way. Bess, here to me. Bess，到这里来。Bess，到我这儿来。
The breed traces its roots back to 16th-century Scotland. 这个品种的牧羊犬可追溯至16世纪的苏格兰。
You see how she drops her head down to the ground, can't you? 你能看见她把头垂到地上，不是吗？
She's tracking them. Yeah. She actually tracks them, Bessy. 她正在跟踪羊群。是的。她是会跟踪它们的，Bessy。
They don't seem too spooked at the moment. 羊群现在看上去并太受惊吓。
Bess, Bess, this way. Bess, here to me. Bess，Bess，到这里来。Bess，到我这儿来。
Go on, Bess. Go on, Bess. Walk on. 快走，Bess。快走，Bess。快走。
Worth her weight in gold, eh? 她价值千金，对不对？
Once out of the field, the team need to get the sheep down the lane 离开牧场后，团队需要让羊群穿过小路
and back to the farm. 回到农场
Oi! They're off. 糟！它们跑了。
Crook time, isn't it? 是时候用牧羊棍了，不是吗？
Oh. 哦。
And that did nothing. 没起作用。
SHE LAUGHS （笑声）
Come on, sheep. Heh! Heh, heh. 快走啊，羊儿。嘿！嘿！嘿！
Good sheep, they know where they want to go. 好羊儿，它们知道自己想往哪儿去。
They'll get there. 它们会到那里去的。
Tudor shepherds lived on a knife edge. 都铎时代的牧羊人活在刀尖上。
Disease commonly claimed up to a third of their flocks. 疾病常常让多达三分之一的羊群丧命。
So safeguarding healthy sheep was vital. 因此确保羊群健康非常重要。
Watch those flanks, they're going again. Stay on the lane. 看好路边，它们又要跑了。让它们留在小路上。
These crooks are actually pretty good, erm... 这些牧羊棍实际上很管用，呃...
I'm going for the scattergun approach with stones. 我要尝试用石头制造一些散弹枪。
Love it. 爱死它了。
SHE LAUGHS （笑声）
That... Oh, they've seen the grass now, no bother now. 这...噢，它们看见草了，这下不用麻烦了。
Yeah. 是的。
Safely back, there's one more job to do in preparation for shearing. 安全回家后，在剪羊毛前还有一项准备工作要做。
Because sheep were so valuable, 由于绵羊非常珍贵，
the farming manuals of the day 那个时代的务农手册上
had plenty of advice on how to rear them. 写着大量饲养绵羊的建议。
To secure a good price it was recommended that sheep must be 为确保卖一个好价钱，推荐在剪羊毛前
well washed before their fleeces were removed. 好好给绵羊洗个澡。
Yeah, who's going in first, you, me or the sheep? 耶，谁先下去？你，我，还是羊？
Normally sheep would have been washed by swimming in deep water, 通常情况下，羊群应该在深水里游泳来洗干净。
but the pond on the farm is shallow 但是农场的池塘很浅。
so the team have decided to wash them by hand. 因此团队决定用手把它们洗干净。
Sheep seems happy. 羊儿看起来很开心。
Is she coming up clean? 她会变干净吗？
No. 不会。
Not really compared to before, to be honest. 和之前比起来一点也不干净，实话实说。
We want to get all the dirt out the fleece, 我们想出去羊毛上所有的脏东西。
not just so you've got a nice clean fleece at the end, 不仅仅是为了最后得到漂亮干净的羊毛，
but also if the shears come across anything it will blunten them. 更因为如果剃刀刮到了什么，会弄伤它们。
But things aren't going quite to plan. 但是事情并不像预料中那么简单。
SHEEP BAAS （羊叫）
Yeah, runaway sheep. 是的，逃跑的羊。
It's going back. 它回来了。
Peter's just driving her round to the other side of the pond. Peter正在把它赶到池塘的另一边。
SHE LAUGHS （笑声）
Right, another victim. Come on. 好了，又一个受害者，快来吧。
Come on. Come on, girl. 快来，快来呀，姑娘。
You'll enjoy it once you're in there, everyone else has. 保管你一下来就会很享受的，其他羊都这样。
Oh, here we are. Hello. 哦，我们好了。你好。
I mean what was the, the deal with the wool if it, 我想说的是羊毛的买卖，是否是，
I mean, if it's really mucky? 我的意思是，羊毛是否很脏？
Well, if it's all glued together by dung then you can't use it, 呃，如果它沾满了粪便，你就没法用它了，
it becomes unsaleable and unusable. 它就变得不适宜出售和使用。
Argh, that was a good dunk. 呕，这真是一大块粪便。
So doing this increases a farmer's profit margins essentially? 所以说这么做从根本上增加了农夫的利润？
It does indeed. 的确是这样。
She's done, let her out. 她洗完了，放它出去吧。
I thought they were supposed to be white sheep, these ones. 我想这些羊本该是白色的吧。
LAUGHTER （笑声）
I know they look dirty on the outside, 我知道它们外表看上去很脏。
but if we've managed to get the dung off from underneath 但如果我们把下面的粪便除干净，
and out of the matting, a bit of surface silt might not be that bad. 把缠绕在一团的结打开，一点表面的淤泥不一定会很糟糕。
I don't know how efficient we're being, but we're definitely quicker. 我不知道我们有多高效，但我们肯定比刚开始时快多了。
Apart from naughty sheep, we did quite, did quite well. 除了羊儿有点淘气外，我们做得相当，相当的好。
It sort of worked, didn't it? 可以说我们成功了，不是吗？
I'll be honest, I thought it was great fun. 说实话，我觉得这相当有趣。
SHE LAUGHS （笑声）
The sheep will need to dry out thoroughly in the sun 在接下去的几周时间里，绵羊在剃毛前
over the coming week before they can be sheared. 需要在阳光下把羊毛彻底晒干。
Oh, it's cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold. 噢，真的是冻死了，冻死了，冻死了，冻死了。
In Tudor England, 在都铎时代的英国，
religion formed part of the ebb and flow of everyday life. 宗教在日常生活的悲欢离合中无处不在。
But people also turned to the Church in times of need, 而人们在需要帮助的时候也会去教堂，
especially during illness. 尤其是在生病的时候。
The Church taught that saints interceded 教会声称圣徒会替那些
on behalf of those who worshiped them, 崇拜他们的人向上天求情，
bringing good health and curing ailments. 给予他们健康，治愈疾病。
But people didn't rely solely on the saints. 但是人们并不完全依赖圣徒。
There was also a firm tradition of turning to nature to produce cures. 在自然中寻找治病疗法也是一个古老的传统。
Unfortunately I've got a summer cold 不幸的是我得了夏天的风热感冒，
and it's starting to get into my throat, 现在嗓子有些不舒服，
so I'm going to try and find myself a remedy. 因此我要尝试给自己弄一些草药。
And in a Tudor garden we've got a number of plants that I can use. 在都铎时代的花园里能找到一大堆可以供我使用的植物。
We have ground ivy, they called alehoof, 这里有常春藤，当时人们叫它啤酒马蹄。
partly because it looks like a hoof 部分原因是它长得像一个马蹄，
and the leaves are also used to flavour ale, alehoof. 而且这种叶子也被用于酿造麦芽酒。
Alehoof is rich in Vitamin C, perfect for treating a cold. 常春藤富含维生素C，非常适合治疗感冒。
Very interesting concept, the idea of edible weeds 可食用的野草是一个很有趣的概念，
and essentially this is one of them. 而实际上常春藤就是一种可食用的野草。
Peter adds honey to the alehoof. Peter在常春藤里加了蜂蜜。
Back in Tudor times it was always honey, 在都铎时代，人们总是在药里加蜂蜜，
because sugar was so exotic, it's so expensive, it's got so far to travel. 因为白糖是外来物，非常昂贵，从很远的地方过来。
So I'm just going to add a bit of hot water here. 然后我要在里面加一点点热水。
And you know what they say, what doesn't, doesn't kill ya... 然后你懂的，杀不死你的（能让你更强壮）
That's really nice, that's really good. 真的很好吃，很不错。
Hopefully that'll work its magic, so for me it's back to work. 但愿它能奏效，能让我回去工作。
Getting stiff. 开始变稠了。
In addition to revenue from sheep's wool, 除了羊毛的利润，
money could also be made from their milk. 人们还能从羊奶里赚钱，
Like many Tudor farmers, Ruth plans to supplement the farm's income 正如很多都铎农夫一样，Ruth计划通过制作奶酪
by producing cheese to sell at the upcoming Whitsun market. 并在即将到来的圣灵降临节市场上出售来增加农场的收入。
Milking sheep for sheep's cheese 挤羊奶来制作奶酪
was really common through the high Middle Ages, 在中世纪晚期非常普遍
but was already beginning to go out of fashion, 但已经开始变得过时了，
if that's the right word, in 1500. 如果人们在1500年也用“过时”一词的话。
Basically a cow gives so much more milk than a sheep, 本质上一头牛的产奶量比一只羊的要大得多，
more than ten times much, as much milk. 是它的十倍以上。
So many people were beginning to leave off milking their sheep 因此很多人渐渐放弃了挤羊奶，
and turning for milk instead to a cow. 转而开始挤牛奶。
But monastic herds were a bit different. 然而修道院的羊群却不一样。
Basically because they were so large. 本质上因为它们太大了。
When you've got these huge flocks up on the hill 当你在山丘上拥有大量的羊群，
and somebody's got to be there looking after them 何况总得有人在那里
day and night anyway... 日以继夜地照看它们。
..milking them, making use of that produce 给它们挤奶，用羊奶赚钱
just makes a whole lot more sense. 就说得通了。
And the milk itself? 羊奶直接拿来出售吗？
Well, that was mostly used for cheese making, 嗯，大部分羊奶都用于制作奶酪，
and that's what I plan to do. 接下来我就准备做些奶酪。
Keep your feet out of it, girl. 不要踩它，姑娘。
SHE LAUGHS （笑声）
To guarantee a good return on their wool, 为了确保羊毛卖个好价钱，
the fleeces will need to be of impeccable quality. 必须确保羊毛拥有无可挑剔的品质。
To help protect them during the shearing process 为了帮助在剃羊毛过程中保护它们，
Peter is making a special Tudor contraption - Peter正在制作一个都铎时代的奇异装置-
a shearing bench. 一个剃毛台。
Made distinctive by the unusual shape of its seat. 这种剃毛台因为不寻常的形状而与众不同。
They look a little something like this, it's kind of bottle shaped. 它们看上去就像这样，某种瓶状的造型。
So you've got these curves, and then there's slats in between. 这里有一些弧线，在弧线中间有板条。
This whole bench it's going to keep the sheep off the ground, 着整个工作台是用来让羊群不要踩在地上，
it's going to keep the wool clean. 从而使羊毛保持干净。
This bit's where the sheep's going to go 这是羊群进来的地方，
and this bit is where you're going to sit. 这是你坐着的地方。
Now the bit I'm trying to do at the moment, 现在我正要尝试去做的地方，
and I think the really hard bit, are these outside edges. 也是我感觉最难做的地方，就是外部的边缘。
I'm going to try and steam bend two pieces of hazel. 我想尝试通过蒸汽来弯曲两片榛树木条。
Now I've never steam bent a piece of wood in my life. 目前我还从来没有通过蒸汽来弯曲过木条。
Erm, so it'll be interesting to see how it goes. 呃，所以看到这一切是如何发生的一定很有趣。
I know the theory. 我了解理论。
Peter's first task is to dig a pit in which to steam the wood. Peter的第一个任务就是挖一个用来蒸木条的坑。
It looks disturbingly like a grave at the moment, 它现在看上去就像是一个令人不安的坟墓，
but I think it's just the right size. 但我觉得这就是正确的尺寸。
It'll contain a fire to generate enough heat 我将会在这里生火以产生足够的热量
to turn the water into steam. 来把水变成水蒸气。
These stones are going to act as a radiator, 这些石头将会起到散热器的作用，
they're going to retain the heat of the fire. 它们会被用于留存火的热量。
I'm then going to cover them with wet straw and wet grass 然后我将会把潮湿的稻草和嫩草盖在石头上，
into which I will put the pieces of wood that I want to bend. 在那里我会放上想要弯曲的木条。
And the heat from those stones, that'll heat up the moisture 利用石头产生的热量
in that grass 把水分蒸发到草里，
and that'll turn into steam and force itself into the wood. 水就会变成水蒸气，进入木条。
To make my fire I've essentially built a chimney, 为了生火，我实际上造了一个烟囱，
and inside that I'm going to put a few oak shavings, 我将在这里放一些橡树枝条，
and around it I'll put my...my, er, wood upright. 并在它的外围，呃，垂直地放一些树枝。
And the thing about the wood being upright 之所以垂直放置，
is it will transport this heat up and just get that fire going. 是为了把热量送到上面，让火苗持续燃烧。
Relatively more successful than I thought it would be. 比我想象中的要成功得多。
A dairy was a vital part of any substantial Tudor farmstead. 乳制品作坊是所有都铎时代大型农庄的重要组成部分。
Run by the woman of the house, 作坊由农庄的女人经营，
the profits traditionally belonged to her rather than the household. 所获利润通常属于她而不是整个家庭。
Ruth is getting straight to work making her sheep's cheese. Ruth正准备用她的羊奶制作奶酪。
I've just heated the milk over the fire next door, 我刚在隔壁房间的火上加热了羊奶。
bringing it up to blood temperature, 把它加热到人体的温度，
and now I'm going to settle it in wooden bowls. 现在我正准备把它装入木碗。
And I'm doing that because I don't want it to cool down too quickly 我这么做是因为我不想让它太快降温，
and I want the wood to insulate, to keep my milk as warm as possible. 我想让木碗起隔离作用，让羊奶尽可能地保持温度。
Ruth adds rennet to the sheep's milk. Ruth把凝乳酶添加入羊奶。
Rennet is an enzyme extracted from a lamb's stomach and it will 凝乳酶是一种从羊羔的胃里提炼出来的酶
coagulate the milk into solid curds and a liquid called whey. 它会让羊奶分离成固态凝乳以及一种液态乳清。
Having stirred it I now want to leave it very still, 搅拌过以后，我现在要让它非常平静地放置，
and if I've got the right temperature and the right strength of rennet, 如果我把温度以及凝乳酶强度控制得当，
over the next sort of half an hour or so it will set into curds and whey. 大约半小时后它们就会变成凝乳和乳清。
Seemingly simple in construction, 尽管看上去构造简单，
Tudor dairies were cleverly designed to regulate temperature - 都铎时代的乳制品作坊经过巧妙的设计可以控制温度，
vital, especially in the summer months. 这一点非常重要，尤其在夏天。
The dairy's attached to the north-facing side of the farmhouse, 乳制品作坊建造在农舍的北面，
so that the main building shields it from the heat of the sun. 因此房屋主体为它挡住了阳光的热量。
Then you'll notice the windows. 然后你就会注意到窗户。
You can see that they provide loads of light, 你可以看见它们让光线进入房间，
but more importantly they provide ventilation. 但更重要的是它们让房间通风。
I've got a through draught. 这样就有了一股穿堂风。
The next thing to look at is the floor. 接下来我们看一下地板。
Tiles - these tiles are not glazed, they're porous, 看这些地砖，它们不是釉制的，而是多孔的，
which means that they will hold water in 意味着它们可以留存住水分，
and that is really important, that's where the clever bit comes in. 这一点非常重要，这才是设计的精妙处。
Here we go. 水来了。
Whoosh. 哇。
The water sinks into the pores of the tiles and sits there, 水分沉入地砖的空隙中并待在那里，
and then gradually over the next few hours it quietly evaporates. 然后渐渐地，在接下来的几个小时里它们悄悄蒸发。
And as it evaporates it cools the room, 当它们蒸发时它降低了室温，
and with my strong cross draught 加上北面和东面窗户
between my north and my east windows, 产生的强烈的穿堂风，
it's drawing that damp air out all the time, 把潮湿的空气不断排出去，
allowing more to rise and fill its space. 让更多的水分蒸发到房间里。
This room will sit at between five and six degrees 这间房间温度几乎能恒定在5-6摄氏度，
almost regardless of what the weather does outside. 无论外面天气如何。
Oh, my! Heat coming off this is intense. 我的天哪！这里冒出来的热气真厉害。
We're pretty much ready to steam our wood. 我们差不多准备好来蒸木条了。
Ah, dear. 噢，天哪。
Either that or we're going to set fire to our straw 不然我们就一把火把稻草烧了，
and then we'll have to start again. 那样的话我们就不得不重新开始了。
Peter is soaking his straw in hot water, to ensure it's saturated. Peter正在用往稻草上浇热水来确保它完全浸湿。
On it goes. 水来了。
It's this water that will be turned into steam by the heat 正是这些水会被储存在石头里的火
of the fire stored in the stones. 产生的热量变成水蒸气。
There we go. 开始了。
Oh! Right. 哦！好了。
I think I've got to be pretty fast with this. 我想我们得速战速决。
Can already see the steam coming up, 我已经能看见蒸汽冒上来了，
some sort of... 有着一种，
vision of hell. 炼狱的既视感。
There we go, wood in. 下一步，放入木条。
Of course this isn't going to catch fire, 当然这不会着火，
cos fire needs three things - 因为火的燃烧需要三因素，
it needs heat which it's got, 这里有热量，
it needs fuel, which I'm giving it, 还有我正在添加的燃料，
but it needs oxygen, 但它还需要氧气，
which I'm about to take away. 而我正准备把氧气隔离走。
This technique dates back to Anglo-Saxon times 这项技术可追溯至盎格鲁-撒克逊时代，
but would still have been used in the Tudor period 但在都铎时代已然得以沿用，
for the production of ships, weapons and tools. 用于制造轮船、武器和工具。
The reason why I have to work so quickly is 我之所得速战速决的原因是，
because already you can see the steam coming up 你已经能看到蒸汽冒上来了，
and I've got to keep that steam in there, 而我得把蒸汽埋在地下，
cos otherwise the straw will dry out 否则的话稻草就会烘干，
and there won't be the moisture to steam my wood. 这样就没有水汽来蒸木条了。
Every inch of the wood's diameter needs an hour of steaming - 每一英寸粗的木条都需要蒸一小时，
for the next two hours all Peter can do is wait. 在接下来的两小时里Peter能做的就是等待。
OK, just... 好了...
Ooh, that's a good set! 哇，凝固得不错！
After sitting for half a day, 在静置了将近半天后，
Ruth's milk has transformed. Ruth的羊奶形态发生了改变。
Really pleased. They've all set beautifully. 真不错。它们都凝固得非常好。
So now I have to start separating out the whey from the curd. 现在我要把乳清从凝乳中分离出来。
You can see little bits of it already here, 你已经能在这里看到一点点乳清了，
this very pale greeny, yellow liquid. 这种浅绿，浅黄色的液体。
That's the whey. 它就是乳清。
And the next stage now is to cut it and to try 下一步就是切割和晾干。
and drain some of that whey out. 并把部分乳清过滤走。
In later centuries you'd use, you know, fancy knives to make 在往后的几世纪你将使用精致的小刀
perfect cubes of curd. 来把凝乳切成小块。
In 1500 you use these. 而在16世纪你用的是这个。
Ruth transfers the curds and whey to strain through the cheese mould. Ruth把凝乳和乳清转移到奶酪模具上过滤。
Right, now, if I just pop that up on the draining stool 好了，现在我只需把这个放到过滤台上，
you should start to see the whey is dripping through. 你就能看见乳清滴下来了。
Once all the whey has drained, Ruth can salt the cheese 等所有的乳清都滤干以后，Ruth就能在奶酪里加盐，
and start pressing it. 并压制它。
Hopefully this has had enough steaming time. 但愿蒸得足够久了。
Ugh! Up it comes. 啊！把它挖出来。
Oh, look you can still see a bit of steam there. 哦，还可以看到一点蒸汽。
That's a good sign. 这是一个好兆头。
Right, let's just get it in here. 好，我们把它放在这儿。
Yeah, and there it goes. 对了，这样就可以了。
That is pretty hot actually. 它实际上很烫。
And there we go, we've got our two sides of our shearing bench. 压下去，剃毛台的两边就做好了。
Brilliant. 太棒了。
Tom is also preparing for the upcoming shearing. Tom也在为即将到来的剃羊毛做准备。
He's using a Tudor recipe to make a sheep first aid kit. 他要用一种都铎配方来制作一种羊用急救药。
What I'm doing is making a salve for our sheep 我正在做得是一种供羊群使用的软膏，
just in case of nicks or cuts, which stops the parasites 用在伤口上，防止诸如蛆虫之类的
getting in there, prevents things like maggots, 寄生虫入侵，
which will obviously harm the sheep 这些寄生虫显然会对羊群造成伤害，
and also affect the quality of the wool. 也会影响羊毛的质量。
Normally shearers would use tar to seal any wounds, 通常情况下剃毛师傅会用焦油来封住伤口，
but Tom is making a budget alternative. 但Tom要采用另一个更为经济的备选方案。
Quite simple, just... Ah, here we go. 很简单，就像…书里说的。
"To make broom salve." “制作金雀花软膏”
Four ingredients - “四种原材料”
broom, which is what I've just been cutting up. 一是金雀花，就是我正在切的东西，
I need suet, I need brine and I need urine. 此外我还需要有羊脂、盐水和尿液。
Right, I'm just going to finish off this bit of broom here. 好了，我要先切完这些金雀花。
Most parts of the broom plant have a medicinal use - 金雀花植物的大部分地方都具有药用价值，
for everything from curing a hangover 可以治疗从宿醉到寄生虫叮咬
to clearing the skin of parasites. 在内的各种疾病。
But the salve's crucial ingredient is the urine. 但是这种软膏最重要的原材料是尿液。
And the reason the urine works well, if you leave it for three weeks 尿液之所以管用是因为如果你把它静置三周，
it reacts with the air, creating ammonia. 它会和空气发生化学反应，产生氨元素。
Ammonia is what actually gives our salve 氨元素才真正使软膏具有
its healing and cleansing properties. 治疗和清洁的功能。
Mix it together. 把它搅拌均匀。
Clear that out. 把它清理出来。
Interesting thing, the crafts when they were using things, 有意思的是，当人们这么做得时候，
they weren't 100% sure why they worked, I mean it was acts of faith. 他们并不100%明白为什么这样行得通，我的意思是这是一种出于信仰的行为。
The mixture will solidify as it cools. 当冷却后，这些混合液会变成固体。
A lot of me in this, and hopefully it works. 我在此倾注了大量的信念，但愿它能奏效。
So this one now has had a full press on both sides, 现在这块奶酪的两面都被紧压过了，
it should be ready to come out of its cloth. 应该可以把它从布里拿出来了。
Let's have a little look. 让我们看一下，
In she comes. 它来了。
What I'm doing now is maturing it, and I... 我现在正在做的是让它变得更紧实，
I need to sort of develop a rind on the cheese, 我需要给奶酪裹上一层外壳，
so that's where the salt comes in. 就是在盐洒在的地方。
From today onwards I'll wipe it down each day with brine, 从今天起我每天都会在上面抹一层盐，
and then tomorrow the next one will join it on the shelf. 明天另一块奶酪就会做好，和这块一起躺在架子上。
At the end of the week there should be five or six 到了周末应该有五六块，
ready for Whitsun market. 可以在圣灵降临节市场上出售。
It's 19th May, St Dunstan's Day, 今天是5月19日，圣登士丹节，
and it's time for spring-cleaning. 是时候开始进行春天大扫除了。
Ruth has made herself a brush from butcher's broom - Ruth用假叶树枝为自己做了一把扫帚，
the same plant Tom used to make his salve. 它和Tom制作软膏的金雀花是同一种植物。
Works really well this broom, this seems to get everything 这把扫帚真的好管用，看起来可以从地面的弯曲和缝隙里
out of all those little crooks and crannies. 清理出所有的脏东西。
Oh, I might stick a bigger, longer handle in it. 噢，我也许会在上面插一个更长的把手。
The geese are fattening up nicely for market. 这些鹅养得很肥，可以在市场上卖个好价钱。
But there's some bad news about the eggs. 但在鹅蛋方面有一些坏消息。
I'm having a look around and there's just no evidence 我看了一圈，
whatsoever of any eggs hatching. 没有发现任何鹅蛋孵化的迹象。
We've got a goose here that's sitting - 这里有一只鹅正在孵蛋，
but it's over a month now and no sign of any goslings. 不过已经过去一个月了，却没有见到一只幼鹅出壳。
And that means we can't actually increase our gaggle. 这意味着我们无法增长鹅群的规模。
It's not the end of the world, however, 不管怎样，这不是世界末日。
we want to make money, I mean, this is why we have them, 我们之所以饲养这些鹅，是因为我们想拿它们赚钱
this is why we're feeding them, looking after them. 这才是为什么我们给它们喂食，照顾它们。
Best we can hope for - 对我们而言最好的结果是，
sell them for meat and feathers and that's about it. 把它们的肉和羽毛卖个好价钱，就是这么回事。
But there's welcome news elsewhere on the farm. 然而在农场的其他地方却有受欢迎的好消息。
After a run of fine weather 经历一段时间的好天气后，
the sheep are dry and ready for shearing. 羊群把毛晒干了，可以剃毛了。
In some areas of Tudor England the right time to shear sheep was 在都铎时代英国的一些地方，剃羊毛的合适时机
determined by astrological signs and the phase of the moon. 取决于占星术以及月相发出的信号。
Good girls, come on, nice and steady. 好姑娘，过来吧，稳稳当当地跑过来。
Timing was crucial. 时机的选择至关重要。
Shear too early and the sheep might die of cold, 剃得太早，羊群就有可能被冻死，
shear too late and maggots would grow 剃得太晚，在羊毛过度生长的后端
in their overgrown hind parts. 就会长出蛆虫。
It's not going to be easy, is it? 这并不容易，不是吗？
Oh, right, let's get this shearing bench together. 哦，好了，让我们把剃毛台拼起来吧。
Your Tudor flat pack. My Tudor flat pack. 这是你的都铎式扁平木条。 我的都铎式扁平木条。
It's very impressive, actually. 事实上这令人印象很深。
Right. Ah, look, made to measure, almost. 好了。啊，你看，几乎像是量身定制的。
Specialist shearers were often brought in to help get the job done. 专业的剃毛师傅经常被请来帮忙完成这些工作。
That's it. 就是这样。
Brilliant, right you go and get the hurdle. 棒极了，往前走，到栅栏里去。
Ed Noble and Doug Winkfield have come to give Peter and Tom a hand. Ed Noble和Doug Winkfield过来给Peter和Tom帮忙。
You've got the front end. Got the front end. 你抓住前肢。 前肢抓住了。
Ready one, two, three, up. And she's down. 准备好，一二三，上。 她就坐下了。
It's a lovely rich fleece 她有着非常棒的厚羊毛，
and hopefully your shearing bench will be up to the mark. 但愿你的剃毛台符合标准。
HE LAUGHS （笑声）
Monastic flocks were sheared using a production line system. 修道院羊群剃毛采用一套生产线体系。
First, the most experienced shearers removed the best wool. 首先，技术最精湛的剃毛师傅剃下最优质的羊毛。
And that is really this, the flanks. 就是羊侧半部分的毛。
You don't want to go too high to the head 你不想剃得太高到头部，
and you don't want this belly wool. 你也不想要这些肚子上的羊毛。
The other team will get that off. 另一些人会剃掉这些的。
The second, less skilled team then remove the rest of the fleece. 接下来，那些技术没那么精湛的工人会剃下剩余部分的羊毛。
Today Tom is trying his luck with the best wool. 今天Tom要尝试剃下最优质的羊毛。
You're right-handed, aren't you? So you want your left hand 你是右撇子吧？ 那你就用左手
and your left arm just to pull the skin tight, 和左臂把羊皮拉紧，
and try and make the blades, you want to kiss the skin. 然后试着剪下去，要尽可能地贴近皮肤。
Remember this is your high-value wool, 记住这是你最上等的羊毛，
you want as much of it as possible. 你想要尽可能多地得到它。
And remember you're trying to do it all in one smooth motion. 再记住你要一气呵成地完成整套动作。
Some of it's come off really easily. Yes. 一些羊毛很容易就下来了。 是的。
The blades go right through. 刀刃很顺滑地穿过去了。
And if you get it right, you will feel it almost fly through the wool. 如果你方法运用得当，你会感觉剪刀几乎是在羊毛中间飞过去。
That's it. Is that far enough? 就是这样。这样够了吗？
You're probably going just a little high. 你可能把剪刀抬高了一点。
Can you see you're a bit higher than me? 能看见你比我高了一点点吗？
Remember, this is high value wool. You want as much of it as possible. 记住，这是你最上等的羊毛。 你想要尽可能多地得到它。
Just get down as close to the skin as you can. 把剪刀放下来，尽可能地贴近皮肤。
You're doing really well. LAUGHS 你做得真好。 （笑声）
No, you are, really. 是的，做得真好。
Oh, one slight cut here. 哦，割破了一点皮。
I'm going to apply some salve to cover that up. 我要擦一点软膏把伤口覆盖住。
Obviously we don't want maggots and stuff getting in, do we? 显然我们不希望伤口长出蛆之类的东西，对吧？
No, that's it. Brilliant. 没错，就是这样。很棒。
Right, well, I think we're about done on this side. Shall we turn her? 好了，我想我们快剃完这半边了。我们让她翻个身吧？
That sounds interesting. 听上去很有趣。
And if you bring her up here, 如果你把她弄上来，
I'll have a go at shearing a bit of her sat down. 我就能尝试坐着给她剃毛。
If you get that other leg, that's it, 把另一只脚抓住，就是这样，
on to her back to start with, one, two, three. 先把背朝下，一二三，
And then over she goes. 然后她就过去了。
Still lively, isn't she? Yes. Yes. 力气还是很大，不是吗？ 是的。
Shearing benches were designed to protect the wool, 人们设计剃毛台来保护羊毛，
but also to save the shepherd's back while shearing hundreds of sheep. 也为了保护牧羊人的背，当他们为几百只羊剃毛时。
Only going out of fashion 直到19世纪机械剪刀的出现，
with the advent of machine clippers in the 19th century. 才让剃毛台渐渐过时。
Actually, this is quite comfy. 实际上这样相当舒适。
It's well made. 它制作精良。
It's quite sturdy, isn't it? Yeah. 也相当坚固，不是吗？是的。
It's coming off quite well. 羊毛下来得很顺畅。
This method of shearing was the first stage of quality control - 这种剃毛的方法是质量控制的第一步，
keeping the good wool separate from the scraps. 即把优质羊毛和碎毛分离开来。
There you go, girl. 你可以下去了，姑娘。
Let's grab another one. 我们再抓一只过来吧。
Why not? 为什么不呢？
Sheep in Tudor England were not yet organised into breeds. 都铎时代的绵羊还尚未被系统性地按品种分类。
So wool buyers used a system of classification 因此羊毛买家根据质量来给羊毛分类，
based on the quality of the wool - its colour, length and coarseness. 也就是根据羊毛的颜色、长度以及粗糙程度。
Claire is helping Ruth select the best wool to be sold. Claire帮助Ruth选取最上等的羊毛用于出售。
Not going to be doing a perfect job as a shearer, 剃毛师傅不可能把尽善尽美，
there'll be bits of field, there'll be bits of manure or dung. 部分羊毛上会残留泥土与粪便。
Yes, a bit like that. 是的，就像这个。
That would be hard to pull apart nicely. Get rid of it! 这样的羊毛很难被很好地拉开来。所以把它扔掉吧。
Right, I'm getting rid of it. 好的，我正准备扔掉它。
The quality of fleece in the wool trade varied enormously. 羊毛交易中毛的质量差异极大。
Tudor tenant farmers had a reputation for producing 都铎时代的佃农因出售劣质羊毛而名声不佳，
inferior wool, and some merchants even refused to accept fleeces 一些商人甚至拒绝购买那些
that weren't farmed directly by the monastery. 不直接由修道院饲养的羊群产出的羊毛。
Why then is it that the monasteries have this reputation for really good wool 为什么当时修道院有出售优质羊毛的名声，
and tenant farmers have a reputation for much poorer wool? 而佃农则有出售劣质羊毛的名声？
Money. 那是因为钱。
Money! If you own the land, you'll put your sheep on the best bits. 就是钱！如果你拥有这片地方，你会把羊养在最肥沃的土地上。
If you have lots and lots and lots of sheep you can choose 如果你拥有庞大的羊群，
from a huge number for good genetic stock, good breeding stock. 你就能从大量的羊中选择基因最好的优质羊种。
If we're going to send this off to the monastery, we have to select 如果我们要把这些羊毛送去修道院，
only the VERY best of our wool in order to meet that quality bar. 我们就得挑选最为上等的羊毛来满足他们的质量标准。
Now the wool just needs to be weighed for the farm's records. 现在我们需要为这些羊毛称重并做记录。
OK. So just move it along. 好的。就把秤砣移过来。
No, that's still a lot heavier, that side. 不行，那边比这边还重很多。
Is that level? Yeah, it looks about level. 平了吗？是的，看上去基本上平了。
So that's just a smidgen over 20lbs. 所以，这些羊毛重20磅多一点。
So for ten fleeces... Very good. 十只羊剃下来那么多。非常好。
That's not bad, is it? They're pretty good fleeces, then. 还不错，不是吗？ 这些真的是非常好的羊种。
Any wool not good enough for the monastery 所有质量达不到修道院标准的羊毛
is now Ruth's to make cloth for the home. 被Ruth拿去做家里的布料。
Peter and Tom are ready to take their wool to the monastery. Peter和Tom准备把羊毛拿到修道院。
As dominant players in the industry, 作为产业中的主要参与者，
the monasteries had strong relationships with the merchants 修道院和商人之间关系紧密，
and the boys will need to strike a good deal. 这两个家伙需要与修道院做一份好买卖。
1500 was a good time to be a wool producer. 1500年是成为羊毛生产商的好时代。
Under Henry VII, the value of sterling had fallen, 在亨利七世的统治下，英镑的价格贬值了，
meaning British goods were now cheaper to buy in Europe 意味着英国商品在欧洲市场上价格更便宜，
and the cloth trade was expanding. 布料交易量大幅攀升。
Not only was English wool fine, 英国羊毛不仅质量更好，
it also grew longer than on European sheep, 还比欧洲羊毛羊毛长得更长，
a result of better nutrition from English pastures. 原因是英国牧场的养分供给更充足。
Professor James Clark and wool grader Richard Martin James Clark教授和羊毛分级专家Richard Martin
will judge its quality. 将评判羊毛的质量。
If it was good enough 如果羊毛质量足够好，
it would have been sold along with the Abbey's wool to the merchant. 它们会和修道院的羊毛一起被出售给商人。
What do we actually think about this wool? 你们认为羊毛质量怎样？
Well, you're a big chap, so I think it's absolutely fantastic! 嗯，你们块头很大，所以我觉得这些非常棒！
When you look at some wool like this, 当你给这些羊毛评分的时候，
you could judge some of it by just looking at it. 你有时候可以通过目测来判断。
You're looking for wool which is fairly even-coloured, 你想要看到的是色泽均匀的羊毛，
and then if you feel the wool, 然后你可以摸一下羊毛，
there's all sorts of things you can tell about the quality. 有很多东西能告诉你质量好坏。
If you sort of spin a bit of yarn in your hand 如果你用手指纺一股纱线，
and break it next to your ear and it goes "ping", 然后在耳朵旁弄断它后发出“呯”的响声，
then the fibres are strong and the yarn will be strong. 那么羊毛纤维就很强韧，纺出的纱线也会很坚韧。
But if it pulls apart, the chances are there's weakness in the fibre. 但如果它散开了，很有可能纤维比较脆弱。
What would happen to it now? 那这些羊毛怎样？
The monastery of course is going to look after its own interest and they are concerned 修道院自然要关注自身利益，
to manage their brand image. 维护好自身的品牌形象
They want to collaborate with their tenants 他们希望和佃农合作，
but only if they hold to that quality threshold. 条件是佃农能够达到他们的质量标准。
If so, then we will include it in the deal we do with the merchant. 如果可以的话，我们会在和商人贸易时把纳入你们羊毛。
And if you produce something that is substandard we certainly will overlook you. 但如果你们生产的产品质量不达标，我们自然就不要了。
We could end up with absolutely nothing, all that work? Yeah. 我们可能历经千辛万苦后到头来一无所获？是的。
With wool prices fluctuating constantly, 由于羊毛价格不断发生波动，
farmers would often delay selling, 农民经常推迟出售，
gambling on when they would get the best price. 在卖得最高价格的时机上碰运气。
Assuming I will pass the test, 假设我通过了测试，
are we likely to see any money at the end of the day? 我们有可能在今天得到金钱吗？
Er, well, don't hold your breath. LAUGHTER 呃，好吧，别那么紧张。 （笑声）
It's going to take a while. 这将需要一段时间。
We deal with the middleman, 我们和中间商做交易，
the middleman brokers a deal with the merchant, 中间商和商人交易，
the merchant then sells the wool on the European market 然后商人把羊毛出售到欧洲市场上，
and really it's only when that sale is concluded 只有当那个交易完成后，
that money begins to pass back down the chain to the producer. 钱才开始沿着这条产业链返回生产者。
You're putting your faith in the whole deal coming off. 你们应该对接下来将要发生的交易充满信心。
I guess the question is, are you going to buy our wool? 我猜问题是，你们会买我们的羊毛吗？
I am going to recommend 我会建议修道院
that we put this into our brand wool, as James says. 将这些羊毛纳入我们的品牌羊毛中，正如James说的那样。
One thing I didn't think was that I was going to go home empty-handed. 我没有想到的一件事情是我将空手而归。
Well, as we say in the monastery, you have to have faith. LAUGHTER 好吧，正如我们在修道院里说的，你们必须要有信念。 （笑声）
For the time being! 目前是如此！
Faith wasn't just part of business transactions. 信念并不仅仅存在于商业交易中，
Religion was a thread that ran through everyday life. 宗教是一条贯穿日常生活方方面面的针线。
Contributions to the church on the main holy days of the year 在一年中的主要圣日为教堂做贡献
were obligatory, and took many forms. 是人们的义务，并具有多种形式。
It's just coming up to the Feast of Pentecost, or Whitsun, 马上要到来的是五旬节盛宴，也被成为圣灵降临节，
one of the many religious festivals that punctuated the year. 是一年里众多宗教节日中的一个。
And part of the celebrations, a live dove is released in the church 作为庆典的一部分，一只活鸽子将在教堂里被放生。
or in some parishes, a mechanical dove, 或者在部分教区放生的是一只机械鸽子。
and I get this year's star prize of making a mechanical dove! 而我得到了今年的明星奖——制作一只机械鸽子。
Ruth is using a mixture of soft cheese and lime Ruth正在用一种软奶酪和石灰的混合物
to fix the feathers to her dove. 来把羽毛固定到她的鸽子上。
The religious calendar of course was THE calendar. 宗教日程表就是日历。
That was the way that people kept track of time - 这是人们记录时间的方法，
knowing when to plant a crop, when to re-pit. 预示着什么时候播种，什么时候再次耕种。
Also knowing things like when you've got a meeting coming up, you'd say, 还预示着诸如什么时候有一个集会之类的事情。
you know, I'll meet you the day after St Agnes' Day. 比如你会说，我将在圣艾格尼斯节后的那天见你。
All sorts of ordinary practical things were linked and tied 各种平凡而真实的事物都
and counted by the religious rhythm of life. 被生活中的宗教韵律所联结、记录。
GEESE HONK （鹅叫）
Come on! 来啊！
In preparation for the upcoming Whitsun market, 为了给即将到来的圣灵降临节做准备，
the boys have been nurturing their flock of geese. 两个大男孩把鹅群饲养得又肥又壮。
I reckon he's the gander. Oh! 我认为它是那只公鹅。哦！
It's good exercise for us! Give me a sheep any day! 对我们来说是很好的锻炼！我最喜欢吃羊肉！
In the Tudor period, geese would have been driven many miles 在都铎时代，鹅经常要在出售前
to be sold, and required protection for their feet. 被赶着走几英里路，因此鹅掌需要得到保护。
GOOSE SQUAWKS Good job. Good job. （鹅叫） 做得好！做得好！
Now these feet, they're going to have to walk long distances. 这双鹅掌，它们将要走很长一段炉。
These feet are designed for swimming, aren't they? 这双鹅掌是为游泳设计的，不是吗？
Now, that beak's designed for pecking. Yeah! 这只喙嘴则是为啄人设计的。没错！
I appreciate you holding that. 感谢你抓住了它的头。
Many Tudor farmers would have used tar and sand 很多都铎农夫会使用焦油和沙子
to form a hard coating on the feet 来做一个硬涂层裹在鹅掌上。
but some used cloth or leather boots. 但另一些人用的是布料或皮靴子。
Peter and Tom are testing out their own version. Peter和Tom要用他们自创的方法做实验。
There, what do you think? Mmm. 好了，你觉得怎样？嗯。
Doesn't look convinced. I'm not overly convinced. 不要太确信。我个人没报太大希望。
Let's pull that tight, and tie that on behind. 把这个系紧，把那个系在后面。
I'll tell you what, her heart isn't hammering or anything like that. 我可以告诉你的是，她的心脏没有在砰砰乱跳。
She's perfectly calm. 她非常平静。
That one seems pretty secure. Looking pretty good. 这双靴子看上去非常牢固。看起来很好。
Give her a go? Yeah, stand to one side in case she's... 让她走着试试？好的，站到一边防止他…
Oh, boots off. The other one's all right. 噢，靴子掉了。 另一只还好。
That one's on. No, it's not. 一只还在。哦，也掉了。
Back to the drawing board. 从头再来吧。
In 1500, manufacturing was the growth sector of England's economy. 在1500年，制造业是英国经济的增长领域。
And at its centre was cloth. 其中的中心是布料制造。
Before the Tudor period, England's main wool export was raw fleece. 在都铎时代前，英国羊毛出口的大部分都是粗羊毛。
But competition from Europe meant 而来自欧洲的竞争意味着
demand for English fleeces had fallen. 对英国粗羊毛的需求降低。
However, the demand for woollen cloth made in England was growing. 但是，对英国制造的羊毛布料的需求却日益增长。
English producers made some of the finest woollen fabrics, 英国生产商制造了一些最精致的羊毛织物，
which commanded high prices on the Continent. 这些织物在欧洲大陆以高价出售。
By the mid 1500s, cloth exports topped £1.5 million a year. 到16世纪中期，布料年出口额已超过150万英镑。
The first process is to card it. 第一步是梳理羊毛。
I mean, really, it's a sort of cleaning process. 我想说，这真的是一个清洁的过程。
Cleaning and organising the fibres. 清洁并理顺织物。
As a well-off farmer, Ruth would not have sold cloth, 作为一个富裕的农夫，Ruth不会出售布料，
but she is processing her wool in the same way 但她也和生产商用同样的方法加工羊毛，
as commercial producers, to make cloth for the farmhouse. 来给一家人做衣裳。
I think you can see that already it is starting to look more like soft, fluffy wool. 我想你可以看见这些已经开始变得更像柔软蓬松的羊毛。
Once the wool is prepared, it's time to spin. 一旦准备好了羊毛，就是时候开始纺纱了。
Now, some people call this a great wheel, cos it's big, 现在很多人称这个为大轮子，因为它很大。
and others call it a walking wheel 而另一些人称它为行走轮，
because you spend such a lot of time walking backwards and forwards. 因为你将花费大量的时间来回走动。
Indeed, somebody once estimated that it could be 事实上，有人估计一个非常优秀的spinster
about 30 miles a day, a really good spinner walked. 一天能走将近30英里。
I'm not quite up to those standards. So a really good spinster, 我还达不到优秀spinster的标准，
and that, of course, is the female form of somebody who spins, spinster一词是对纺纱女性的称呼，
and they were mostly unmarried girls, so you can see why it was 鉴于她们大部分都是未婚姑娘，因此你就能明白
that the word spinster came to mean an unmarried girl 为什么spinster一词既指未婚姑娘，
as well as somebody who spins. 又指纺纱的工人。
Give the wheel one flick and walk backwards 把轮子轻轻一推然后往后走，
controlling the fibres with one hand. 用一只手来控制织物。
15 maybe even 20 feet before, 向前绕15到20英寸，
by moving her arm round and changing direction, 转动手臂改变方向，
giving another flick, 再把轮子推一下，
the same motion wound the thread onto the spindle. 用同样的动作把线绕到纺锤上。
When you look at the textiles that were actually produced 当你看见这段时期里
during this period, on this technology, it just blows your mind. 通过这种工艺制成纺织品，它会让你心动。
There are threads produced by hand like this 像这样手工制成的丝线
that rival anything any modern machine can achieve. 可以与任何现代机器制成的物品相媲美。
Wool was not the only source of revenue 羊毛不是富裕的都铎农夫
for wealthy Tudor farmers, 唯一的利润来源，
who constantly explored other ways to make money. 他们不断探索其他赚钱的方式。
In 1496, Henry VII was preparing to go to battle with Scotland, 在1496年，亨利七世准备和苏格兰开战，
and needed iron for the campaign. 在战争中需要铁器。
He invested in a revolutionary new method for producing iron, 他投资了一种革命性新方法来铸造铁器。
the blast furnace. 即高炉。
The results were so impressive 其效益如此显著，
that Tudor farmers began building their own furnaces, 以至于都铎农夫们开始建造他们自己的熔炉。
a development encouraged by commercially-minded monasteries. 具有商业头脑的修道院促成了这个发展。
This is new technology. This is the new way to make iron. 这是新技术。这是铸铁的新方法。
A half-size replica blast furnace 一个半尺寸的仿高炉
has been built at the Rural Life Centre in Surrey. 被建造于萨里镇的乡村生活中心。
Expert Jeremy Hodgkinson is showing Tom and Peter its possibilities. Jeremy Hodgkinson专家向Tom和Peter展示它的功能
The charcoal is fed in from top of the furnace, as is the iron ore 木炭在高炉顶端被加入，铁矿石也是。
and it slowly descends down through the furnace over the course of time, 随着时间的推移，铁矿石慢慢地从高炉中下来，
and as it goes down it melts, held in the bottom of the furnace 边下降边融化，在高炉底部变成液体
in a liquid form, and then you'll allow it to run out into a mould. 然后你会把它灌入模具。
Right. 是的。
Right. Have a feel. 是的。你摸摸看。
Pretty solid! 相当坚固！
About every 12 hours, you produce a length of iron 你大约每12小时制成一段铁，
probably ten feet long. 长约为10英寸。
Weighing about half a ton. 重约半吨。
Wow. That's huge! 哇。那非常庞大！
It is. Very heavy. It is very heavy! 是的。非常重。它非常重！
The blast furnace produced the intense heat necessary 高炉产生的高温制成了
to create liquid iron, which was easier to purify. 更容易被净化的液态铁水。
To generate such heat required oxygen provided by the bellows. 达到这样的高温需要风箱提供氧气。
The key to the bellows of course is water power, 风箱运转的关键是水能，
because what is powering those bellows is a water wheel, 因为正是一个水车给风箱提供了动力，
so that they'll pump that blast of air into the furnace. 让它能把那股气流泵入高炉中。
Hence it's a blast furnace. It's the blast furnace, yes. 因此它是一个气流熔炉。 它是气流熔炉。
Am I right in thinking that these things ran for months at a time? 这套东西是不是会连续运转好几个月？
Yes. They'd go into blast, they'd blow them in as they would say, 是的。它们会进入泵气状态，开始吹气，正如人们所说，
blow them in after the harvest, so once your labour force is available. 过了收获季节就开始吹气，一旦劳动力闲置下来。
Yeah. And then you'd work the iron through the winter 是的。这样你就能整个冬天都在炼铁了。
because then you've got a more reliable water supply. 冬天你能得到更可靠的水源供给。
Once the iron was produced, 一旦炼出了铁，
it was re-melted in a refinery 它会被放在一个精制装置里重新融化，
and any impurities hammered out. 任何杂质都会被敲打除净。
What you get eventually is this, which is bar iron, suitable 你最终得到的是这个，它是铁条，
for blacksmiths to make into objects and ironmongers to sell. 适合供铁匠制造铁器并由五金商人出售。
Here's a couple of pieces you can take back to the farm. 这里有几块铁条可以让你拿回农场。
I'll take this one, it's like me, it's broad and flat, 我要拿走这个，它长得比较像我，又宽又平，
where as that one is... Thick! Square and thick! 而这一块很厚！又方又厚！
LAUGHTER （笑声）
Thank you very much! 非常感谢！
OK, good to see you. Pleasure. Thank you. 好的，很高兴见到你。 非常荣幸。谢谢！
What are we going to make? 我们要拿它做什么？
This new, plentiful source of stronger, 这种新方法制造了大量坚固而质量上乘的铁块，
better quality iron opened up a world of possibilities. 开启了一个无限可能的世界。
Without the blast furnace 如果没有高炉，
the Industrial Revolution would not have been possible. 工业革命根本不可能发生。
In the rapidly expanding cloth industry, 随着纺织工业的急剧扩张，
loom technology had also been mastered by 1500. 织布机技术也在16世纪被熟练掌握。
With a sharp eye for business the monasteries rented out 具有敏锐商业眼光的修道院对外出租商业用房，
commercial premises, reaping the financial rewards 从他人的商业活动中赚取经济利益，
of other people's enterprise, including cloth production. 这些商业活动也包括布料生产。
Ruth has brought her wool to weaver Diane Wood. Ruth将她的羊毛带给了织布工Diane Wood。
The first job is to set up the loom, a craft in its own right. 第一步是设置好织布机，织布机本身就是一项工艺。
I mean, we're putting all that yarn that we produced onto the loom, 我想说的是，我们要把所有制成的纱线放到织布机上，
and we start with each thread at that end, 当所有纱线都在那一头时我们开始织布，
and they all have to pass through these here, these shafts. 然后把这些线都穿过这些，这些机轴。
The strings are called heddles. 这些弦丝叫做综片。
They have got two important knots here in the centre, 它们的中间打了两个非常重要的结，
and the knots create a lovely little eye, 这两个节形成了一个完美的小洞眼，
through which every thread goes 所有的线都从洞眼里穿过，
and the threads go one thread through one heddle. 一根线穿过一个洞眼。
So if we could take that thread there, that comes through to this. 如果我们把这根线拿来，它就从这个洞里穿过。
That comes through shaft number one. 它穿过1号机轴。
The threads are passed through either the first or second shaft, 所有纱线都交替穿过
alternating across the loom. 1号或2号机轴中的一个。
Pull it through the eye there. That's it. 把这个从洞眼里拉出来。 就是这样。
Not many to go, but still let's get them right. 快完工了，但我们还是把这些做对。
Once all the threads have been passed through the heddles, 一旦所有的纱线都穿过了综片，
they must go through a comb structure called a reed. 它们必须经过一个叫做簧片的梳子结构。
The reed is designed to keep the threads evenly spaced. 梳子的作用是让纱线均匀分布。
We have something like 600 threads here. 我们有大约600股纱线。
We need to keep them all under control 我们需要控制好它们。
and that's what this stage of processes are, 这一阶段的工作就是
putting order into the threads. 让纱线变得井井有条。
Otherwise we'd just have a giant knot. 不然的话我们就会弄出一个巨大的死结。
You'd have a terrible mess on your hands. 手上的工作就变得一团糟了。
The threads are tied to a beam at the front of the loom, 纱线被系在织布机前端
known as the cloth beam. 被称为布轴的一根经轴上。
I'll just check that the tension is even all the way across. 我来检查一下张力是否均匀分布。
I suppose this only comes with practice, getting the feel. 我想这是源于经验，找到一种感觉。
It's the feel, it's in your fingertips, yes, yes. 这是关乎感觉，是的，它就在你的指尖里。
It is very technical, isn't it? Tiny subtle changes 这是一种技术，不是吗？ 细微的变化
make the difference between success and failure. Indeed they do. 决定了成功与失败。的确如此。
Rods are inserted to spread the threads away from the cloth beam. 连接杆被置入以便于把纱线从布轴上分开。
These threads are known as the warp. 这些纱线被称为经线。
The ones that Diane will weave, adjacent to them, are called the weft. 而那些Diane将要纺织的与经线相邻的被称为纬线。
So you press down on one of the pedals 然后你踩下其中一个踏板，
and one of the shafts comes up and the other one comes down. 其中一根轴就上来了，另一根就下去了。
So now we've got half of our threads going up, 这样一来一半纱线上升，
half of our threads going down and a gap between the two. 另一半纱线下降，在两者中间形成了一个空隙。
The gap's called the shed. The shed. 这个空隙叫做开口。 开口。
And that's where we pass the shuttle. 而这个开口正是我们插入梭子的地方。
It's the first thread through and we pull the beater, 第一股纱线穿过去了，然后我们拉紧打纬
and beat the first weft into place. 把纬线敲打就位。
And then you press the other pedal and the other shaft comes up. 然后你踩下另一个踏板，让另一根轴上来。
So now all the threads that were down are now up 现在之前下降的纱线上升了，
and all the threads that were up are now down. That's it. 之前上升的纱线下降了。就是这样。
And there we have weaving. 这样我们就开始织布了。
That is it, isn't it? It is. 就是这样，不是吗？是的。
In some ways this is a really simple piece of technology. 从某种角度看这是一项非常简单的技术。
In other ways it's really quite subtle and complex, 从另一种角度看这项技术相当巧妙复杂。
but whichever way you look at it, it hasn't actually changed that much. 无论你如何看它，它从古至今并未发生很大的变化。
Yes, the only difference is it works a little bit faster. 是的，唯一的区别是现在机器运转得更快些。
It's just to do with speed. 变化只发生速度上。
With the cloth finished, Ruth needs to take it to the monastic mill 在布料织好后，Ruth需要把它拿到修道院磨坊里
for a finishing process known as fulling. 进行最后的加工，这一步骤被称为缩绒。
The monasteries had invested heavily in water mill technology, 修道院在水磨技术以及布料生产上
and for cloth production, the fulling mill represents 投入了大量的资金，缩绒水磨坊的出现标志着
the first transition from a domestic craft to a factory industry. 家庭工艺首次向工厂工业转变。
Miller Dowey Jones is in charge of operating the machinery. 磨坊工人Dowey Jones负责操控这台机器。
So this needs fulling. What exactly is it that fulling does? 这些布料需要缩绒。缩绒到底是一项怎样的工作？
What would happen now, if we're to go outside and hold this to the light 现在将要发生额是，如果我们把这块布拿到外面放在阳光下观察，
you'd see the light coming through the cloth. 你能看见光线穿透布料。
After fulling, what happens, the cloth will tighten down 在缩绒以后，布料将会收缩变紧，
and there'll be no light coming through and it fats it up, gives a nice, soft effect to it. 光线将无法穿透布料，而缩绒也会让布料变得蓬松，使它具有舒适柔软的特性。
Right. So it changes something that looks almost like sacking 好的。因此它会把布料变成
into something that looks like this. 类似我身上穿的衣服之类的东西。
Yes. Probably over time, yeah, will change into that. 是的。过一段时间也许会变成那样。
And we do it by bashing it with hammers? 而我们是通过用锤子敲打来完成这项工作的吗？
These two hammers here will do the work for us. 这里的两个大锤子会替我们完成这项工作。
Just make sure we don't get our hands caught! 只要当心不要把我们的手放进去！
It's like this effect, up and down. 就像这样，一上一下。
It'll be quite noisy, so it's quiet at the moment. 会很吵。现在很安静。
When the water is running through and the hammer's going, 但当放水下来，锤子开始敲打时，
it'll be quite noisy. 会相当吵。
A water wheel is used to power the stocks.
Ruth has soaked her cloth in stale urine.
Full of ammonium salts, the urine will clean and whiten the cloth.
OK. Ready?
Out.
Woo!
WATER GUSHES
MACHINE CLATTERS
Quite noisy! Wow!
It's a really violent process, isn't it? It is.
I mean, as somebody who put so much work into spinning
and weaving that cloth, this is a bit terrifying, frankly!
It is a bit, but the end results will be nice. It's worth the effort.
But using the fulling mill didn't come free.
The monastery would have charged its tenants.
As a tenant of the monasteries, we were required to use their mill.
They had something of a monopoly.
If we want our cloths fulled,
we have to bring it to the monastic mill.
Mills, therefore, were a really important source of income
for the monasteries.
It's another way, I suppose, of taxing your tenants.
For centuries, fulling was the only mechanised part of cloth production.
Wool would go on being carded and spun by hand until the 18th century.
SHE LAUGHS
Look how it's changed!
Look!
It's all gone fluffy! It's all knitted up together.
Needs a bit longer yet, but we're definitely getting somewhere.
The fulling will take six hours to complete.
For the final stage of Ruth's cloth production,
Peter is putting the iron from the blast furnace to good use,
by making tenterhooks.
The hooks are attached to a frame
for the fulled cloth to be stretched across.
You stretch it out on the tenterhooks,
get it under tension, which is obviously where, you know,
why we say somebody's on tenterhooks
if they're feeling really highly strung.
Because that's exactly what I'm going to do to the cloth.
Stretching the cloth after fulling
is one of the most important parts of the manufacturing process.
If you don't stretch it, you end up with a sort of rumpled effect
on the cloth. It never lies flat, it always sort of lies puckered.
You also find that you can't abide by the law.
Legally, if you're going to sell the cloth you've got to be able
to produce a perfect product, a consistent product.
So if your cloth shrank too much, it would be unsaleable
unless you could stretch it back out
to the prescribed legal length and legal width.
The cloth is stretched under the weight of rocks.
Nice and taut, and when it's dry it'll have set square.
It's Whitsun morning. The feast commemorating
the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Disciples.
The team are attending church to see Ruth's mechanical dove,
a biblical symbol of the Holy Spirit, take flight.
Yep, I've seen it all.
The cloth is finished.
A chest of cloth like this
represents a serious amount of wealth,
as, to be honest, do the clothes I'm stood up in.
Ruth has loaded up her cheese.
The boys have finally got the shoes on their geese,
and they're off to Whitsun market.
Come on. Come on!
Let's herd you to market.
LIVELY MEDIEVAL MUSIC
Attended by the whole community,
the market was one of the few times in the year
when strict trade regulations were lifted,
and ordinary farmers, rather than merchants, could sell their wares.
Be glad to get rid of these guys.
I know. I'm sick of them.
They're so vicious, aren't they? Just aggression, isn't it?
Geese for sale, anyone want a goose?
Yes, I'm interested in the geese. I was going to say, if you,
if you don't want a whole goose, we've got parts of geese!
Processed dairy products, cheese and butter,
were often traded across considerable distances.
Ruth's cheese might even have found its way to the markets of London.
With the geese sold,
the boys are off to see what their profits can buy them in the market.
The Tudor era saw the world begin to open up.
Advances in shipbuilding meant people were sailing further
and trade routes to the Middle East
brought new and exotic products to England.
All this sort of stuff we take for granted.
It would have been new and exciting in Tudor England.
And a most wonderful luxury.
Not many people have seen these, lemons,
and don't know what to do with them.
Well, I suppose England's wealth was built on the wool trade
and this is competition coming in right here.
Well, if it brings things like this in, a bit of flavour,
something we're not used to, I think it's very exciting. Yeah.
Hi, Ruth. Hi, Ruth. Oh, hello.
How's your cheese?
I've only got a little bit left. That's fantastic!
You sounds like you've got a bit of time for a bit of fun, a bit of Morris dancing.
A bit of ale. Bit of ale, bit of music. A bit more ale.
Let's go. HE LAUGHS
Folklore historian Professor Ronald Hutton
has come to join the festivities.
Whitsun, around 1500, is party time, for two reasons.
The first is it's a gap in agriculture.
You've done your ploughing and your sowing and your weeding, and there's
a bit of a space in which you can relax and actually have some fun.
Other reason is, it's warming up!
THEY LAUGH Yes!
Around about 1500, ordinary people have a serious shortage of
indoor spaces, which are warm, where they can gather in large numbers.
The church is usually off limits
because it's a sacred building, so you can't party in it.
But come Whitsun, usually England's warm enough to be able to get outside
and in the open spaces, you can have as many people as you like.
The Maypole was a central feature of Whitsun celebrations.
Decorated with fresh foliage, it symbolised growth and new life,
particularly significant in agricultural communities.
But while young people still danced in this traditional way,
there was also a new craze sweeping the country.
The Morris Dance is really, really hot and new
and exciting, round about 1500.
It's a courtly dance
and it's leaking out into the villages around the royal palaces.
In the original courtly form,
it was an elaborate game by which strapping young men competed
to show how far they could leap in the air,
to dance with and woo a lady.
RUTH LAUGHS
Quite fashionable then. Very, very much so. Cutting edge.
By Tudor times, Whitsun had become one of
the most popular feasts of the year, where people let their hair down,
indulging in revelry and merry-making.
The Church, initially, was rather worried about this development,
because alcohol plus crowds
equals misbehaviour.
But then it learned how to cash in.
So the Church ale was invented, the Whitsun ale, which was this
wonderful arrangement by people in the village would provide
the raw materials for the food and drink, and then the villagers,
when all this was ready, would pay an entrance fee,
and the Church would take the profits to supply its parish needs
for the rest of the year, and everybody was happy
and it worked like an absolute dream.
This complete intertwining of social life and religious life
and economic life, is so typical of this period, isn't it?
Everything has a religious element to it,
it's sort of almost like the air you breathe.
Yeah, and pretty free of tension. On the whole it'd got it right.
They'd created a perfect medieval society.
In many ways, too perfect.
People began to worry there might be
something wrong in the middle of all this. RUTH LAUGHS
I mean, you sleep on that for a bit, you get a reformation. Yes!
So should enjoy the calm now before the storm begins?
Well, this is Merrie England, for heaven's sake, so to speak.
Let's enjoy it!
THEY LAUGH
Ha-ha! Yes!
Next time on Tudor Monastery Farm,
the team learn about the rhythm of life.
Little ones are ready to go, get the boar in,
get them pregnant, carry on.
What sustained people.
Looking forward to this, going to be a proper treat. That is fantastic, that.
And how to celebrate summer.
RUTH GIGGLES MANICALLY
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd