- [Jared] In this video, I want to show you -[Jared]在这部影片中，我想向您展示
how they launched the space shuttle. 他们如何发射航天飞机。
We'll look at all the preparation beforehand, 我们将事先查看所有准备工作，
then the details of the launch pad, 然后是启动板的详细信息
and then their 8 1/2-minute journey into space. 然后他们进入太空的8 1/2分钟路程。
(intense music) （激烈的音乐）
This video was made possible by NordVPN. 该视频是由NordVPN制作的。
I'll show you more about this after the video. 视频结束后，我将向您详细介绍。
Sadly, the space shuttle is retired. 可悲的是，航天飞机退役了。
It no longer flies. 它不再飞。
However, I think it's still really important to learn about. 但是，我认为仍然非常重要。
After all, some of this technology 毕竟，其中一些技术
is still being used for space programs. 仍被用于太空计划。
In preparation for this video, I read a few books. 在准备这段视频时，我读了几本书。
One of them was called "Riding Rockets," 其中一个被称为“骑马火箭”
and it was written by three-time astronaut Mike Mullane. 它是由三位宇航员迈克·穆兰（Mike Mullane）撰写的。
He does a good job of capturing 他在捕获方面做得很好
what it was like to ride on the space shuttle. 乘坐航天飞机的感觉如何。
I reached out to Mike, and he was really helpful. 我联系了迈克，他真的很有帮助。
He made a lot of good suggestions 他提出了很多好的建议
for what to include in this video. 有关此视频中包含的内容。
Though before we get too far, let's review. 尽管在我们走得太远之前，让我们回顾一下。
This is the Orbiter Vehicle, 这是轨道飞行器
the part that looks like an airplane 看起来像飞机的部分
and carries the astronauts and payloads into space. 并将宇航员和有效载荷运送到太空。
I have a video all about the inside of the Orbiter Vehicle. 我有一段有关轨道飞行器内部的视频。
I'll put a link in the video description down below. 我将在下面的视频说明中放置一个链接。
It takes so much fuel to get into space 进入太空需要很多燃料
that we need a really big gas tank. 我们需要一个非常大的油箱。
That's what the orange external tank is for. 这就是橙色外部油箱的用途。
It provides the fuel for the three 它为三者提供了燃料
Space Shuttle Main Engines. 航天飞机主机。
Even this isn't enough to launch us into space. 甚至这还不足以将我们带入太空。
We need two extra rockets on each side. 我们在每一侧都需要两个额外的火箭。
These are called the Solid Rocket Boosters or SRBs. 这些被称为固体火箭助推器或SRB。
It takes a lot of work to get all of these pieces 得到所有这些部件需要大量的工作
ready for the launch. 准备发射。
There were two launch sites for the space shuttle, 航天飞机有两个发射场，
Kennedy Space Center in Florida 佛罗里达肯尼迪航天中心
and Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. 和加利福尼亚范登堡空军基地。
Shuttle launches from the Vandenberg site ended up 范登堡基地的航天飞机发射结束了
being canceled, and as a result, all 135 被取消，因此，所有135
shuttle missions were launched out of Florida. 航天飞机飞行任务在佛罗里达州以外发起。
So let's take a closer look 因此，让我们仔细看看
at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 在佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心。
It has two launch pads, 39A and 39B. 它有两个发射台39A和39B。
Shuttle missions were launched from both of these pads. 从这两个基地都发动了航天飞机任务。
There's a few buildings way over here, 这里有几座建筑物，
about five kilometers away from the pads. 距护垫约五公里。
The large one here is the Vehicle Assembly Building or VAB. 这里最大的是车辆装配大楼或VAB。
It's as tall as a 38-story building. 它高达38层。
This is where they would assemble the space shuttle 他们将在这里组装航天飞机
in preparation for a launch. 为发射做准备。
Next to it is the Launch Control Center. 旁边是启动控制中心。
Notice how it's positioned 注意它的位置
with a good view of both launchpads. 可以很好地看到两个启动板。
This building is called the Orbiter Processing Facility, 这个建筑被称为轨道器处理设施，
or OPF, and actually there were three OPF buildings. 或OPF，实际上有三座OPF建筑物。
It's where the orbiter was serviced in between missions. 这是两次任务之间为轨道器提供服务的地方。
Over here is the Shuttle Landing Facility. 这是航天飞机降落设施。
This is where a mission ends for the space shuttle. 这是航天飞机执行任务的地方。
But they didn't always land here. 但是他们并不总是在这里降落。
Sometimes due to weather or other circumstances, 有时由于天气或其他情况，
the shuttle would land in California 航天飞机将降落在加利福尼亚
at Edwards Air Force Base. 在爱德华兹空军基地
When this happened, we need to get the Orbiter Vehicle 发生这种情况时，我们需要获得轨道飞行器
all the way back to Florida, 一路回佛罗里达
and the shuttle can't really take off again 航天飞机再也无法真正起飞
and fly like an airplane. 像飞机一样飞翔
It wasn't built for that. 它不是为此而建的。
So here's what happened. 这就是发生了什么。
The Orbiter Vehicle was taken to the Mate-Demate Device, 轨道飞行器被带到配合降落装置，
or MDD, which would lift up the shuttle 或MDD，这将提升航天飞机
and then load it on the back of a special airplane 然后将其装载到特殊飞机的背面
called the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. 称为穿梭机。
It was then flown across the United States 然后它飞过美国
to get back to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 回到佛罗里达州的肯尼迪航天中心。
It was then taken to one of the OPFs. 然后被带到其中一个OPF。
Once inside, the engineers would literally crawl 进入内部后，工程师将立即爬行
all over it to fix or replace many of the shuttle components 固定或更换许多航天飞机组件
to make sure that it's safe to fly 确保飞行安全
for the next shuttle mission. 进行下一次穿梭任务。
This process can take several months to complete. 此过程可能需要几个月才能完成。
This is part of the reason 这是原因的一部分
why the space shuttle was so expensive. 为什么航天飞机这么贵。
Meanwhile, work starts over here at the VAB. 同时，VAB从这里开始工作。
We start with the solid rocket boosters, 我们从固体火箭助推器开始，
which are assembled piece by piece. 它们是逐块组装的。
On the inside is the solid rocket fuel. 内部是固体火箭燃料。
Once ignition starts at liftoff, it cannot be turned off. 一旦点火从升空开始，就不能将其关闭。
Now it's time to lift the external tank into place. 现在是时候将外部储罐提升到位了。
Inside, there are two smaller tanks. 里面有两个较小的坦克。
One for liquid hydrogen, and one for liquid oxygen. 一种用于液态氢，另一种用于液态氧。
These tanks will remain empty 这些坦克将保持空
until just a few hours before the launch. 直到发射前几个小时。
Now at room temperature, hydrogen and oxygen are both gases 现在在室温下，氢气和氧气都是气体
which take up an enormous amount of space. 占用了大量空间。
But if we put them at extremely cold temperatures, 但是如果我们把它们放在极冷的温度下，
they will turn into liquids, 他们会变成液体
and we can put a lot more fuel inside of the tanks. 我们可以在油箱中放更多的燃料。
The liquids from each tank will flow through pipes 每个储罐中的液体将流经管道
down to where it will connect to the orbiter. 向下到它将连接到轨道器的位置。
This side is for the liquid hydrogen. 此面用于液态氢。
And this side is for the liquid oxygen. 而这一面是用于液态氧。
Once the orbiter was ready, it was then transferred 轨道器准备就绪后，便将其转移
from the OPF to the VAB. 从OPF到VAB。
This was referred to as a Rollover. 这称为过渡。
(bright orchestral music) （明亮的管弦乐）
The orbiter was then hooked up to a crane 然后将轨道器连接到起重机上
and then carefully lifted up, 然后小心地提起
moved over to the high bay, 移到高海湾，
and then mounted to the side of the external tank. 然后安装在外部水箱的侧面
The fuel and electrical connections are attached 燃料和电气连接已连接
to the bottom of the orbiter. 到轨道器的底部
There is also another attachment point up towards the top. 顶部还有一个附加点。
Once this is all ready to go, 一旦一切准备就绪，
we need to move it to one of the launch pads, 我们需要将其移至发射台之一，
which are more than five kilometers away. 距离超过五公里。
This is referred to as the Rollout. 这称为“推出”。
(gentle orchestral music) （轻柔的管弦乐）
The weight of the entire shuttle stack 整个梭堆的重量
is supported at the base by eight Hold-Down Posts, 在基地有八个压制柱，
four on each of the SRBs. 每个SRB上有四个。
It's then secured in place by the Hold-Down Bolts. 然后通过压紧螺栓将其固定到位。
At the moment of liftoff, these will detonate 在起飞时，这些会爆炸
to free the shuttle. 释放班车。
The platform it's on is called the Mobile Launch Platform. 它所在的平台称为“移动启动平台”。
Underneath is the Crawler-Transporter, 底下是履带式运输车，
which moves everything at just under 一切都在下面
1 1/2 kilometers per hour. 每小时1 1/2公里。
It takes many hours to get all the way 一路费时
to one of the two launch pads. 到两个发射台之一。
(grandiose orchestral music) （宏伟的管弦乐）
Then it's up the ramp and slowly into position. 然后在坡道上慢慢进入位置。
The platform is put down on supports. 该平台受到支持。
And the crawler goes back down the ramp. 爬虫又回到斜坡上。
(gentle orchestral music) （轻柔的管弦乐）
The Mobile Launch Platform has large holes 移动发射平台上有大洞
for the rocket flames. 为火箭的火焰。
The three main engine flames will go through this hole. 三个主引擎火焰将穿过此孔。
And the flames from the two SRBs 还有来自两个SRB的火焰
will go through these two holes. 将穿过这两个孔。
Below the pad is the Flame Trench. 垫下方是火焰槽。
During the liftoff, the flames 在升空期间，火焰
will be deflected to each side. 将偏转到每一侧。
The structure next to the shuttle stack has two main parts, 穿梭栈旁边的结构有两个主要部分，
the Fixed Service Structure, which doesn't move, 固定服务结构，它不会动，
and the Rotating Service Structure, 以及轮换服务结构，
which can pivot around to completely 可以完全旋转
enclose the space shuttle. 封闭航天飞机。
(bright orchestral music) （明亮的管弦乐）
Sometimes the payloads were loaded here 有时有效载荷在这里装载
in the vertical position, 在垂直位置，
and other times they were loaded before this, 在其他时间之前，
when the orbiter was on the ground at the OPF. 当轨道飞行器在OPF地面上时。
The Fixed Service Structure has a Lightning Mast on top, 固定服务结构的顶部有避雷针，
and then three service arms. 然后是三个服务臂。
Two of them are vent arms, which will collect 其中两个是排气臂，将收集
excess hydrogen and oxygen from the external tank. 外部储罐中过量的氢气和氧气。
This is the Gaseous Hydrogen Vent Arm 这是气态氢通气臂
with the Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate at the very end. 末端带有接地的载板。
At the top is the Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm. 顶部是气态氧气排放臂。
Because the fuels are so cold, 因为燃料太冷了
the Beanie Cap is really important 无檐小便帽很重要
to prevent ice buildup at the very top. 以防止在最上面结冰。
The third arm is called the Orbiter Access Arm. 第三个臂称为轨道器进入臂。
At the end of it is the White Room. 在它的最后是白色房间。
This is how the astronauts get on board the orbiter 这就是宇航员如何登上轨道器的
in preparation for a launch. 为发射做准备。
Down here are the two Tail Service Masts. 这是两个尾巴服务桅杆。
They have connections to each side of the orbiter. 它们与轨道器的每一侧都有连接。
On the day of the launch, this is where the fuel 在发布当天，这就是燃料的来源
will come in to fill the orange external tank. 将进来填充橙色的外部水箱。
If there is an emergency on the launchpad 如果启动板上有紧急情况
and the astronauts need to get away in a hurry, 宇航员需要赶快离开
they will come over here to the Emergency Egress System. 他们将来到这里进入紧急出口系统。
It has several baskets that can quickly carry them 它有几个可以快速搬运的篮子
far away from the launch tower. 离发射塔很远。
Each basket can hold three people. 每个篮子可容纳三个人。
One more feature of the Mobile Launch Platform 移动启动平台的另一项功能
is the Sound Suppression System. 是声音抑制系统。
Beginning at just a few seconds before launch, 从发射前几秒钟开始，
water will start pouring out from a few different places. 水会从几个不同的地方开始涌出。
This will limit the sound shockwaves 这将限制声音的冲击波
from bouncing back up and damaging parts 弹起并损坏零件
of the space shuttle as it leaves the ground. 离开地面的航天飞机。
The water is stored in this large tower on the launchpad. 水储存在发射台上的这座大塔中。
So let's see how this works on the day of the launch. 因此，让我们看看发布当天的运作方式。
There are many things that have to happen in order. 有许多事情必须按顺序进行。
I can't cover them all in this video, 我无法在本视频中全部介绍
but let me show you some of the main ones. 但让我向您展示一些主要的。
At T-5 hours and 35 minutes before the launch, 在发射前的T-5小时和35分钟，
fuel begins loading into the external tank. 燃油开始装入外部油箱。
The fuel comes from the white spherical tanks 燃料来自白色球形储罐
on the edges of the launchpad. 在启动板的边缘。
Remember that the SRBs already have 请记住，SRB已经有
their solid fuel inside of them. 他们里面的固体燃料。
At T-3 hours, the astronauts leave for the launchpad 在T-3时，宇航员出发前往发射台
and begin to enter the Orbiter Vehicle. 并开始进入轨道飞行器
Since the shuttle is vertical on the launchpad, 由于航天飞机在发射板上垂直放置，
all of the seats are in the laid back position. 所有座位均处于后退位置。
Most missions had seven astronauts, 大多数任务有七名宇航员，
three in the mid deck, and four in the flight deck. 三个在中间甲板，四个在驾驶舱。
There are no windows on the mid deck, 中层甲板上没有窗户，
so some of the astronauts won't be able 所以有些宇航员将无法
to enjoy the view on the way up. 欣赏途中的美景。
(bright orchestral music) （明亮的管弦乐）
There's a lot of excitement coming up 激动万分
to the moment of liftoff. 直到升空的那一刻。
However, if there are any problems such as 但是，如果有任何问题，例如
mechanical failures or even bad weather, 机械故障甚至恶劣的天气，
than the launch will be delayed 比发射将延迟
or even canceled until another day. 甚至取消直到另一天。
This is called a Launch Scrub, and it can happen 这称为启动清理，并且可能发生
all the way up until just a few seconds before liftoff. 一直到起飞前几秒钟。
At T-7 minutes and 30 seconds, 在T-7分30秒时，
the Orbiter Access Arm is slowly retracted. 轨道器进入臂缓慢缩回。
If there is an emergency, they can quickly 如果有紧急情况，他们可以迅速
bring it back into place. 将其放回原位。
A T-3 minutes and 45 seconds, T-3分45秒，
the main engine gimbal test to make sure 主机万向节测试以确保
that it's working correctly. 它工作正常。
T-2 minutes and 55 seconds, the Beanie Cap is lifted T-2分55秒，将无檐小便帽拉开
and the Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm is retracted. 气体氧气排气臂缩回。
At T-10 seconds, activate the Hydrogen Burn Off System, 在T-10秒钟，启动氢气燃烧系统，
and no, this does not actually start the engines. 不，这实际上不会启动引擎。
That happens up here inside of the combustion chamber. 这发生在燃烧室内部。
What these sparks do is ignite any excess hydrogen. 这些火花的作用是点燃多余的氢气。
This hydrogen can cause an unexpected explosion 氢气会引起意外爆炸
at launch if it isn't taken care of. 在启动时，如果不加以照顾。
At T-6.6 seconds, the three main engines ignite. 在T-6.6秒时，三个主引擎点火。
All three of them must work correctly, 他们三个都必须正常工作，
or they will shut down and abort the launch. 否则他们将关闭并中止启动。
At the moment of liftoff, many things happen simultaneously. 在升空之时，许多事情同时发生。
The Gaseous Hydrogen Vent Arm is retracted 气态氢气排放臂缩回
from the external tank. 从外部坦克。
The two connections at the Tail Surface Mass will retract. 尾部表面质量处的两个连接将缩回。
The eight Hold-Down Bolts will detonate, 八个压紧螺栓将爆炸，
which frees the shuttle, 释放了班车
and then both SRBs ignite. 然后两个SRB都点燃。
(grandiose orchestral music) （宏伟的管弦乐）
For their journey into space, 为了进入太空，
the shuttle is mostly flown by the autopilot. 航天飞机大部分由自动驾驶仪驾驶。
Of course, the astronauts can still take over 当然，宇航员仍然可以接管
if they need to. 如果他们需要的话。
Shortly after clearing the tower, 清理塔后不久，
they do what's called the Roll Program 他们执行所谓的滚动程序
to get the shuttle so that it's heads down 穿梭，让它低着头
for most of the ascent into space. 大部分升入太空。
This reduces the aerodynamic stress on the wings. 这减少了机翼上的空气动力应力。
It will also allow the astronauts to see the curve 这也将使宇航员看到弯道
of the Earth as they ascended to space. 他们登上太空的角度。
Now, as we keep gaining more and more speed, 现在，随着我们不断获得越来越多的速度，
the air in the atmosphere will create pressure 大气中的空气会产生压力
on the front of the spacecraft. 在飞船的前面。
Then as we get higher, the air starts to thin out. 然后，当我们升高时，空气开始稀薄。
They use the term Max-Q to refer to the time 他们使用Max-Q一词来指代时间
when the aerodynamic pressure will be at its highest. 当空气动力压力达到最高时。
During Max-Q, the main engines will be throttled down 在Max-Q期间，主引擎将被关闭
so we don't accelerate too quickly. 因此我们不要太快加速。
But then shortly after, we can throttle them back up again. 但是不久之后，我们可以再次限制它们。
A little more than two minutes after liftoff, 起飞后两分钟多一点，
the two SRBs have done their job. 这两个SRB已完成工作。
They are detached, and then small rocket motors 他们被分离，然后是小型火箭发动机
on the bottom and on the top fire on each booster 在每个助推器的底部和顶部
to ensure that they are separated from the vehicle. 确保它们与车辆分开。
The SRBs fall back down to the Earth SRB跌落到地球
where they will parachute in 他们将降落伞的地方
for a soft landing in the ocean. 在海洋中软着陆。
They will be recovered by boat, 他们将乘船追回，
and then refurbished for a future shuttle mission. 然后进行翻新，以用于将来的班车任务。
Now the three main engines are on their own. 现在，三个主要引擎是独立的。
As we get higher, more and more fuel 随着我们变得越来越高，越来越多的燃料
will be used up from the external tank. 将从外部水箱用完。
This means that the shuttle will keep getting lighter. 这意味着航天飞机将不断变轻。
We have to keep throttling down the engines 我们必须继续节流发动机
or we'll accelerate too quickly. 否则我们会加速太快。
The maximum amount of acceleration we want the astronauts 我们想要宇航员的最大加速度
to feel is 3 Gs, or three times the force of gravity 感觉是3 Gs或重力的三倍
pushing them into their seats. 将他们推入座位。
At about eight minutes and 30 seconds, 大约八分三十秒，
we have Main Engine Cutoff, or MECO. 我们有主机截止，或MECO。
This must happen before the tanks run dry 这必须在水箱干dry之前发生
so that the engines aren't damaged. 这样发动机才不会损坏。
The external tank is now detached. 现在，外部水箱已卸下。
We're not an orbit yet, so the tank will head back down 我们还没有进入轨道，所以战车将回落
to Earth and burn up in the atmosphere. 进入地球并在大气中燃烧。
(gentle music) （柔和的音乐）
The two doors on the bottom side of the shuttle will close 航天飞机底部的两个门将关闭
now that the external tank is gone. 现在外部水箱不见了。
If they didn't close, we would have gaps in the heat shield 如果它们没有合上，我们的隔热罩就会有缝隙
at the end of a mission, which would not be so good. 在任务结束时，效果会不佳。
At this point, the orbiter vehicle 此时，轨道飞行器
is on the same path as the external tank. 与外部水箱在同一条路径上
We're not quite going fast enough 我们还不够快
to stay in orbit around the Earth. 留在地球周围的轨道上。
Remember that the external tank had the fuel 请记住，外部油箱装有燃油
for the three Space Shuttle Main Engines, 对于三个航天飞机主机，
so we can't really use these anymore. 所以我们真的不能再使用这些了。
Instead, we'll use the two OMS Rocket Motors. 相反，我们将使用两个OMS火箭发动机。
These each carry their own fuel inside of the pod here. 这些都将自己的燃料带入此处的豆荚内。
(gentle music) （柔和的音乐）
This gives us that last push into orbit around the Earth. 这为我们提供了最后进入地球轨道的机会。
Now it's traveling at 28,000 kilometers per hour, 现在它以每小时28,000公里的速度行驶，
many times faster than the speed of a bullet. 比子弹的速度快很多倍。
Now it's time to do some science, 现在该做一些科学了，
release a satellite, 释放一颗卫星
or dock to the International Space Station. 或停靠到国际空间站。
It takes a lot of time to make these videos. 制作这些视频需要很多时间。
I think I've spent most of my summer 我觉得我大部分时间都在度过
learning about the space shuttle. 了解航天飞机。
I do this for a living, so I'm really grateful 我以此为生，所以我真的很感激
for the sponsor for this video, which is NordVPN. 该视频的赞助商，即NordVPN。
This is an app that encrypts your internet traffic, 这是一款可加密您的互联网流量的应用，
which means increased privacy and security 这意味着更高的隐私和安全性
when you are online. 当您在线时。
This means your browsing history is kept private 这意味着您的浏览历史记录保持不公开
from any unwanted prying eyes. 从任何不想要的窥视。
But there's a lot more that NordVPN can do. 但是NordVPN还可以做更多的事情。
It can also protect you when you accidentally click 当您意外点击时，它也可以保护您
on a link to a malicious website. 在指向恶意网站的链接上。
So that's really handy. 这真的很方便。
The app is super easy to use. 该应用程序超级易于使用。
Just open it up and click 只需打开它并单击
on the Quick Connect button, and that's it. 在“快速连接”按钮上，仅此而已。
Super fast servers so you won't even notice 超快速服务器，您甚至都不会注意到
a difference when you're online. 在线时有所不同。
And if you need to, you can even connect 如果需要，您甚至可以连接
to a server in a different country. 到其他国家/地区的服务器。
Now, why would you wanna do this? 现在，您为什么要这样做？
Sometimes shows aren't available 有时没有演出
in the country that you're in. 在您所在的国家/地区。
NordVPN can easily solve this problem. NordVPN可以轻松解决此问题。
The app is available on whatever device 该应用程序可在任何设备上使用
you happen to be using, and you can connect 您碰巧正在使用，并且可以连接
up to six devices simultaneously. 同时最多六个设备。
Right now you can get 68% off a two-year plan, 现在，您可以获得两年计划的68％折扣，
only 3.71 per month, plus if you use my link, 每月只需​​3.71，如果您使用我的链接，
you can get an additional month for free. 您可以免费获得额外的一个月。
That's NordVPN.com/JaredOwen. 那是NordVPN.com/JaredOwen。
(gentle music) （柔和的音乐）