在伟大的生命之树中 In the great tree of life,
其中一个哺乳类的分支对于我们来说有着特殊意义 one branch of mammals has a particular fascination for us,
我们同属于此 for we belong to it.
灵长类 Primates.
灵长动物有着能抓取东西的手 Primate hands provide a firm grip
前视的眼睛能够准确判别距离 and forward-facing eyes accurately assess distance.
这些都是它们能在树上生活的重要特征 Both are crucial for a lifestyle that began in the trees.
灵长动物的智商让它们能够超越其它的动物 Intelligence among primates can excel that of all other animals.
它们可以解决困难的问题 Primates can solve difficult problems,
开发出思想和主意 develop thoughts and ideas
建立长久的关系 and build long-lasting relationships.
但最重要的是 But most importantly,
灵长动物能记住它们在生活中所学过的东西 primates remember what they learn during their lives.
本片展示了高智商是如何帮助人类最近亲的物种 This film reveals how intelligence helps our closest relatives
去应对生命中的种种挑战 to tackle the many challenges of life.
第10集：灵长类 EP10 Primates
解说：大卫·爱登堡 Narrated by David Attenborough
地球上有超过350种灵长类动物 There are more than 350 primate species on Earth.
自从它们在6500万年前首次出现 Since they first appeared over 65 million years ago,
这些聪明的动物 these clever animals have become adapted
就开始适应一系列不同寻常的栖息地 to an extraordinary range of habitats.
埃塞俄比亚南部的阿瓦什地区 The Awash region of southern Ethiopia.
一片荒芜偏僻的灌木丛林地 A harsh, remote scrubland.
不过灵长动物已经学会了如何把这地方变成它们的家园 But primates have learned how to make it their home.
在山崖上度过了一个晚上 Hamadryas baboons are waking up
这些阿拉伯狒狒睡醒了 from a night spent high on the cliffs.
这些狒狒习惯400只群居 These monkeys live in groups up to 400 strong
没有最高领袖 with no single leader.
它们异常复杂的社群是由许多小型的"一夫多妻"族群组成 Theirs is a very complex society made up of dozens of small harems,
每一个族群都由一只雄性管辖 each governed by a male.
每天清晨,它们都会离开安全的山崖去觅食 Every morning, they leave the safety of the cliffs to find food.
由高等级的雄性领路 Top-ranking males lead the way.
如果它们的雌性受到哪怕是一点点骚扰 They can be very severe with their females
它们都会显得异常烦躁不安 if there is the slightest misdemeanour.
(SCREECHING)
(SQUEALING)
尽管它们尚算强壮 Despite their individual strength,
不过阿拉伯狒狒还是喜欢成群结队出动 hamadryas baboons prefer to travel as a troop.
这样做比较安全 It's safer that way.
在这个特殊的早晨 On this particular morning,
有些东西突然打断了他们的行程 something stops them in their tracks.
另一群狒狒正把这片山崖当做是营房 Another troop is using these cliffs as a barracks.
(ALL SQUEALING)
超过一千只狒狒可在此过夜 More than a thousand baboons can overnight here
一群对头的狒狒正径直朝走来 and a rival faction is heading directly their way.
在混乱的打斗中,它们解决掉众多对手 In the chaos of warfare,males settle old scores.
这同时也是它们抢夺雌性的最佳时机 This is also their best chance of stealing females.
当打斗结束,众多雌性改换门庭 When the fighting is over,the harems reform.
雄性领袖们惩罚它们那些斗胆离群的雌性 Lead males punish any of their females who had dared to stray.
(SQUEALING)
要纪律严明,严厉训导是必不可少的 Strict discipline is essential if order is to be maintained.
这是一个严酷的社会系统 It's a harsh social system,
不过在这片不毛的平原上,这对于阿拉伯狒狒来说是适用的 but it works for hamadryas baboons,here on these arid plains.
在世界上的另外一些地方 In other parts of the world,
灵长动物正用不同的方式组建它们的社群 primates have had to organise their societies in a different way
以应对不同的挑战 to cope with different challenges.
日本阿尔卑斯山的仲冬 Mid-winter in the Japanese Alps.
上高地山谷是绝大部份北方居住的猴子经常出没的地方 The Kamikochi Valley is the haunt of the most northerly dwelling monkeys.
想要在此地生存,必须适应严寒天气 To live here, you must be able to survive temperatures
气温可低至零下20摄氏度 which plunge to minus 20 centigrade.
日本狝猴 The Japanese macaque.
厚而浓密的皮毛 Dense, thick layers of fur
使得它们可以在极端环境下与冰雪隔绝 help to insulate these snow monkeys in this testing environment.
但它们仍然觉得寒冷 But they still feel the cold.
每年在此时,食物都是短缺的 At this time of the year,food is scarce.
但聪明的狝猴却能够适应 But macaques are adaptable and clever.
它们发现了这条终年不结冰的河流 The troop has learnt that this river stays ice-free the year round.
这只雌性知道这是个好地方 This female knows it's a good place
它用熟练的双手和灵巧的手指 to gather insect larvae from under the rocks,
在石头下寻找昆虫和它们的幼虫作为食物 using her versatile hands and nimble fingers.
在冬天, 狝猴绝大部份时间都花在觅食上 In winter, this troop spends most of its time searching for food.
同一种地底的力量让这条河流终年不结冰 The same underground forces that prevent this river from freezing
而且还给其他动物带来舒适 bring great comfort to others.
日本阿尔卑斯山是由火山组成 The Japanese Alps were built by volcanoes.
许多火山依旧活跃 Many of them are still active.
在一个名为"地狱山谷"的地区 And in a region called Hell's Valley,
一些雪猴找到了一个最佳的冬季度假点 some snow monkeys have found the perfect winter resort.
一处热矿泉,泉水温度 A thermal spa,where the water temperature
达到舒适的41摄氏度 is a blissful 4 1 degrees centigrade.
每一只猴子都想泡温泉,但灵长动物毕竟不同 Everyone wants in but primates being primates,
它们在此地可是等级分明 there are poolside politics.
(SCREECHING)
这是一个高级的,只接待会员的俱乐部 This is an exclusive,members-only club.
只有最高等级的雌性和幼儿,才允许进内 Only the highest-ranking females and infants are allowed in.
每一只猴子都得听从这只雄性 Everyone obeys this male,
它是温泉池边的守卫审查每一个来访者 who guards the pool and vets the entrants.
这些出身名门望族的幼儿们 These youngsters,born of the right bloodline,
但并不知道自己是享受的特权的一群 don't know how privileged they are.
等级较低的猴子只能无奈地在冰天雪地中呆着 Lower-ranking individuals are literally left out in the cold.
日本狝猴的社会是很等级分明的 Japanese macaque society is very divided.
对于特权阶级和普通阶级 There are those that have and those that have not.
这是一个残酷的分级 And that is a harsh division,
因为周遭冰封的环境与热泉水之间 because the 60 degrees that separate the steaming water
有着60度的温差 from the freezing surroundings
这个温差可以决定生或死 can make the difference between life and death.
不过, 大多数的灵长类物种 But by far, the majority of primate species
都居住在温暖的热带森林中 live in warm, tropical forests.
大猩猩是最大的灵长类动物 Among them are the largest of all.
它们以稳定的家庭形式居住 Gorillas live in stable family groups
只有一个领袖 with just a single leader.
一只雄性银背大猩猩 A silverback male.
在刚果盆地, 这只大猩猩正守护者他的家庭 This one, here in the Congo Basin,is the guardian of his family,
家中有五只雌性和它们的幼儿 which includes five females and their infants.
(GRUNTING)
他有责任保卫家庭成员的安全 He has the responsibility of protecting them from the dangers
让他们远离来自觅食地的危险威胁 that abound on the forest floor where they feed.
为求保持巨大的体型,他每天要吃30公斤食物 To sustain his huge size,he must consume up to 30 kilos a day.
食物绝大多数是植物 It's mostly plant food,
不过西部大猩猩有时候也会享用少量的白蚁 but western gorillas also enjoy a sprinkling of termites.
小猩猩对食物的需求远没有他们的爸爸多 The youngsters need to eat far less than their father,
所以他们有很多时间玩耍 so they've got time on their hands.
他们喜欢玩耍,原因和我们人类一样 They like to play for the same reasons we do,
为了快乐 for fun.
而且还能够建立长久的关系 And it helps build long-lasting relationships.
他们的守护者一直警觉地看护着他们 Their protector keeps a watchful eye on them.
接下来 But then,
该午休了 it's time for his siesta.
(GRUNTING)
(WHOOPING IN DISTANCE)
有东西打破了宁静 Something shatters the peace.
虽然这只银背大猩猩的地盘是其中一块最好的 This silverback's territory is one of the best,
但是他的地盘与至少八个其他族群的地盘接壤 but it has borders with at least eight other gorilla groups.
(DISTANT WHOOPING CONTINUES)
(CHEST-BEATING IN DISTANCE)
捶打胸口的声音 The sound of chest-beating
穿过枝叶密布的树林传到了超过一里外的地方 travels more than a mile through the tangled understory.
这是宣誓属地主权的鼓声 It's a territorial drumbeat.
每一位都必定知道谁是这一带的老大 Everyone must know who is boss around here.
不同的是, 小型的灵长动物更显神秘 Other, smaller primates are rather more secretive.
在印尼苏拉威西岛上,这是其中一种最罕见的灵长动物 One of the most unusual is found in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
它生活在这棵榕树的气生根之中 It lives among the aerial roots of this strangler fig.
虽然它们的祖先是日间捕食者 Its ancestors were daytime hunters,
但是它们发现在黄昏时分觅食 but they found that there was less competition
会更少风险和竞争 if they looked for food in the twilight.
现在它们只在黄昏之后才出动 Now they only stir after dark.
虽然如此, 但这里能够找到大量的昆虫 Nonetheless, there's a lot of insect food around.
印尼眼镜猴 The spectral tarsier.
眼镜猴是地球上唯一的纯肉食灵长动物 Tarsiers are the only totally carnivorous primates on Earth.
4500万年以来,它们的几乎没有什么改变 They've hardly changed in 45 million years.
它们巨大的眼睛,即使在极昏暗的光线下也能看到东西 Their huge eyes can see in even the faintest light.
它们的眼球很宽,不能在眼窝中转动 These eyeballs are so wide they can't swivel in their sockets.
眼镜猴看东西不得不转动头部 Tarsiers have to rotate their heads.
(INSECTS CHIRPING)
它们可转动的耳朵能够听到最微弱的声音 Their mobile ears can detect the faintest sounds.
强有力的双腿让它们能够跳过超过自身体长40倍的距离 And their powerful legs enable them to jump 40 times their own length.
一个眼镜猴家庭外出觅食 The family group fans out to hunt.
猎物并不难找 Prey is not hard to find.
但眼镜猴们必须保持警觉 But the tarsiers must be watchful.
对于这种身高5英寸的灵长动物来说 For a primate just five inches tall,
森林生活是充满危险的 life in the forest is full of danger.
(SQUEAKS)
一只雄性发出警叫声 The male sounds the alarm.
(TARSIER SQUEAKING)
然后每一只都撤退了 And everyone retreats.
在它们的家族中 Back in their family tree,
年长的雄性和雌性会发出尖锐刺耳的叫声 the senior male and female send out piercing calls.
这些叫声能引导任何一个落伍者归家 These calls guide any stragglers home
它们又可重新一家团聚了 and there they renew the family bonds.
良好的沟通 Good communication
是灵长动物社会其中一个最显著的特征 is one of the hallmarks of primate society.
(MELODIC WHOOPING)
少有动物能够像泰国森林中的长臂猿一样 Few communicate more musically
用音乐般的方式来沟通 than lar gibbons in the forests of Thailand.
(WHOOPING ECHOES)
它们的歌声能够传出去数英里远,并且覆盖森林 Their songs carry for many miles across the canopy,
这也是宣示着这片森林是它们的地盘 proclaiming that this piece of forest is theirs.
绝大多数的灵长动物都有着极佳的色觉 Most primates have excellent colour vision
而颜色同时也能用在沟通中 and colour, too,can be used in communication.
成年的菲氏叶猴看起来是不显眼的浅褐色 Adult Phayre's leaf monkeys might seem rather drab.
但它们的新生儿却大不相同 But not so their newborn.
幼儿身上鲜艳的橙色毛发,让它们非常显眼 Bright orange fur makes the babies very conspicuous
所以成年猴能够很容易地看护它们 so the adults can easily keep an eye on them.
好友和亲戚们 Close friends and relatives
都很希望帮助妈妈照看孩子 are eager to help the mother with babysitting.
这是年轻猴子去学习照顾孩子的一个好机会 It's a good chance for the younger ones to practise parenting.
作为成年猴, 它们从不会让幼儿长时间独处 As a result, the baby is never left on its own for long.
当它们数月大和变得更加独立时 When it's a few months old and more independent,
它们的毛色会变得像妈妈一样 it will turn the colour of its mother
并在族群中显得协调 and blend in with the group.
但在成年前,它们还是不能被忽略 But until then, it can't be ignored.
对于生活在马达加斯加的灵长动物来说 Smell is of particular importance
气味是一种独特而重要的特征 to the primates that live in Madagascar,
狐猴 the lemurs.
它们有着尖细而湿润的长鼻子 They have pointed snouts and wet noses.
这些是环尾狐猴 These are ring-tail lemurs.
(SNIFFING)
雄性的腕关节有明显的肉垫 The males have sharp pads on their wrists
当它们抓着小树时,肉垫摩擦在树皮留下划痕 with which they scratch the trunks of young trees.
它们腕关节的臭腺 Glands on their wrists
可以在树皮的划痕上留下刺鼻的气味 impregnate the cut bark with a pungent smell
这些气味是各自领地的记号 that acts as a territorial marker.
雌性有它们独特方式去做气味记号 Females make smelly marks in their own way.
它们的气味携带的是另一种信号,作用跟领地记号一样 This one's scent carries another signal as well as the territorial one.
这些气味是告诉雄性,它们正在发情 It tells males that she is coming into heat.
不过雌性只会在24小时或更短时间内接受交配 But she will only be sexually receptive for 24 hours or less.
因此雄性对交配权的争夺尤为激烈 So tensions run high among the males.
(SQUEAKING)
在混乱的打斗中,一些雄性偷偷溜走 Amid the commotion,some males sneak off.
它们早在尾巴上抹上体臭 They have anointed their tails with scent
并摇动尾巴使气味飘向雌性 and waft it towards her
试图吸引雌性过来交欢 in an attempt to persuade her to mate.
她应经准备好了... She's ready...
但有些烦躁 but fussy.
这只雄性把尾巴放在腕上的臭腺摩擦以增加气味 This male adds more of his wrist gland perfume to his tail.
这招似乎有用,它们一起离去准备交欢 It seems to work,for they leave the party together.
他摇动尾巴以示胜利 And he wafts his way to victory.
你情我愿的交配,是一种相对较为简单直白的交流 A willingness to mate is a relatively straightforward message.
但灵长动物能够做出更为复杂的沟通交流 But primates are capable of much more complex communication.
这始于一对母女之间 It starts between a mother and her baby.
在苏门答腊岛的雨林 The rainforests of Sumatra.
这只雌猩猩42岁 This female orang-utan is 42 years old.
她的第三个孩子,她六岁的女儿 Her third child,her six-year-old daughter,
仍然跟着她 is still with her.
猩猩是除了人类以外 Orangs look after their children
照顾孩子时间最长的灵长动物 for longer than any other primate except ourselves.
她将会花九年时间去调教他的后代 It will take her nine years to teach her youngster
她需要了解这个复杂的树梢世界的一事一物 everything she needs to know about this complex treetop world.
她必须学会如何采集蚂蚁和白蚁 She must learn how to collect ants and termites.
学会如何辨别至少200种可食用的植物 How to identify at least 200 kinds of edible plants
还有如何避开那些有毒植物 and how to avoid the poisonous ones.
像这些榴莲果, 要学会辨别水果是否成熟 And how to judge when fruit, like this durian, has ripened to perfection.
小猩猩必须能够判断哪些树枝足够支撑自己的体重 A child must be able to judge which branches can carry her weight.
还要知道哪些昆虫的巢可以去掏 And which insect nests are safe to raid.
建立一本完整的"森林食物指南"是一个漫长的过程 Building up a complete guide to the foods of the forest is a long process.
当然, 她的课程不会只局限于食物 Her lessons, of course,aren't limited to food.
还有其他一些重要技能,她必须要学会 There are other crucial skills she must learn
如果她想在树梢上生存 if she is to survive in the treetops.
例如, 建造一个安全的巢穴 Building a secure nest in which to spend the night, for example,
需要长时间的反复实践 takes years of practice.
当然, 这里是雨林 And this is, of course, a rainforest.
(THUNDER RUMBLING)
因此猩猩都必须在年轻时学会搭建一个容身之所 So all orangs must learn how to make a shelter early in their lives.
雨林几乎每天都下雨 It rains almost every day,
所以这只六岁的猩猩早已经有过很多次实践 so this six-year-old has already had plenty of practice.
她可以活到50岁 She might live to be 50 years old.
当她要成为一名母亲时 And if she too becomes a mother,
她会把平生所学倾囊相授给自己的后代 she'll pass on all this expertise to her own children.
记住曾经学过的东西是灵长动物生命中的重要部份 Remembering your lessons is a vital part of primate life.
这不仅仅是学会如何开发改造环境 It's not just learning how to exploit your environment,
更重要的是知道什么时候去做 just as important is knowing when to do so.
这是非洲的开普半岛 This is Africa's Cape Peninsula.
这里是猴子聚居的最南端地方 It's the furthest south that monkeys have managed to settle.
虽然这里有大面积的植物养料 There's a wide range of plant food here
但因为土地太缺乏养分 but because the soil is so poor in nutrients,
所以不管吃多吃少,南非大狒狒都觉得 chacma baboons find it difficult to get the range of sustenance they need,
很难找到足够的食物 however much they eat.
所以它们在面对挑战时,变得敢于冒险 So they have had to become quite adventurous in what they will tackle.
开普半岛周围的水资源是世界上最充足的 The waters around the Cape are among the richest in the world.
诡计多端的狒狒已成为潮汐专家 And the wily baboons have become tidal experts.
如果要依赖潮汐去觅食 If you rely on the tides to expose your food,
那就一定要有一个准确的时间表 you have to work to fairly tight schedules.
每两周时间,当潮水退至最低点时 Every two weeks,on the lowest spring tide,
就有机会去采集一些很特别的东西 there's a chance to collect something really special.
它们期盼已久的东西藏在海草的中间 What they've been waiting for is hidden among the fronds of seaweed.
鲨鱼蛋 Shark eggs.
虽然每只蛋只有一小口的分量 Each one is only a tiny mouthful
但数量众多而且营养丰富 but there are lots of them and they're so nutritious,
麻烦一些也是值得的 it's worth the trouble.
不过狒狒不能逗留太长时间,潮水开始有变 But the baboons can't stay long.The tide is turning.
所以现在他们将注意力放在了每日的主菜上, 贻贝 So now they switch their attention to the main course of the day, mussels.
这些美食每天都会随着潮水而出现 This delicacy is exposed every day by every tide.
狒狒有着强而有力的下颚和巨大的尖牙 Baboons have powerful jaws and huge canines,
是咬开贝壳的最佳工具 ideal for cracking shells.
掌握时机是一项基本技巧 Timing is an essential skill
如果能够准确把握时机,那么就可以在海岸边 if you're to harvest all the food that becomes available
找到丰富多样的食物 at one time or another around a coast.
尽管如此, 有些食物还是只有那些有着一双巧手和聪明才智的动物 Some foods, however, are only available to those who have skilful hands
才能吃到 and sharp intelligence.
在哥斯达黎加海岸上的红树林 On the coast of Costa Rica,among the mangroves,
这里居住着一些是全美洲 live some of the most intelligent monkeys
最聪明的猴子 in the whole of the Americas.
白面卷尾猴 White-faced capuchins.
它们同样懂得运用潮汐觅食 They too have learnt to work the tides.
它们在寻找蛤蚌 They are after clams.
但卷尾猴体型太小 But capuchins are quite small
没有力气去打开贝壳 and don't have the brawn to open such shellfish.
不过它们有聪明的脑袋 But they do have the brain.
它们发明了一种独特的方法去解决问题 And they've devised an ingenious way to solve the problem.
它们捶打蛤蚌 They hammer the clams.
此举并不是想砸碎贝壳 They're not trying to crack the shells,
这些击打与滚动贝壳的动作有着另外的目的 all this pounding and rolling has another purpose,
这样做是为了让蛤蚌关上贝壳的肌肉疲劳 to tire the muscle with which the clam is holding itself shut.
(SPLASHING)
(SHELL CRACKING)
最终,蛤蚌撑不住,打开了 Eventually,the clam can hold out no longer
卷尾猴也得到了它的奖赏 and the capuchin gets its reward.
(INSECT BUZZING)
反复试验 Trial and error
也许足以解决这个特定的问题 may have been sufficient to solve this particular problem.
不过它们在巴西的远亲把技能更进一步 But one of their cousins in Brazil has taken things a step further.
棕帽卷尾猴 Brown-tufted capuchins
结合了力量与高超的智慧 combine manual dexterity with considerable intelligence.
它们学会了使用工具 And they have learned to use tools,
它们用石头去砸开棕榈坚果 hammerstones with which to open palm nuts.
有些石头的重量几乎等于它们体重的一半 Some of the stones are nearly half the weight of the monkey.
如果没有工具, 想要打开这些坚果简直是不可能的任务 Without a tool, opening these nuts would be an impossible task.
在灵长动物的演化中,工具使用是一个重大突破 Tool-using was a major breakthrough in primate evolution.
西非几内亚波叟地区的森林 And nowhere is it more convincingly displayed
没什么地方比这里更有说服力地展示了工具的运用 than here in the forest of Bossou in Guinea, West Africa.
(WHOOPING)
(SCREECHING)
在这个有13只黑猩猩小社区里 Chimpanzees in this small community of 13 individuals
它们有各种各样的方法运用工具 use tools in a variety of ways.
最巧妙的是它们会用细树枝或者叶茎去钓蚂蚁吃 The most delicate is the way they use a twig or a leaf stem to dip for ants.
对于这个独特的群体来说它们的一些技巧是独一无二的 Some of their skills are unique to this particular group.
其中一只猩猩正把棕榈叶的叶子剥掉 One of these involves stripping a palm leaf frond
之后把叶柄捣烂，直到露出最有营养的棕榈芯 and using it like a pestle to mash up the nutritious palm heart.
这只四岁的猩猩学得很快，她需要这样做 This four-year-old is learning fast.She needs to.
如果黑猩猩不能在八岁时学会特别的技能 If chimpanzees haven't learnt particular skills by the age of eight,
那就永远不会被视作已长大 they never seem able to acquire them.
它们砸开坚果的技能让人惊叹 The most impressive skill of all,which involves nimble fingers,
很灵活地运用了手指,手眼协调,还有智商 hand-eye coordination and intelligence, is nut-cracking.
黑猩猩在这方面比卷尾猴更胜一筹 Chimpanzees have gone a stage further than capuchins.
他们学会了如何把坚果小心地放在石砧上 They have learned how to carefully position the nut on an anvil
而且还能判断要使出多大的力气 and to judge how much force to use
砸开果壳而不砸烂里面的果仁 in order to crack the shell but not smash the kernel to pieces.
它们能够有效而正确地运用工具 Their use of tools is both efficient and precise.
这只11岁的雌猩猩有了石砧,但找不到"锤子" This 1 1-year-old female has an anvil but can't find a hammer.
她靠近一只雄性,看看他能否借给她一把 She approaches a male to see if he will lend her his.
他同意了 He obliges.
黑猩猩可以展示出很好的亲和力和同情心 Chimpanzees can show great kindness and compassion.
分享 Sharing,
试验 experimenting,
同情 empathy,
计划 planning,
智慧 intelligence,
教导 teaching
学习 and learning.
我们高级灵长动物的行为都是很独特的 Behaviour so characteristic of us higher primates.
我们人类在所有灵长动物中最有创造力和革新精神 We are the most inventive and innovative of all primates,
我们只是灵长动物大族谱中的其中一个分支 just one branch of a large and extended family,
一个有能力开发 a family which has refined the ability
并改造和把生存技能 to develop and pass on individual learning
传给下一代的族群 to the next generation.
一个母子之间能够建立深刻情谊的族群 A family which is built on strong bonds between mother and baby.
一个能够分享一切的族群 A family with which we share so much.
为了拍摄灵长动物最有代表性的行为 To film the very best primate behaviour,
摄制组必须运用灵长动物的机智与适应能力 the Life team had to use all their primate ingenuity and adaptability.
在拍摄过程中, 他们发现了我们的种族大家庭中 And in doing so, they discovered an extraordinary affinity
一个很独特的关系 with our extended family.
尤其是在大猿里 Especially with the great ape
与我们的基因相似度99% with whom we share almost 99% of our genes,
黑猩猩 the chimpanzee.
他刚才是完全睡着了 He was completely asleep just then,
他刚才翻来覆去,好像要从树枝上掉下来 he was just rocking to the side as if he might just fall off the branch.
你可以看到他的嘴唇在颤动,他似乎正沉浸在美梦中 You could see his lips were twitching like he was in a deep dream.
这真的太美了 It was really beautiful.
黑猩猩是人类最近亲的物种 Chimpanzees are our closest relatives.
为了在几内亚的森林拍摄黑猩猩运用工具 Justine Evans spent almost a month with them
贾斯丁花了几乎一个月时间跟着他们 in the forests of Guinea to film their use of tools.
这里的黑猩猩都不见了 The chimps have disappeared off down there,
他们不得不穿越到另一片森林 they're going to cross over into another area of forest
希望能够看到它们开始使用工具 and hopefully start using some tools.
我们到这里,就是为了看它们使用工具 Go and use tools,that's what we're here for.
黑猩猩必须接受你, 才能拍摄 Chimpanzees have to accept you.
如果它们不想被拍摄,它们会在此消失 If they don't want to be filmed,they'll simply disappear.
贾斯丁需要塔雅娜的专业指导 Justine needed the expert guidance of Tatyana Humle,
她是一名灵长动物学家,花了超过10年时间 a primatologist who's spent more than 1 0 years
研究这些黑猩猩 studying these individuals.
当我们看到它们时,一定要保持安静 So, when we see them,always keep calm
不要一个劲地盯着它们的眼睛 and don't stare at them straight into the eyes.
你是否曾遇到过这些问题 EVANS: Have you ever had problems
就是黑猩猩挑拨性地冲过来? with them coming right up and being aggressive?
没有, 从来没有.我的意思是, 这情况极少发生, 所以... No, never, never.I mean, it's pretty rare, so...
我不知道到时候会发生什么, 因为我之前没有在野外见过它们 I don't know what to expect, 'cause I've never seen them in the wild before.
-所以这是我第一次 -OK -So it's a first for me.-Okay.
一定要保持安静,如果有其中一只向你走得很近... HUMLE: Just always stay calm and if one of them walks by really close...
-是的.-...不要理会就行 -Yeah. -...just ignore them.
有一只年轻的雄性也许会向你丢树枝 One particularly young male might throw sticks.
同样不需理会,他就像是一个孩子 Ignore him as well,it's like, he's like a kid.
-好的.-他只想引起注意 -Right.-He just wants attention,
所以不停地丢东西 so he'll just keep doing it.
我们必须要带上口罩 We've got to put these face masks on,
以防万一染上任何传染病 in case we pass on any infectious diseases.
在另一个研究点,相当多黑猩猩曾因呼吸道疾病而死亡 Quite a few chimps have died in the past from respiratory diseases
所以戴口罩是很重要的 in other study sites,so it's very important.
(CHIMPANZEES SCREECHING)
那是GiGi That's Gigi.
贾斯丁正想办法拍摄黑猩猩 Justine was finding her way with the chimps.
但这需要一些时间 But it would take time.
要预估它们的行为并非易事 It's never easy anticipating their behaviour.
要迅速准备好 Trying to get ready really quickly
因为我们估计会有一些黑猩猩出现 because we're expecting some chimps to come down
在我对面的这条小径 the path straight ahead of me.
如果它们能在这小片林地出现,那实在是太棒了 It would be lovely if they emerge out into this clearing.
因为在这些茂密的森林,你真的很难看到它们 'Cause it's really difficult to see through all this foliage.
塔雅娜与她的团队也无法估计 Tatyana and her team were invaluable.
他们给贾斯丁介绍了黑猩猩不同的习性和特点 They introduced Justine to the chimps' different habits and characters.
(CHIMPANZEES HOOTING)
黑猩猩天生的好奇心 Soon the natural inquisitiveness of the chimps
很快让贾斯丁忧虑尽消 overcame any worries they might have had of Justine.
事实上, 它们似乎对贾斯丁,还有她运用的工具很着迷 In fact, they seemed fascinated by her and the tools of her trade.
但她是为了拍摄黑猩猩运用工具的画面才来的这里 But it was their use of tools that Justine was here to film.
这是她第一次的大好机会 And this was her first good opportunity.
当我拍摄它们找蚂蚁吃时 EVANS: As I filmed them fishing for ants,
我很惊讶它们的熟练 I was amazed by their dexterity.
不过在光线不足的情况下保持专注 But holding focus in such low light
这真是考验我协调性的极限 really tested my own coordination to the limit.
-她刚走了.-她走了 -She's just moving away.-HUMLE: She's moving.
今天真的够累的 It's been all go today.
不过还没有结束,如果我们能够离开这里 It's not over yet.If we can get out of here,
去到一片更开阔的地区 into a more open area,
我们就能在光线充足的情况下拍摄,因为太阳还没下山 we'll actually have enough light to film by, 'cause the sun's still up.
不过我不知道啦 But I don't know.
(CHIMPANZEES CHATTERING)
虽然贾斯丁的主要目的是想拍摄工具的运用 Although Justine's main goal was to film tool use,
但黑猩猩的另一种行为她真的很想捕捉到 there was another piece of behaviour she really wanted to capture.
打鼓般地敲击树根这是以前从未被拍摄过的 Buttress root drumming had never been filmed here before,
不过她总是迟来一步 but she was always just a bit too late.
回去另一个树头 Back at yet another buttress
希望在此我们能听到黑猩猩有节奏地敲打树根 in the hope that we might get some sort of buttress drumming.
不过开始下雨了,这绝对是使人厌烦的 But it's started raining,which is an absolute pain.
这是一场耐力游戏 It's a waiting game.
只要盯着几棵大树 Just staking out a couple of really big trees
几棵有很大板状树根的树 that have got very large buttress roots,
希望会有一只雄性出来敲打树根 in the hope that a male will come down and drum on them.
黑猩猩"打鼓"总会在这些地方发生 The drumming always happens somewhere else.
很显然, 这通常是一些雄性偷偷溜出来干的事情 And apparently, it's usually the males that sort of sneak off to go and do it.
我感觉这时候是特别难熬 It feels like a bit of a long shot at the moment.
我必须要有耐心 I have to have some patience.
黑猩猩跟绝大多数灵长动物一样 The thing about chimps is that, like most primates,
你总是无法预计它们会做什么 you can't always predict what they're going to do,
它们什么时候去做或是在哪里做 when they're going to do it or where.
你只能一直跟着它们 You've just got to keep with them.
一个特别的声音让贾斯丁重新回到她的主要任务去 A different type of sound brought Justine back to her main mission.
(CRACKING)
慢一些, 来这里 Slowly. This way.
猩猩砸坚果 Nut-cracking.
这也是贾斯丁要拍摄的关键环节 This was the key sequence Justine was here to film.
拍摄黑猩猩使用工具 EVANS: Filming the chimps using tools
让我体会到人和黑猩猩是如何的接近 made me realise just how close to them we are.
我觉得我们很相似 I felt so similar to them.
在拍摄旅程的最后时刻 By the end of our filming trip,
我已几乎能够认出这个群体的每一位成员 I was able to recognise most of the individuals in the group
而且还了解到了它们不同的性格 and had begun to understand their different personalities.
让我最印象深刻的一刻是 For me, the most poignant moment of all
当我们看到一只科学家命名为"Play"的雄性 was when the male the scientist called Play
把他的工具借给一只雌性 lent a female his tools.
我知道灵长类是群居动物 I know that primates are very social animals
看到这一慷慨大方的举动,也是我所最难忘的一幕 but seeing this act of generosity was something I'll never forget.
(DRUMMING)
(CHIMPANZEES SCREECHING)
哦, 我的天! 快看看! EVANS: God! Watch it!
正当我们要离去,黑猩猩终于上演了 Just before we left, the chimpanzees finally put on the display
我们期待已久的猩猩"打鼓" that I'd been hoping for.
(SCREECHING)
在伟大的生命之树中,我们和黑猩猩 In the great tree of life,we and chimpanzees
虽然在大约六百万年前走上了各自不同的演化道路 went our separate ways about six million years ago,
但是它们仍旧是与我们关系最密切的亲戚 but they remain our closest living relatives.