事物会发展事物 因此需要一种方法在空间实际存在之前将其形象化 Things develop things, and therefore a method is required to visualize the spaces before they actually exist.
绘画已经成为最直接的方法 当然 还有物理模型 And drawing has become the most direct way of doing this, as well as, of course, physical models.
但最重要的是 But above all.
作为设计师 我们需要一种方法来完成一个想法 As designers, we need a means by which we can work through an idea.
所以空间建构 特殊的想法可能开始于我们脑海中的图像 So spatial construct, special ideas might begin as images in our minds eye.
但是为了完成一个项目的发展 我们需要把我们感知到的想法具体化 But in order to work through the development of a project, we need to make physical the idea that we perceive.
所以绘画是我们解决问题和思考问题的方法 And so drawing is the way that we actually use to work things out and to think things through.
米 m
它也值得一看 It's also worth seeing the.
设计很少单独发生 Design rarely happens in isolation.
所以我的意思是 很少只有一个人控制这个项目 So what I mean by that is that it's rare that only one person is in control of the project.
当你在大学发展你的项目时 你往往是唯一做决定的人 Whilst you at college and university in developing your projects, you tend to be the only person to make decisions.
但在实践中 But in practice,
有一个团队参与其中 不同的学科之间需要进行对话 无论是架构师和其他架构师之间 Theres a team of people involved, and there needs to be a dialogue between the different disciplines, whether it's between the architects and other architects.
建筑师 工程师 客户 Architects, engineers, clients.
其他的专家顾问以及我们用来沟通那些需要联系在一起的不同事物的方法 Other specialist consultants and the means by which we use to communicate those different things that need to be tied together.
是绘画 Is by drawing.
所以所有这些对我来说都是安静的 And so so all of those things suggests to me that is quiet.
这是一个很大的主题 有很多不同类型的绘画 A big subject, and there are lots of different types of drawings.
一位建筑师 美国建筑师 迈克尔·格雷夫斯 在一篇题为 失落的绘画艺术 的文章中 An architect, american architect, michael Graves, in an essay that he called the lost Art of Drawing.
他 He.
在他的脑海中 有三种类型的图画 他称它们为参考素描 业主研究和确定画 Concluded that in his mind, there are three types of drawings. He called them referential sketch, the proprietor study, and the definitive drawing.
每一种都有不同的目的 因此通常有不同的画法 And each one of those has a different purpose, and therefore often has a different kind of approach to the drawing type.
这只是背景 This just contextualize and.
谈论这个的人是迈克尔·格雷夫斯的一幅画 他曾经 This person who were talking about this is one of Michael Graves drawings, and he used to produce quite.
非常详细的立面图 很多 我在美国以一种后现代风格工作 Quite detailed elevational drawings, quite a lot. I'm working in a kind of post modern style in America.
在20世纪70年代 In the nineteen seventies.
和 And.
这些图纸是发展比例和立面组成的一种方式 These drawings were a way of developing the proportions, the composition of a facade.
他们是工作图纸 但实际上 顺便说一句 它很有价值 They were working drawings, but actually, as an aside, it's worth.
注意到这些画后来就变成了实物 Noting that these drawings then became objects in their own right.
变得非常有价值 你可以看到他开始在这些画上签名 这样他们就 And became quite valuable, and you can see he's begun to start sign these drawings so that they take on.
一种全新的意义 但实际上 A whole new meaning in their own right. But actually.
最终 一开始 它们是解决问题的一种方法 你可以看到这张纸的黄色 Ultimately, to begin with, they were a way of working through a problem, and you can see the yellow color of that paper.
那是一张描图纸 一张细节纸可以一遍又一遍地铺 这是关于建筑师绘画的另一件事 That's a tracing paper, a detail paper that can be laid over and over and over. And that's the other thing about architects with drawing is that.
你不 你很少画一次东西 画似乎被画了一遍又一遍又一遍 You don't you very rarely draw something once, drawings seem to be drawn over and over and over and repeated.
随着它们的进化 变得精细 你会意识到 As they evolve and be and become refined. And you realize the kind of.
对一个想法如何形成的结论 Conclusion of an idea how things are going to come together.
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我想给你们读一段迈克尔·格雷夫斯的话 因为他谈到了绘画 I wanted to read a quote to you by from Michael Graves, because he talked about drawing.
同时 作为一种交流方式 一种人们之间无法忍受的语言 And also, as this kind of method of communication, a language between people that wasn't bearable.
他讲了一件轶事 几年前 我在普林斯顿参加了一场很无聊的教员会议 And so this kind of anecdote of his, he talks about years ago, I was sitting in a rather boring faculty meeting at Princeton.
为了打发时间 我拿出笔记本 开始画设计图 可能是我正在设计的某个建筑 To pass the time, I pulled out my pad and to start drawing a plan, probably of some building I was designing.
一个同样无聊的同事看着我 觉得很有趣 我犹豫了一下 把便笺簿递给他 An equally bored colleague was watching me amused. I came to a point of indecision and passed him the pad.
他又加了几行字 把信递了回去 游戏是反复进行的 我们每人画了五条线 然后是四条线 以此类推 He added a few lines and passed it back. The game was on back and forth, we went drawing five lines each, then four and so on.
虽然我们没有说话 但我们就这个计划进行了对话 我们彼此非常了解 While we didn't speak, we were engaged in a dialogue over this plan, and we understood each other perfectly.
我认为你可以用文字来进行这样的辩论 但那将是完全不同的 I suppose that you could have a debate like that with words, but it would have been entirely different.
我们的游戏不是关于输赢 而是关于共同的语言 Our game was not about winners or losers but about a shared language.
我非常喜欢画这幅画 这是一个坚持绘画的行为 构图将保持开放 Made a genuine love for making this drawing. There was an insistence by the act of drawing that the composition would stay open.
推测在绘画的意义上是湿的 That the speculation would stay wet in the sense for painting.
我们的计划是没有技巧的 我们可以很容易地画一个家庭建筑作为一个城市的一部分 Our plan was without skill, and we could as easily have been drawing a domestic building as a portion of a city.
正是绘画的行为让我们得以推测 It was the act of drawing that allowed us to speculate.
所以 And so.
我认为这是一个很好的想法 或者是一个很好的观察 可以有一个对话 I think that's a really nice idea, or a really nice observation, the there can be a dialogue.
通过绘画 Through the drawing.
这幅画是讨论的语言 也是 The drawing is the language by which a discussions had, and also.
但这幅画并不是固定不变的 画好了 你就可以推测 提出想法 But the drawing is not a fixed thing. The drawing is cleared, and it allows you to speculate, to project ideas.
我们回到这个概念 大概有三种画法 And we're going back to this idea, about three types of drawing.
我们说过 或者MichaelGraves说过参照草图 所以那可能是早期阶段的概念草图 We talk about, or Michael Graves talks about the referential sketch, so that might be early stage conceptual sketches.
在你的写生簿里 脚 That you have in your sketchbook. Foot.
不一定总是有技能 但他们可能有一定比例的关系 Don't necessarily have always a skill, but they might have a proportional relationship.
它们并不总是为了向别人展示它们是 它们是关于从哪里获得你的想法 Um, and they're not necessarily always about short for showing somebody else they're. They're about getting your ideas from.
从你的脑袋开始写在纸上 逐字逐句地批改 在早期阶段 From your head on the paper, marking them working them through. At an early stage,
另一种参考草图可能是早期的勘测图 所以这是手工绘制的测量图 Another type of referential sketch might be a survey drawing at an early stage, so this is a measured survey drawing done by hand.
当你在画这个的时候 你可以算出一些东西 当然它包含一些 Where you are, you are kind of working something out as you're drawing this, and of course it contains some.
感谢你的信息 但这还只是早期的草图 Thankful information, but it's still an early stage sketch.
然后他谈到了专利研究 Then he talks about the proprietary study.
我认为这更像是一种设计图 And I see this more as a kind of design drawing.
举个例子 这里有一个学生项目 So for example, here you've got a student project where.
这些画实际上是想告诉你一些关于空间的本质 空间的特征 There, and these drawings are actually trying to tell you something about the nature of the space, the character of the space.
光线可能受特殊构图影响的方式 以及它可能在其环境中的方式 The the way light might be affected by the special composition, and the way that it might sit within its context.
嗯 但是 Um, but.
如果你需要根据这些图纸建造建筑 这些图纸就不是很有用了 These drawings wouldn't be very useful if you needed to build the building from these drawings.
这些更多的是关于想法 也许它们可以用来与客户沟通 或者 呃 或者发表 These are more about the idea, and maybe they might be used to communicate to client or, um or for publication.
或者只是去探索一下 Or just take explore.
对于你自己的建筑实践来说 一个像这样的顶部空间会受到光线的影响吗 For yourself for the architectural practice, how say a space like this at the top might be affected by light?
然后我们有了最终的图纸 所以我认为这是一种变得相当固定的东西 而其他一切都是相当流动的 它可以改变 And then we have the definitive drawing. So I see this as something that is kind of becoming quite fixed, whilst everything else has been quite fluid, and it could change.
这是对这个想法的进化和发展 当你开始建造一些东西的时候 And it's kind of evolving and developing the idea. By the time you come to build something.
在某种程度上 你需要对自己想要达到的目标有一定的把握 To some extent, there needs to be a degree of certainty about what you're trying to achieve.
这是从一幅结构图中摘录的 其中有一些信息是关于 So this is an extract from a construction drawing, where there are pieces of information that talk about relationships between.
62 边谈事物与边谈关系 看清既有事物与新事物 Edges of things and talking about relationships between, see an existing thing and a new thing.
并将规范链接返回到其他文档 And giving specification links back to other documents.
但我更感兴趣的是 尤其是作为一名学生 But what I'm, I think I'm more interested in, I think, particularly as a student.
绘画需要成为一种观察的方式 这句话出自电影 The drawing needs to become, is a way of seeing. This is a quote from films.
印象派画家德加 他说绘画不是形式 而是网络 看到形式 Impressionist painter Dega, who says that drawing is not the form, it is the web, seeing the form.
回到那个观点 绘画是你发展的方式 And saw, going back to that idea, that drawing is the way by which you you develop.
我的想法是 你把事情做完 你经常听到一个学生说 我还没有画出来 因为我还没有设计它 The idea, you work things through, and you often hear a student saying, I haven't drawn it yet, because I haven't designed it.
你需要记住方法 And you need to remember the way.
对 For.
事实上 我还没见过不通过绘画来设计的人 但绘画是你设计的方式 所以你 它不仅仅是 In fact, I'm still yet to meet somebody who doesn't design through drawing, but drawing is the way that you design, so you, it doesn't just.
它不只是从你的头脑转换到纸上 然后就固定下来了 这实际上是一种让狼人保持清醒的方法 一种想法 It's not just translated from your head on to paper, and then it's fixed. It's actually a method by which you keep the wolving, an idea.
所以绘画是形式不是形式 而是观察形式的方式 So drawing is the form is not the form, it's the way of seeing the form.
有趣的是 在西方绘画的发展过程中确实是这样的 And interestingly, this was quite literally the case in the development of drawing in the West, certainly.
有一段时间 Um, there was a period of time.
人们不再真正地去看他们所代表的东西 他们不再去看他们正在画的东西 In which people stopped really looking at what they were representing, they stopped looking at what they were drawing or painting.
所以在古希腊和罗马时期 有一种观察的方法 人们在一定程度上理解了空间的深度 So in the classical Greek and Roman times, there was a way of observing, people understood depth of space to some extent.
同时 他们也在一定程度上理解了他们的观点 And also, there was an understanding of them to a degree about perspective, and uh,
这种古老的艺术是安静的 And the kind of ancient art was quiet.
相对准确的表示 然后有一段时间 Relatively accurate in terms of its representation. Then there was a period of time which.
回想一下中世纪或黑暗时代 有些人这样称呼他们 Recall to the Middle Ages or the Dark Ages. Some people call them.
在哪里 在那里吸毒真的很不好 Where and it was It was really not okay to be, um, using.
现实生活中的物体作为主体 左边的这幅图 Real life objects as subjects, and so actually, this image on the left.
是从那个时期开始的 所以这是从1255开始的 你可以看到这是一个平面的表示 Is from that period, so this is from twelve Fifty five, and you can see that there's a flatness to the representation.
有一种卡通般的品质 这不是一张真实的脸 所有的东西都是平面的 There, um, there's a kind of cartoon like quality. This is not a realistic depiction of a face, and everything is quite flat.
甚至这个孩子还是个婴儿 And even the this child is baby.
脸的描绘方式几乎就像一个微型的成人 所以没有一个真正的看对象 以代表它 The way that the face is depicted is almost like a miniature adult, so there's not a real looking at the subject in order to represent it.
事实上 很多这类图片都是 And in that fact, a lot of these types of images were, um.
他们的原始素材是其他图像 所以图像是复制的 而不是观察画的主题 The source material for them were other images, so the image was copied, rather than looking at the subject of the painting.
这很有趣 但是在文艺复兴时期 Which is quite interesting, but then, during the Renaissance, um.
文艺复兴时期 人们开始回顾古代的方式 The Renaissance period, people started, um to look back at the ancient way of.
理解这个世界 和 Of understanding the world. And.
绘画真的成为了一种审视和理解世界的方式 Drawing really became a way of examining the world and understanding it.
你可以在这幅画中看到这样一种深度 And you can see in this painting here that there is such a depth.
所有的东西 甚至是布里的食物 都有一个真正的服务和三维的质量 To everything that's represented, even the foods in the cloth, have a real serve and three dimensional quality to them.
这些人 你知道 这些人的表现方式 你可以看到 甚至在皮肤下面 And the way that the humans, you know, these people, are represented, you can see, even under the skin.
有一种理解的理论 身体是被理解的 所以 That there's an understanding thenatomy, that the body is understood. So.
这是这幅画 这是一个宗教场景 This is a this painting. Here is a religious scene.
实际上 当时很多人都在用绘画来研究和检验事物 这是一种方法 That, actually, drawing was being used by lots of people at this time to really study and examine things. It was a way.
著名的是 列奥纳多·达·芬奇也在用一种科学的方式 用绘画作为一种 And that famously, leonardo da Vinci was looking, also in a scientific way, using drawing as a way of.
研究和剖析 Examining and dissecting.
事物和发现如此梦境 我们已经看到 它也是产生知识的方式 Things and discovering so dreams, we have seen that it was also way of generating knowledge.
与此同时 当然 视角的概念被重新发现了 这是一种 At the same time, of course, the idea of perspective was and being kind of rediscovered, and that was very kind of.
在早期结束 In the early end.
复兴 Renaissance.
人们普遍认为这是PhillyPoGruneleski的作品 And um, it's widely attributed to a Philly Po Gruneleski.
他把阿德赫发展成一个单一的消失点 在十五世纪早期 Who developed Adher into the prospect of a single vanishing point. In the early fifteenth century.
所有这些都帮助我们 And so all of that really helps us to.
到了绘图发生变化的时候因为我们实际上又在舔了 但同时 它也在改变我们 And come to a point where drawing is changing because we're actually licking again. But also, it's, it's changing our.
是一种对空间的期望和理解 Are kind of expectations and understanding of space in the way that it's perceived.
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另一件事 The other thing.
我觉得这次思考起来很有趣 从建筑的角度来说 那是一棵被探索过的树 That I think is interesting to think about this time, was that drawing, in an architectural sense, was really an explored tree.
发展的东西 因为在这个时候 仍然是建筑师 Developmental thing, because at this time, still, the architect.
参与了建造和建造过程 我的意思是 Was involved in the building, the building process. I mean, so.
画的内容并不多 它还没有像今天这样成为一种指导 所以这种 The drawing wasn't so much, it hadn't yet become an instruction in the same way that it is today. So this kind of.
一张纸 你可以看到 Sheet of paper, you can see that There's.
他们在努力解决问题 但没有 这也不是 They're sort of working out of things, and there's not, and this is not too.
绘图员 不一定是别人 这个 这一切都是关于开发一些东西 并了解光可能如何受到影响 The draftsman, not to somebody else, necessarily, this. This is all about developing something and understanding how light might be affected.
但它不是交给别人来建造的 But it's not to hand over to somebody else for them to build.
因此 在理解这一点的同时 我们也理解了变化 And so in understanding that we understand the change.
在绘图的位置 In the kind of position of drawing.
实际上是建筑师职业的基础 Was actually fundamental in the creation of architects as a profession.
因此 一旦图纸成为一种指示 建筑师就不再需要直接与建筑工地接触 So the minute that drawing could become an instruction, the architect no longer needed to engage directly with the building site.
我可以被视为一个积极的人 And I could be seen as a positive.
或者说是消极的 但实际上 它导致了制作和设计之间的分离 和 Or negative, but actually it, it caused a separation between the making and the designing. And.
而绘画是改变的一部分 And drawing was kind of part of that change.
回到绘画是一件发展的事情 当然 尽管艺术家后来 So back to this idea of drawing as a developmental thing, of course, even though artists then became.
建筑商分开 建筑工地 Separate from builders. The construction site.
管画作为一种实验和发展的方式 思考事物不会消失 著名的是卡洛斯·斯卡帕 The tube drawing as a way of experimenting and developing, thinking through something doesn't go away, famously, carlos Scarpa.
他是二十世纪的意大利建筑师 He was an Italian architect in the twentieth century.
画了这些类型的画让人想起了文艺复兴时期的画 整个页面都被占据了 Made these types of drawings where again they are kind of reminiscent of Renaissance drawings, where the whole page is taken up.
用不同的技巧和投影潦草和草图 所以它们可能是一个计划和一个区域 By scribbles and sketches at different skills and in different projections. So they might be a plan and a section, um.
和 And.
它们都是相互关联的 但这只是一个纸面上的思考过程 They're all kind of interrelated, but it's a thought process on paper.
你可以看到这不是尝试 有一个 有一个搜索 但什么都没有 You can see that this is not trying. There's a, there's a search for something, but nothing is.
已成为解决 这还在进行中 Has become resolved. Here is still in process.
不幸的是 这是一个小的picksage 但另一个由CarlosGarppa 在整个街道的东西被探索 整个羊变成 And unfortunately, this is a bit picksage, but another one by Carlos Garppa, where things are being explored across the whole street, the whole sheep becomes.
充满了发现和探究的感觉 再说一遍 这里是 Occupied by a sense of discovery and inquiry. And again, here the the kind of.
这些都是事物复杂的细节思考事物是如何聚集在一起的又是如何分开的 Really kind of intricate details of things and thinking about how things are coming together and how they're pulled apart.
在三维空间 以及两个D投影中 In three dimensions, as well as in the two D projections.
看这些画的有趣之处在于我认为你们可以清楚地看到 And what's interesting about looking at those types of drawings is that I think you can see a clear.
这些绘图方法 绘图风格以及最终的架构之间的联系 Link between those methods of drawing, the styles of drawing, and then the resultant architecture.
这是CarloScarpon最著名的作品之一 So this is one of the famous projects by Carlo Scarpon.
还有巴罗纳真空城堡 它是对现有建筑的改造 And Castle Vacuum Barona, which is an adaptation of an existing building.
所以你可以看到老建筑的历史结构 部分部分的 然后有新的元素斯莱德可以在下面 So you can see that there's the historic fabric of the old building, parts of parts of this, and then there are new elements that can have Slade underneath.
或者把自己与旧的织物分开 Or kind of attach themselves or hold themselves apart from the old fabric.
我认为在这些早期的草图和建筑之间有一种对话 And I think that there is something, there is a dialogue between those early stage sketches and how the building is.
然后意识到 And then realize.
在这些展示中有一种组件 然后你开始看到 一个组件的架构和现有的和你之间的关系 There's a kind of components in those showings that you then start to see, an architecture of components and a relationship between existing and you.