kosutnjak公園 在塞爾維亞首都貝爾格萊德的郊外
NARRATOR: Kosutnjak Park, outside the Serbian capital, Belgrade.
1914年5月 波黑學生 伽夫利羅 普林斯普
In May 1914, a Bosnian student, Gavrilo Princip,
帶著布朗寧手槍來到這裏
came here with a Browning pistol
練習打靶
for some target practice.
當年 普林斯普19歲
Princip was 19 years old
據他的指導者所說 他不是一個很好的射手
According to his instructor, he was not a very good shot.
其他學生比他更為自信
Other students were much more confident
每當普林斯普射偏目標 周圍的人們會取笑他
Whenever Princip missed the target people standing around would laugh at him
而使其流淚
That would drive him to tears
在森林深處 他才有機會練習射擊樹木
Out of sight in the forest, he had a chance to get his eye in, shooting at trees.
他有雄心壯志
His ultimate goal was far more ambitious.
普林斯普：我是個堅定的無政府激進主義者
PRINCIP: I am an adherent of the radical anarchist idea
為了摧毀現行制度 不惜一切手段包括恐怖行動
which aims at destroying the present system through terrorim
在1914年 普林斯普的這一願望是許多人認可和接受的
In 1914, Princip's wish was granted.
暗殺事件導致了第一次世界大戰的爆發
The First World War began almost by accident.
它的結束卻如此不可思議
It ended just as strangely.
這次大戰帶來的破壞是前所未有的
In between, it was more destructive than any war had ever been.
第一次世界大戰中英國 法國 意大利士兵
More British, French and Italian soldiers died in the First World War than died in the Second.
的死亡人數比二次大戰的還要多
它是第一次真正的全球性衝突 戰鬥不只在法國領土以及佛蘭德
It was the first genuinely global conflict, fought not just on the fields of France and Flanders,
還波及到山地 沙漠 海洋和天空
but up mountains, across deserts, at sea and in the air.
第一次世界戰爭塑造了20世紀
The First World War shaped the 20th century.
它引發了俄國革命
It sparked the Russian Revolution.
它促使美國作為一個世界大國
It launched America as a world power.
戰後一系列的錯誤導致和平未能實現
The fault lines from its failed peace settlement
僅僅20年後又爆發了可怕的第二次世界大戰
led the world to a second terrible war barely 20 years later,
然後是冷戰
then to the Cold War.
1914年人們為之戰鬥的理想
But the ideas the men of 1914 fought for
還在繼續影響著我們今天的世界
still shape our world today:
民族主義與民主政治 國際法和國家主權
nationalism and democracy, the rule of international law, and the rights of nations.
共產主義崩潰後的今天
Now, after the collapse of Communism,
歐洲地圖又與第一次世界大戰後的劃分相似
the European map resembles the one redrawn by the First World War.
我們的生活常伴隨著中東和
We live with its unresolved, bitter consequences:
巴爾幹地區的混亂無序與慘痛結局
in the Middle East and the Balkans.
在近一百年前 一切都從巴爾幹地區開始
And it was in the Balkans that it all began, nearly a hundred years ago.
一直持續了整個20世紀
At the start of the 20th century, as at its close,
巴爾幹是歐洲最不穩定的的區域
the Balkans were the most unstable part of Europe.
在這裏三個大帝國為了權利和影響力而不停的明爭暗鬥
Here, three great empires fought for power and influence:
奧匈帝國 俄羅斯和奧斯曼帝國
the Austro-Hungarian, the Russian and the Ottoman.
千百年來 奧斯曼土耳其人佔著上風
For hundreds of years, the Ottoman Turks had the upper hand.
塞爾維亞 波黑 阿爾巴尼亞都在其控制之下
Serbia, Bosnia, Albania, were under their control.
在塞爾維亞的貝爾格萊德 他們興建了80座清真寺
They built over 80 mosques in Serbian Belgrade.
但到了1900年代時 這都成為了過去
But by the 1900s, only this one was left.
塞爾維亞決心拋棄土耳其 成立自己的獨立的斯拉夫王國
Serbia had thrown the Turks out and set herself up as an independent Slav kingdom.
(Chanting) （叫喊）
但斯拉夫民族主義者在塞爾維亞的 領土問題上面臨著一個更大的挑戰：
But right on Serbia's border was an even greater challenge to Slav nationalism:
奧匈帝國
the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
南面的土耳其人走了
The old Turks of the south have gone
但在北方出現了新的敵人
But new enemies come from the north
而且更加可怕 更為危險
more fearsome and dangerous than the old
他們奪走我們的自由 我們的語言和鎮壓我們
They want to take our freedom and our language from us and crush us
普林斯普出生在波斯尼亞的一個貧窮山區
Gavrilo Princip was born in a poor, mountainous part of Bosnia.
他的房子在20世紀90年代的巴爾幹戰爭中被摧毀
His house was destroyed in the Balkan wars of the 1990s.
儘管他生長在這裏 也只有一個為數不多的名字縮寫 刻於1909年
His initials, carved in 1909, are one of the few signs he ever lived here.
1908年
The year before,
奧匈帝國已經從土耳其處奪取了波斯尼亞的控制權
control of Bosnia had been wrested from the Turks by the Austro-Hungarians,
也是普林斯普想要消滅的敵人
the enemy Princip wanted to destroy.
他的特定目標是奧匈帝國的王位繼承人
His particular target was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne,
弗朗茨·斐迪南 哈布斯堡王室成員之一
Franz Ferdinand, member of the ruling family, the Hapsburgs.
這不平凡的帝國被稱為奧匈二元君主制
That extraordinary empire known as the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy
比哈布斯堡王朝的疆域
is less an empire or a kingdom or a state
少了一個國家
than the personal property of the Hapsburgs
哈布斯堡王朝的繼承人領地至今還記錄在歐洲的地圖上
whose hereditary talent for the acquisition of land is recorded on the map of Europe today
國王是弗朗茨·斐迪南的叔叔 弗朗茨·約瑟夫
The Empire was ruled by Franz Ferdinand's uncle, Franz Joseph.
他擁有兩個國家的王位
He sat on two thrones,
奧地利和匈牙利
as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
到1914年 他已經在位了66年
By 1914, he'd been in charge for 66 years.
窮其一生竭力反對任何形式的變革
He'd spent them trying to resist change of any kind.
他痛恨改革政治體制的思路
Hardly ever seen out of military uniform, he hated the idea of political reform.
他告訴美國總統 西奧多羅斯福
As he told US President Theodore Roosevelt,
我是歐洲為數不多的大帝國國王
You see in me the last European monarch of the old school
奧匈帝國是歐洲安全的最重要組成部分
Austria-Hungary was a key part of European security,
這個多民族的帝國維護著西方世界的和平
a multi-national empire keeping the peace on the borders of the West.
首都維也納 是歐洲最偉大的大都會之一
The capital, Vienna, was one of the great cosmopolitan centres of Europe.
帝國孕育了弗洛伊德和馬勒 席勒 卡夫卡和施特勞斯
This was the Empire that produced Freud and Mahler, Schiele, Kafka and Strauss.
它包容著至少十個民族
It contained at least ten different nationalities.
不僅有奧地利和匈牙利 還有捷克 斯洛伐克
Not just Austrians and Hungarians, but Czechs, Slovaks,
波蘭 羅馬尼亞 意大利 克羅地亞和波斯尼亞
Poles, Romanians, Italians, Croats and Bosnians.
為了幫助工作 英國外交事務處
A guide was prepared by the British Foreign Office,
特意編寫了如下指南：
to help work out who was who.
條頓人歧視斯拉夫人 他們精力充沛 對人冷漠
Teutons anti-Slav vigorous and unpleasant
都是些長著很高鼻子的愛國的男子漢
manly and patriotic very tall big noses
斯洛伐克人無知而充滿幻想
Slovaks Ignorant but artitic
魯塞尼人（烏克蘭西部）野蠻和無知 但有音樂細胞
Ruthenes savage and ignorant but musical
捷克人精力充沛 有能力 是熱情的公民
Czechs energetic forceful intensely national
但帝國存在潛在的危機
But it was also an empire in a state of constant crisis.
波蘭人一直在謀求獨立
Pols all for Polish independence
波黑塞族親南斯拉夫
Bosnian Serbs Pro-Yugoslav
意大利反對奧地利
Italians anti-Austrian
在帝國中 只有匈牙利人和奧地利人有些實權
In all the Empire, only the Hungarians and Austrians had any real power,
但匈牙利人拒絕為了穩定而分享權利
and the Hungarians refused to share it with the rest.
對一些國家如塞爾維亞而言 奧匈帝國是個監獄
For countries like Serbia, Austria-Hungary was the prison of nations,
是個沒有民主 壓制弱小民眾的大監獄
a repressive, undemocratic state, that ground small peoples under its heel.
1905年 民族主義者在維也納舉行示威活動
In 1905, there were nationalist demonstrations in Vienna.
1912年 匈牙利首都布達佩斯發生暴亂
In 1912, there was rioting in Budapest.
1914年 奧匈帝國各處都發生了種族騷亂
By1914, there had been ethnic unrest in nearly every part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
地方議會被迫暫停工作 動用軍隊恢復秩序
Local parliaments were suspended, troops brought in to restore order.
奧匈帝國的內部問題給他的敵人提供了機會
Austria-Hungary's domestic problems gave opportunities to her enemies.
塞爾維亞希望奧匈帝國分裂
Serbia wanted the break-up of the Empire.
她歡迎國家動亂 特別是在克羅地亞和波黑
She welcomed national unrest, particularly in Croatia and Bosnia.
背靠著斯拉夫俄國的塞爾維亞認為自己是
Backed by Slav Russia, Serbia saw herself as the only independent hope
巴爾幹地區斯拉夫人擺脫外國統治的唯一希望
for Slavs living under foreign rule in the Balkans.
團結他們成立一個同種族的國家：南斯拉夫
She wanted to unite them into a single South Slav state: Yugoslavia.
迪米特裏耶維奇是塞爾維亞軍隊的一個軍官
Dragutin Dimitrijevic was an officer in the Serbian Army.
他反對與奧地利形成任何形式的友誼
He opposed any kind of friendship with Austria.
迪米特裏耶維奇：盲目的投向奧地利人的懷抱
DIMTRIJEVIC: The blind surrender to Austria's embrace
是對塞爾維亞傳統最可恥的背叛
was a most shameful betrayal of Serbian traditions
我意識到塞爾維亞必須傾其全力成為領導者
I realised that Serbia must in full measure become the leader not only of Serbs
不僅是塞族的而是整個南斯拉夫的領導者
but of Yugoslavia
迪米特裏耶維奇相信殺死國王或許能改變政治
Dimitrijevic believed killing kings could bring political change.
他曾經這樣做過
It had worked for him in the past.
1903年 他發動宮廷政變殺死了
In 1903 he led a palace revolution, killing the old King of Serbia,
過於傾向奧地利人的塞爾維亞老國王
who was too close to Austria for the army's liking,
並按軍隊的意願扶持一個新的國王
and installing a new one.
民眾歡天喜地
The crowds expressed enormous joy
他們將鮮花和綠葉裝飾在帽子上
They stuck flowers and leaves in their caps
窗戶被裝飾著旗幟和鮮花環
Windows were decorated with banners flowers garlands
整個貝爾格萊德在歡慶！
Belgrade was celebrating!
(Cheering)（歡呼）
全世界都被塞爾維亞的血腥政變所震驚
The rest of the world was horrified at Serbia's bloody coup.
塞爾維亞被當作一個無賴國家：
Serbia was treated like a rogue state:
「是個叛亂者的巢穴」某個國家外長抱怨
''a nest of revolutionaries,'' one Foreign Minister complained.
只有兩個國家派遣大使參加國王彼得的加冕禮：
Only two countries sent ambassadors to King Peter's coronation:
俄羅斯 塞爾維亞最重要的盟友
Russia, Serbia's greatest ally,
還有奧地利 塞爾維亞最主要的敵人
and Austria, her greatest enemy.
迪米特裏耶維奇也是該秘密軍事組織的
Dimitrijevic was also one of the founding members of the Black Hand,
創始成員之一
a secret military society
該組織試圖通過恐怖主義和暗殺來建立南斯拉夫
that used terrorism and assassination to try and establish Yugoslavia.
據說 他曾派人謀殺奧匈軍方領導人
He is said to have sent men to murder Austro-Hungarian military leaders
以及內閣部長
and cabinet ministers.
他宣稱要謀殺奧匈帝國的國王 費蘭茲約瑟夫
He allegedly tried to kill Emperor Franz Joseph.
他在哪裏出現 人們就知道他在做些什麼
One saw him nowhere Yet one knew that he was doing everything
1914年春天
By the spring of 1914,
普林斯普和朋友們也貝爾格萊德談論革命
Gavrilo Princip was also in Belgrade, talking revolution with his friends.
年輕的波斯尼亞人聽說弗朗茨·斐迪南大公 將於6月訪問薩拉熱窩
Then the Young Bosnians heard that Archduke Franz Ferdinand would visit Sarajevo in June.
這正是他們赴注行動的機會
Here was their chance to match deeds to words.
迪米特裏耶維奇聽說了他們的計劃
Luckily for them, their plans reached the ears of Dimitrijevic and the Black Hand.
當時他正在貝爾格萊德的Kalemegdan森林
Dimitrijevic worked in the Kalemegdan Fortress in Belgrade,
主管塞爾維亞的軍事情報
as Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence.
1914年春天 秘密組織成員之一Voja Tankosi少校
In the spring of 1914, Major Voja Tankosic , also in the Black Hand,
帶著問題走進他的辦公室
walked into his office with a question.
一些波斯尼亞青年糾纏著我
TANKOSIC: I've got some Bosnian youths pestering me
這些孩子要不惜一切代價做「偉大的行動」
These kids want to pull off some ''great deed'' at any cost
他們聽說弗朗茨·斐迪南將要來波斯尼亞
They've heard that Franz Ferdinand is coming to Bosnia
央求我允許他們去那裏
and have begged me to let them go there
你怎麼說呢？我已告訴他們 不行
What do you say? I have told them they cannot go
但他們糾纏不休
but they give me no peace
弗朗茨·斐迪南將要來波斯尼亞
Franz Ferdinand was going to Bosnia
視察奧匈軍隊在薩拉熱窩外山上的演習
to observe the Austro-Hungarian Army's manoeuvres in the hills outside Sarajevo.
作為情報首長 迪米特裏耶維奇擔心 這些演習是一個煙幕
As intelligence chief, Dimitrijevic feared these manoeuvres were a smokescreen,
弗朗茨·斐迪南的真實計劃是入侵塞爾維亞
that what Franz Ferdinand really planned was an invasion of Serbia.
作為秘密組織的首領 他認為任何是奧匈帝國陷入
As leader of the Black Hand, he believed anything that destabilised Austria-Hungary
混亂的事情都有利於自己心愛的塞爾維亞
was good for his beloved Serbia.
普林斯普暗殺弗朗茨·斐迪南的計劃符合他的觀點
Princip's plan to murder Franz Ferdinand suited him perfectly.
「好的」他說 「讓他去吧 」
''Fine,'' he said. ''Let him go.''
不像普林斯普 弗朗茨·斐迪南是個優秀的射手
Unlike Gavrilo Princip, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was an excellent shot.
在他的一個城堡 konopischt 在現在的捷克共和國
One of his castles, Konopischt, in what is now the Czech Republic,
保留著充分的證據
is full of the evidence.
50歲不到 他已經獵殺了5000只雄鹿
By the age of 50, he'd shot 5,000 stags,
以及超過200,000其他動物
as well as 200,000 other animals,
所有這些都有仔細的編號
all carefully numbered.
任何人包括不知情的旅行者擅自進入
Anyone who diturbed the Archduke's peace at Konopicht
Konopicht--弗朗茨·斐迪南公爵的領地
by trespassing on his land as unsuspecting trippers sometimes did on Sundays
都會被嚴厲警告
had to reckon with being shouted at by an irascible and almost apoplectic proprietor
誰敢再次踏入這片領地 將被射殺！
who threatened to shoot anyone who dared set foot in his grounds a second time
1914年 弗朗茨·斐迪南是王儲
By 1914, Franz Ferdinand was Emperor-in-waiting.
但每個人都知道要不了多久他的叔叔就會過逝
Everyone knew it couldn't be long before his uncle died.
甚至官方的肖像都已經準備好了
Even the official portrait was ready,
弗朗茨·斐迪南佩帶著國王的飾帶和勳章
Franz Ferdinand with the stars and sash only the Emperor could wear.
他不願為了禮儀與習俗而在維也納宮廷花費時間
He had no time for the etiquette and convention that hemmed in the Vienna court.
他藐視其叔叔而與平民蘇菲霍泰克結婚
He defied his uncle by marrying Sophie Chotek, who was not of royal blood.
弗朗茨·斐迪南：我一生所做的最聰明的事是
FRANZ FERDINAND: The most intelligent thing I've ever done in my life
娶了蘇菲 她是我的一切
has been the marriage to my Soph
是我的妻子 我的顧問
She is everything to me my wife my adviser
我的醫生 我的守護天使
my doctor my guardian angel
是我的整個幸福
In a word my entire happiness
弗朗茨·斐迪南也有激進的政治改革想法
Franz Ferdinand also had radical ideas for political reform.
他承認帝國的少數民族權利越少
He recognised that the less power national minorities had within the Empire,
他們就越是向其他國家尋求幫助
the more they'd look to other countries for help.
舊制度使得德國人和匈牙利人主宰著政府
The old system allowed ethnic Germans and Hungarians to dominate the government.
但不會持續太久
It was a system that couldn't last.
弗朗茨·斐迪南：在遭受這麼多年的不公平待遇後
FRANZ FERDINAND: I can't help being surpried that there is any loyalty
這些民族主義者中還有多少人能保持對帝國的忠誠？
left among the nationalities after their treatment for so many years past
我必須團結他們 為了將來這是唯一的救贖機會
I must have them with me This is the only salvation for the future
1914年 德國皇帝來到konopischt會見弗朗茨·斐迪南
In 1914, the German Emperor came to stay with Franz Ferdinand at Konopischt.
這個皇帝有一個簡單的方案來處置製造麻煩的少數民族
The Kaiser had a simple solution for dealing with troublesome national minorities.
這些斯拉夫人既然不合適宜的出生了 那就必須服從命令
KAISER: The Slavs are born not to rule but to obey
必須把他們趕回家去
This must be brought home to them
如果他們夢想以貝爾格萊德為首都獨立建國
And if they imagine they can look to Belgrade for their salvation
那就必須得糾正這種觀念
they must be cured of this belief
但弗朗茨·斐迪南有更好的主意
But Franz Ferdinand had a better idea.
他認為最好的辦法是通過政治改革
He thought political reform was the best way to keep the Austrian Empire on its feet,
來確保帝國的穩定以及其王位的牢固
and protect his own future as Emperor.
他制定的這副藍圖將顯示
He had this map drawn up,
哈布斯堡王朝變成大奧地利合眾國
showing how the Hapsburg Empire could become the United States of Great Austria.
避免巴爾幹地區爆發戰爭是斐迪南最根本的目標
Above all, Franz Ferdinand wanted to avoid war in the Balkans.
一天晚上 他發表了晚宴後的祝酒辭
One night, he made a toast after dinner.
和平！
To peace!
我們該如何避免與塞爾維亞之間爆發戰爭？
What would we get out of war with Serbia?
我們將會失去許多寶貴的年輕人的生命 將會花費無數本該有更好用途的金錢
We'd lose the lives of young men and we'd spend money better used elewhere
而我們又能在戰爭中得到什麼呢？
And what would we gain for heaven's sake?
幾棵葡萄樹 到處遺留著羊糞的牧場以及許多反叛的殺手
A few plum trees some pastures full of goat droppings and a bunch of rebellious killers
普林斯普越過塞爾維亞的邊界到達奧匈帝國的德裏納河
Gavrilo Princip crossed the border from Serbia into Austria-Hungary here at the Drina river.
他涉水登上isakovic島
He paddled out to Isakovic Island,
那裏有一個塞爾維亞哨所
where there was a Serbian guard post.
在士兵們的幫助下 他爬上了波斯尼亞的河岸
The soldiers helped him wade ashore into Bosnia.
從這他起程前往薩拉熱窩 在那裏與另外六個同謀會合
From here, he made his way to Sarajevo, where he met up with six others in on the plot.
塞爾維亞少校Tankosic為他們提供了四把手槍 六個手雷
The Serbian Major Tankosic had supplied them with four pistols, six bombs,
以及被捕時自殺用的毒藥
and suicide pills in case of capture.
他們留在薩拉熱窩
They were already in Sarajevo
直到6月25號弗朗茨·斐迪南的到來
when Franz Ferdinand arrived outside the capital on 25 June.
他們計劃三天後
They planned to attack him three days later,
在其從火車站到市政廳的半路上襲擊他
as he drove from the railway station to the Town Hall.
殺手之一佈置在橋堍附近
One would be stationed at the first bridge on this road.
普林斯普和其他人分佈沿線的在其他地方
Princip and the others would cover the rest of the route.
弗朗茨·斐迪南選擇的訪問日期很糟糕
Franz Ferdinand chose the date of his visit badly.
薩拉熱窩遍佈著國旗
Sarajevo was decked in flags for the occasion.
因為6月28日是塞爾維亞的國慶日
But 28 June was Serbian National Day,
王儲必然會成為仇視哈布斯堡的民族主義者之焦點
a natural focus for hatred of the Hapsburgs,
塞爾維亞駐維也納的大使曾警告過
as the Serbian Ambassador to Vienna warned.
這將會引起許多不滿
This will cause much discontent
一些年輕的塞爾維亞人可能會組成人牆掩護兇手
Some young Serb might put a live round rather than a blank in his gun and fire it
因此 弗朗茨·斐迪南公爵最好不要前往薩拉熱窩
Therefore it might be good if Archduke Franz Ferdinand were not to go to Sarajevo
但奧地利人對大使的擔憂一笑而過
But the Austrians laughed off the Ambassador's fears.
6月28日上午 弗朗茨·斐迪南和蘇菲乘火車到達薩拉熱窩
On the morning of 28 June, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie arrived by train in Sarajevo.
儘管有這樣的警告 保護卻並不嚴密
Despite the warnings, security was light.
沿途上沒有士兵列隊保護 只有一些警察
No soldiers lined the streets, just a handful of policemen.
斐迪南夫婦乘坐著格哈夫斯第夫特皇家旅行車 按其吩咐
The royal car was a Graf & Stift tourer.
位於車隊的最前端 駕駛的很慢
At Franz Ferdinand's request, it travelled with the top down, very slowly,
因此人們可以看到他 而他也可以欣賞景色
so the crowds could see him, and he could see the sights.
當車隊通過第一座橋時 刺客向斐迪南夫婦投擲手雷
As the procession passed the first bridge, the conspirator there threw his bomb.
坐在斐迪南夫婦對面的是Oskar Potiorek
Sitting opposite the royal couple was Oskar Potiorek.
Potiorek:隨著公爵夫人大聲喊道：快點開 緊接著就爆炸了
POTIOREK: The explosion came immediately after the Archduchess's cry to ''drive on quickly!"
我肯定我們沒有受到任何傷害
I was sure no damage had been done to our car,
公爵冷靜的評論道
and the Archduke commented very calmly,
我一直以為這種情況是有可能發生的
I've always thought something like this might happen
手雷從汽車上反彈而落
The bomb had bounced off the car,
炸傷了車後的兩名警察和一些圍觀者
exploding behind it and wounding two officers and some onlookers.
斐迪南停下來詢問傷亡後 繼續趕往市政廳
Franz Ferdinand stopped to ask after the casualties, before hurrying on to the Town Hall.
薩拉熱窩市長在那裏致官方歡迎詞
There the Mayor of Sarajevo began his official welcome speech.
公爵打斷道：
The Archduke interrupted.
市長 你在說些什麼？
Lord Mayor what is the good of your speeches?
我來到薩拉熱窩進行友好訪問 卻有人向我投擲手雷
I come to Sarajevo on a friendly visit and someone throws a bomb at me
這是豈有此理！
This is outrageous!
此時 該年輕的波斯尼亞人使計劃變的非常艱巨
So far, the Young Bosnians' plans had gone badly wrong.
弗朗茨·斐迪南還活著
Franz Ferdinand was alive.
官方保護現在進入了高度戒備狀態
Official security was now on high alert.
普林斯普轉身回家
Gavrilo Princip turned to go home,
在弗朗茨·約瑟夫的街頭轉角處停下來買三明治
stopping on the corner of Franz Joseph Street to buy a sandwich.
此時弗朗茨·斐迪南的運氣變了
Then his luck changed.
他已經離開了市政廳
Franz Ferdinand had left the Town Hall.
按理他應該沿著河流迅速離開
He should have been driven along the river,
避免再給其他刺客任何機會
travelling too fast to give any other assassins a chance.
但他的司機在弗朗茨·約瑟夫的街角轉錯了方向
But his driver took a wrong turn , at the corner of Franz Joseph Street.
當汽車試圖倒退回到主幹道時
As the royal car tried to reverse onto the main road,
普林斯普與他的目標直面相對
Princip came face-to-face with his target.
在那一刻 我聽到手槍射擊的爆鳴聲
At that moment I heard the crack of a pistol shot
很快的又是一聲槍擊
followed swiftly by another
與此同時看到一名
and saw in the same split second
站在我右前方的男子被周圍的人掀倒在地
a man standing right in front of me being thrown to the ground by the people around him
秘密警察用軍刀控制住他
and the shining sabre of a security guard descending on him
一股細細的鮮血從殿下的嘴裏流出落在我的右臉頰
A thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's mouth onto my right cheek
公爵夫人哭喊著：天啊 究竟發生了什麼
The Duchess cried out ''In heaven's name what has happened to you?''
然後她滑向座位 躺在汽車的地板上
Then she slid off the seat and lay on the floor of the car
我還以為她只是暈倒
I thought she had simply fainted
緊接著我聽到公爵說
Then I heard His Imperial Highness say
蘇菲 蘇菲不要死 為了孩子們堅持住
''Sopherl Sopherl don't die Stay alive for the children!"
我問他是否非常痛苦
I asked him if he was in great pain
他回答的很清晰：沒有
He answered me quite distinctly ''It's nothing''
斐迪南夫婦都在去醫院的途中死亡
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie died on the way to hospital.
薩拉熱窩的人們不知道
The people of Sarajevo didn't know
是一些塞族軍官暗中贊助了刺殺行動
that a clutch of Serbian army officers had secretly sponsored the assassination.
塞爾維亞人扣動了世界大戰的扳機
But they made the same leap the world did:
同樣的也向自己扣動了扳機
that Serbia had as good as pulled the trigger herself.
親奧地利的人群失去了控制
The pro-Austrian element in the crowd went wild
興奮的時刻瞬間變成憤怒 他們仇視所有的塞爾維亞人和塞爾維亞的一切
The excitement of the moment turned into fury against everyone and everything Serbian
塞爾維亞人的商店 學校 教堂都遭到搶砸
Serbian shops school and churches were smashed and looted
道路被傢俱 衣服 自行車 書籍而阻塞
the streets choked with furniture clothes bicycles books
什麼鐵十字架也被扭曲和玷污遺留在水溝裏
even icons and crosses twisted and befouled lying in heaps in the gutters
僅薩拉熱窩就有200多人被逮捕
Over 200 Serbs were arrested in Sarajevo alone.
一部分人被地方官員絞死在監獄
Local officials hanged some in the city prison.
更多的人死於波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那的大屠殺
Many more died in pogroms across Bosnia and Herzegovina.
7月4日維也納舉行斐迪南夫婦的葬禮
The funeral of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie was held in Vienna on 4 July.
Oskar Potiorek寫信給外交部
Oskar Potiorek had already written to the Foreign Ministry,
呼籲奧地匈帝國採取措施報復塞爾維亞
calling for Austria-Hungary to take revenge against Serbia.
我們必須在最短的時間裏給塞爾維亞予毀滅性的打擊
We must take the first opportunity for a destructive blow against Serbia
使君主制的內部得到數十年的穩定發展
to give the Monarchy a few decades of calm internal development
塞爾維亞必須學會成服於我們
Serbia must learn to fear us again
奧匈總參謀長康拉德同意這個觀點
Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff Conrad von Hazendorf agreed.
這不是一次偶然的瘋狂犯罪
This is not the crime of a single fanatic
暗殺代表了塞爾維亞對奧匈帝國的宣戰
Assassination represents Serbia's declaration of war on Austria-Hungary
如果我們錯過這次穩固君主制的機會 那將會有更多的種族騷亂不斷的發生
If we miss this occasion the Monarchy will be exposed to new explosions of ethnic unrest
奧匈帝國出於政治原因必須得發動戰爭
Austria-Hungary must wage war for political reasons
王儲在世時是擁護於與塞爾維亞和睦共處的
In life, the Crown Prince had been a champion of peaceful co-existence with Serbia.
但他的死亡引起戰爭
In death he was becoming a cause for war.
王儲的謀殺並沒有立刻引燃歐洲戰爭
The murder of Franz Ferdinand did not immediately set Europe alight.
七月初國際緊張局勢尚低
International tensions in early July remained low.
但在幕後 維也納的奧匈帝國領導人正在制定計劃
But behind the scenes in Vienna, Austria-Hungary's leaders were planning
如何既報復塞爾維亞 有不牽扯上塞爾維亞強大的盟國
how to take revenge on Serbia, without getting stamped on by Serbia's powerful friends.
甚至在暗殺之前 陸軍參謀長康拉德就曾催促著
Even before the assassination,
要對塞爾維亞發動戰爭不少於20次
had pressed for war against Serbia no fewer than 20 times.
現在 他再次提案
Now he made his case again .
我明確的向國王表明：與塞爾維亞是不可避免的
I expressed to His Majesty my opinion that war with Serbia was unavoidable
「這是完全正確的」陛下說
''That is entirely correct'' said His Majesty
但是如果俄國人攻擊我們的話 戰爭該如何進行？
''But how are you going to wage war if everyone in particular Russia is going to attack us?''
「我們有盟友德國」 我回答說
"We have backing from Germany," I replied
陛下給我一個詢問的眼神 說道：你能肯定？
His Majesty gave me a searching look and said ''Can you be certain of that?''
這一瞬間 意味著在巴爾幹還會發生的另一場戰爭
This was the moment when what could have been just another war in the Balkans
將轉變成第一次世界大戰
began to turn into the First World War.
奧匈皇帝弗朗茨·約瑟夫向德國皇帝尋求支持
Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph now asked the German Kaiser for support.
7月6日 他只得到了肯定的答案
On 6 July, he got just the answer he wanted.
德國政府認為 我們必須明確到底需要做什麼
The German Government is of the opinion that we must decide what is to be done
無論我們決定什麼 有一點是肯定的----德國站在我們一邊
Whatever we decide we may always be certain that we will find Germany at our side
永遠是我們君主立憲制的忠實盟友和朋友
a faithful ally and friend of our monarchy
德國對奧匈帝國關鍵性的表態 沒有仔細推斷結果
Germany's crucial decision to back Austria was made with no care for the consequences.
德皇和他的高級政治和軍事領導人都沒有採取任何步驟
Neither the Kaiser nor his senior political and military leaders took any steps to find out
研究奧匈帝國的想法
what Austria-Hungary had in mind.
這是一個不平凡的失察--
It was an extraordinary oversight...
因為在巴爾幹發生的一切都不是孤立的
..because nothing in the Balkans happened in isolation.
歐洲分成兩個陣營
Europe was divided into two camps.
一方是德國 奧匈帝國和意大利
On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
另一方是法國和俄羅斯
On the other were France and Russia.
其中一個捲入戰爭 意味著所有的都被捲入
War with one could mean war with the others.
沒人知道 如果巴爾幹半島的領導國之一受到攻擊
No-one knew how Russia would respond if one of the leading Balkan countries was attacked.
俄羅斯人將會作出什麼反應
她可能會為了保護塞爾維亞而對奧匈帝國開戰
She might go to war with Austria to protect Serbia.
那麼德國將不得不捲入保護奧地利
Then Germany would have to fight to protect Austria.
(General conversation)
德國人認為俄國人可能會置身事外
The Germans thought the Russians might stay out of it.
德國駐聖彼得堡大使堅持道
The German Ambassador in St Petersburg insisted
由於擔心內部革命 俄羅斯可能不會冒險參與戰爭
Russia couldn't risk war for fear of internal revolution.
德國外長決心讓奧匈帝國悄悄地解決塞爾維亞
The German Foreign Minister decided Austria would quietly settle with Serbia.
德國總理 貝瑟曼-霍爾韋格 幾乎同樣充滿信心
The German Chancellor, Bethmann-Hollweg, was almost as confident.
薩拉熱窩的罪行應該受到譴責
The crime of Sarajevo was reprehensible
但在政治上 將有積極的結果
But politically it would have the positive result
能使俄羅斯徹底同意其報復塞爾維亞
of making Russia thoroughly digusted with the Serbs
德國的支持 鼓勵了奧匈帝國的行動
It was Germany's confident support that pushed Austria forward.
但到目前為止 世界已陷入侵略戰爭的陰影
But far from plunging the world into war out of aggression,
德國一廂情願愚昧的想法 導致了戰爭的臨近
Germany was just nudging it closer, out of incompetence and wishful thinking.
德皇確信戰爭不會爆發 放心的去渡假
The Kaiser was so sure no war was brewing that he went on holiday.
在薩拉熱窩 普林斯普的審判正在進行
In Sarajevo, the trial of Gavrilo Princip was underway.
法庭上有大量的證據證明 塞爾維亞陸軍軍官曾幫助過他
The court heard plenty of evidence to prove that Serbian army officers had helped him,
再擁有德國無條件支持的承諾 這對奧匈帝國而言已經足夠了
and with Germany's unconditional support, that was enough for Austria.
普林斯普被判20年監禁
She sentenced Princip to 20 years in jail,
於1918年死在獄中
where he died in 1918.
奧匈帝國向塞爾維亞發出最後通牒
She sent Serbia an ultimatum.
這個文件是奧匈帝國發動戰爭的借口
This document was Austria's excuse for war.
通牒充滿著偏激的 侮辱的要求 是塞爾維亞是不能接受的
It was filled with demands so extreme and insulting that Serbia could never accept them.
另外 奧地利駐貝爾格萊德大使
But just in case they did, the Austrian Ambassador in Belgrade
被勒令拒絕接受任何答覆
was ordered to reject any reply as unacceptable.
他於1914年7月23日下午六點發表最後通牒
He delivered the ultimatum at 6pm on 23 July 1914.
斯拉夫卡米哈伊洛維奇是貝爾格萊德的一個醫生
Slavka Mihajlovic was a Belgrade doctor.
最後通牒的新聞迅速傳播
The news of the ultimatum spread quickly
立刻 這成為一個真正的警報
and soon there was a real alert
街道上和酒吧裏 擠滿了焦急的人群
Streets and bars were crowded with anxious people
大家都想知道我們的政府會給予什麼答案
Everybody wondered what answer our Government would give
一場新的戰爭是否可以避免？
whether a new war would be avoided
奧匈帝國的最後通牒 打斷了世界各國外交官們的午睡
Austria's ultimatum caught the world's diplomats napping.
法國政府 新聞界和公眾輿論
The French Government the French press and public opinion
感到難以想像的驚訝
have been inconceivably surprised
巴黎一片沉寂
Paris is almost dead
所有大使都在城外
All the ambassadors but one are out of town
意大利大使正在愛爾蘭
The Italian Ambassador is in Ireland
奧地利最後通牒的文件到來時 德皇正坐著遊艇在挪威渡假
The Kaiser was on his yacht in Norway when the text of the Austrian ultimatum arrived.
早餐後 德皇如往常一樣來到書桌傍
The Kaiser arrived on deck as usual after breakfast
對我說 又是一大堆的無線電報
and said to me - I was still holing the wirelss message
在一段時間內這是一個相當重要的文件
''That's a pretty strong note for once in a while''
「是的 」我回答：「這意味著戰爭」
''It certainly is'' I replied ''but it means war''
德皇明白 塞爾維亞將永遠不會冒險
Whereupon the Kaiser observed that Serbia would never risk a war
她不會冒險激起戰爭的
She might not have risked it on her own.
但7月24日 塞爾維亞攝政王亞歷山大王子 發報向俄羅斯求助
But on 24 July, the Serbian Regent, Prince Alexander, telegrammed Russia for help.
在聖彼得堡 俄羅斯外長坦率地向英國大使說道
In St Petersburg, the Russian Foreign Minister spoke frankly to the British Ambassador.
未經德國同意 奧地利也不敢如此行動
Austria would not have acted so aggressively without the consent of Germany
我希望英國政府能公開申明站在法國和俄羅斯這邊
I hoped the Britih Government would declare itself on the side of France and Russia
不能再拖延了
without delay
俄羅斯確信德國是戰爭販子
Russia was convinced that Germany was warmongering.
7月26日 她發起動員
On 26 July, she called up her reserves.
這是危機的第二個關鍵階段
This was the second key stage of the crisis,
英國外交大臣Edward Grey在7月28日發出警告
as Britain's Foreign Secretary, Edward Grey, warned on the 28th.
目前的糾紛不再是奧匈帝國和塞爾維亞的恩怨
From the moment the dispute ceases to be one between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
已成為列強們無法擺脫的錯綜複雜的災難
and becomes one in which another Great Power is involved
是歐洲大陸從未遭受過的巨大災難
it cannot but end in the greatest catastrophe that has ever befallen the continent of Europe
同一天 奧匈帝國向塞爾維亞宣戰
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia that same day.
戰爭的第一槍從這裏打響
The first shots of the war were fired from here,
奧地利堡壘zemun 正好在貝爾格萊德的河對岸
the Austrian fortress of Zemun , just across the river from Belgrade.
在黑沉沉的夜晚 Voja Tankosic炸毀了唯一的鐵路橋
In the dead of night, Voja Tankosic had the Black Hand blow the only railway bridge.
窗戶被震壞 玻璃紛紛摔碎在地上
Windows shattered to smithereens and broken glass covered the floor
病人發出尖叫
Patients started screaming
然後又是一聲接著一聲的爆炸
Then there was another explosion and another one
這是真的
So it was true
戰爭爆發了
The war had begun
土耳其人給這城市起了多好的名字：
How well our old city deserved the name the Turks had given her
戰爭之城
the House of Wars
各處發射的炮彈在她的上空掠過
Shells fired from all sides were cris-crossing above her
奧地利人拿著奇特的武器
The Austrians had peculiar weapons
所謂''顯示器''
the so-called ''monitors''
配備著重武器的小船就像是盤旋在貝爾格萊德城外的瘋狗
little boats armed with heavy guns circling Belgrade like rabid dogs
從各個方向射擊著
and firing from every direction
(Gunfire)
它仍然只是奧匈帝國和塞爾維亞之間的戰爭
It was still only a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia...
.. 在7月29日 當炮彈落在貝爾格萊德時
..and on 29 July, as the shells fell on Belgrade,
戰爭還有最後的一絲機會不擴大
there was a final attempt to keep it that way.
關鍵的幾分鐘內一連串的電報傳遞著重要的信息越過整個歐洲
A series of last-minute telegrams flashed across Europe.
沙皇發報給其表弟---德皇
Tsar to Kaiser. Cousin to cousin.
親愛的威廉 一場卑鄙的戰爭公然在一個弱國爆發了
Dear Willy An ignoble war has been declared on a weak country
俄羅斯感到巨大的憤慨
The indignation in Russia is enormous
親愛的尼基 我正在對奧地利人施加最大的影響
Dear Nicky I am exerting my utmost influence on the Austrians
我滿懷信心地希望你們能幫助我
I confidently hope you will help me
親愛的威廉 我的部隊不會採取任何挑釁行動
Dear Willy My troops shall not take any provocative action
但現在 這場危機已經超出了君主或政治家的控制
But by now, the crisis was beyond the control of monarchs or politicians.
而是在軍方手中
It was in the hands of the military.
與此同時 俄羅斯發出了軍隊動員令
From the moment Russia mobilised her army,
德國將領知道 自己的時間表被打亂了
German generals knew their own clock was ticking.
法國和俄羅斯的聯盟意味著 德國將面臨兩線作戰
The alliance between France and Russia meant that Germany faced a war on two fronts.
她唯一的希望是 在俄軍主力還沒有從東部入侵之前
Her only hope was to deal with France in the west,
先解決掉西線的法軍
before the main Russian armies could invade from the east.
沒有時間可以觀望
That left no time to wait and see.
對於德國而言 俄羅斯發出動員令意味著戰爭
For Germany, Russian mobilisation meant war.
德國不指望現在就和俄國開戰
Germany hadn't looked for a fight.
將領們知道歐洲戰爭將會是長期的 即使是對勝利者也是災難性的
Her generals knew a European war would be long and devastating, even for the victors.
但是 如果就要發生的話 他們認為：宜早不宜遲
But if it was going to happen , they thought, better sooner than later.
根據各主管觀察
According to all competent observation
俄羅斯將需要幾年時間為戰爭作好準備
Russia will be prepared to fight in a few years
然後她依靠士兵的數量壓跨我們
Then she will crush us by the number of her soldiers
之後她會建立其波羅的海艦隊 以及戰略鐵路
Then she will have built her Baltic Sea Fleet and strategic railways
同時我方的增長速度相對他們會顯的較弱
Our side meanwhile will have grown steadily weaker
8月1日 德國向俄羅斯宣戰
On 1 August, Germany declared war on Russia.
兩天後 向俄羅斯的盟友---法國 宣戰
Two days later, she declared war on Russia's ally, France.
整個歐洲 首批徵召入伍的年輕人就有上千萬
Across Europe, ten million men headed off to fight.
幾乎所有的樂隊和旗幟都前往送行
For all the bands and flag-waving, many went unwillingly to war.
我們會在哪裏作戰？法國？比利時？還是東部？
Where are we off to? France? Belgium ? Or the East?
車站上人們揮舞著手帕與親人告別
At the station people waved goodbye some with handkerchiefs
我思念著留在家裏妻子和孩子
I thought of my wife and child left alone at home
事實上 當恐懼的陰影掠過我靈魂時 也就沒有那麼多想了
In fact it wasn't so much a thought as a fearful shadow flitting over my soul
上帝！這個鎮有多大？
God! How long is this town?
我的刺刀帶勒緊著衣領令我窒息
My bayonet's digging in My collar 's strangling me
但當我抬頭看到一個漂亮女孩時
But when I look up I see a pretty girl
她對我們充滿著欽佩
She was so full of admiration so moved by it all
我意識到 我們必須表現的英俊高大 步伐整齊
that I realise we've got to look handsome and walk tall
銅管樂器刺耳的聲音伴隨著我們的行進
Off we march to the sound of shrill brass although where we are going
「你會死的支離破碎」
you die you're defaced hacked up torn apart
行進隊列中的夥伴們都轉頭看著她
All down the line my comrades straighten up at the sight of her
激起一陣興奮
There is great excitement among my comrades
單身漢們都很平靜 他們甚至拿死亡開玩笑
The bachelors are calm They're even joking about it
已婚者都有點抑鬱
Family men are depressed
有的說 我們從這場戰爭中什麼也得不到 除了被德國人攻擊
Some are saying we'll get nothing from this war We'll get beaten by the Germans
這關我們這些農民士兵什麼事啊？
What's in it for us peasant-soldiers?
我們為什麼要去為塞爾維亞人的過錯而戰鬥呢？
Why have we got to fight for some offended Serbs?
指揮官對於為何要參加戰鬥有著些更好的想法
The leaders had little better idea why they were fighting than the men.
他們沒有列出戰爭目的
They had no lists of war aims.
德國和奧地利 塞爾維亞 俄羅斯和法國全都確信
Germany and Austria, Serbia, Russia and France
他們正在打一場被迫的
were all convinced they were fighting a defensive war,
防禦戰
forced on them by someone else.
在歐洲唯一持觀望態度的大國是英國
The only great power in Europe still on the sidelines was Britain.
1914年8月2日 英國仍保持著中立
On 2 August 1914, Britain was still at peace.
但也只是那會兒
But only just.
我們在一個極度興奮的國家
We've been in a state of great excitement
預備役軍人正在被徵召入伍
as the reservists are being called up
所有的鐵路都被嚴密守衛著
All the railways are guarded
大戰的每一個細節都已被預計好了
Everything points to the great war so long expected being upon us
但擁有強大力量的英國 她不能聲稱自己是被侵略的受害者
But Britain was the only Great Power who could not claim she was the victim of aggression.
沒有誰攻擊她 那麼她為什麼要參戰呢？
Nobody had attacked her, so why should she fight?
這不是真的為了維護一個小國的權利
It wasn't really to defend the rights of small nations,
至少 不是為了塞爾維亞 而是為了曼徹斯特的防衛
at least, not Serbia, according to the Manchester Guardian .
如果任由塞爾維亞被拖進大海 看其沉沒的話
If it were physically possible for Serbia to be towed out to sea and sunk there
歐洲上空的緊張氣氛或許會少些
the air of Europe would at once seem cleaner
英國並不受條約義務的約束
Nor was Britain bound by treaty obligations,
作為外相 Edward Grey向國會保證
as the Foreign Secretary, Edward Grey, assured Parliament.
我們不是法俄同盟的當事人
We are not parties to the Franco-Russian alliance
我們甚至不知道該聯盟的具體條款
We do not even know the terms of the alliance
但私下裏 格雷和其他領導人都知道英國的參戰不可避免
But in private, Grey and other leaders knew that Britain had to fight.
如果英國保持中立 戰爭還是會威脅著龐大帝國在
If Britain stayed neutral, the war would still threaten the country's vast empire,
全球的貿易和安全
its global trade and security.
英國需要與法國 俄羅斯的聯盟保持友好
And Britain needed to stay on friendly terms with France and Russia.
即使在平時 她並不強大的足以獨自保衛自己的帝國
Even in peacetime, she was not powerful enough to defend her empire against everyone.
在非洲和印度
In Africa and lndia,
英國的殖民地安全得依靠法國與俄國的善意
the safety of Britain's colonies depended on French and Russian goodwill.
1914年 英國對她的朋友們的擔心 猶如對她的敵人
In 1914, Britain feared her friends just as much as her enemies.
如果我們現在拋棄俄羅斯
If we fail Russia now
那與其在亞洲保持友好合作關係的希望也就不再存在
we cannot hope to maintain that friendly co-operation with her in Asia
這對我們是至關重要的
that is of such vital importance to us
最根本的是 英國絕不會讓戰無不勝的德國成為歐洲的主導者
Above all, Britain could never afford to have Europe dominated by a triumphant Germany.
如果德國佔領了出海口 英國的制海權將受到嚴重威脅
If Germany overran the Channel ports, Britain's control of the seas would be under threat.
首相赫伯特阿斯奎思作了務實的判斷
Prime Minister Herbert Asquith took a pragmatic view.
如果法國被消滅將嚴重違背英國的利益
It is quite against Britih interests that France should be wiped out
8月4日晚上十一時 英國對德國宣戰
At 11 pm on 4 August, Britain declared war on Germany.
它就像是一個對數百萬人拉去宣判的信號
It was like awaiting the signal for the pulling of a leaver which would hurl millions to their doom
悠長的大笨鐘聲飄蕩在夜晚
The deep notes of Big Ben rang out into the night
決定英國命運的鐘聲從遠出傳來
the first strokes in Britain's most fateful hour since she arose out of the deep
每個人都劇然變的嚴肅 痛苦
Every face was suddenly contracted into a painful intensity
想像著可怕的無數苦難即將會伴隨著我們
It's horrible to think of all the suffering which may follow our mobiliation
我猜測還是少想些或許會更好些
I suppose the less one thinks of it the better
我們從不談論死亡 也很少想起它
We never talk of death and very selom think much about it
只有當所有人都睡著了 你卻清醒著的時候
It's when everyone is asleep and you are awake
會為不遠的將來而擔憂
that sometimes you look into the future and wonder
英國政府有戰爭計劃書 上面列著那些必須得做的緊急事情
The British Government had a War Book, listing all that had to be done in an emergency.
該國的領導人知道戰爭將會變為漫長而痛苦的掙扎
The country's leaders knew war would be a long and painful struggle,
緩慢而折磨的飢餓也會像敵人一樣出現
a slow, grinding process of blockade, of starving the enemy out.
但多數平民不知道這一切即將到來
But most civilians had no idea what they were getting into.
綜觀整個歐洲經濟
Across Europe, there was a run on the banks.
戰爭持續時間不可能超過一年
The war couldn't last longer than a year,
法國財長曾對一個英國將軍說
the French Finance Minister told a British general,
因為軍費開支太大 作戰雙方都負擔不了
because the money to pay for it would run out.
大多數人都期待擁有最大海軍的英國
Most people expected Britain,
打一場海上戰爭
with the largest navy in the world, to fight a sea war.
英國外相對國民保證：
The Foreign Secretary reassured the nation.
我們擁有強大的艦隊
For us with a powerful fleet
我們相信這能保護我們的商業 保護我們的海岸
which we believe able to protect our commerce to protect our shores
以及保護我們的利益
and to protect our interests
如果我們被捲入戰爭
if we are engaged in war
那會遭受一些苦難 但肯定比因不作為而遭受的苦難要少許多
we shall suffer but little more than we shall suffer if we stand aside
Bert Fielder是皇家海軍的一名軍士
Bert Fielder was a sergeant in the Royal Marines.
他向妻子保證
He reassured his wife.
親愛的Nell 我認為這場戰爭不會像人們所想像的那麼糟糕
My dear Nell I don 't think this war is going to be half as bad as people expect it to be
為了英格蘭 這並不是個艱苦的工作 你不必太擔心的
You see it's not a hard job for England so there is no need to worry yourself
無論多麼遙遠 我都會與你保持通信
As long as I can keep you informed as to where I am it'll all be all right
但為這次戰爭而倉促準備的武器都很新
But the weapons with which the world went to war were so new
很少經過高強度的測試
that few had ever been fired in anger.
許多戰列艦和潛艇使用了還不到十年
Countries were armed with battleships and submarines less than ten years old.
沒有人真正知道該如何使用它們
Nobody really knew how to use them.
歐洲列強都在儲備新的火炮 機關鎗 爆炸彈
All the European powers had been stockpiling new artillery, machine guns, explosive shells.
但40多年來 歐洲沒有發生過重大戰事
But none had fought a major war in Europe for over 40 years.
這場危機已經在巴爾幹地區開始了
The crisis had begun in the Balkans,
就在奧地利人面對塞爾維亞人挑戰的一瞬間
and as the Austrians faced up to the Serbs,
第一次世界大戰在這爆發 並且不斷的蔓延至各國
the First World War started here as it would go on everywhere else.
以往戰爭中所遵從的榮譽和規則被拋棄了
A war in which old scores would be settled and the rule book thrown away.
戰爭把我們帶入一個國家 那裏居住著許多
The war is taking us into a country inhabited by a population
瘋狂的仇恨著我們的人群
inspired with fanatical hatred towards ourselves
我們面臨著極其嚴重的現狀
An attitude of extreme severity
充滿著殘酷和懷疑
extreme harshness and extreme distrust is to be observed towards everybody
在一些防區 塞族平民也打游擊戰
In some sectors, Serbian civilians did fight a guerrilla war,
他們不穿軍裝 也不是正規軍
not in uniform, not in the regular army.
奧地利人無法分辨誰是敵人 而誰不是
It was hard for the Austrians to tell who was a real enemy, who was not.
但他們對塞爾維亞人民的報復非常邪惡
But their reprisals against the Serbian people were vicious.
這是一個民族和種族的戰爭
This was a war of nationalities and races.
武力不再是只針對敵國軍隊而是整個民族
Not just against an enemy army, but against whole peoples.
在戰爭的第一個月中 有4000名塞爾維亞西部平民被殺或失蹤
In the first month of the war, 4,000 civilians in western Serbia were killed or disappeared.
他們搶劫後焚燒屋子 強姦並殺害了17個平民
They burnt houses down looted raped killed
都是女人和女孩
17 people - all women, girls
許多兒童被捆綁著
children tied with rope
倒斃在路旁的溝渠中
dead in a ditch by the road
他們都是被屠殺的
All of them slaughtered
上午九時 我到Leica取一些電池
At 9am I went to Leica to get some supplies for the battery
在城鎮中看到了敵人留下的暴行
In the town you could see the atrocities left behind by the enemy
10個人包括孩子被絞死在教堂的附近
Ten people some children among them had been hanged near the church
在火車站約有100人被割喉處死
About a hundred people their throats cut at the railway station
景象非常恐怖
A terrible sight to cast your eyes on
塞爾維亞語鎮普爾尼亞沃爾 有個遇難者紀念館
At the Serbian town of Prnjavor, this memorial commemorates those who died.
塞爾維亞政府提供的大屠殺報告申明：
The Serbian Government commissioned a report into the massacres
針對平民的大屠殺是侵略軍
The massacres of the civil population were systematically organised
系統的 有組織的執行的
by the command of the invading army
敵人的軍隊必須為它所犯下的罪行承擔責任
It's upon the command that all responsibility must rest
並且這種恥辱他們永遠也無法擺脫
and also the disgrace with which this army has covered itself for all time
當與塞爾維亞軍隊作戰時 奧匈帝國卻有遠不是如此強悍
Austria-Hungary was far less ruthless when it came to fighting the Serbian Army.
這也在戰爭中訂出了一個模式 預示著這支軍隊的弱點
That too set a pattern for the war, a foretaste of the military weakness
奧匈帝國是德國的走狗
which would dog Austria-Hungary's partnership with Germany.
在這場戰爭中 前線的一個事件可能對另一個起著關鍵的影響
This was a war in which events on one front could have a critical effect on another.
德國是依靠她的盟友--奧匈帝國防守東部戰線
Germany was relying on her ally Austria-Hungary to hold the Eastern Front.
與俄軍對壘
With Russia massing on her borders,
德國人震驚的得知奧匈帝國沒有集中力量對付俄軍
Germany was horrified to learn Austria had concentrated her reserves not against Russia
而是在巴爾幹 以對付塞爾維亞
but down in the Balkans, to deal with Serbia.
與此同時 塞爾維亞的主要軍隊在南部
Meanwhile, the main Serbian army had marched up from the south of the country,
集結所有力量 按時出發
gathering numbers as it went.
8月12日 在Cer山區與奧軍相遇
On 12 August, it finally met the Austrians, at Cer Mountain.
塞爾維亞人已沿山脈建立了堅強的防禦陣地
The Serbs had taken up strong defensive positions along the mountain range,
等待著奧地利人進入陷阱
and waited for the Austrians to walk into the trap.
(Explosion)（爆炸）
塞族人包圍著我們
The Serbs surrounded us
塞爾維亞人的大炮了排列完美
The Serbian artillery had the range perfectly
Unluckily 很不幸
高級軍官們告訴我們說
so we were told by senior officers
我們已經在塞爾維亞炮兵的轟擊區域了
we had arrived at the Serbian artillery practice area
Laughable! 太可笑了！
(Explosions)
塞爾維亞人輕易擊敗了奧匈軍隊的攻擊
The Serbs easily beat off the Austro-Hungarian attack.
我們可以看到敵人沿河後撤
We could see the enemy retreating along the river
在河谷他們丟棄彈藥列車和所有的推車逃跑了
Their ammunition train left all their carts in the valley and ran away
當他們被我們的大炮轟擊時
as soon as they were hit by our artillery
潰不成軍 驚恐的逃回邊境
A beaten army - no an uncontrolled mob ran towards the border in senselss panic
騎兵們鞭打著馬匹從貨車堆中
Drivers whipped their horses officers and soldiers shoved and squeezed through
勉強推擠通過
between the columns of wagons
同盟國俘獲了此次戰爭的第一批奧匈戰俘
Austro-Hungarian prisoners, captured in the first Allied victory of the war.
奧匈帝國原以為塞爾維亞是一個魚腩
Austria had thought Serbia would be a pushover,
能夠迅速為被害的弗朗茨·斐迪南報仇
swift revenge for the murder of Franz Ferdinand.
塞爾維亞人擊潰了奧地利軍隊
But Serbia had scattered the Austrian Army.
1914年的這次勝利 塞爾維亞人付出了13萬戰士的生命
The victories of 1914 cost Serbia 130,000 men.
''他們的犧牲沒有白費 ''塞爾維亞的紀念碑上寫道
''They did not die in vain,'' reads the inscription on this memorial to Serbia's dead.
每一個國家都知道 這次戰爭不會那麼容易 短暫和理性
Every nation would learn that nothing in this war would be easy, quick or clean.
在西部戰線 一位法國救護車司機寫信給他的兒子
On the Western Front, a French ambulance driver wrote to his son.
你是否想到你的爸爸正走在日夜被炮火
Do you ever think of your daddy walking day and night over ploughed fields
耕犁著的地方？
and getting very used to shells exploding all over the place?
我真的很想聽你們講
I'd really like to hear from you
學校裏的一切
How's school
歐洲地理的學習不必太快
Don't be too quick to learn the geography of Europe
我認為它會有許多變化
I think it's all about to change
在下一集的第一次世界戰爭：
In the next episode of The First World War:
德國軍隊駛入比利時和法國 留下一系列的暴行
German armies roll into Belgium and France, leaving a trail of atrocities.
法蘭西 在英國的資助下 為生存而戰！
And France, aided by Britain , fights for her life.