Suddenly we have a solution.
It is not in hand, but it's always in the making.
The important aspect is that
you try to avoid flammable liquids.
In the all-solid-state battery,
you can actually replace
this graphite with a lithium metal as an anode.
Now, based on these numbers,
3.86 ampere-hours per gram
compared to 350 milliampere hour per gram.
That's almost more than 10 times higher energy content
or capacity content for
the lithium metal compared to graphite.
In other words, in all-solid-state batteries,
you can use lithium metal as an anode,
as a very thin film as an anode,
instead of a graphite layer.
But for that, you have to have
the electrolyte which is supposed to be
highly impervious that lithium metal cannot
grow as a needle or a dendrite
through the electrolyte to physically short.
The electrolyte should be with almost,
I would say 98% relative density.
It has to be highly dense or impervious.
The cathode material can be
NMC or nickel cobalt aluminum.
These already existing materials with
an extremely high energy content that can be
combined with lithium metal
if you have a solid electrolyte,
which is again with
a very specific lithium ion conductivity.
The important aspect is that this does not happen.
This will not happen with a solid-state battery.
That's it because none of
the materials within the battery are flammable.
Suddenly the electrolyte can completely
prevent the growth of the dendrite,
which is a lithium metal growing as a needle.
As I said, we can use lithium metal so
the overall energy content
is always going to be very high.
Also, we can actually make
the configuration as a bipolar,
meaning each side of
the electrode can be positive or negative.
In other words, the volumetric energy density
can be exceptionally
higher if you design the battery with bipolar electrodes.
The very important one for
the electric vehicle is the cycle life.
With a typical liquid-based lithium-ion battery,
you may get anywhere from 2000 to 3000 depending on
the operating temperatures and operating protocol,
in terms of how far you discharge and what is their level
over how many times you have
fast charging opportunities, and all those things.
But with almost identical operating conditions,
you can actually have up to
10,000 cycles with the all-solid-state batteries.
Ten thousand cycles is a very big number.
Here you can actually look at it in terms
of some diamonds and
how the electrodes are going to be assembled.
If you look at it here,
you have a liquid and the electrodes,
how to be immersed in the electrolyte.
You have the container from here to here.
Assume you have a liquid filled with
a container and then you insert the electrode.
That's why you have a gap here.
Whereas in solid-state batteries,
you have an electrolyte,
which is actually between the electrodes
so you can maximize
the packing density within the container or
within this battery cell if you have a solid electrolyte.
Everything becomes compact. In other words,
with the same volume of the battery,
you can have a larger or higher quantity
of cathode and anode materials.
In other words, volumetric energy density is going to be
exceptionally high for all-solid-state batteries.
Again, because there's no liquid,
sealing is not an issue,
and electrolyte leakage is not an issue.
You can place the battery in any orientation and nothing
happens even if there
is an accident or anything in the electric vehicle.
All that would happen is [inaudible],
because the electrodes and
also electrolyte materials are all-solid-state.
It might break into pieces but there's
no opportunity for anything to
burn whenever anything happens.
Here, very qualitative, but you can keep these in mind.
Obviously, the temperature window is very wide,
all the way to probably -40,
-50 degrees Celsius, and you can go
up to maybe even 100 degrees Celsius
in a development, maybe -40.
There's a huge temperature window without
any safety issues if you have all-solid-state batteries.
Suddenly, everybody is talking about
fast charging so many automotive companies would give you
maybe 30-40 minutes charging duration to have up to 80%.
From 5%, so 5% to 80% in about 30-40 minutes.
But now people are talking about a few minutes
or less than 10 minutes and that is not
possible unless you have a proper arrangement for
thermal characteristics of the liquid-based electrolyte.
But again, with this all-solid-state batteries,
it can be as low as about 10 minutes.
When this happens, I think nobody will talk about say
arrange and say t or recharging and
safety because there's no issue.
You can just quickly recharge and that
means many vehicles can be charged
or many vehicles can be handled with
the one particular charging outlet.
Lifespan. As we already saw,
solid-state battery and go all the way up to
maybe 10,000 plus the number of
cycles and you can also make the batteries in any format.
Whether you want to have a
cylindrical or any size and shape is
possible as long as you can mold
those components in the particular footprint.
Little more details, but this gives you
a very important parameter.
The typical lithium ion battery
with a liquid electrolyte using lithium in the graphite.
Graphite is the starting material,
but the active material will be lithium carbon.
You can probably go up to 250 watt hour per liter.
If you replace the carbon by lithium,
silicon based anode, you can actually
have up to even 350 watt hour per liter.
That's a very good jump.
Whereas if you have
this all solid state battery
with a lithium metal as an anode,
solid electrolyte and the same cathode,
you can see that the volume or
the size or the thickness of the electrode has come down.
You can get higher volumetric energy density
with the solid state battery.
You can see that it is almost three times.
Three times if you just compare
the currently available lithium ion batteries
with the liquid electrolyte.
That's possible based on
the energy content of
the lithium metal and also the safety.
Or you can also have almost like in
100 percent utilization in terms of setup charge.
Suddenly the thermal runaway issue is completely gone.
Again as you see,
this has a liquid electrolyte as both
of them have liquid.
With the liquid, you always have flammability issue.
In this case, absolutely none.
No flammable issue or no thermal runaway.
High rate capabilities also
possible with all solid state.
In other words, high-power performance is also for
solid-state batteries comparison
with liquid based batteries.
Here I think this slide very nicely consolidates
the major advantages of all these solid-state batteries.
The Number 1 is the energy,
so because if you compare
the graphite to silicon-based or lithium, silicon alike.
Relatively, when you replace them with the pure lithium,
you get to extremely higher
volumetric and the gravimetric energy density.
Number 2 is the faster charging.
Here it tastes, enables
less than 15 minutes if I charged, 10-80 percent.
That's by eliminating lithium diffusion battery,
because conductivity is and not an issue.
The intercalation is not a problem in this case.
It's a life, cycle life.
We also looked at the cycle life.
Calendar life and cycle life
are very important for the batteries.
Because most of the time,
so that may be an interface issue
when you use the electrolyte,
which is a liquid and that is completely gone when you
go with all solid state battery
with a solid alkylate safety.
Safety because it's very straightforward.
There's no liquid which is
flammable in this all solid-state battery.
To that extent, the safety is going to jump to
a completely newer level and cost.
Maybe right now, there are companies where you
can actually get some maybe prototype samples.
But right now, they may be too expensive.
But certainly the material is
also going to lead to lowering of the cost.
Overall, the cost is going to be lower with the time
and also the largest scale manufacturing.
Once it is becoming economy becomes larger,
the cost per unit,
kilowatt hour unit for
about 70-100 kilowatt-hour is
the total energy required
for a typical passenger vehicle.
The cost of goods be probably if it
is only less than $100.
That's going to be about $7,000.