the history of our story began long ago
at one point in time around 3 billion
years ago we were floating around as
little tiny atoms in the little petri
dish of the world
fast forward to around 6 million years
ago and we see the emergence of the
first hominids the family of primates
that include humans
1.9 million years ago Homo erectus was
the first species to leave Africa and
colonize other parts of the world they
had larger brains than their primate
ancestors around 400 000 years ago the
first evidence of the Neanderthals their
bodies were adapted to the cold
environments of Europe in Western Asia
their distinctive facial features were
some of the most human-like ever seen
then came us the only surviving species
of the homogeneous but how did Homo
sapiens rise into a global dominance
through the mechanism of civilization
foreign
We Begin our story in the fertile lands
of Mesopotamia in 4000 BCE nestled
between the great Tigris and Euphrates
rivers and the Sumerian city of uric
instead of relying on hunting and
Gathering like our ancestors of the past
the citizens of uric were able to
develop a way to harvest cereal grains
like wheat and barley however turning
cereal grains into edible foods took a
lot of work in the beginning they had to
use an invention called a hand Mill
which consisted of two stones as the
grains were crushed between the two
stones the flower was collected in a
container and stored for future use this
was the start of something great this
complex strenuous process was our modern
world's first example of Agriculture we
no longer depended on hunting animals or
picking berries for our food rather than
using human Ingenuity we can create our
own food source this allowed Uric to
prosper into a place with over 50 000
residents however this change did have a
change on the human body the average
height of men drastically shrunk from
five foot nine to five foot three and
for women they shrunk on average from
five foot three to five feet instead of
being the super athletes we were of the
past we were smaller less noticeable
Farmers people also became landlocked
changing the very essence of what it
means to be human in the early 3000 BCE
according to Legend King Gilgamesh began
his rule as a Sumerian king of his
region one of the world's earliest poems
the Epic of Gilgamesh describes the
story of Gilgamesh and his quest for
immortality he meets a wise traveler
named unapishtem who tells a story of a
great flood sent to destroy the world
towards the poem's end Gilgamesh says
life which you look for you will never
find for when God's created man they let
death be his share and life withheld in
their own hands however by the end of
3000 BCE the acadians ousted the
Sumerians sargan the great took power
and conquered all of Sumeria
while in the Indus Valley in modern day
Pakistan a new civilization was growing
the Indus Valley Civilization 3 300 to
1300 BCE was most notable for its highly
Advanced toilet system the toilets were
built with a seat and a chute that led
to the underground drainage system the
sewage was then carried away from the
homes through a network of covered
drains preventing disease spread the
waste was treated and disposed outside
of City Limits helping to keep the
cities clean and hygienic
foreign
while in Egypt they were more consumed
with building pyramids than basic human
Plumbing this was because in ancient
Egyptian religion it was believed that
when a pharaoh was to die in the
physical world his Spirit would continue
to live on in the afterlife in which
they would continue to rule in
perpetuity and where they would be
worshiped by the living inside these
pyramids the pharaoh's body was
carefully mummified a process believed
to preserve his physical form and help
ensure his spirit's Journey to the
afterlife the pyramid was also filled
with offerings and treasures intended to
provide the Pharaoh with the resources
he would need in the afterlife every
Pharaoh wanted to make sure they were
Immortal they wanted to succeed in the
afterlife they wanted to be worshiped
forever that's why it was an utmost
priority for Egyptian Pharaohs to build
pyramids for themselves when laid to
rest it started when Pharaoh joser 2667
to 2648 BCE built the step pyramid at
Sakara followed by snefaru
2613-2589 BCE who built several pyramids
such as the bent pyramid and The Red
Pyramid then came the Pharaoh Khufu
2589-2566 BCE who built the famous Great
Pyramid of Giza in a labor-intensive
20-year process one that the world still
Marvels at today Khufu Was Then followed
by Pharaoh's coffrey and menkar who
built the slightly smaller second and
third Pyramids of Giza respectively
while over in China in the year 2100 BCE
the first Chinese dynasty was upon us
like the people of Mesopotamia the
Chinese were ever reliant on agriculture
producing rice wheat and barley among
other crops however as Legend has it the
Yellow River flooded these massive
floods would destroy all the crops
leading to massive famine and suffering
however not all was to be lost because
you the great was on his way you was so
distraught by this problem that he would
spend his days traveling up and down the
Yellow River he found ways to divert the
rivers by building levees and dikes so
that he could regulate the waterways
then after 13 years of hard work the
floods could no longer wreak havoc on
the land the people were overjoyed and
you was hailed as a savior that was the
start of the first Chinese Dynasty the
Zha Dynasty though the accuracy of this
tale is questioned by historians it does
establish an important precedent the
idea is that power ought to follow one's
Merit an individual who deserves
absolute power shall have absolute power
this idea would shape the world for
years to come and cause the people of
ancient China to follow him to create
the first ever Chinese dynasty
foreign
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Mesopotamia around 1772 BCE a Babylonian
King named King Hammurabi created the
basis of the legal system as we know it
today Hammurabi ordered the creation of
a seven foot tall two foot wide stone
slab written on it was a system of 282
laws that each citizen of his kingdom
was to follow such laws included various
laws such as law one if a man brings an
accusation against another man charging
him with murder but cannot prove it the
accuser shall be put to death law 196 if
a man destroys the eye of another man
they shall destroy his eye law 197 says
if he breaks another man's bone they
shall break it law 199 if he destroys
the eye of a man's slave or breaks the
bone of a man's slave he shall pay one
half his price however what Hammurabi
did was create a society based on laws
he laid out strict laws placing people
into certain castes of life and value
everyone was worth a different amount
based on what class they were in society
there was no illusion of equality in
ancient Babylon instead it was pretty
clear the value of a Noble's bone was
worth more than a plebeiance which in
turn was worth more than a slaves an
idea we continue to see throughout
history
while in modern day Turkey a
lesser-known civilization came to power
the hidites empire under the charismatic
rule of the leader labarnis
1680-1650 BCE he was a skilled ruler
with a single vision in mind uniting the
hittite city-states under a single rule
the barnas LED his army from City to
City conquering neighboring city-states
and making alliances with their leaders
he was a shrewd Diplomat and he used his
diplomatic skills to win over the hearts
and minds of the people eventually
labarnis became the ruler of all the
hidite city-states and established the
Empire he was a Justin fair ruler and
was loved by his people under his rule
the hidites prospered and their
territory expanded leaving them right
next to their neighbors in Egypt
while in modern day Greece a collection
of city-states emerged on the European
continent Mycenaean Greece 1600 BCE to
1100 BCE was dominated by an elite
Warrior society and consisted of a
network of palace-centered states that
developed rigid hierarchical political
social and economic systems at the head
of the society was the king however
unlike a unified civilization each city
was on its own a city-state is a city
that with its surrounding territory
forms an independent state the
development of city-states such as Troy
mycenae and pilus start to grow the
first remnants of the Greek written
language known as Linear B also started
to emerge the first record of any
Indo-European Greek record we have today
uh foreign
while back in Egypt they started to
create a social pyramid of another type
the Egyptian social pyramid like the
Great Pyramid of Giza it is more
prominent at the bottom and tinier at
the top at the bottom lays The Peasants
and the slaves they were responsible for
doing all the manual labor they worked
on the lands they would spend the day in
and day out farming producing food for
all of Egypt then when the seasoned a
farm was over for the year they would
work on the pharaoh's massive building
projects literally building the pyramids
slightly above the slaves came The
Artisans they were these stone masons
the plasters and the sculptors who
created the exuberant art the wealthy
desired and for Egypt is most known for
today then came the merchants who spent
their days navigating the Nile trading
gold Papyrus and linen to anyone who
could afford it they were well respected
and able to make a healthy profit by
selling then came the scribes these
masters of the world would go to
specialized scribe schools just to
master the language of ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphics in Practical use these
scribes took account of the stores of
food various tax documents and even the
daily lives of the Pharaoh after the
scribes came the soldiers the soldiers
were tasked with protecting the Egyptian
Empire they dedicated their lives to
defend or make preemptive strikes
against their enemy generally they were
well fed then near the top came the
bureaucrats these high-ranking
government officials did essential tasks
at the top of society like the viziers
who ran the logistical tasks necessary
to run a civilization the priests
oversaw taking care of the temples to
ensure the gods were well cared for the
Nobles oversaw specific regions of the
Empire and kept order and said regions
at the top the purpose of everyone below
was the Pharaoh the king and the
mediator between the gods and the world
of men the Pharaohs will be known to be
Supreme and all must succumb to it when
the Pharaoh dies he will be buried in a
pyramid in which he will help eternally
rule over the Egyptian Empire Egyptian
Society was created to serve the Pharaoh
taxes were taken from the farmers for
the Pharaoh and Artisans made unique
crafts for it the merchants ensured the
Pharaoh was well supplied with the
needed Goods the scribes would follow
the Pharaoh and record his thoughts the
soldiers made sure his Empire was
protected the bureaucrats did the jobs
the Pharaoh couldn't do while the
Pharaoh sat at the top and communicated
with the gods Pharaoh Ramses II
1279-1213 BCE accomplished many
extraordinary things by living in this
social system he orchestrated the
construction of the Temple of Abu symbol
the ramosium and the Temple of Karnak he
was also able to grow the Egyptian
Empire and reconquer lands lost by other
pharaohs except for the land claimed by
the Hadith Empire
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the head eyed King of the time matwali
II
1295-1272 BCE was Notorious for ordering
his troops to attack his Egyptian
neighbors following the example of
labarnis matwali wanted to unify the
world under hittite rule however Ramses
had enough other pharaohs in the past
have tried to stop the Hittites but he
knew if his Empire was to ever succeed
he needed to attack back his Target is
the city of Kadesh Ramses rode in on his
Chariot with four divisions of 20 000
men ready to dominate and kill matwali
however the hidites already knew of the
incoming Egyptian Invasion through
Espionage they fortified their city with
40 000 of his own men a war was about to
commence Ramses decided to split up his
divisions to force out but yet matwali
never did a gruesome mistake splitting
up his forces left him exposed unable to
get an advantage allowing matwali and
the people of Kadesh a chance for
victory historians believe that all they
did was come out from the fortification
of Kadesh and trap Ramses II's forces in
his army by the river but yet for some
unknown reason they never did leaving
the Battle of Kadesh to end in a draw
after the battle though both sides
decided it would be best to stop
attacking each other that they should
live in peace and unity in this world
then after the death of matwali the new
king had a silly III took the throne of
the hid-eyed Empire through the means of
Messengers in the year 1258 BCE both
Ramses and harusali signed the first
peace treaty to ever exist reading in
part Ramses the Great king the king of
the the country of Egypt shall never
attack the country of Hattie to take
possession of a part of this country and
harusali the great king of the country
of Hadi shall never attack the country
of Egypt to take possession of a part of
that country then a period of friendship
occurred between these two once warring
Nations the hidites were skilled in
metalwork and taught the Egyptians to
make Superior weapons and tools at the
same time the Egyptians master of
Agriculture shared their knowledge with
the Hittites trade for the benefit of
both civilizations both civilizations
prospered because of this peace can lead
to Prosperity the agreement was kept in
place until around 1200 BCE because
that's when the hid-eyed empire fell
because of the constant attacks they
faced from these sea people leaving the
hittite Empire to be lost in the state
of History
while on a continent far away the first
civilization in the Americas was taking
foot in modern day Mexico the Olmec
civilization 1200 BCE to 400 BCE is
often considered the mother civilization
of Native American civilizations however
sadly though not much is known about
them mainly due to their writing in a
hieroglyph historians still can't
decipher one of the few remains we have
are these 17 colossal Stone heads in
Mesoamerican culture there is this
belief that the head alone could contain
an individual's emotion experience and
soul we may not know their leaders names
like of other civilizations like Ramses
and Hammurabi when Looking Through The
Eyes of a stone head we can still feel
their presence and in some ways they
remain Immortal and shrined in history
for one day we may learn who they are
foreign
[Music]
forty six the 256 BCE in China was
taking its stride the Zhou dynasty
gained power because of the failures of
the less critical Shang Dynasty they
believed in the idea of a mandate from
Heaven this resulted in four principles
in the Chinese dynastical structure that
would be repeated repeatedly one Heaven
grants the emperor the right to rule two
since there is only one Heaven there can
only be one Emperor at any given time
three the emperor's virtue determines
his right to rule and four no one
Dynasty has a permanent right to rule a
ruler in Dynasty could lose the Mandate
from Heaven and the heavens weren't
always on the side of the rulers over
time it will fade into another Dynasty
the heavens would send signs of droughts
famines floods and earthquakes across
the land signaling they'd lost the
blessing from above this is how this
Shang Dynasty fell and the Zhou dynasty
grew to prominence the Zhou dynasty
brought another style of government and
the creation of feudalism the system was
straightforward leading to another
social pyramid at the bottom lay The
Peasants who were tied to the land and
whose job was to produce crops for the
Empire then came the soldiers whose job
was to protect the lands from foreign
Invaders then the Lords who owned the
land and paxed The Peasants a portion of
their crops who in turn the lord gave
some of their crops to the king the
person in charge of the whole empire the
king would then receive more crops and
become very wealthy all prophets go to
the king and all work goes to the masses
why would anyone just settle for a life
of farming day in and day out there are
two reasons for this phenomenon the
first reason was due to necessity it
took many more people to feed an Empire
and a family back then and the second
reason be being philosophy towards the
end of the Zhou dynasty the beginning of
Eastern philosophy was created Confucius
created a philosophy system justly named
Confucianism which is focused on the
importance of respect loyalty and
responsibility in all relationships in
life a central concept of Confucianism
is called Lee which can be translated as
rituals Customs or manners Lee refers to
the formal and informal social
conventions that guide societal Behavior
it is seen as maintaining order and
Harmony in Social relationships while
loud Z created another philosophy called
Taoism the word Tau means the way or the
path and taoism teaches that individuals
should seek to align themselves with the
natural flow of the universe rather than
fighting against it live your life as
peacefully with yourself as possible and
don't worry about external things
outside your control all just focus on
your farming one of the most famous
contemporaries from taoism is the idea
of Yin and Yang representing
complementary and interdependent forces
in nature such as light and dark hot and
cold or masculine and feminine taoism
teaches that by balancing these opposing
forces individuals can achieve Harmony
and fulfillment Confucianism and taoism
made a life bearable for ancient Chinese
farmers
[Music]
time progressed the city states that
occupied ancient Greece grew around 800
BCE the Greek city started to realize
that the land they occupied was
practically infertile so to produce an
essential staple of grain they had to
import it hence why the Greek States had
to colonize the world around them the
city stayed moletus at its height had
over 90 colonies throughout Europe
producing food for the Greeks at its
height the Greek had set up colonies
from modern-day Marseille in France to
rastavandan and Russia
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one of these new emerging city-states
was Rome as Legend has it Romulus and
Remus were twin brothers abandoned by
their parents and placed into the river
to bet as the basket floated across the
river a female wolf discovered the two
orphans and nursed them back to health
when Romulus and ramus became adults
they decided to find a city where the
wolf rescued them however this created
turmoil as both brothers wanted the site
to be named after themselves as Romulus
and ramus fought relentlessly eventually
Romulus came up with the final blow and
killed Remus creating Rome in 753 BC
[Music]
while the Greek city-states might have
been colonizing Cyrus the Great was
about to take over an Empire at the time
the Persians were subjugated to the rule
of the medes Empire according to Legend
after his grandson Cyrus was born King
asked the ages of medes had a vivid
dream that his little grandson would one
day stage a revolt against him King
astiages knew what to do and ordered his
chief advisor to kill the baby but the
chief advisor gave the baby off to a
Shepherd to be raised instead however
troubles weren't over for Cyrus when he
was 10 King astiages found Cyrus King
astiages wanted to kill him because the
dream was very clear this man will
revolt against you yet against his
better senses Cyrus was allowed to live
King as theage is his biggest mistake
when Cyrus was a man he gathered his
army and revolted against his maternal
grandfather the two but as prophecy had
it astiages surrendered in 550 BCE
however Cyrus wasn't done conquering he
conquered Babylon and became the supreme
ruler of Mesopotamia and even the Indus
Valley Civilization the world was in
Cyrus's hand Cyrus then took over the
Greek colony of Ionia in Asia Minor
leading a great Persian Empire and then
he died leaving it all in the air for
the next great Persian king Darius the
Great
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while back in Greece various city-states
started to gain power but two were at
the Forefront Sparta and Athens Sparta
was a military Powerhouse the famous
Spartans believed everything should
focus on physical strength and War when
a new Young Spartan was born it would be
slaughtered if it didn't look healthy
boys were taken from their families at a
young age and were trained to become
Soldiers the brutal training included
physical conditioning weapons training
and harsh living conditions the entire
life of a Spartan was to win a war their
society reflected with three main groups
the ruling class consisted of
aristocrats who held political power the
free non-citizens who were not allowed
to participate in government but were
still expected to serve in the military
and the helits a group of enslaved
people that provided labor for the
Spartan State life in Sparta was harsh
brutal and militaristic
while their neighbors up north were
experimenting with this idea of
democracy Athenian democracy was a
highly complicated mess there were two
branches the Council of 500 and the
assembly the Council of 500 was selected
randomly by a process known as sortitian
Athens itself was made up of 10
different tribes each tribe was
responsible for providing 50 citizens to
serve for one year in the Council of 500
via random selection each eligible
citizen would be given a personalized
token those tokens were inserted into a
particular machine called the
clariterion this long-lost technology
included tubes and balls which somehow
selected 50 residents of each tribe to
join the illustrious Council of 500
while in the assembly there was a system
in place that said that every single
citizen had a vote of course to be a
citizen you had to be a male and not a
slave and neither born and Athens or to
Athenian parents the Council of 500
would create the agenda for the main
assembly to vote on because over 30 000
people could have a vote at any given
time it was total chaos so to quell this
the council would nominate nine
presidents the morning of the meeting
and it was their job to ensure all the
rules and procedures were being followed
since they were appointed right before
the assembly met they were almost
impossible to bribe somehow the assembly
would loudly vote on whether a bill
would pass they would vote on matters
like appointing generals various laws
and other government bureaucracy however
not everyone liked this Athenian
democracy the famous Greek philosopher
Plato thought the idea was barbaric in
book 6 of a seminal book The Republic
Plato writes the true Navigator must
study the seasons of the year the sky
the stars the winds and all the other
subjects appropriate to his profession
if he is really fit to control the ship
think that it's quite impossible to
acquire the professional skill needed
for such control and that there's no
such thing as the art of navigation how
much could a randomly selected member of
the Council of 500 really know how much
could he fully contribute to society
should we allow a random member of
society to have any power instead Plato
would advocate for the idea of a
philosopher king a man who studies
wisdom logic and reasoning a man who
dedicates his life to understanding how
to be just a man who will become the
Navigator of wisdom Plato would rather
say the society we have described can
never grow into a reality or see the
light of day and there will be no end to
the Troubles of the states or indeed my
dear glaucon of humanity itself till
philosophers become rulers in this world
or to those We Now call Kings and rulers
really and truly become philosophers and
political power and philosophy thus come
into the same hands there's just one
issue with Plato's quote every leader
thinks they're a philosopher king
everyone thinks their thoughts are the
best everyone thinks their ideas are the
wisest from you the great in China to
labarnis of the Hiday Empire to
Siddhartha Gautama of the kingdom of
Magda in India
foreign
while not so far away in the Indian
Kingdom of magata a spoiled Prince named
Siddhartha Gautama 500 BCE lived in
luxury inside a palace inside this
Palace Siddhartha could have anything he
wanted all the jewels all the wealth all
the finest Goods thrust upon him his
world inside of the palace was a Utopia
on Earth there was no want need or
desire and it was perfect until he went
outside his Palace compound the only
place he ever knew as he took his first
steps outside of his Palace what he saw
struck a cord he saw an old man dying
right on the street in front he realized
that the Human Experience wasn't
something that was perfect in Sublime
instead it was death as Gilgamesh
realized many years ago this was an
inevitable part of The Human Experience
Siddhartha left his life of luxury
behind and began a quest for knowledge
and enlightenment he studied with
spiritual teachers and meditated for
many years searching for answers to
Life's big questions finally after six
years of seeking he sat down under a fig
tree and meditated until he achieved
Enlightenment Enlightenment is a state
of inner peace in which one has
transcended the limitations of the ego
and is in touch with a universal
Consciousness or Divine Essence it isn't
a fixed and permanent thing but rather
an ongoing process of growth and
development but under that fig tree
Siddhartha became known as the Buddha or
the awakened one he would spend the rest
of his life traveling the countryside
becoming close to the enlightenment
Darius was determined to follow in his
Father's Footsteps and take over the
world after finalizing their rule over
the city-state of Ionia the Persians
were on a quest to take over Greece
Darius and his twenty thousand men came
to the city of Marathon in the year 490
BCE a city
26.2 miles away from Athens the
Athenians were vastly outnumbered with
only ten thousand men as the Persians
were trying to regroup the powerful
Greek hoplites crushed the weaker
Persian Foot Soldiers by routing the
wings before turning towards the center
of the Persian line the remnants of the
Persian army fled to their ships and
left the battle early historians believe
the battlefield littered 6400 Persian
bodies while the Athenians lost only
192. so the Persians retreated and an
Athenian messenger named phytopides ran
the
26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens
exclaiming with joy how the Athenians
just beat the mighty Persian Empire all
of Athens went crazy with this fantastic
news hence Leading The Fighter Pods
historic Trek to be sketched into
history as the world's first marathon
however the Persians weren't done even
with Darius the first dying of
mysterious circumstances his son exers
the first took over the crown and wanted
to complete his grandfather's Legacy in
480 BCE Xerxes the first wanted Revenge
so he brought his enormous Invasion
force of over 100
000 soldiers and was dead set on
conquering Greece then at a narrow pass
at Thermopylae the Spartan King Leonidas
had his force of 7 000 Spartans
maintained the defense Leonidas knew of
his disadvantage and developed a bold
and daring plan to defeat the Persians
rather than waiting for the versions to
attack Leonidas ordered his soldiers to
make a surprise attack on the Persian
Camp catching the Persians off guard and
disrupting their formation despite their
success the Greek army was ultimately
overwhelmed by the Persians who attacked
from all sides and eventually broke
through the Greek defenses Leonidas and
his soldiers fought with courage and
determination still they were ultimately
defeated then came the Battle of Salamis
where the Greeks could change the tilt
of the war in a naval battle between the
500 Persian trirem and 300 Greek triare
it didn't look good for the Greeks still
the great Athenian General the mysticles
employed his plan to move the Persian
Fleet into the narrow streets of Salamis
and hit the enemy Fleet so hard that it
had nowhere to retreat after a massive
sea Battle the mysticles one greased the
Victory and changed the face of the war
the versions still had their goal
conquer the Greek city-states Xerxes had
returned to Persia leaving Persian
general mardones in charge of the
Persian Force for most of the
significant battle yet after diplomatic
talks ceased Persian knew they had to
attack as the Persians sent their troops
to platea the Greeks knew they had to
work together with 30 various Greek
city-states working together they were
able to field a massive 110
000 hoplite army with the primary
purpose of defeating Persia though there
was nothing compared to the estimated
150
000 man army of Persia the battle was
fierce and intense with both sides
fighting with ferocity and determination
the Greek hoplites continued to be
effective against the Persian Cavalry
and archers the Greeks also
strategically used the terrain fighting
on a slope that helped offset the
Persian numerical advantage in the end
the Greeks defeated the Persian forces
and secured a decisive Victory the
Persians suffered heavy losses and
mardones was killed in the fighting the
Battle of plateaya marked the end of the
greco-persian wars and the Persian
threat to Greece
after the Persian War life in ancient
Greece was spectacular a golden age of
culture was upon us with no longer
having to face the threat of War Athens
was able to create architectural wonders
such as the Parthenon the Parthenon sits
upon the Athenian Acropolis a prominent
Hill overlooking the city of Athens to
show its wealth and culture no matter
where you'll go in Athens you can still
see the great Parthenon even today then
came the theater around this time the
state would sponsor the most significant
poets to create stories in the Athenian
festival called the city dionysia a
festival designed to worship the Greek
god of theater infertility Dionysus
creating playwrights such as Sophocles
escalus and Aristophanes
[Music]
states were hungry for power Athens was
recruiting city-states into their Delian
Alliance while Sparta was recruiting
city-states into their Peloponnesian
Alliance both Sparta and Athens felt
like they should control the city of
corkia hence why in 434 BCE war was upon
the Greek Peninsula resulting in Naval
battles such as the Battle of siblos and
the Battle of pilos by 421 BCE a short
piece was negotiated however this piece
would not last and Athens had their eyes
on Sicily initially the expedition was
going well the Athenians established
alliances with several Sicilian cities
and won several minor skirmishes against
the Sicilian forces but soon alcibiotes
one of the greatest naval Generals in
history was recalled to Athens to face
charges of
the Athenian fleet was left without his
leadership
in his absence the expedition began to
unravel the Athenians could not take the
city of Syracuse which had fortified its
defenses and was well prepared for a
Siege the Sicilians were aided by
reinforcements from Sparta which saw an
opportunity to strike a crippling blow
against its arch-rival Athens the
Athenian suffered from a lack of
supplies and were plagued by disease at
the same time the syracuseans launched a
series of surprise attacks and ambushes
finally after months of grueling
fighting the Athenian fleet was
destroyed in a decisive battle thousands
of Athenians were killed and many more
were captured and enslaved a decade
after that Athens fell to the Spartans
the age of legendary Greece was now over
both Athens and Sparta were
significantly weaker never to regain the
same power they once had leaving the
world ready for a philosopher king to
conquer it all foreign
in the East the Mandate of Heaven was up
the Zhou dynasty after a long 800 year
rule it was deemed by the heavens that
their empire was up which led to a
period known as the Warring States
474-221 BCE this resulted in Han fisi
who created a new philosophy called
legalism followers of legalism believe
that people were inherently selfish and
would only act in their own
self-interest and that the only way to
keep them in line was through a system
of rewards and punishments that was
clear and consistently enforced this
resulted in Fiji claiming that the best
way to achieve social order was by
establishing a powerful ruler
responsible for enforcing the law and
punishing wrongdoers he also believed
the ruler should have complete control
over the military the economy and
Society
while in the heart of the Oaxaca region
of Mexico the zapatec civilization
started to flourish the capital city of
Monte Alban was being built on a
Mountaintop overlooking the entire
Oaxaca Valley perched on the Mountaintop
overlooking the valley of Oaxaca the
city was home to a ruling Elite who
oversaw a hierarchical social structure
that included middle-class Artisans and
lower class Farmers the people of the
zapatec civilization were known for
their Innovative agricultural practices
including the cultivation of Maize and
other crops which sustained their
communities in times of drought and
other environmental pressures they also
developed an early writing system which
used a combination of symbols and glyphs
to represent words and ideas they
developed an advanced calendar system
based on 260-day and
365-day solar Cycles
in Greece during the year 356 BCE in the
city of Pella in the Kingdom of Macedon
the greatest commander in history was
born Alexander the Great grew up knowing
he would be a leader and was the son of
King Philip II in Queen Olympia But the
teacher was much more impressive since
he was a kid Alexander was tutored by
Aristotle Aristotle is the man who is
known as the father of a logic he
created the fields of biology and
taxonomy by introducing a way to think
called the scientific method a method
that is still taught in schools to this
day he also wrote extensively about
philosophy ethics and art changing the
face of the world as we know it today
this is the man who was in charge of
teaching Alexander the Great Alexander
was 20 when his father was assassinated
but his excellent education Nation
allowed him to take over the rest of the
world after his father died in 336 BCE
Alexander was hell-bent on keeping his
family's power so in the Greek city of
Thebes decided to revolt Alexander and
his army marched 240 miles in 14 days
when thieves refused to surrender he
raised the entire city to the ground and
6 000 were killed and the rest were sold
into slavery the rest of the Greek
city-states recoiled in fear allowing
Alexander to do as he pleased leaving
for his new Target to be Persia and the
new Persian king Darius III in 333 BC
Alexander faced the Persian army at the
Battle of Isis this significant
engagement saw the Persian king Darius
III defeated and forced to flee
Alexander then captured several key
cities including the vital Port of Tire
which had resisted his initial Siege in
331 BC Alexander faced Darius III again
at the Battle of gagamela near the
Tigris River in modern day Iraq despite
being outnumbered Alexander won a
decisive Victory using Superior Tactics
and Mobility the Persian army was
shattered and Darius III fled once again
Alexander then proceeded to capture the
Persian capital of Babylon and took
control of much of Mesopotamia he
continued his campaign Eastward winning
battles in what is now modern-day Iran
and Afghanistan in 330 BC he captured
the Persian capital of persepolis a city
of great wealth and cultural
significance but Alexander wasn't done
he wanted to expand Eastward eventually
crossing the Hindu Kush mountains into
India however his troops grew tired of
the Endless fighting and refused to go
any further and Alexander was forced to
turn back
however after Alexander failed in the
Indian subcontinent a Powerhouse emerged
in India called the mauryan Empire at
its height it spanned over much of India
Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan
however this conquering came at much of
a cost for its leader Ashoka the great
in 261 BC after the death of his parents
Ashoka decided that his Empire needed to
expand in his sights the kingdom of
Kalinga the war was Bloody the war was
fierce over a hundred thousand people
died Ashoka couldn't sleep with himself
he didn't know how to deal with his
actions that resulted in so Much Death
so he turned to the teaching of the
Buddha under ashoka's rule the mauryan
Empire became known for supporting
Buddhist teachings and promoting
non-violence Ashoka issued a series of
edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars
throughout the Empire that promoted
principles such as kindness respect for
all religions and the abolition of
slavery certain traits were not shared
in the west by Alexander
in the west it was deemed honorable to
die in combat and a hero's death would
be remembered forever a farmer will die
in anonymity Alexander died a few years
later in Babylon at the age of 32.
throughout his expedition Alexander was
spreading Greek ideas founded by his
once wise teacher bringing the rise of
Greek ideals across the land starting
the seeds of the western cultures we see
today once Alexander died his Empire
just could not sustain itself his
generals feuded as to who should be the
leader of this great Empire everyone
wanted power yet in fighting left to
waste in Oblivion eventually in 323 BC
after senseless Wars the Greek generals
divided the world into three major
Empires the ptolemes in Egypt the
seleucids in the East and the antigonids
in Greece
one of Alexander's generals LED Egypt
into a period of prosperity inspiration
by his former leader ptolemy's built the
Library of Alexandria a hub for an
intellectual scholarship intellectuals
from all over will come to the library
to exchange ideas and thoughts
throughout the world leaving us to have
great philosophers like Plato and
Aristotle to be the backbone of our
culture
while the general seleucid was given the
keys to the city of Babylon Babylon at
this time was a cultural Hub melting
Greek Persian Indian and Central Asian
cultures seleucid though preferred Greek
ideas in Greek language the seleucid
empire was at its height during the
reign of King and Hiatus III 223 BC to
187 BC under King Antiochus III the
seleucids encompassed a vast territory
from modern day Turkey to modern-day
Pakistan one of the largest Empires on
record until the rise of the Romans
while the antigonids did not have nearly
as much success by the time antigonids
the first took power the Greeks were
just a shell of what they once were the
age of the Greeks was behind us the
ptolemies the seleucids and the
antigonids went astray from the Roman
Empire
however for Rome to rise it had to face
a powerful foe Carthage both Rome and
Carthage had a desire for the same
city-state Messina on the island of
Sicily this would give either
civilization a foothold to grab power in
the Mediterranean the first Punic War
was upon us and after 20 years of
fighting in the year 241 BCE and the
defeat of Carthage the Treaty of
lutatius was signed the peace though was
short-lived in 218 BCE the Second Punic
Wars began when the carthagian general
Hannibal invaded Italy with his army
including elephants to conquer Rome
Hannibal won several early battles
including the Battle of canae in 216 BCE
still he was ultimately defeated by the
Roman general Scipio Africanus at the
Battle of Zama in 202 BC ee the war
resulted in the complete defeat of
Carthage which was forced to cede its
territories to Rome and the end of the
carthaginian Empire there was no doubt
in the world anymore that it was time
for the Romans to take charge in the
West
while in the East after the end of the
Warring States period chin Shi Huang and
the Qin dynasty were an absolute power
221 BCE to 206 BCE chin was determined
to turn diverse China into a unified
Chinese Empire he divided the lands into
36 command areas supervised by a
governor military commander and Imperial
inspector it was expected that he
followed the wheel of chin or else you
would face harsh penalties the basic
ideas of legalism in action strong
government harsh laws and inheriting
knowing that humans were necessarily
selfish however their mandate from
Heaven ran quite quickly after chin Shi
huang's death China was in turmoil with
another Dynasty on foot
Lou Bing leader from 206 to 195 BCE
after leading a revolt against the chin
was declared emperor of the new Han
Dynasty instead of following the strict
legalistic mindset of the chin Liu
decided to set his Empire as a
confucianist paradise the ideals of
moderation virtue and piety as set
through Confucianism were marched
throughout the Empire weaving the Cocoon
of a powerful Dynasty during the Han
Dynasty the production of silk was ever
increasing and the idea of prophets was
in the minds of all so in 138 BCE
Emperor Han Wu sent an imperial Convoy
to make contact with cultures of Central
Asia and the Mediterranean then after
the routes were established Chinese
merchants and Traders would bring their
silk across the Silk Road to the Middle
East and eventually Europe where it
would be sold at high profits though in
the beginning the rod was relatively
short because in 97 BC Ambassador Khan
Ying was sent to Rome with gifts of silk
for their empire however Khan only got
As far as Mesopotamia because he was
told by the parthians the dominant
Empire in Iran at the time that the
journey would take years little did Khan
know that he was misinformed that the
journey would have been relatively
shorter but the parthians wanted to keep
their spot as the middlemen they did not
want China and Rome to have contact with
one another creating a system of three
Empires smushed right up against each
other Rome in the West parthians in the
center and China in the east
then in 86 BCE Greece already being
weakened by the conquest of Alexander
the Great was now the target of the
Roman Empire General Lucius Cornelius
Sola LED an army of Legions to the
Forefront of Athens he besieged Athens
for several months brutally torturing
the citizens within eventually when
Athens fell he ordered his soldiers to
loot and pillage the city destroying
many important cultural Treasures this
takeover cemented Rome as a superpower
Athens no longer had the power but
rather it was in Rome
while in 63 BCE General Pompey was
tasked with capturing Jerusalem and the
region of Galilee the Romans quickly
captured the cities forcing Galilee to
be placed under Roman rule including a
small village called Nazareth
the Romans desire to expand didn't end
in Galilee though in 58 BCE Julius
Caesar was appointed governor of the
Roman provide of sicipaline Gaul
Northern Italy with the express
assignment of Conquering the rest of the
Gauls at the time the Gauls were a group
of Celtic peoples who lived in that area
that is now France Belgium and parts of
Switzerland Germany and Italy however it
was Caesar's job to take over these
Celtic tribes while the Gauls who were
insistent on their independence all had
to work together under the leadership of
verse in generics in a last-ditch
attempt to stop the Romans as Caesar
brought his troops to Elijah in 52 BC
war was upon us Alicia was surrounded by
a double wall and a ditch with
additional fortifications on the town's
Hills verson generics had gathered a
large force of Gaelic Warriors inside
the town in contrast Caesar had
assembled a sizable Roman army outside
the walls Caesar realized that a direct
assault on the town would be complex so
he surrounded the gallic forces and
starved them into submission he ordered
the construction of a series of
fortifications around Alicia including a
circumvalation wall that encircled the
town and a second wall in ditch that
faced outward to defend against any
attempts to break out over several weeks
Caesar's forces engaged in a grueling
Siege of Elysia with both sides
suffering heavy losses the gallic
Warriors inside the town made several
attempts to break out but they were
repelled by the Roman forces the tide of
the battle turned in favor of the Romans
when a second Gaelic Army led by verse
and generics's Ally kamius attempted to
relieve The Siege Caesar sent a
Detachment of his forces to intercept
the gallic reinforcements after a fierce
battle the Roman soldiers emerged
Victorious with his forces surrounded in
facing starvation versus generics was
forced to surrender he emerged from
Elysia and offered himself as a prisoner
to Caesar effectively ending the gallic
resistance to Roman rule throughout the
next two years Caesar crossed the gallic
Empire conquering and implementing it
into Rome the Gauls were implemented
into Rome even gaining citizenship
within the empire
however the Senate was not happy with
Caesar even though he had great success
against the Gauls the Roman senate
wanted him to stop they did not like the
popularity Caesar was gaining nor the
power he was controlling so the Roman
senate called upon Caesar to resign his
command and disband his army or risk
being declared An Enemy of the State
this led Caesar to an essential choice
to make will he either follow the wheel
of the Roman senate or ignore them and
start a bloody Civil War Roman law at
the time prohibited any general from
Crossing the Rubicon River and entering
Mainland Italy with a standing army
without the expressed permission of the
Roman senate to do so would be treason
and this tiny stream would reveal
Caesar's intentions and mark the point
of no return Civil War was imminent as
Caesar and his army marched over the
Rubicon battles in corfinium and
farsalis showed the Senate that Caesar
was a worthy foe so the Roman senate
appointed his son-in-law mayus Pompey to
lead the Roman forces against his
father-in-law both parties knew the
importance of Spain due to it providing
a link between Italy and the rest of
Europe the two armies clashed near the
town of Leda in northeastern Spain
Caesar's Army was significantly
outnumbered but he could use a superior
military tactics and training to gain
the upper hand in the battle after
several days of intense fighting Caesar
emerged Victorious forcing pompey's
forces to retreat declaring Caesar as
the new leader of Rome when Caesar made
it back to Rome the crowds were chanting
hail Caesar hail Caesar the people then
decided that he would be the dictator of
Rome for Life Caesar immediately set to
work implementing a series of reforms
and policies aimed at improving ordinary
Romans lives and strengthen winning the
central government's power he ordered
the construction of new infrastructure
such as roads Bridges and aqueducts
which helped to connect different parts
of the city and improve trade and
commerce Caesar also enacted a series of
political and social reforms including
granting citizenship to many people
living in the Roman Empire and creating
new laws and customs that were based on
Roman practices he encouraged the spread
of the Latin language and culture
throughout the city and established the
Julian calendar which is the basis of
the calendar we use today however
Caesar's Reign was short-lived because
two years later in 44 BC he was stabbed
to death by two loyal Senators Cassius
and Brutus the assassination of Caesar
led the Roman world into disarray the
world was filled with factions vying for
government control without a strong
leader
[Music]
Octavian sees her son who was 18 then
came to Rome to claim his inheritance
and assert his place in the political
landscape he quickly aligned himself
with Caesar's loyal Lieutenant Mark
Anthony together they defeated Caesar's
assassins at the Battle of Philippi in
42 BCE however tension soon arose
between Octavian and Anthony as both men
vied for control of the Roman Empire in
31 BCE their forces clashed in the naval
battle of actium which resulted in
Octavian emerging as the clear Victor
Anthony fled to Egypt with his lover
Cleopatra and the two committed suicide
the following year with Anthony's defeat
Octavian emerged as the Undisputed ruler
of Rome in 27 BCE he was appointed
Augustus and became the first Roman
Emperor
foreign
augustus's Reign a man who would change
the world was born in the Roman occupied
city of Bethlehem Jesus Christ The
Gospel of Luke says in those days a
decree went out from Caesar Augustus
that all the world should be registered
this was the first registration when
quirinius was governor of Syria and all
went to be registered each to his own
town Luke 2 1-3 this census was an
essential factor in Roman society
because it established the population
counts in these various communities
making it possible to tax these various
citizens so the highly pregnant Mary and
her betrothed husband Joseph had to
travel 90 miles on foot from Nazareth to
Bethlehem to complete this legally
required Roman census when they arrived
in Bethlehem many other descendants of
the king of David or members of the
Jewish faith were also going to
Bethlehem for the census they found out
that there was no room for them in the
in so they were forced to take shelter
in a stable where Mary gave birth to
Jesus Jesus was later named King of the
Jews after Jesus's birthday and the
completion of the census Mary and Joseph
returned to Nazareth with their
extraordinary son as the years of Jesus
went on stories about him grew more and
more followers began to worship Jesus as
their Messiah they claimed that he can
catch an endless amount of fish they
claim that he can cure the Blind and
they claim that he was the son of God so
these followers specifically his
disciples started to write down his
entire life Journey four of his closest
disciples Matthew Mark Luke and John
wrote down the main chunks of the book
in these parts called gospels each of
these gospels covered almost all of the
same events The Narrative life of Jesus
Christ this narrative testimony of a
child born in a stable changed the world
forever
[Music]
even though many loved Jesus some viewed
him as a threat Emperor Tiberius
succeeded Augustus and reigned from 14
A.D to 37 A.D Tiberius was Notorious for
his delators a network of informants
rewarded for spying and Reporting on
suspected traitors and criminals
criminals reported on by the deletors
had to face a treason trial often
resulting in executions or forced
suicides his prefect of Judea at the
time Pontius Pilate was no stranger to
the harsh punishment of traitors as
Jesus was influencing more and more
people he became more of a political
threat so following the guidelines of
Emperor Tiberius pilate was given no
practical political Choice other than to
execute Jesus on the cross Roman law was
evident then one must follow the
emperor's will or else they will perish
as Jesus was crucified on lacrosse a new
religion was born
Christianity
in the beginning Christianity was just a
small sect of Judaism nevertheless its
growth would be unparalleled
Paul of Taurus would take the word of
his chosen Lord across the known World
from Greece to Turkey to Syria the word
of Jesus Christ spread his missionary
Tales are now documented in the New
Testament as the book of Acts the more
Paul went to different places the more
followers he gained on the same token it
created more enemies The Divide between
monotheism and polytheism was on the
rise it was beginning to get a lot
tougher for Romans to accept a religious
population that didn't believe in Gods
like Mars and Jupiter so in the great
fire of Rome occurred in July of 64 A.D
emperor Nero quickly blamed it on the
Christians the great fire was an event
that destroyed two-thirds of the city of
Rome so in order to pay for these
massive repairs Nero instituted heavy
tributes across the Empire to meet at
least a proportion of the costs Nero
also started to print more Roman
currency creating an inflationary effect
for the first time in the Empire's
history however the individuals who
lived under Roman rule which wasn't in
Rome proper were upset by this new
policy so in the holy city of Jerusalem
in 66 A.D a Revolt was on at first the
first Jewish Revolt succeeded and the
Jewish forces quickly expelled the
unprepared Roman army then the rebels
gained some Traction in the neighboring
villages in Galilee in response the
Roman Emperor Nero sent the general
Vespasian to meet the Jewish forces an
Endeavor that pushed most Rebels into
Jerusalem proper by the time Vespasian
was proclaimed Emperor n69 CE then
around Passover and 70 A.D Vespasian and
his forces Siege the city depleting it
of food and water within the walls of
Jerusalem the Jews started to quarrel
within leaving them more vulnerable to
attack by August the Romans breached the
defenses killed much of the population
and destroyed many of their holy sites
with the Jews decimated the strength of
polytheism lived long
then in 98 to 117 A.D under Emperor
trajan the Roman Empire was able to
expand its greatest territorial extent
spanning all the way from Modern Day
Britain to the Persian Gulf Roman rule
was everywhere
well except for in the Americas because
the Romans didn't even know they existed
in the Americas we can see the growth of
various civilizations across the Andes
located in modern-day Peru in Chile the
Mochi civilization was able to build
Monumental structures like the Waka Del
Sol and Waka De La Luna impressive
pyramids that were the center of their
religions they also created Advanced
fertilization techniques that used bird
droppings as fertilizer they are highly
centralized government made everyone
know their place in society
while a little bit more south the Nazca
civilization is one enthralled in
mystery the people of Nazca created a
series of large-scale geoglyph
consisting of hundreds of individual
figures including geometric shapes
animals and human-like figures by
removing the dark reddish-brown iron
oxide coated Pebbles covering the
surface of the Nazca desert these lines
are now called Nazca Lines the purpose
of which is still unknown to this day
and subject to conspiracy theory today
around 100 A.D the Zap Attack started
establishing Monty Alban their Capital
it was one of the first examples of
urban planning in the Americas the city
was laid out in a grid pattern with main
roads and smaller side streets leading
to plazas and public buildings the city
was also divided into different
districts each with specialized
functions such as residential
administrative and religious leaving it
to be in use for a thousand years after
that
[Music]
while back in Rome after the end of
trajan's Reign in 117 A.D a new emperor
with a purpose was in hand Hadrian was a
man tasked with a near impossible
keeping the massive Roman empire under
one rule he first had to deal with a
crisis with the newly colonized Roman
Britain like their predecessors in Judea
the Roman Brits did not like being Roman
so they started to cause unrest and in
the eyes of Hadrian a real threat of
Revolution was on his mind so Hadrian
had ordered a massive wall aptly named
Hadrian's Wall which spanned almost
Coast to Coast keeping it sunk in the
conquered people's minds that the Romans
were here staving off revolution in one
region however in Galilee things weren't
as peaceful Simon Barr kokba led a
rebellion of the Jewish people to free
themselves from Roman rule as you see
Rome was developing a new city called
Alia capitalina over the ruins of
Jerusalem from the last Revolt with
temples dedicated to polytheistic Gods
like Jupiter by 132 barcopa took the
bottle of Nasi head of state many Jews
regarded him as the Messiah who would
save the Jewish people and restore their
independence kogba's troops would storm
Ilia capitalina almost knocking out
entirely the Roman Garrison controlling
the city Hadrian though would not have
it so he sent a force of a hundred
twenty thousand men to the lands of
Judea to conquer and force the Jewish
people into submission as Cassius Dio
says in the history of Rome 50 of their
most important outposts and 985 of their
most famous villages were raised 580
000 men were slain in the various raids
and battles and the number of those that
pair perished by famine disease and fire
was past finding out thus nearly the
whole of Judea was made desolate History
of Rome
69.14 1-2 Rome made it clear that it was
not to be taken lightly
while in China the message was quite
different the ideas of Buddhism were
spreading along with the Chinese
philosophies of Confucianism and taoism
and built a dynasty these three
philosophies work together to make the
Han Dynasty stronger and more united in
many ways
while in America the Mayan Architects
went across Northern patent and designed
a series of short broad temples with
wide staircases flanked by enormous
stucco masks these stucco masks were
made of plaster and some burned in
powdered Limestone the Mayans built
these Stone armatures into elaborate
deity faces to capture the soul of the
Gods and bring it to the people a temple
like the E7 sub yes historians named
Mayan temples like military submarines
is a pyramid with 16 stucco masks each
allows us to go deeper into the souls of
these deities of the past
in the Middle East a new Empire was
emerging with roots in the past a man
named ardish year claimed to have Royal
Blood that traced all the way back to
Cyrus the Great ardishere claimed that
he should be the true ruler of the
Persian Empire not those frauds of the
parthians ardish year was able to unite
the various tribes of Persia in 224 A.D
artisier the first led his forces
against the party and King artavenous V
in a significant battle at hermasgun the
sasanian forces known for their Cavalry
defeated the parthians and captured
artavenus V with this Victory ardish
here the first declared himself King and
established the sasanian Empire ardish
year the first quickly established a
centralized government and built a new
capital at tejafon on the Tigris River
he re-established the zoroastrian
religion which had been suppressed by
the parthians as the Empire's official
religion he also built a powerful
military machine with skilled Cavalry
and archers he began to expand his
territory by conquering neighboring
regions
as the parthians were on their way out
so were the Han the Han Dynasty's
downfall was marked by political
instability economic problems external
threats internal rebellions and power
struggles the weakening of central
Authority allowed Regional Warlords to
seize power and the government's
attempts to address economic issues were
unsuccessful external threats and
rebellions weakened the dynasty even
further a warlord named Sao P declared
himself Emperor and established the Wei
Dynasty officially ending the Han
Dynasty
while back in Rome emperor Diocletian
284-305 faced a problem Rome was
becoming too large and impossible to
manage so Diocletian created the Tetra
key and divided the region into four
where each region was governed by a
separate Emperor within the Tetra key
there were two types of Emperors
Augustus and Caesars Diocletian chose
maximian to be his equal to Augustus in
contrast galaris and constantius were
appointed to be Caesars however this
system created uncontrolled chaos and
Anarchy each Emperor had desires for
power and ambition and it all came to a
head in 305 when power shifted both
Diocletian and maximian retired and in
306 constantius died three out of the
four original leaders were left out of
the system leading to a power vacuum to
come emperor Constantine the Great was
appointed by his father's Army
unilaterally as an Augustus and a Caesar
at the same time to replace his father
at the same time maximum's son maxentius
felt as though he should have been
appointed Caesar instead of Valeria
Severus so in 307 maxentia sent his army
and forced Valerius Severus to surrender
come 308 galleris appointed lucinius to
replace him so on the west side of Rome
two Emperors wanted to rule Constantine
ruled over Gaul in Britain and maxentius
ruled Italy and North Africa mcsentius
had a difficult time consolidating his
power and he faced increasing resistance
from the people of Rome to try and
secure his hold on power maxentius
ordered the construction of a new bridge
across the Tiber River near Rome known
as the milvian Bridge Constantine saw
maxentius as a threat to his power so he
decided to march on Rome to confront him
as the two armies approached each other
near the milvian bridge Constantine had
a vision of a cross in the sky with the
words in this sign conquer some accounts
suggest that this Vision may have been a
dream or a hallucination While others
suggest that it may have been a sign
from God regardless of the nature of the
vision Constantine took it as a sign
that he would be victorious in battle if
he fought under the sign of the
Christian cross he had his soldiers
paint this symbol on their Shields and
Banners and he went into battle with
renewed Vigor and confidence the battle
was fierce and brutal with both sides
suffering heavy losses maxentius had a
larger Army but his troops were spread
out and disorganized Constantine was
able to take advantage of this and he
was able to push maxentius's forces back
towards the Tiber River in the chaos of
the retreat accentius was forced off the
milvian bridge and into the water where
he drowned shortly after his victory
Constantine met licinia said mediolanum
modern Milan to confirm several
political and dynastic arrangements to
produce the Edict of Milan this edict
gave power for Eastern Rome to the
sinius and Constantine's Soul power of
the West more importantly though this
document extended religious tolerance
for Christians and restored any
properties confiscated from them during
the persecution however the peaceful
coexistence of both rulers was
short-lived though the edict allowed for
the safety of Christians the sinius was
still very much a paganist their
differences started to grow all came
near the city of chrysopolis in 324 A.D
where both armies went and fought
Constantine's military might was on
display he was able to force the Eastern
Roman army towards the sea leaving many
to be killed or captured Constantine was
declared the sole leader of Rome and
lassinius was declared dead by hanging
he renamed the Eastern Roman capital
from Byzantium to Constantinople to
celebrate his victory then in 325 A.D
Constantine presided over the First
Council of nicia when the 300 Bishops
established the now famous Nicene Creed
which declared that Jesus Christ was
begotten not made and of one substance
with the father Constantine was finally
baptized as a Christian on his deathbed
in 337 A.D
foreign
come 370 A.D a new player was on the
scenes the Huns were a barbaric nomadic
civilization who were masters of warfare
according to Legends they were taught
horsemanship as early as the age of
three also they would attack their own
with a sword to teach them how to endure
pain these people weren't to be messed
lightly with when they crossed the Volga
River in 370 on their horses and lusted
for blood the Allen civilization didn't
stand much chance two years later they
attacked the ostrogoths an Eastern tribe
of Germanic Goths who harassed the Roman
Empire by frequently attacking their
territories by 376 the Huns had attacked
the Visigoths the Western tribe of Goths
and forced them to seek Sanctuary within
the Roman Empire as the Huns dominated
goth and visigoth lands they earned a
new reputation as the new Barbarians in
town and seemed adoptable by 395 A.D
they began invading Roman domains and
some Roman Christians believed they were
devils who arrived Straight From Hell
the reason they started invading Rome
was because of the death of theodosius
the great his shining achievement as
Emperor was keeping the Goths and the
Huns at Bay but on death he decided to
follow the ideas of Diocletian and split
the Empire up again splitting up control
between his two sons arcadius in the
East and honorius in the west making
theodosius the last leader of a United
Rome
with honorius in charge the incapable
general made Western Rome an easy target
to be bullied the Visigoths looking for
a new place to live had their eyes set
on Rome so throughout the early 410s the
Visigoths ransacked various Roman cities
then on August 24th 410 the visigoth
sacked Rome taking control of this
historic City it was the first time in
nearly 800 years that a foreign army
occupied the city of Rome however the
Visigoths couldn't maintain control of
Rome instead they continued to ransack
Roman territories until they established
their Kingdom in 418 in modern day Spain
while the prospects of existence weren't
so much better in eastern Rome the
notorious Attila the Hun was gaining
power and his brutal tactics called him
the scourge of God after a failed peace
attempt in 441 Attila and his army
stormed through the Balkans and the
danuban frontier another peace treaty
was forged in 442 but Attila attacked
again in 443 killing ransacking and
pillaging his way to the well-fortified
city of Constantinople however due to
constantinople's high walls Attila
couldn't conquer it instead Attila was
able to muster another peace agreement
he would leave Constantinople alone in
exchange for an annual tribute of 2100
pounds of gold a staggering sum then in
451 the Huns invaded the Gauls allowing
the once enemies of the Visigoths and
the Romans to wise up and work together
to fight the Hun
according to Legend the night before the
imminent battle Attila consulted
sacrificed bones and saw that thousands
of his army would fall in the fight the
next day his premonition came true in
the battle of the catalonian Plains
after hours of ferocious fighting tens
of thousands of soldiers lay dead giving
Attila his first and only military
defeat in history however even after the
loss Attila and his army marched on and
returned to Italy continuously ravaging
the cities in 452 with Roman's sight he
met Pope Leo the first who acted as an
emissary between Attila and Rome there's
no record of what they discussed still
according to Legend the apparitions of
Saint Paul and Saint Peter appeared to
Attila they threatened to kill him if he
didn't negotiate with Pope Leo the first
Attila decided to pull out of Italy in
return to the great Hungarian plane
whether because of his fear of the Pope
and his saintly allies or because of his
troops were stretched too thin and
weakened by malaria
however the struggle for Western Rome
wasn't over in 476 A.D the young Emperor
Romulus Augustus had trouble keeping
power for himself as many Romans felt he
was illegitimate so the Eastern Roman
Empire sent the Germanic General odesser
and his mercenaries to suppress a Revolt
by the Roman army in the region however
instead of supporting the Eastern Roman
Empire odaiser saw an opportunity to
seize power for himself he turned
against the Roman government and opposed
the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus
Augustus effectively marking the end of
the Western Roman Empire as the steps of
his victory odaiser was declared the
king of Italy however odaiser's victory
was short-lived because in 493 theodoric
the great of the ostrogoths with the
support of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno
came in and created the ostrogothic
kingdom of Italy sending odiasur to meet
his fate
while Europe was in the Crux of a Dark
Age India under the Gupta Empire was in
a mathematical Golden Age great
mathematicians like Brahma Gupta started
using zero as a placeholder and as
various solutions for mathematical
equations the astronomer arabata was
able to calculate the circumference of
the earth he proved the world was round
long before it was globally accepted
arabata was also able to develop methods
for calculating pi and square roots
however his crowning achievement was
creating the concept of an asymptote
which is a line that approaches the
curve but never touches it
the Franks under Clovis the first had
been engaged with the alimony another
Germanic tribe and tensions between the
two groups were running high in 496 A.D
in the Battle of tolbeck Clovis the
first led his forces into battle against
the alimony with both sides eager to
gain the upper hand and the ongoing
struggle for power and territory as the
al-amani began to push the Franks to
defeat and a moment of desperation
Clovis called out to the Christian God
for assistance promising to convert to
Christianity if he emerged Victorious
according to Legend a sudden
thunderstorm appeared and the Franks
could regroup and launch a successful
counter-attack against the alimony the
battle ended in a decisive victory for
the Franks and Clovis kept his promise
and converted to Christianity officially
cementing Christianity to the Forefront
and birthing the Frankish Kingdom
while the Western Roman Empire might
have fallen in the East the Roman Empire
was changing many historians argue that
the Eastern Roman Empire based out of
Constantinople should be considered a
part of Rome however it is undeniable
that under Justinian the first would
lead the eastern half into its next
chapter in life the Byzantine Empire
whether it's a continuation of the Roman
Empire before is a debate for another
under under the leadership of Justinian
the first like many Roman emperors
before him he would expand the Byzantine
Empire to reach places such as Italy
North Africa and even Spain he also
commissioned a team of legal Scholars to
codify all the laws of the Roman Empire
known as the Corpus Juris civilis which
became the basis of the European laws we
know today he also commissioned the
world-renowned Hagia Sophia and
Constantinople where this beautiful
cathedral adorned with intricate mosaics
and marble decorations became the head
of the Eastern Orthodox Church
[Music]
however Jesus wasn't the only Prophet at
the time in the small town of Mecca a
nomadic tribe called the quraish gave
birth to a man who would change the
religious world yet again Muhammad
Muhammad was orphaned at an early age
and was raised by his grandfather and
later his uncle as he grew up he worked
as a merchant which earned him the
nickname al-ameen meaning the
trustworthy on one of his pilgrimages in
610 Muhammad meditated in a cave on
Mount jabalai nor the angel Gabriel
appeared and relayed the word of God
recite in the name of your lord who
creates creates a man from a clot recite
for your lord is most generous became
the opening verses of Surah chapter 96
of the Quran at first Muhammad was
reluctant not knowing how to disclose
this information however soon enough
Muhammad began to gather a small
following which was mocked by the pagans
of Mecca however when Muhammad denounced
idol worship the leader of Mecca knew
that he was through so through the
resistance from Mecca Muhammad and his
followers were eventually forced to
emigrate to Medina a city 260 miles away
there Muhammad was instrumental in
ending various Civil Wars creating a
prosperous Muslim Community nevertheless
this Prosperity would be challenged by
the members of Muhammad's old tribe the
quraish and their allies who marched up
to Medina with a large army to attack
the Muslims Muhammad devised a plan that
they could defend the city if they dug a
trench around its perimeter making it
near impossible for enemy forces to
penetrate for several weeks the quraish
tried to break through the trench trying
and trying yet again eventually strong
wind and heavy reigned caused the
quraish forces to abandon The Siege
marking the Muslims as victorious in 630
the Muslim Army marched into Mecca
taking the city with minimum casualties
Muhammad gave amnesty to the enemy
leaders who once opposed him converting
most of the meccan population to Islam
at the time of Muhammad's death the
Muslims had successfully United the
Arabian Peninsula under the banner of
Islam after Muhammad's death a series of
caliphs or leaders took over the
leadership of the Muslim Community
beginning with Abu Bakr a close
companion of the Prophet under the
leadership of the caliphs the Muslim
Community continued to expand its
territory conquering new lands and
spreading The Message of Islam at first
akubakar had his eyes set on the
Byzantine Empire's provinces of Syria
taking over The crucial cities of
Damascus and Jerusalem then in 636 the
Arab forces invaded the assassinid
Empire taking over their capital city in
637 marking the end of the sassanid
Empire onward to Egypt they went where
after years of fighting they
successfully defeated the Byzantine to
take over the city of Alexandria in 642
A.D economically crippling the
byzantines by 716 the Arab forces had
conquered much of North Africa Carthage
and Spain so that by 716 the Arabs had
an extensive Empire from Lisbon to China
after consolidating their hold on the
Iberian Peninsula the Arabs launched
raids into neighboring Francia
modern-day France in 732 A.D they
launched a significant Invasion to
expand their territory northward the
Arabs forces led by Amir Abdul Rahman
al-gafiki quickly conquered several
cities in the region including Bordeaux
and tours however Charles Martel the
military leader of the Franks assembled
a large army to meet the Arabs in battle
the battle of Christianity versus Islam
both Empires wanted to keep their own
faith the Arabs wanted to impose their
religion onto the Franks the two forces
clashed near tours on October 10th 732
A.D the battle was fierce and lasted
several days with both sides suffering
heavy casualties in the end though
Charles Martel and the Franks emerged
Victorious and the Arab forces were
forced to retreat back to Spain ending
the massive expansion of the Arabic
Empire
foreign
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while in the west the definition of God
was War in China during the rule of the
Tang religions like Buddhism taoism and
Confucianism all coexisted peacefully a
citizen was able to believe what they
wanted to believe leaving for many
temples and pagodas to be built across
the Empire also during the Tang the
height of Chinese poetry was Upon Us
poets like lipo and dufu created poems
that later became the foundations of
Chinese literature lipo wrote a poignant
poem called zanzan on the Qing thing
Mountain translated by Sam Hamill the
birds have vanished down the sky now the
last Cloud drains away we sit together
the mountain in me until only the
mountain remains
Charlemagne also known as Charles the
great became the king of the Franks in
768. Charlemagne was a skilled military
leader who expanded the Frankish Empire
through successful campaigns he
conquered much of Western Europe
including modern-day France Germany
Italy and Spain Charlemagne was also a
devout Christian and worked to spread
Christianity throughout his Empire
in 785 Heron was declared caliph instead
of focusing on conquering like his
Brethren he instead focused on the
scientific growth in the new capital
city of Baghdad Heron all Rasheed wanted
to create the House of Wisdom a library
and Research Center that attracted
Scholars from around the world these
Scholars would come to the house of
wisdom with the desire to learn they've
translated The Works of the past as well
as developing the science of algebra
chemistry sociology and the concept of
infinity
while the Vikings had a different idea
of progress the Vikings were a group of
uncivilized pagans from Modern Day
Scandinavia who wanted to gain material
wealth so June 8 793 A.D marked the
beginning of the Viking age in Europe
lindisfarne was a small isolated island
off the Northeast Coast of England that
was home to a famous monastery and
considered one of Europe's most
important centers of learning on the day
of the raid a group of Viking warriors
likely from Norway or Denmark landed on
the island and attacked the monastery
the Vikings pillaged the monastery
killing many monks and taking others as
slaves The Raid was a brutal and
unexpected attack on a place of great
religious and cultural significance and
it sent shock waves throughout Europe
in 799 in Rome Pope Leo III was attacked
by a faction of Rome who believed that
the pope was guilty of tyranny and
serious personal misconduct so Pope Leo
III ran away to the Frankish Kingdom
after this Charlemagne and his Frank
Army provided an escort for the pope and
restored him to the papal office but yet
the power of the papacy was being
questioned with many people wanting it
to go away which caused Charlemagne to
go to Rome in late 800 to fight for his
Pope for his loyalty on Christmas day in
the Basilica of Saint Peter Pope Leo III
placed a crown on Charlemagne's head
declaring him the new Holy Roman Emperor
creating a new Roman Empire the Holy
Roman Empire or at least the first
rendition of it under Charlemagne the
foundations of a genuinely great empire
were forming but once Charlemagne died
in 814 the new Empire was bludgeoning
with problems
foreign
Louis the Pius
788-840 inherited an Empire filled with
problems many of his own citizens viewed
him as a strong Catholic who was well
intentioned but was incredibly weak and
unable to do anything as the Vikings
continued their raids along the Rhine
River attacking Holy Roman Empire cities
such as cologne Trier and Mains reading
various Catholic monasteries and
destroying religious artifacts caused
fear and hatred among his citizens why
would anyone trust a leader if they
can't stop barbaric pagans so various
local leaders started to focus on
defending their land rather than relying
on the central government for defense
hence beginning the process of
independently recreating the Chinese
system of feudalism at this time people
would willingly Farm on lands giving up
their freedom to these local leaders to
protect them from the Vikings creating
the basis of a new system of feudalism
while the Holy Roman Empire might have
been fighting with the Vikings and the
byzantines were fighting with the Arabs
in 820 a group of Arab Raiders landed on
the island of Crete over the next
several years Arab forces gradually
gained control of the island overcoming
the resistance of the Byzantine
Defenders the conquest was completed in
827 and Crete became part of the Arab
Empire the conquest of Sicily and
Sardinia followed a similar pattern in
827 a large Arab Fleet landed on Sicily
an Arab forces quickly gained control of
much of the island they then moved on to
Sardinia which fell to the Arab Invaders
In 828
in the Holy Roman Empire once Louis the
pious died in 840 A.D so did the
Charlemagne Empire the infighting
between family members grew leading to
the Holy Roman Empire being divided
between three family members in the
famous Treaty of Verdun in the west the
formation of the West Frankish kingdom
was given to Charlemagne's grandson
Charles the bald in modern day France in
the East the East Frankish kingdom was
given to another grandson Lewis the
German which was obviously settled in
modern day Germany while the Middle
Kingdom was given to Charlemagne's
eldest son lothaire however being
squeezed in between the West and East
Frankish kingdoms gave the Middle
Kingdom a short life span and was
practically irrelevant
the Vikings weren't just a problem for
Mainland Europe they were pillaging
everything in Mainland England so in 871
the new king of Wessex Alfred the Great
Rose to power with one thing in mind
keeping everyone safe Alfred built a
network of fortifications known as Burrs
designed to protect his people from
Viking attacks he also developed new
military tactics and strategies and
fostered alliances with other
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
unlike in Great Britain though the
Vikings were actually invited to Russia
according to Russian Legend the tribes
in Russia were tired of dealing with
political Strife so they invited the
varangians a sect of Vikings to
establish order and a government over
there hence rurik came with his two
brothers to the city of navgarad and
using the Vikings famous Force they were
able to establish order in the city
declaring rurik as their new king
creating the Kevin Roos Dynasty under
the military leadership of Oleg one of
The rura Kingsmen the Kevin ruse started
establishing small lensk and Kiev in
modern-day Ukraine creating the
Forefront of Russia Today
while back in England expanding upon his
grandfather Alfred the Great's Alliance
network athelstan was declared king of
Essex athelstan was able to get all the
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to work together to
fend off the Vikings of the British
Isles he was declared to be the first
king of England due to his ability to
navigate alliances and keep everyone
safe beginning one of the longest
monarchies in human history
while the East Frankish kingdom was
facing a similar problem the Pagan
magyars were attacking everyone across
the kingdom leaving the kingdom to live
in fear however King Otto of the East
Frankish Empire was able to defeat the
pesky magyars at the Battle of lechfield
in 955. then in 961 he could fully
conquer all of the kingdoms of Italy
restoring Christendom to all the former
pagans so in 962
Otto the first was coronated to Pope
John XII in Rome to be the new Holy
Roman Emperor
in France though the West Frankish
kingdom was struggling because in 1987
King Louis V a direct descendant of
Charlemagne died at age 20 without
leaving an heir to take over their
Dynasty leaving the French monarchy in
Peril so the French aristocracy had an
election between Hugh capit a noble with
extensive lands in the region of Isle de
France and Charles Duke of lower
Lorraine with the support of Attleboro
the Archbishop of ROMs Hugh capit became
the first king of France starting the
capetian dynasty
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foreign
however at this time the typical person
in Europe was always living in fear
every civilization was on the verge of
conquering they've all become land
hungry and were willing to fight for it
so across Europe at this time every
civilization started to entrench their
society in the ideas of feudalism
leading to another social pyramid at the
bottom lay the serfs their job was to
farm the land and ensure everyone was
fed then came the Knight Who provided
protection for the people then came the
Nobles who ruled over a specific
territory owning the land then came the
Kings as previously mentioned who gave
lands to the Nobles but all the way at
the top was the pope because the pope
could speak directly to God and had God
given ownership of all the lands
in the early 11th century Leith Erickson
was sent on a voyage to discover lands
west of Greenland if you look at a map
West of Greenland is the Americas so
leaf and his crew ventured to this new
mystical land called Vinland in modern
day Newfoundland Canada leaf and his
crew spent the winter in Finland
establishing a small settlement and
trading with the local indigenous people
they also explored the surrounding area
which they found rich and natural
resources including Timber Fish and Game
Leath and his crew returned to Greenland
in the spring where they were greeted as
Heroes for discovering new lands little
did Leaf know that he discovered a new
continent for his European people
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those significantly less is known about
the Americas some historians believe
that at the time a similar type of
expansion happened in the American
continent like in Europe sadly we just
don't have the historical records from
this unique period we know that the
Mayans down in South America were
building the impressive cities of Tico
Palenque and Chichen Itza having a
population of anywhere between 2 and 10
million we also know that there were
various tribes across the north
including the Cherokee the Navajo and
the Inuits the Inuits are most likely to
have interacted with Leaf's Fleet
while back in Europe in the holy city of
Jerusalem laid the very famous Church
the Church of the Holy Sepulcher
according to Christian belief this
church was built on the day Jesus was
crucified and resurrected however in
1009 A.D Arab caliph al-hakim ordered
the destruction of this sacred holy site
all of the Sacred sites were destroyed
leaving them completely annihilated when
the news reached Europe Christians were
horrified Pope sergius IV sent a
circular letter to all churches calling
for a holy fight in the Middle East and
the expulsion of Muslims from the Holy
Land
but yet the Arabs of the abbaside
caliphate would actually be expelled by
another before Jerusalem the seljic
Turks a Central Asian turkic people of
the Muslim faith were beginning to grow
their empire in 1055 they took over the
abbaside caliphate capital city of
Baghdad the Celtic Turks initially
respected the caliph but the seljuks
took over the city over time in 1076
they captured Medina followed the next
year by the capturing of Mecca the
holiest city in Islam
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due to this the Muslim world wasn't
ready for Pope Urban II at the Council
of Claremont in 1095 to call upon all
Christians to take up arms and Liberate
the holy land from Muslim rule the pope
promised spiritual rewards and
forgiveness of sins to those who joined
the Crusade and many nights Nobles and
peasants were inspired to take up the
cause many European Nobles such as
Godfrey of bullion to lose Bohemian of
torrento and Robert of Flanders brought
their armies from Europe on their
journey to Jerusalem while the
Christians were United the Muslims were
divided and unable to put up a strong
defense against the Crusaders hence the
Christians took over the county of
Odessa in 1098 and finally the holy city
of Jerusalem in 1099.
however the Crusade wasn't done in 1144
the Muslim forces led by Turkish ruler
Ahmad ad denzingi launched a Siege
against Odessa the city was poorly
defended and the Crusaders could not
resist the Muslim forces for long after
a Siege of several weeks the city was
breached and the Muslim forces overran
the city killing or enslaving much of
the population but the Christians
weren't happy with that so in 1147 the
massive armies of Europe came back with
attempts to free Odessa the Crusaders
faced significant logistical challenges
including shortages of food and supplies
they were also plagued by infighting and
political rivalries which called The
Campaign to be in ruin after the
disastrous loss of the battle of a knob
in 1149 which resulted in the capture of
King Louis VII and the loss of much of
the Crusader Army
good
foreign
while the Christians and Muslims were
fighting the Hindus in the Khmer Empire
under King suryavarman II built a
fantastic Temple for the Hindu god
Vishnu called the Angkor Wat Vishnu is
an important God in Hinduism known as
the preserver and protector of the
universe he has ten incarnations or
avatars and is often depicted as having
blue skin and holding four objects as
you approach Angkor Wat you are greeted
by a massive moat and a grand entrance
gate adorned with intricate carvings of
mythological creatures and deities the
main Temple Rises like a towering
mountain with intricate carvings and
reliefs that tell the stories of Hindu
mythology and the history of the Khmer
Empire the Temple's galleries are lined
with stunning bass release depicting
scenes of battles ceremonies and daily
life in ancient Cambodia at the heart of
the complex is the central Sanctuary a
massive with pyramid-like structure
surrounded by smaller temples and
Courtyards the sanctuary is considered
the most sacred part of the temple
adorned with intricately carved statues
and images of Hindu gods and goddesses
it was an incredible feat of human
ingenuity
but yet in 1187 the Muslim Commander
from Egypt Saladin became fed up with
the Christian rule of Jerusalem so he
declared a holy war across the Muslim
World in order to reconquer Jerusalem
from the Christians the battle occurred
on a scorching hot day in the Hills near
the Sea of Galilee celadine's forces
numbered around twenty thousand the
crusaders had a much smaller force of
around 12 000 Knights soldiers and
civilians under the aptly named King
King guy the battle began with
skirmishes between the two sides but
soon escalated into a full-scale
engagement saladin's forces could use
their Superior Cavalry to encircle the
Crusaders who could not break through
the Muslim lines the Heat and thirst
soon took a toll on the Crusaders who
were weakened and disoriented the Muslim
forces took advantage of the situation
they launched a fierce attack breaking
through the Crusader lines in capturing
many nights King guy and a small group
of knights were able to escape the
battlefield still the majority of the
Crusader Army was destroyed the loss of
the battle was a severe blow to the
Christian forces in the region and it
paved the way for saladin's conquest of
Jerusalem
but the Christians weren't going to
allow that so guess what happened
another Crusade this time the three most
powerful monarchs at the time Emperor
Frederick the first of the Holy Roman
Empire King Richard the first of England
and King Philip II of France sent their
best armies to reconquer the holy city
of Jerusalem however all the force in
the world couldn't retake Jerusalem from
the grips of Saladin leaving the Third
Crusade to be a failure
um
Gus was born to a mother kidnapped by
his father and forced in the marriage
Legend holds that he came into this
world clutching a blood clot in his
right hand before he turned 10 his
father was poisoned to death by an enemy
Clan genghis's Clan then deserted him
his mother and his six siblings to avoid
having to feed them however he soon
began to make friends with the other
clans throughout the Mongolian
Mountainside by 1206 he had United all
the various tribes uniting one million
people for the time Genghis was quite
Progressive he made it illegal to sell
and kidnap women banish the idea of
enslavement of any Mongol and even
allowed freedom of religion when it came
to war though Genghis was as barbaric as
the next one he's first campaign was
against the shisha Kingdom in 1209 his
army of mostly cavalrymen on horses
quickly outnumbered and destroyed the
kingdom his next Target was the Jin
dynasty in China from 12 11 to 1214 they
outnumbered Mongols ravaged the
countryside causing food shortages
resulting in the Jinn Army killing tens
of thousands of their own peasants just
so their Elites could live in 1214 the
Mongols besieged the capital of zhongdu
now Beijing and burnt it to the ground
in the early 13th century King John was
facing increasing pressure from his
Barons who were demanding greater rights
and protections under the law in
response to their demands John agreed to
meet with the Barons and negotiate a
settlement the results of these
negotiations was the Magna Carta a
document that set out a series of rights
and freedoms that the king could not
violate among these rights were the
right to a fair try while the right to
due process of law and the right to be
protected from arbitrary arrests and
imprisonment the Magna Carta also
established the principle of habeas
corpus which required the government to
produce a prisoner in court and provide
a lawful reason for their detention this
principle has been a Cornerstone of
modern legal systems around the world
then in 1217 there was another Crusade
this time led by King Andrew II of
Hungary and Duke Leopold the sixth of
Austria with the same goal in mind to
take over Jerusalem the Crusaders
successfully captured the city of
damieta in 1219 but they could not
Advance further into Egypt after a
series of setbacks including capture and
imprisonment of many Crusaders the
Christian forces were forced to abandon
their campaign in Egypt the Crusaders
eventually agreed to a treaty with the
Muslim forces allowing them to leave
Egypt unharmed but without achieving
their ultimate goal
Genghis Khan wasn't done though in 1219
went to war against the querzem empire
in present-day Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Afghanistan and Iran during his raids
the Mongol horde swept through one city
after another taking over the likes of
burkhara Samarkand and her Ginge skilled
workers such as carpenters and Jewelers
were usually saved while Aristocrats and
resisting soldiers were killed unskilled
workers meanwhile were often used as
human Shields during the next assault no
one knows with any certainty how many
people died during Genghis Khan's Wars
in part because the Mongols propagated
their vicious image as a way of
spreading Terror at Genghis Khan's death
he controlled a massive territory from
the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea
however even more impressively around 8
percent of the men in South Asia descend
from Genghis Khan today
in 1228 Emperor Frederick II of the Holy
Roman Empire tried to conquer the holy
land but failed ending the sixth Crusade
of course the Holy Roman Empire couldn't
be the only one crusading king Louis IX
of France in 1248 decided to start the
seventh crusade to retake Jerusalem but
he was taken prisoner by the Muslims and
forced to pay a hefty Ransom as he
retreated however that didn't deter King
Louis IX because in 1270 he was at it
again trying to free Jerusalem from the
grips of Muslim rule but this time he
died of dysentery once King Louis IX
died his troops retreated creating the
eighth and final time there was a
crusade
in England though in 1295 England was
making a diplomatic Headway and a letter
summoning Parliament King Edward the
first wrote since the most righteous law
of The Emperor's ordains that what
touches all should be approved by all so
it appears that common dangers should be
met by remedies agreed upon in common as
King Edward I would then request a tenth
of the incomes of Nobles and an 11th of
the income of knights creating one of
the first parliaments we would see in a
new age
while Down in Africa a liter of
extravagant wealth Mansa Musa was
gaining power on his famous Hajj a
religious Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
that every Muslim should make at least
once in his life Mansa Musa with his
Caravan of camels and an army of
Scholars gave vast amounts of gold to
any poor person he saw hence crashing
all of the economies in Northern Africa
due to the inflation of gold when Mansa
Musa returned to Mali he made it his
life purpose to make Timbuktu the Muslim
capital of knowledge so Mansa Musa
invested heavily in building the
University of sencore various Islamic
faith Scholars quickly made their way to
sandcore to study Islamic theology law
and literature with over 1 million
manuscripts Mansa Musa was also a very
religious man with a policy that he
commissioned a new mosque every Friday
however sadly though only the Jing garib
mosque in Timbuktu stood the test of
time
in the Americas though another built on
riches was being created as Aztec Legend
has it the god wheat salipochially
directed them to build where they saw an
eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake
when they saw this exact scene on an
Island located in what was once Lake
texcoco they interpreted it as a sign
from their God and founded tenochidlon
on that island As Time passed tenochid
lawn started to build impressive temples
such as the Great temple the Great
temple comprised of two main structures
dedicated to the gods wheat Sila
poachedali and talaylock the city itself
was most fascinating it was designed
with a complex system of canals and
causeways to help control flooding and
facilitate transport across the city
while they started to farm on floating
gardens known as chinampas on the
shallow Waters of Lake texoko which were
used to grow prompts such as Maize beans
and squash
as Molly and the Aztecs were building
their cities England and France were in
war for 100 years the origins of the
conflict lay with the status of the
duchy of guy in in basic capitalistic
terms this was owned by the British
crown however the land itself was in
France the second reason was that the
last direct descendant of Charlemagne
King Charles IV died in 1328 so the next
closest relative was Edward III the king
of England so King Edward III claimed
the rule of France in 1337 which was not
liked by the French people
as the petty erratic Hundred Years War
raged on the people of the world had to
face a pandemic like no other the
Bubonic plague as the Italian poet
Giovanni boccaccio wrote at the
beginning of the malady certain
swellings either on the groin or under
the armpits waxed to the bigness of a
common Apple others to the size of an
egg some more and some less and these
the vulgar named plague Boyles
historians believe this pandemic was
spread by rats traveling through ships
across Europe and Merchants throughout
the Silk Road no matter how this plague
was produced around 75 to 200 million
people died with a death of so many
people especially the poor landowners
and Nobles were required to allow
Farmers to keep more of the product they
farmed leading to more workers rights
in China though a group of rebels known
as the red turbans revolted against the
Mongol rulers of China the red turbans
were led by a man named Zhu Yen Zhang
born into a poor peasant family zoo
built a strong following among the rebel
forces and eventually emerged as their
leader in 1368 Zoo declared himself
Emperor and established the Ming Dynasty
marking the beginning of a new era in
Chinese history
[Music]
in 1428 at the age of 16 Joan left her
home in the village of domery and
traveled to the court of Charles VII
where she asked for permission to lead
the French Army against the English at
first her request was met with
skepticism in disbelief still the Joan
persisted and eventually won the support
of the French commanders Jones first
major military Victory came in the siege
of Orleans in 1429 she led the French
troops in a series of Daring attacks on
the English forces and she broke the
siege and liberated the city this
Victory boosted French morale and helped
to turn the tide of the war in their
favor over the next several months Joan
led the French army to victories against
the English including the Battle of Pate
in June 1429 however her success also
made her enemies in the English and
French French Court in 1430 she was
captured by the English and put on trial
for heresy and Witchcraft Joan was
subjected to a grueling trial she was
accused of various crimes including
dressing in men's clothing practicing
sorcery and hearing voices despite the
odds against her Joan remained steadfast
in her faith and her belief that she was
carrying out God's will in the end Joan
was found guilty and sentenced to death
by burning at stake she was executed on
May 30th 1431 at 19. then 20 years later
in the Battle of Castilian Charles VII
of France led a French army which
defeated the English army effectively
ending English territorial claims in
France
[Music]
while back in the great city of
Constantinople the Byzantine Empire was
declining weakened by years of war
political instability and economic
turmoil in contrast the Ottoman Empire
led by Sultan mehmed II was on the rise
and the sultan saw an opportunity to
expand his Empire and gain control of
the Strategic city of Constantinople by
1453 mehmed II LED an army of 80 000
soldiers including Elite janissary
troops and a powerful artillery Force to
besiege Constantinople the Byzantine
Defenders led by Emperor Constantine XI
were vastly outnumbered and outgunned
they faced a seemingly impossible task
to hold off the ottoman assault the
Ottomans bombarded the city with
artillery for nearly two months causing
extensive damage to the walls and
fortifications the Byzantine Defenders
meanwhile struck struggle to maintain
morale and keep their troops fed and
supplied then on the fateful day May 29
1453 the Ottomans launched a massive
assault on the city climbing up covered
by Siege Towers they were able to breach
the walls and gain access to the city
despite putting up a valiant defense the
Byzantine Defenders were overwhelmed and
the Ottomans were able to storm this
city and capture the capital causing the
great Byzantine Empire to fall in 1453
all paths no longer led to Rome and all
traces back to the Empire of Caesar were
erased it was replaced by the beginning
of utter ottoman domination in the
region ushering in a new era of Turkish
power and influence in the Mediterranean
while the byzantines might have been
falling the Russians were finally
gaining their independence at the time
the Mongol Empire was ruling over Russia
demanding that various Russian towns pay
tribute or face the Wrath of the Mongols
however in 1472 Ivan the Great refused
to pay such tribute over the next
several years he built up his military
strength and was able to drive out the
Mongol garrisons from various cities and
towns throughout Russia in 1480 the
Mongols demanded that Ivan pay tribute
or face military action but after a
tense standoff they finally retreated
Ivan's victory was the beginning of a
free Russia and then a cline of the
Mongolian Empire
then in 1492 as Christopher Columbus
sailed the ocean blue the Europeans
discovered the new world set initially
on finding a path to India instead he
landed on an island in the Bahamas which
he aptly named San Salvador when he and
his crew set up camp he met the lucayans
skilled fishermen and farmers who
welcomed him and his crew and provided
them with food and supplies
while back in Europe a golden age of
culture was Upon Us in 1503 Leonardo da
Vinci painted the Mona Lisa Da Vinci's
biographer Walter Isaacson says the Mona
Lisa to me is the greatest emotional
painting ever done the way the smile
flickers makes it a work of art and
science because Leonardo understood
Optics the muscles of the lips and how
light strikes the eye all of it goes
into making the Mona Lisa smile so
mysterious and Elusive in 1504
Michelangelo sculpted David Michelangelo
would say and every block of marble I
see a statue as plain as though it stood
before me Shaped in perfect in attitude
and action I have only to Hew away the
rough walls that imprisoned the lovely
Apparition to reveal it to the other
eyes as Minds see it while in 1506
Michelangelo was painting The
Magnificent painting of the Sistine
Chapel
while in the political world Nicolo
Machiavelli is one of if not the most
influential pieces of literature we have
today the prince is a political
Manifesto that comments on the past
civilizations we've heard about in this
video Machiavelli writes it is much
safer to be feared than loved because
love is preserved by the link of
obligation which owing to the beastness
of men is broken at every opportunity
for their advantage but fear preserves
You by a dread of punishment which never
fails think the ordinary farmer think
about the man who spends generations of
their life farming giving heavy taxes to
a noble Lord for doing nothing except
protecting them why won't the farmers
Rebel it's because they're afraid of
what would happen without their leaders
without the elites the Huns or the
Mongols can come to your farm and
destroy you on their own so you live in
fear as to what might happen to you
leaving you to give your wheat to said
leader
[Music]
Martin Luther though didn't just report
on the basics of human nature Martin
wanted to make a difference and was sick
of the Catholic church at the time the
Catholic church was selling indulgences
which were certificates that people
could purchase to reduce the amount of
time they would spend in purgatory after
they died Luther believed this practice
was corrupt and went against the Bible's
teachings which emphasized the
importance of repentance and Faith over
material wealth in protest he wrote a
series of 95 Theses or arguments
challenging the church's Authority and
calling for reform on October 31st 1517
Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door
of the castle Church in Wittenberg which
was a common way of announcing a public
debate or discussion Luther's 95 Theses
sparked a debate within the church and
among European scholars and theologians
some people agreed with his criticisms
of the church While others saw him as a
heretic and a threat to the established
order the beginning of protestantism was
upon us
[Music]
in 1519 though the Spanish conquistadors
under the leadership of Hernan Cortes
arrived on the Aztec Shores they were
greeted by the Aztecs who gave Gifts of
gold and silver of incredible wealth to
the Spanish as they believed that the
Spaniards were emissaries of the god
quetzal collateral however Cortez soon
revealed his true intentions to conquer
the Aztec Empire and claim its wealth
for Spain over several years Cortez and
his forces engaged in a series of
battles with the Aztecs marked by
intense violence and brutality the
Spanish were aided by their Superior
military technology including guns and
cannons and by the support of indigenous
allies who were the enemies of the
Aztecs despite being vastly outnumbered
Cortez and his men made significant
gains against the Aztecs eventually
laying Siege to their capital city
after months of fighting the city fell
to the Spanish in 1521 and the Aztec
Empire was effectively destroyed then
following the strategy of Cortez
Francisco Pizarro LED an expedition that
conquered the Incan Empire in
present-day Peru though the violence was
authoritarian the biohazards were even
more demanding the Europeans due to
having survived illnesses such as the
Bubonic plague in smallpox developed
immunity to many of these diseases that
they've one way or another spread to the
native people essentially over time
killing them off
under Suleiman the magnificence
leadership the Ottoman Empire became one
of the most powerful and influential
empires in world history Suleiman was a
brilliant strategist and military leader
and his Reign was marked by significant
conquests and political achievements
like many other leaders he set out to
conquer the world by the end of his
Reign Suleiman the Magnificent presided
over a vast Empire that stretched from
Southeastern Europe to the deserts of
Arabia and from the shores of the
Mediterranean to The Plains of Persia
his conquests included the capture of
Belgrade in Budapest in Europe Jerusalem
and Mecca in the Middle East and
tabreeze in Baghdad and Persia the
Ottomans also became the dominant Naval
power in the Mediterranean with control
over North African cities such as
Algiers and Tunis creating the dominant
ottoman civilization foreign
[Music]
but yet All Things fall when one is in
love and the murder happy King Henry had
fallen in love with Anne Boylan and was
desperate to marry her however Catherine
of Aragon was still alive and the
Catholic Church did not recognize
divorce Henry's solution was to break
away from the Catholic church and
established the Church of England with
himself as the head in 1534 Henry passed
the act of Supremacy which declared that
the king not the pope was the Supreme
head of the Church of England leaving
the Catholic Church to be angry and
excommunicate Henry VII leaving a Schism
between the Church of England and the
Catholic Church even today
thank you
Ivan the Terrible is now the ruler of
Russia in the early years of his Reign
Ivan enjoyed significant success
launching military campaigns against
neighboring kingdoms and expanding
Russia's borders he also oversaw the
construction of magnificent Public Works
including Saint Basil's Cathedral and
Moscow
however as Ivan Grew Older he became
increasingly paranoid and erratic he
launched a series of brutal purges and
executions targeting anyone he perceived
as threatening his power he also had a
volatile temper lashing out at advisors
and Nobles who dared to question his
decisions in 1560 Ivan suffered a
devastating personal loss when his
beloved wife Anastasia died this event
seems to have triggered a significant
psychological breakdown and Ivan became
increasingly unstable and violent he
launched a series of bloody campaigns
against his own people including the
notorious oprich Nina a campaign of
Terror and repression that killed
thousands of Russians and destroyed
countless homes and families truly
deserving of the name terrible
while Russia was going through that
England was on the rise with the start
of the English Renaissance under the
leadership of Queen Elizabeth the first
Elizabethan playwrights dominated the
scene creating written words that were
poetic in language and poignant and
meeting they've even written plays about
people we've already talked about
William Shakespeare wrote many plays
including histories Julius Caesar which
was about the assassination of Julius
Caesar King John which was about the
Hundred Years War and Henry VII was a
play about showing human needs to gain
power other notable playwrights who
filled the scene were Christopher
Marlowe Ben Johnson and John Webster
while on the other side of the world the
English colony of Jamestown was forming
in Virginia under the Virginia Trading
Company slightly up north Samuel de
Champlain was establishing the French
colony of Quebec in Canada
while back in the old world they were
having a new era of fighting the 30
Years War this time it was between the
Protestants and the Catholics it began
in 1618 when the Holy Roman Emperor
attempted to impose Catholicism on the
Protestant population of bohemia the
Bohemians rebelled and soon the conflict
spread throughout the region over the
next 30 Years armies marched encounter
marched across Europe leaving a trail of
Destruction and Devastation the war was
characterized by brutal seizures bloody
battles and atrocities committed by both
sides at its height the war involved
most of the major powers of Europe
including France Spain Sweden and the
Holy Roman Empire it was fought along
religious political and economic lines
with each side vying for dominance and
control the war finally ended in 1648
with the signing of the Peace of
Westphalia the treaty recognized the
Dutch Republic's Independence
established the individual State
sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire
and ended the religious conflicts that
fueled the war
[Music]
while in China the Ming Court was
plagued by corruption factionalism and
economic decline the emperor at the time
chongqsin faced mounting pressure from
his advisors to strengthen the military
and defend against the Manchu threat
however his efforts were hindered by
infighting among officials and a lack of
resources in 1644 the Manchu Army led by
Prince dorgon launched a massive
invasion of China the Ming Army weakened
by years of neglect and Corruption was
no match for the highly disciplined and
skilled Manchu forces the manchus
quickly conquered Beijing and installed
their puppet Emperor ending the Ming
Dynasty continuing the cycle of
dynasties in China
foreign
[Music]
King Charles II died without having any
heirs creating a real political crisis
of who should be the leader King Louis
XIV of France supported his grandson
Philip as the rightful heir to the
Spanish Throne hoping to secure French
influence over Spain and its territories
on the other hand Emperor Leopold the
first of Austria supported the candidacy
of Archduke Charles a member of the
Habsburg Dynasty who was seen as a
potential ally against French
expansionism the conflict soon escalated
into a major war with many European
powers taking sides and forming
alliances the principal belligerents
were France and Spain against a
coalition of Austria Great Britain the
Dutch Republic Portugal and several
other minor Powers the war ended with
the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 which
recognized Philip as king of Spain Bud
required him to renounce any claims to
the French throne and Seed some
territories to Great Britain and Austria
the Treaty of rastat signed the
following year officially ended the war
[Music]
in 1707 the acts of the Union were
passed by the parliaments of England and
Scotland which United the two kingdoms
into a single political entity known as
Great Britain hence creating the legal
foothold that is Great Britain however
Scotland took a disliking to this there
were protests and uprisings in the Years
following the union including the
Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 which
aimed to restore the Scottish monarchy
and Independence
foreign
then on July 4th
1776 a group of American Patriots stood
in a room in Philadelphia signing a
document that would say the words we
hold these truths to be self-evident
that all men are created equal that they
are endowed by their creator with
certain unalienable rights that among
these are life liberty and the pursuit
of happiness war in the Americas was on
thank you
but back in Europe the tone was quite
different Adam Smith published the
famous book The Wealth of Nations the
foundations of laissez's fair economics
which essentially says the market would
balance itself out over time in Austria
Mozart was performing his magnum opus
the Hafner serenade Mozart's Hafner
serenade is a charming and elegant Work
featuring courtly dance music in light
lyrical Melodies its graceful Melodies
subtle harmonies and elegant
instrumental writing characterizes
as the war continued King George III
sent his armies of the masses over to
America though the colonists had little
military training their knowledge of the
terrain and Guerrilla tactics made them
nearly invisible at the same time the
Red Army Coats were easy to see for the
Americans in the summer of 1781 George
Washington and French General Rochambeau
marched their forces South to Virginia
where they laid Siege to Cornwallis and
his army at Yorktown the British were
trapped and could not Escape by land or
Sea The Siege dragged on for weeks the
American and French forces bombarded the
British with artillery they dug trenches
to inch their way closer to the British
defensive the French navy defeated the
British Navy in a crucial naval battle
off the coast of Virginia cutting off
cornwallis's only Escape Route by sea on
October 14 1781 the American and French
forces launched a a massive assault on
the British defenses the British fought
valiantly but were vastly outnumbered
and outgunned and they soon began to
falter on October 19th Cornwallis
surrendered his army to Washington
effectively ending the war the Victory
at Yorktown was a decisive moment in the
war and it marked the end of British
rule in America and the beginning of a
new experiment
[Music]
with America finally being free from the
totally tyrannical grips of Britain they
had one issue how were they going to
lead were they going to make General
George Washington their Monarch
therefore democracy was chosen however
Plato made a good point many years ago
that the common man was incapable and
not wise enough to pick a better leader
to lead them to success so the American
founded Constitutional Convention came a
with this idea of the Electoral College
where the common man would vote for a
particular person who would then have a
say in who could be president so instead
of the president being directly voted on
by the people they would vote on Elites
who would then vote for the president
directly
the French then noticed how well the
American Revolution went at the time the
French were ruled by King Louis XVI and
his wife Queen Marie Antoinette as Queen
Marie Antoinette told the peasants let
them eat cake the people of France got
together they decided they wanted more
say in how the country was run and they
formed a group called The National
Assembly and started making new laws to
give them more rights one of the most
famous events of the French Revolution
was the storming of the Bastille this
was a prison that represented the king's
power and the people wanted to show that
they were not afraid of him they broke
into the prison and freed the prisoners
which started a revolution throughout
France many influential people lost
their heads During the Revolution
including King Louis XVI and his wife
Queen Marie Antoinette the people were
are tired of being ruled by a king and
queen who didn't care about them and
they wanted to create a new system where
everyone would have a say and the people
of France voted in Maximilian robes
Pierre in 1789 Rose Pierre was elected
as a delegate to the Estates General
which was convened to address France's
financial crisis he quickly emerged as a
leading voice in the National Assembly
advocating for the ordinary people's
rights and opposing the aristocracy's
power as the revolution continued though
Robespierre became increasingly radical
in his views advocating for the
execution of King Louis XVI and the
establishment of a republic he was
elected to the powerful Committee of
Public Safety in 1793 tasked with
protecting the Revolution and rooting
out enemies of the State under
Robespierre's leadership the committee
launched a period of intense repression
known as the ray of Terror thousands of
people were arrested tried and executed
for crimes against the revolution
Robespierre became known as a ruthless
and uncompromising figure however
Robespierre's power began to wane as the
people grew tired of the violence and
the instability of the revolution in
1794 he was arrested and imprisoned
along with his closest allies on July 28
1794 Robespierre was taken to the
guillotine and executed
the execution marked the end of the
reign of terror and democracy for now in
France instead they moved to a directory
a directory is a government led by a
five-member executive Council known as
the directory which was chosen by the
Council of Elders this legislative body
was also part of the new government the
directory was meant to serve as a
moderating force balancing the interests
of the various factions that had emerged
during the revolution
however the directory concept wasn't
successful as well so General Napoleon
Bonaparte decided to overthrow the
government and begin his conquests to
take over the world
so off Napoleon went to conquer much of
Europe in 1805 Napoleon defeated a
combined austro-russian Army at the
Battle of austerlitz solidifying his
position as one of Europe's most
powerful leaders he then conquered much
of the continent including Spain
Portugal and the Netherlands in 1812
Napoleon invaded Russia with a massive
Army still the campaign proved
disastrous and his forces were decimated
by the harsh Russian winter
the defeat marked the beginning of
Napoleon's downfall in 1814 the European
powers Allied against Napoleon and
invaded France forcing him to abdicate
his throne and go into Exile on the
island of Elba however he returned to
France in 1815 in what became known as
the hundred days and briefly regained
power before being defeated by the
British and Prussian armies at the
Battle of Waterloo
while back in the Americas Simone
Bolivar was on his military campaigns to
free Latin American countries from the
grasp of the Spanish colonial rule
Bolivar began his military campaigns in
Venezuela in 1810 where he led a
successful Uprising against the Spanish
Colonial authorities he then moved on to
Colombia where he won a series of
important victories against the Spanish
including the Battle of boyaka in 1819
which secured the independence of
Colombia Bolivar then turned his
attention to Ecuador and Peru where he
won a series of decisive battles that
helped secure both countries
Independence he captured the city of
Lima in 1824 effectively ending Spanish
control of Peru bolivar's final military
campaign was in Bolivia where he led the
fight for independence against the
Spanish in 1825 Bolivia was named in
honor of Bolivar who played a critical
role in its liberation
[Music]
in 1848 two men had an idea that would
spark debate worldwide Karl Marx and
Frederick Engels wrote the book called
The Communist Manifesto which is a book
about the idea of Communism where
instead of a capitalistic system where
the Nobles or Bourgeois own everything
and the workers and proletariats work
for slave wages instead what if the
proletariats owned the means of
production and all worked together as
Marx and Ingles would write let the
ruling classes tremble at a communistic
revolution the proletarians would have
nothing to lose but their chains and
they have and they'd to win they would
also write the need for a constantly
expanding market for its products chases
the bourgeoisie over the whole surface
of the globe it must Nestle everywhere
settle everywhere establish connections
everywhere
foreign
right after the writing of the Communist
Manifesto began a period in Europe known
as the Scramble for Africa it All Began
in the 1870s when European countries
began to explore the interior of Africa
looking for new territories to claim and
resources to exploit at first the
European powers were cautious sending
explorers and missionaries into Africa
to establish trade networks and
alliances with local leaders however as
competition increased the European
powers became more aggressive in their
tactics they used military force to
establish colonies and protectorates and
they engaged in diplomatic maneuvering
and propaganda campaigns to gain the
support of local populations one of the
most ruthless tactics the European
powers used was dividing Africa into
artificial borders and creating new
ethnic and linguistic divisions this
created tensions and conflicts between
different African groups which the
Europeans used to their advantage
creating a European stronghold over the
continent of Africa to increase their
profits the Scramble for Africa came to
an end as a result of several factors
including changing International
politics economic realities and Rising
African nationalism one of the key
factors that contributed to the end of
the Scramble for Africa was the changing
balance of power in Europe by the early
20th century European powers were
increasingly focused on competition with
each other particularly in Europe itself
and were less interested in acquiring
new colonies in Africa this was due in
part to the growing tensions between
European powers that would eventually
lead to the outbreak of World War One In
1914.
because on June 28 1914 a shot was heard
around the world with the assassination
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Franz
Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary and his assassination by
a Serbian nationalist named gavrilo
princip sparked a diplomatic crisis that
quickly escalated into a global conflict
in the aftermath of the assassination
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
triggering a complex web of alliances
and treaties that Drew other countries
into the conflict Germany an ally of
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia
and France while Great Britain which had
a treaty with Belgium declared war on
Germany within weeks most of Europe was
embroiled in a brutal and devastating
conflict in November 1918 after four
years of brutal fighting the Allied
powers and the Central Powers agreed to
an Armistice effectively bringing an end
to the war and the demise of the Ottoman
Empire on November 11th the Armistice
went into effect and the guns fell
silent across Europe
World War II the peace was short-lived
because a man named Adolf Hitler invaded
Poland like Alexander the Great Julius
Caesar trajan Attila the Hun Genghis
Khan Napoleon Bonaparte and Suleiman the
great Adolf Hitler wanted to establish
an empire for his nation and his people
Adolf had dreams of building an empire
larger than anything that was ever
created he wanted to make the Roman
Empire look like nothing however for the
sake of the world and especially those
Hitler viewed as undesirable Vermin in
April 1945 Soviet forces began a massive
assault on Berlin after weeks of intense
fighting the city fell on May 2nd and
German forces surrendered meanwhile
Allied Forces were closing in from the
west and on May 7th Germany signed an
unconditional surrender officially
ending the war in Europe a few months
later after the bombings of Nagasaki and
Hiroshima Japan surrendered as well
leaving the war to be over
foreign from World War II on the world
has faced a technological Revolution
with Alan turing's invention of the
computer during the war the world became
Global for 50 years America and the
Soviet Union were at War despite the
fact that they were on two totally
different continents in 1969 Neil
Armstrong landed on the moon saying
[Applause]
years on the world has become
increasingly smaller computers have
become more affordable cell phones
change the way we communicated with one
another let's go back to the story of a
man named Gilgamesh on his quest for
immortality at the end of the poem
Gilgamesh realizes life which you look
for you will never find for when God's
created man they let death be his share
and life withheld in their own hands the
history of human civilizations is an
incomplete book constantly being updated
some things will never change however
humans will always die Empires will
always rise and fall the masses will
always clamor towards safety
foreign