in July 1192 Richard the Lionheart king of england
valiant per se tonight stood with this holy warriors
preparing for strike in jerusalem
inside the holy city Saturday G how do you are you
unifier Islam readies his troops for the infidels
inevitable that sock these
to legendary leaders at fort each other to a standstill
during a yearlong campaign across Palestine
thousands have perished appalling atrocities have been perpetrated by both
sides
now they faced each other in a battle
for their final objective
the sacred city jerusalem its promise to be the
also might clash between two history's greatest leaders
man who even today are regarded as the figureheads
the Crusades think we know these medieval Titans
sudden it up I S and just championing Islam
Richard the brutish hot head with gift for battle but we shouldn't settle for a
legend
because if we look at what Richard insider.net actually did what they said
about themselves
and how they were describing the very people who lived alongside them that we
can go further
we can begin to glimpse them both as men each capable of dark deeds
and stunning outs a genius
your
to understand these men and that epic struggle
we need first to understand the world became their battlefield
at its heart was jerusalem the holy city prized by both Christianity
and Islam in 1099 a crusading army
and seized it from muslim hands resting it from Islam's control for the first
time
in four centuries this bloody conquest
eventually ignited two hundred years violent
holy war between Christian West and the Muslim East
but surprisingly it did not provoke
an immediate response from Islam 0
the Muslim world was fractured who riven by an ancient feud between Sunni and
Shia Muslims
over the rightful line of succession to Muhammad I'll
and paralyzed by the power struggles over rival warlords
ok against this backdrop the capture
jerusalem barely registered
near a middle-eastern Muslims had little idea
with the Crusaders were why they come to Syria and Palestine
most probably thought they were boys on time mercenaries
engage in a shorter military incursion not driven warriors
bent upon the conquest and settlement the Holy Land
world this dire misconception
helps to blunt islam's response to the First Crusade
a costly mistake
at the Muslims recognize the true nature and scale at the Crusades
they might put aside their differences to repel common enemy
instead islam's on coordinates response
allowed the Christians to strengthen their foothold here
in the east
with Islam divided the Christian invaders
of frank's were left to expand and prosper
in the New Kingdom in the east this realm was known in the Middle Ages
as hoops remand the land across the sea
it was divided into four major territories
known collectively as the Crusader States
Antioch ADESA Tripoli and the Kingdom of Jerusalem
as East collided with West cities like jerusalem
became cultural melting pots creating a medieval society
unique to the Crusader States one settler
writing the 1120 noted we who what Occidental's
become Korean its he was a room of req
as in this place become a palestinian bring gavel and he who was a citizen
reviews chartres is now a member Antioch
tire we've gotten the very place is faultless
a minority in Latin elite ruled over a mixture of Muslim
jewish and Eastern Christian subjects growing familiarity forged a degree of
mutual acceptance
and inevitably the Westin has developed a taste
a local goods and delicacies
sugar cane olive oil for sports for my
rice all for the western europeans some against request texas pov some ominous
all this start to adopt address I see our sign in
special the aristocracy for sale
some thirty years after the First Crusade
this cultural fusion was epitomized
by the marriage of folk the fifth and millet song
his heart flat in half Armenian bride menace on was heir to the throne of
jerusalem
and folk a wealthy council owns you have been brought
East to marry her together they were to rule the kingdom
an extraordinary memento of their world survives today
in the form of a small prayer book thought to have been made in the kingdom
in jerusalem
in the 1130 said one of the greatest treasures
held in the British Library something the most remarkable beauty and cross
mention
was only loves the crusaded every bit as important
as the Doomsday Book by a tapestry that's because
its in stores the medieval world office is a direct connection
to the crusading hero this salter
is a beautifully ornate personal prayer book probably given as a peace offering
from King folk to Millis owned to repair the wounds have a bitter feud
inside a full-page images from the life of Christ
illustrated in a typically by sometime Greek
Christian starring magnificent was the book it's something's
in many ways the real treasures the pair of Converse there which includes the
salt
two pieces %uh vying for
intricately precisely card
and decorated with some precious stones and turquoise
what I love about these covers is that I think the show us the message that
Fulk want to send to his wife message was from
this point forward I will rule is a good came on the front cover
our series images drawn from the life of King David
another ruler of jerusalem from the Old Testament
he really is shown fighting against Elias on the rear cover
we see a second king this time probably folk
and he's shown carrying out acts of Christian virtue
the area's feeding the hungry in here clothing the naked
the message here is from this point
who as a monarch showed
the soldier is not just a reflection of Oaks Christian faith
it also allows us to glimpse the wider world
that he and Melisande inhabited because it is a product
the mixture of cultures that shapes the Crusader States
you can see in the way in which is constructed and designed
evidence different cultures different artistic styles
coming together within the book itself you can see
French English and even Armenian stalin
and these covers a very clearly by Santo Nino Greek
in their overall style and design here is
folk dressed very much as a by isn't on empro
as a man of great power if we look at the geometric patterns surrounding the
whole design
this is very suggestive islamic influence
well this book says to me is that the Crusaders did not live in some
hermetically sealed environment
instead even in the context of the holy war these Christians were being
influenced by the Near Eastern world around them
mom no
but even as fuq was giving peace gifts to his queen
outside the boundaries of their kingdom a new force was gaining momentum
prompting Islam to unite and fight back
against the Christian invaders she hot
through her I've come to Cairo to meet tiefe
Ballas Rd professor of Islamic Studies to find out how islam's recorded history
sheds light on jihad and the First Crusade
from the Muslim perspective ages in the middle pages the idea of you had is
still spread
the message of Islam into
the non-muslim territory in Central Asia and North
astrakhan and most importantly in tool Christian to sleep
by sometime Empire but she had gained
huge momentum when the Crusaders came to the Middle East's
in the 11th and 12th century and
you are not into the others two or three are defending you belong to it against
the others
so she had was prime
I responsibility and duty jihad
literally means struggle but in the Middle Ages
this could represent a fight against internal impurity
or a sacred physical struggle a holy war
and its message could be spread by poetry
the are 0.3 from pre-islamic
time through the Islamic history was one of the
tools tool galvanize society
and you have thousands of lines
of poetry urging Muslim communities
to defend and that he captures Jerusalem let me
review just few lines I woke up us behind by two mccloud the south of here
from
well a cecil was added the map as a hopeful I
here the point is reminding Muslim community
about how important jerusalem is and he's calling
have for its the capture and he say the only way to a captured through bloods
which would beautify jerusalem
in the 12th century the torture jihad was taken up by a new
powerful Turkish dynasty the Sun gets
in the name of Islam they conquered great swathes of territory in the east
and brought the promise of a new era one in which the Christians might be driven
from the Holy Land
in 1146 the SUNY warlord
neural dans any came to power
in the course of his career the United elect PPO and Damascus
consolidating the sign get hold on Syria and push their rules further
into Egypt
but rising up through the ranks of his armies was an ambitious
kurdish soldier for your source on the high ok he's known to history by the
honorific title
salahuddin goodness if the face in the western town
sala de in 1169
son into commander the Syrian forces the nazis
she a controlled Egypt although officially
the answer to the Shiite Calif all spiritual leader of Shia Islam
he began to act with increasing autonomy but as a Sunni Muslim
something was an isolated outsider and his prospects
seemed bleak the qualities that would mark silence Korea soon shown through
when threatened with open rebellion by a powerful Sudanese regiment based in
cairo
sounding was ruthless burning that garrison to the ground with men women
and children still locked within
but he also knew the value of caution waiting a full two years
before abolishing the ruling Shiite Caliphate and uniting Egypt
under his own room and as Egypt's new Lord
he now possess the base with huge economic reserves
riches provided by the arable lands in the Nile Delta
in 1174 new road in
died leaving his 11-year-old son to rule in its stead
a salad and seize this opportunity to expand into Syria
to lend his rule the or legitimacy he moved to damascus
New Orleans capital and married his widow is smart signing was quickly
becoming the premier Muslim leader
in the east with the might've
Egypt behind him southern in brought Arabia and Syria
under his control and before long United the disparate Muslim factions
into a cohesive army and again styling himself
as sultan
the Sultan proclaimed is growing power and status with massive public building
works
like this Italian here in cairo a towering fortification
the services were residents and military barracks
on the gate into the citadel is an 18 inscription
commissioned by Saladin and deliberately placed here
where ordinary residents have Cairo could see it
so what does this inscription Telus
well on the one hand we proclaim solid and as the builder of this great city to
and it names in with honorific titles other mahlich
Nazi victorious came Salah
doing your what I lived in goodness of the world and of the face
but the inscription also sets out to demonstrate the Sultan's Chi Minh's went
all about serving his own agenda
because it states that the citadel was built to protect his people
and it affirms that he was the one who it was stored orthodox Sunni faced
Egypt this was the image the cells in one to two percent to the world
as a great Sultan but also a man of the people
a servant of Islam a solid in status in Kingdom grew
he presented his gains as a necessary step
on the road to jerusalem up
by the middle Evan eighties the Sultan's empire stretched from the Nile to the
Euphrates
but his grip on this round remain fragile and hung on the question
would he make good on his promises to wage holy war
as yet you're not shown. total dedication to pool out
battle with the Franks did he really aimed to annihilate them
and recapture jerusalem for his mom who were they merely a convenient
justification
his meteoric rise to power
in December 1185 sounded and felt ill
and retired from the battlefield the exact nature of his malady is
unknown but it involves severe bouts a fever the less Saladin wracked with pain
and as the weeks ten some months his condition became increasingly grave
in May ciated and drifting in and out of consciousness
the Sultan was on the edge death physicians were called
and announce there was no hope the Muslim world was gripped with confusion
on fiyah but after three months he pulled through
sutherland's friends closest advisers
small this illness some brush with mortality
as a moment of transformation sent by God
to wake the Sultan from the sleep forgetfulness experience does seem to
have profoundly deepens someone's party
and spiritual devotion the night before his illness
seller denied in a ruler who spoke about jihad it spent most of his time fighting
fellow Muslims
forging Empire now emerged
with new drive on purpose as a man ready to wage the holy war
in honest on the Sultan muster the huge force near Damascus
and prepared for an invasion up the Crusader Kingdom
jerusalem his troops were drawn from across the near Eastern world
some 12,000 professional cavalryman
and 30,000 volunteers described by Muslim I witness
as a pack old walls and rending lions
surveying his own troops something observe the huge dust cloud
darken the I have the Sun was the swarming Muslim war began to advance
victory here with the Pens simply upon military might
real key would be proved
to leave you with the Crusaders into his trap sign in attacks the Christian hell
town of Tiberius
sure enough on the 3rd of July 1187
a massive Latin army set out from Safari a
led by Geeta loosing your the recently anointed King
of Jerusalem
is hot dry conditions dehydration can be a deadly weapon
something Saturday understood only too well the Sultan had carefully scouted
his chosen terrain
he knew where water could be found and went to great lengths to ensure that the
Christians were denied it
Sultan immediately dispatched a number meant to go to the nearest
ample spring in the village of 13 and filled in
all the remaining wells in the region
his own soldiers and horses would be supplied with water ferritin on
Camelback
from the jordan valley below christian army
marching in the height of summer was being led in school
to this killing saddam
around noon that day parched and weakens
the Franks paused briefly to quench their thirst
beside the settlement to run up
it was a small spring in the village alas precious life line of water
but oblivious to the desperate situation the Christians left behind
pressing on with them March sweets as soon as they had left
the salt and sand flanking divisions to capture the town
there was no going back the Christian armies
was forced to press on to the plateau so carefully prepared by Saladin
on the fourth of July the Christian troops
left their camp & Sons cruel and brilliant strategy was revealed
instead of launching an immediate attack the Sultan allow them to continue their
pitifully slow progress eastwood's and waited
for the mid-day Sun to take effect
and then Sonnen's archer's the gamble on barting the French troops
in desperation they headed to higher ground on the horns of her team
to make their last stand my
I'm visiting the site with Rafael Louis a specialist
on the battle have her team we know that that's a certain that point
the foot soldiers had left the main body affirmed of nights
and escaped and basically ran up towards mountain
anyone who was seated on a horse was basically stuck in the basin between the
mountains
between seller for the missing self who was pro-life position
about 800 meters from here on the other side of this valley
twice the Christians launched
driving counterattacks pushing the muslims back
but it was no use they were annihilated by Sonnen's forces
suffered in shows to lead and his army into battle
he didn't say aside and lefties amir's play the role at the final moments of
the battle
he was the one there he was the one standing with these people
close enough to see that everything turns out the way that he wanted it
duly on from his vantage point the Sultan saw the Red Tent
de Lucy or form and with it the last shreds
Kristen resistance with a solid in
the but love hot teen was a total victory culminated in the capture the
Christian kingdoms jerusalem
and the sacred relic the True Cross and it left virtually the entire army of the
Crusader States of the slain
or in captivity by day's end this landscape was littered with the bodies
of the dead
when a Muslim eyewitness reported the pushing with victory
was thick with the stench of them as the Sun set
something was said to have looked over the field of battle like a lion
in the desert this was his moment of triumph
proclamations all Islam that he was a true
she howdy worry a with the Christian armies decimated its hot teen
jerusalem son attends a valid objective
stood virtually undefended them
and in September 1187 he directed the full force of his army
towards the holy city within 10 days
he not through the outer walls
Christian mothers shaved their children's heads
in Atonement and the clergy lead barefoot processions
through the streets but in stark contrast to the Crusaders sachem
Jerusalem in 1099
the Sultan took the city with out a bloodbath
and this episode has been instrumental
in shaping his reputation for centuries
it's been argued asylum the wise and just ruler
willingly agree terms of surrender which a response Christian citizens
this notion has become a cornerstone of his legend
but I think it's just a pretty fiction because it ignores the evidence drawn
from those closest to the events
and a salad and himself shockingly
this material suggests what's under them wanted was not peaceful capitulation
but a bloody massacre son and secretary
in muddled in out this funny arrived in Jerusalem that day
after a surrender an early copy of his written account
is kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford this text is not just important
contemporary testimony
it offers us the flu love jerusalem a solid him
wanted it to be remembered what's so remarkable
is that a muddled in makes no attempt percent Saladin
as the man of peace instead what we get
is solid in the holy warrior he's described
telling the Christians inside jerusalem in categorical terms
you will receive another amnesty norm mercy
also all desires to inflict perpetual subjugation
upon you and we're still we will kill
and caps you wholesale spill men's blood
and reduce the pool and the women to slavery
Saladin only relented
and offered more generous terms. when the Christians responded
but they would fight to the very last man destroyed jerusalem's Islamic holy
places
and executes thousands of muslim prisoners still held in the city
the model dans account is corroborated by a series of
official letters written in the Sultan's own name
taken together this evidence offers us a startling insights into southern state
of mind in the autumn
1187 he arrived to jerusalem
conscious of one overwhelming truth it forged his empire
and bent Islam to his will on a promise jihad
selling himself as the man who would crush the Christians
and we conquered jerusalem under these conditions
anything short of a brutal sacked would be positively
embarrassing this reveille to retext
shows us the Sultan felt the need to explain why he had failed to butcher the
Christians
inside jerusalem someone's primary concern
was not to present himself as a magnanimous victor what he feared above
all
was an attack appointees images and more jockeyed as Islam's
perfect champion of holy war
here
jerusalem was back in muslim hands and Sonnen string achievements that year
turned him into an Islamic hero but they
also sparked a new crusade
news have solid ins attack on the Crusader States his conquest to
jerusalem
and the catastrophe it hot teen sent a shockwave horror
and dismay coursing through the west when the first tidings which the elderly
Pope Urban the third
he promptly died of a heart attack on the spot
he was replaced by Pope Gregory the eights who immediately
issued a new people proclamation out deter tremendous declaring a new crusade
Rd to tremendous cool super say
was lent particular force by two compelling themes
called suppose a decision to allow Islam victory in the east
was explained as a punishment for sin the guilt for which
shared by all Christians and for the very first time
the evil enemy was personified Saladin himself was named
and likened to the devil the messages
contained within Audi to tremendous was soon translate into popular songs and
music composed
and played by traveling call singers these
troubadours to or the courts have the European aristocracy
to sing about sugary and a lot of
now their words and music became infused with religious
passion as they spread the word about the coming war
as the crusading message swept across Europe
he began to acquire a more distinct identity previously
Crusaders have been variously dubbed as travelers pilgrims
even soldiers of Christ now for the very first time
documents began to speak at them a scripture sick not us
one signed by the cross the very term
that would lead to the words crusader and crusade
in
tens of thousands of latin Christensen listed
including Holt ranches but the European aristocracy
princes and monarchs among them the King of France
but even before this crusading fever had spread
one leader made an immediate commitment to the cause
the man who would emerge as the driving force behind this crusade
Richard the first was crowned King of England
here in Westminster Abbey on the 3rd of September
1189 he was now ruler of the
on Japan Empire a powerful Rome stretch from
are into the purines by the time he took the throne
Richard already committed to joining the crusade
the decision and shocked his family a volatile dynasty
which is youth was spent variously scheming against his brothers
including Prince John and then uniting with them
opposition to their father henry the second
I'm the old king
opposed ridge's decision to enlist in the crusade
viewing it as an active un-sanctioned phony for Richard
the holy war offered an opportunity to emerge from his father shot her
sundry died in July 1189
and richard was transformed from scheming Prince
to ruling monarch but this did nothing to stem is crusading enthusiasm
this was his chance to prove his prowess is Bala
and his skills as a military commander to make his mark on history
but this was also the start of a troubling crisis of identity
as the law not struggled to reconcile his roles
as a crusader and as a king
like cool medieval monarchs Richard had a sacred obligation
to protect his people but in school by the allure of jerusalem
he was about to turn his back on his round leaving is grasping brother John
behind
and his kingdom vulnerable
for now England would be entirely dedicated
to the preparations for holy war and stuff
footing the bill for the Kings colossal military campaign
Andrew the second it already begun to raise the necessary funds
by imposing a special crusading tax silent eyes
throughout England the force by threatened excommunication
it free deeply unpopular the Lionheart push this fundraising efforts
even further he was set to put up for sale
Lordships oldham's sheriff tom's lands consuls towns
everything and then the lineup against spending
on an unprecedented scale thanks to fastidious record-keeping
in medieval England details at this immense outplay can now be recovered
from the pipe roles of the Exchequer kept
at the National Archives these documents
the earliest surviving public records and England contain a council the Royal
income
arranged by county for each financial year
this is the pipe roll for the year 11 18 1990
effectively a full financial account richards running
most fantastic about this piece of evidence is it shows is an incredibly
precise
and detailed record of what was spent to prepare for the Third Crusade
if we look at one example here this is for sued
and shot that's Hampshire and you can see incredibly precise details of what
was taken to linden and
how much it cost he is a listing for
800 buck on a bus that science have cured bacon
to be taken to jerusalem with the king
and the cost 58 pounds
eighteen shillings and 11 pence
and the record continues with 20 portions have beans
an extraordinary 10,000 horseshoes
with double nails and a hundredweight have cheese
this pipe roll allows us to see what was spent
in Hampshire just one an area of England in preparation for the Third Crusade
it allows us to glimpse the furious activity that was going on
before Richard set out for the hotel and in total
richard spent around 14,000 pounds
preparing for his crusade this was more than a half
%uh England's entire annual crown revenue
not only with Richard be the best provision crusader King
the also adopted an entirely new approach
to the problem reaching the holding that his crusade
would travel by sea this major logistical operation required detailed
an extensive planning
and it was not without its dangers from the likes of shipwreck and disease
the future could pull it off this new approach would be quicker
and safer than march in his troops to enemy territory also allowed to
transport the machinery award to the east
on weapons and armor two horses its success will depend
upon a leader exceptional strategic and organizational
ability most a richards man would have little or no previous experience of sea
travel
so the King paid special attention to discipline on board changer up a precise
ETA regulations
outlining harsh penalties for disorder if a soldier committed murder one at sea
you be tied to his victim's corpse pushed overboard
if guilty of the same crime on land BBC thrown into a grave and buried alive
alongside the body
and thieves at the hair shaved pointing pitch
all over their heads to mark them as criminals
finally is meticulous preparations complete
richard was ready to depart from the port of Marseille
although familiar to pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land
this was the first time it would be used for such a major crusading
expedition
conditions have actually been like for the Crusaders on board a ship
the conditions would have been appalling up
they departed Marseille on the 7th of August 1190
so we can assume that temperatures hovered around 35 degrees Celsius
you talking about 250 men
or more crammed in with provisions
in arms in a vessel with a shallow keel
many who is susceptible to anything above miles
the state's seasickness was certainly the knights and their attendants who are
used to
sea travel would have been a real concern
as would dehydration dysentery
any abnormalities that you would expect among men
in close quarters for prolonged period of time home
the fleet would take the long way around avoiding the more treacherous route
straight through the middle of the Mediterranean it
you needed to go as close as possible the shoreline
in order navigate this met the had to travel during the day
also a water a was severe
limitation growing was arduous work
your horseman needed to approximately eight liters a day
take a metric ton of water to to people
all crew Kopelman going from day the horses
would have taken as many years 28 to 35 leaders
day so you had to put in almost daily
for water and food for for management reasons along
in June 1191 Richard the Lionheart sail down the coast of Palestine
at the head of his fee is some crusading army and caught his first glimpse
a faker one of the greatest sports are the nearest
acres stood at the gateway to Palestine for the muslims
was a bust in against risking attack from the north where to buy land
we'll see its looming defensive walls rising from the matter training would
have been visible to Richard
as he approached with his fleet what the line of found was a city
deeply entrenched in a siege but it already lasted
one-and-a-half years the Muslim garrison within the city was besieged
by tens of thousands of Crusaders beyond those
spread out across the plains with the tents
and trenches the muslim armies with Saladin
in them it's
one was solid and on the able to crush the crusade to see Jamaica
before Richard the Lionheart arrived also was the sea
because this was a coastal port the Mediterranean act as a pulsing
unsustainable archery allowing troops to flow from the west to the Holy Land
no matter whether the Sultan would kill thousand Christians on one day
2000 more would appear on the next for solid
acre quickly became a military engagement was almost impossible to win
breaking this siege would take all love richards military genius
to smash through acres mighty walls the Christians deployed heavyweight siege
machines
capable unleashing a terrifying a real by Raj
the Crusaders nickname the most powerful Trevor shame
bad neighbor one at the foot of another machine christened
gold's own catapult a priesthood preaching
I collecting money to pay to repair damage done by the incessant Muslim
counterattacks
but the line arts machines continues to wreak havoc
and to make them even more destructive they were loaded with huge stones
the Richard had brought from Western Europe
per se does most powerful traditions could propel
a missile into the very heart of the city a single catapults time
might kill 12 ages Muslim garson
by late July the Christians tactics had worked
on the city's walls are on the verge of collapse the men inside will week
and exhausted by constant fighting
thank you say to summarize the muslims predicament he wrote
they were afraid of the miracle they now the Hells
how the whole world have come to annihilate them they saw their walls
broken down
pierced and destroy they select people injured killed
and cut to pieces salomon's garrison
could take no more the great victor
but her team conqueror of jerusalem silent now had to watch in horror
as acres shattered garrison buckled a negotiated peace terms
with King Richard according to the deal struck
the muslims captured with only be released when specific terms were met by
Saladin
including the payment 200,000 goldie knows
and the return of the True Cross the Third Crusade
had achieved a categorical victory of
Richard want to the terms of the surrender settled quickly
so that he could press on with his Palestinian campaign
but solid and played for a time a dangerous strategy
that prompted richard to take shockingly brutal action solomon's advance guard
looked on the boat
a cuz Muslim garson some 2,700 Manuel lead from the city
bound in ropes hurdles are they open play in the huddle together in fear and
confusion
some props imagining they were about to be released a Muslim contempory
described
what followed as one man the purse a discharge them
and what's stopping zing follows a source they slew them in cold blood
this terrible massacre some salad and a stark message
this would be the ruthless dedication the Lionheart would bring
to the whole new this atrocity
one of the most controversial acts in Richard's career
shocked Islam fueling the fires a jihad
and left an indelible mark on the line hearts historical reputation
which is tasked now is to try and marches on me than close to Palestine
even for the line harp actually persuading his troops to leave
acre prove no simple matter reported quickly become a comfortable
even enticing refuge from horizontally wat of flesh part offering will monitor
the list
pleasures one Kristin conceded that it was
toll-like said good wines and girls some love them very beautiful you crusaders
were
taking their foolish pleasure Richard had to induces men's obedience
for a mixture of flattery prayer Ribery
and spoofs but his will would be done
four months after arriving in the Holy Land
Richard the line-outs christian army set of
on a long march down the coast his aim was to avoid a risky confrontation
and reach the southern staging post have Java with his
armies intact his soldiers would be escorted by a fleet of ships
sailing along the shoreline they would rendezvous along the way
tie for just while Caesarea
and Jaffa this meant that the soldiers could travel light
for the bulk of their resources could be carried by the fleet
which its coastline hugging route offered his troops protection from
Muslim encirclement
wherever possible the Crusaders advance that a measured pace
the right wing that tightly packed bright sparks wading in the sea
by these measures the line-outs skillfully minimize the impact
marching through enemy territory
at every stage they were shadowed by Saladin
he launch sporadic attacks and harass them with skirmishes
always looking to provoke an open battle and stop Richard
in his tracks
which its constant visible presence in the midst of the Crusaders
single by is a massive dragon banner was critical to the mall and continued
disciplined
his troops and it was the line-outs charisma and shift force a personality
the drove the crusade forward for the store mobile
Richard took great care to conserve his armies energy
resting them for two days after every marching interval
for by September with food shortages starting to bite
arguments were breaking out ordinary Crusaders apparently swarmed over the
Caucasus of the fattest forces 24 during
each day's march brawling over their flesh much to the disgust at the dead
animals unlikely onus
Richard stepped in promising to replace any lost mounts
so long as the karen was freely offered two were the men at arms
is grateful troops was said to have in the horse flesh
as if it were game flavored by hunger or other source
I thought it was delicious on the 6th September
Richard set up camp pausing to rest his starving exhausted army
adopts a moment is enemies patients was faltering
I witness testimony from within sight and scam
tells us that he was deeply frustrated which is inexorably
phones and wrong-footed by the Lionheart policy resting his troops every two to
three days
well the Sultan needed now was to engineer a confrontation a pitched
battle
in the morning rigid and his men set out for our suf
I'm almost immediately met with the full strength of Sonnen's
army the Sultan a decided that this
was whether France would be stopped Christians marched on
pummeled by solomon's incessant onslaught ethic with muslim house and
funding battle drums
one eyewitness described how the Crusaders were now surrounded like a
flock of sheep in the jewels of walls
so they could see nothing but the sky and their wicked enemies on every side
tumbled was almost on bearable King Richard soldiers begged him to let them
retaliate
but he refused they would keep marching in formation
which is hand was suddenly forced tonight's near the rear guard
unexpectedly broke rank fueled by anger humiliation on blood lust in race two
was a Muslim lines
screaming the name a son George within moments thousands have to say is joining
the headlong charge
with no hope for calling his man the lie not immediately spurred his horse to
Gallup
let his remaining forces into
the muslim armies shutters on the charge
hotly pursued thing melted into the forests
it was another damaging psychological blow for a solider
the Sultanate thrown the full force of his armies into the field
hoping to stop the Crusaders in their tracks and yet it failed
despondent the Sultan's heart was said to have been full feelings
only God could no Richard by contrast could look back a lawsuit with some
satisfaction
he may not have set out to confront someone in an open battle
but when the moment decision came he reacted with swift resolution
scoring a morale-boosting victory with the Crusaders momentum
building now seen the richard was point a march
on to jerusalem
his strategy now combined a forceful military advance
in land with a subtle diplomatic offensive
this approach involved a remarkable proposition
the warrior king of these own sister in marriage
to the Sultan's brother Rd in the details of this
offer are recorded in the biography of solid him written by his close adviser
behardien a rarely seen
eight hundred-year-old original manuscript to this account
is held in the library of the oxo Mosque in Jerusalem
it isn't on a to be committed to view this crucial I witness testimony
a piercing insight into the muslim view
Richard the Lionheart so are the most extreme moments in
in the thicker side is when richard is as you negotiating with Sunderland's
brother
argue and makes a remarkable offer
could you tell us what this text review %uh this takes
actually in the fall when 57
year and the guidance and
in that that for his a puzzle had the upper hand on the
my and the 29 offshore
from a gun they are reaching this the after a lot of
negotiations taking place a lot of letters
between each other's but on the empty reaching a point that
a medical admin the the brother of select the in
wouldn't have minded the sister of this chart this wedding offer was a
cunning move by the Lionheart designed to sow seeds of doubt
about our deal after all he was not just silence trusted brother
but also a potential threats to his son and air
someone who might just be harboring personal
ambitions and select the Magi about
this agreement and why the angry because everybody wants
the course I'm here or the the city or the city
but this child agree to give all the course
to his sister after the merit seems to me the
his sister of the can give not accept that costs became angry
you you Seesmic and all season not to accept this thing
do it he seems not is either on the Middle Ages
for Muslims too many from questions or Christian from the Muslim summit me your
reading by husbands text we get a real sense that richard was an I join
cunning negotiator and the southern was only too aware of this
the two of them were engaged in a delicate game Ceylon almost certainly
only accepted the idea of a marriage offer because he thought it would later
be withdrawing
and he was right within a few days which you replied
the system would be unable to marry argue because he was a Muslim
but by December richard was ready to march on his holy prize
jerusalem he moved his troops to within 12 miles of the city
I'm prepared for a strike that winter
conditions were upholding one eyewitness described how
was cold and over cost rain and hail battered us bringing down our tents
food became waterlogged on a rusty even the Crusaders clothes began to rot
and yet in spite of love this morale was high
the Christians almost within which have that goal
was said to be filled with an indescribable yearning to see jerusalem
to complete
their pilgrimage this was why they join the crusade
but did Richard share his men's single minded devotion
he was finally within reach of the holy city
now he faced in agonizing decision
between his crusader ambition and the stark reality
of war
the line art announced that the Crusades to turn away from jerusalem
the French oil supply lines back to the coast with faltering
I miss the freezing winter rains and any attempt to actually besieged tourism
would be unacceptably dangerous in strict military terms which is decision
made sense
but his announcement had a catastrophic effect on the Morales has man
on Reseda later recalled not since God creates a time was that ever seen an
army so dejected
and so depressed everyone curse the day he was born
became dragged his devastated men away from their
holy gold disillusioned great numbers left palestine and returned home
the Third Crusade was in disarray but Sonnen's armies
what also full truth and as the two forces circled each other at arms-length
rumors and insurrection among Sonnen's troops
presented Richard with an opportunity to make a second advance on jerusalem but
his plans were disrupted
by troubling news from Europe during richards a long absence from home
his brother John been plotting to take control England
this news deeply disturbed the Lionheart
he was said to have become saddens down cost
melancholy is thinking confused this is also a stark reminder the fact that was
not simply
commander in chief for the Third Crusade was also
owns you thinking he now had to decide
she stay and fight for the Holy Land return home
to try to secure is Kingdom
richard was paralyzed by indecision but his men were determined to strike out
for jerusalem
the King eventually conceded against his better judgment
the Lionheart began a second advance having effectively lost control of his
crusade
which is a lot covers all given some other
time to regroup he was already positioned inside jerusalem with his
troops
readying himself for the moment decisive confrontation
but then the Sultan wavered his financial resources were profoundly
overstretched and after four years of campaigning
men were in short supply and their loyalty was waning
with an attack on Jerusalem imminent his remaining troops
threatened mutiny many were fearful
being trapped in another disastrous each like that acre
with the pressure mounting long submerged tensions between Turks and
Kurds in silence forces
began to bubble to the surface bring to boil over
and open conflict in this increasingly precarious position
silence closest advisers urged to leave the holy city
while he still could the mood was the Sultan's turned to organize
should he stay to mount a hopeless defensive jerusalem
do the unthinkable turn his back on this most sacred city
at bottom teams besides selling through a long and tortuous night
his left is an extraordinary record the Sultan state of mind
he wrote the summer and fall to concern for jerusalem that could move mountains
and that it was a night entirely given over to the concerns of holy war it
by morning the Sultan had made a shocking decision
he would have banned in jerusalem market
yeah homie with his fateful choice made
silent took a final chance to lead prayer
in the heart of the holy city him
here in the ok so mosque on Friday the 3rd July
1192 beholden watch the Sultan
prostrate himself and say some words while his tears fell on his prayer ok
on the verge of collapse the Muslim army prepared for exodus
richard was on the brink of victory one Saturday March from jerusalem
the city would be open to attack
it seems that the Lionheart was hours away from achieving a startling triumph
but entirely unaware of Sonnen's
astonishing decision the Kings own resolve
was weakening richard was said to have looked upon Jerusalem with its massive
near impregnable defence is
and so had a change of heart because I'm eating a leading crusaders to discuss
what should be done
but according to Christian eyewitnesses is mine was already made up
I mean once again let his men's within hours at the city
the attack was called off
for the Crusaders this was an appalling reversal
after the vast sums raised and spent a month's campaign away from his Empire
all the lives given up in the name of jerusalem
his retreat was utterly shocking Richard apparently said that he was
unwilling to lead the crusade on such a rush venture because would end in
terrible disgrace
which would be for ever blamed shamed and less loved
at this moment of crisis as the fate of Jerusalem
hung in the balance we should refuse to risk everything on a direct assault
at least in part out of fear for his reputation
party held his nerve the King could have defeated Sunderland stricken armies
conquered jerusalem instead
his crusade was toward apart without
either side scoring a victory of
Richard the Lionheart the legendary crusade tonight
left the hotel and without ever setting foot
in jerusalem more when he returned to his
un joven ronny the kingdom was still has to rule
and he spent the remainder of that decade campaigning
against his European enemies of continuous shot
and killed by a crossbow bolt
King Richard was buried at his father's feet
hearing from Touro be in the heart of his round he's remembered as a peerless
warrior
and a great crusade the man who brought salad into his needs
but in reality he never truly mastered the
art holy war torn between the need to defend his realm
and the desire to forge a legend in palestine
the line heart fails to lead the third crusades to victory
but
me
much Islam held onto its holy city
but despite his undoubted military genius
Sonnen had been wholly unable to prevent the Franks
from Rick conquering the coast him
exhausted forty years of campaigning salad and I just six months later
at the age of 55 for the kurdish outside a hidden risen through the ranks to
become an Islamic
Michael 10 most extraordinary a fascinating leaders
the medieval age the one question remains:
to the champion the cause of jihad and wage the war for the Holy Land
SUV's only gaining glory or in the interests of Islam
in the end and perhaps even some other than himself for making sure the onset
I'm
theme
the story these two man has so often its simplified a manipulated
cost is emblematic of the great struggle between east and west
christians muslims it
even today there images are still appropriated
and twisted I'm
Richard the Ultimate Warrior the cruel king lion hearted
and solidum the Clementi role of Islam
about enemy of the west the confrontation during the Third Crusade
also revealed the complexity of the characters signing was not simply the
highest offender Islam
you can also be ruthless and self-serving richard was not just a
masterful warrior king
but a while Ian skillful negotiator almost perfectly matched his adversaries
disease with the man who contested the Third Crusade a new
ultimately fought one another to a standstill
the bloody war for possession in jerusalem arranged for a hundred years
in the century to come the final chapter in this
epic struggle will be played out in Egypt as a saintly French king of fire
with crusading zeal
and the most remarkable Muslim in the Middle Ages
fought for ultimate victory in the east
exploring the tentative relationship between
puting that russia and the west as our brand new series continues at nine
o'clock tomorrow evening
here on BBC HD and coming up next our first glimpse of the men from the north
in part 1 opens d