[Music] [音乐] 2 [音乐]
[Music] [音乐] 4 伊恩，我可以请您开始分享您的屏幕，以便我们准备好
[Music] 每个人都在您的新疗法上尹先生，我可以请您开始分享您的 6 屏幕，以便当大家到来时我们已准备就绪
and Ian can i maybe ask you to start 太好了谢谢
and Ian can i maybe ask you to start 在YouTube上还看不到它
and Ian can i maybe ask you to start sharing your screen so we are ready when 很棒，让它成为全屏射击杀手
sharing your screen so we are ready when 它在我的iPad上全屏显示，是的，现在应该可以了
sharing your screen so we are ready when everybody is on your new cure Yin can I 好的，所以也许我们现在无法开始，大家好，谢谢您加入我们
everybody is on your new cure Yin can I 再次在West我是Kara今天一直是组织者之一
everybody is on your new cure Yin can I ask you to maybe start sharing your 詹姆斯·伊万首先我想
ask you to maybe start sharing your 感谢大家上周对VGA的惊人参与
ask you to maybe start sharing your screen so that we are ready when you 现在我们频道的YouTube上已有700多次观看，我们认为这是
screen so that we are ready when you 对于在录音过程中问过问题的任何人来说，真是太神奇了
screen so that we are ready when you everybody's arrived 讨论中的问题已经由Rob和Stefan回答，因此您可以 18 并检查，如果您想进一步评论，请随时发表评论
great thank you 在整个研讨会期间，让我开始之前先感谢 20 我们的赞助商粗糙的心理化学瑞士摩擦学物理研究所
can't see it on YouTube yet 和机械工程师协会，我认为那是 22 现在让我介绍一下所有的客房整理工作。
Awesome's make it fullscreen you shoot 来自壳牌公司的Ian Taylor具有长期的润滑剂工作经验
Awesome's make it fullscreen you shoot 配方，所以他要告诉我们润滑脂会发生的一切
Awesome's make it fullscreen you shoot killer 未来的世界，可以了，谢谢您。Chiara希望大家 26 可以听到我的声音，我将谈谈我认为未来的挑战
it's full screen on my iPad yeah 润滑和摩擦学，对于那些不认识我的人，我叫Ian Taylor
it's full screen on my iPad yeah 我是一名技术经理，并且在Shell的机芯创新团队中工作
it's full screen on my iPad yeah it should be okay now 所以我必须出示免责声明幻灯片，希望它会出现 30 对此有点后悔
okay so maybe we can't get started now 你能看到它吗，是的，对不起，我必须为我的公司准备这个
okay so maybe we can't get started now 万一有人想投资页岩，请不要拿
okay so maybe we can't get started now hi everyone and thanks for joining us 考虑到您在做出决定时要说的话
hi everyone and thanks for joining us 那就是我想要的那张幻灯片是公平的，所以我的下一张幻灯片就是
hi everyone and thanks for joining us again at West I'm Kara continually one 关于它只会说我的计划
again at West I'm Kara continually one 好的，这是我个人认为未来面临的挑战的个人看法
again at West I'm Kara continually one of the organizer today together with 润滑和摩擦学，第一个是我看到有必要
of the organizer today together with 最佳改进的最佳混合和边界摩擦模型，因此
of the organizer today together with James 尽管有很好的模型可以预测粘度对
James 膜厚和摩擦我们可用于边界摩擦的模型
James Ewan here first of all I would like to 我看到的第二个挑战是，目前处于更低的阶段
Ewan here first of all I would like to 需要将薄膜厚度和摩擦模型与
Ewan here first of all I would like to thank everyone for the amazing 建模，所以很多人都在对轴承或活塞环中的薄膜厚度进行建模
thank everyone for the amazing 或气门机构，然后当薄膜厚度很薄时，显然可以得到
thank everyone for the amazing participation last week the VGA which is 磨损和表面形状变化，以及形状变化时
participation last week the VGA which is 然后我们将更改薄膜厚度，所以您真的需要进行计算
participation last week the VGA which is now on YouTube on our channel has had 同样，您需要进行迭代计算，
now on YouTube on our channel has had 膜厚可以计算出磨损和新表面的含义
now on YouTube on our channel has had more than 700 views which we think it's 然后必须重新计算薄膜厚度，希望您会发现
more than 700 views which we think it's 磨损随着时间的流逝而减少，然后您就可以开始解决诸如
more than 700 views which we think it's pretty amazing for anybody who had asked 对于活塞之类的东西来说，运行尤其重要
pretty amazing for anybody who had asked 环和我看到的第三个挑战与润滑剂性能有关
pretty amazing for anybody who had asked questions during the recording of the 是否需要改善使用中的润滑剂数据
questions during the recording of the 因此，尽管润滑油公司提供标准的比斯卡公制
questions during the recording of the talks the questions have all now been 我们发现润滑剂的特性足以说明
talks the questions have all now been 您不同润滑剂之间的区别，我们经常必须做一个
talks the questions have all now been answered by Rob and Stefan so you can go 范围更广的润滑剂测量，以了解发生了什么情况
answered by Rob and Stefan so you can go 根据液体和发动机的摩擦性能或实际
answered by Rob and Stefan so you can go and check and if you want to comment 润滑剂的粘度处于相同的弹性流体力学接触中，并且所有
and check and if you want to comment 这三个挑战确实可以达到最终目标，那就是我们可以
and check and if you want to comment further please feel free to do so 未来开发摩擦学的数字孪生，所以
further please feel free to do so 我们必须在实验室中进行摩擦学实验
further please feel free to do so throughout the duration of the of the 设置一切并在计算机上运行它，它的准确性足以
throughout the duration of the of the 回答我们的问题，所以我将继续进行有关改进的下一个幻灯片讨论
throughout the duration of the of the seminars so before we start let me thank 混合和边界摩擦模型
seminars so before we start let me thank 抱歉，这对日元来说有点滞后，是的，您可以跟踪并
seminars so before we start let me thank our sponsors the rough psychic chemistry 然后幻灯片，而您正在谈论的一切都落在YouTube上，但如果您只是
our sponsors the rough psychic chemistry 讨论您在iPad上看到的内容
our sponsors the rough psychic chemistry Swiss tribology the institute of physics 提到好，所以我要谈论的第一件事是最广泛的
Swiss tribology the institute of physics 我知道的用于混合摩擦和边界摩擦的模型，它是
Swiss tribology the institute of physics and the institution of Mechanical Greenwood技巧模型，并假设在
and the institution of Mechanical 以高斯分布分布的表面，其思想是
and the institution of Mechanical Engineers and with that I think that's 如果薄膜厚度小于espera，那么sous服务便会合在一起
Engineers and with that I think that's 海高度和凹凸不平将被压扁，格林伍德虾假定
Engineers and with that I think that's all the housekeeping for now let me 他们被弹性地蹲下并改变了espera的形状
all the housekeeping for now let me 海和摩擦力是根据赫斯特理论计算得出的最终结果
all the housekeeping for now let me introduce our first speaker who is dr. Greenwood Trick模型的结论是您发现摩擦系数
introduce our first speaker who is dr. 涂膜时应由摩擦系数给定
introduce our first speaker who is dr. Ian Taylor from shell he's has a long 厚度为0，即乙醇，并且函数随
Ian Taylor from shell he's has a long 接触的λ比和λ比是膜厚度
Ian Taylor from shell he's has a long experience of working in lubricant 除以粗糙度，所以这里的关键是该方程式
experience of working in lubricant 如果您具有相同的粗糙度和相同的操作
experience of working in lubricant formulation so he's gonna tell us all 如果摩擦力应始终减小，则调节摩擦膜
formulation so he's gonna tell us all 对所有流体使用相同的方法，唯一可以区分它们的方法是
formulation so he's gonna tell us all that's gonna happen in the lubricant F naught的值会有所不同，所以这就是Greenwood技巧模型
that's gonna happen in the lubricant 说，但实际上，如果我们进行实验，我们发现事实并非如此，因此
that's gonna happen in the lubricant world in the future so over to you in 广泛的摩擦测量方法之一
world in the future so over to you in 拉姆达比是使用一种称为迷你牵引机的东西
world in the future so over to you in okay Thank You Chiara hopefully everyone 将球放在圆盘上，球可以是纯滑动的，也可以是滚动的
okay Thank You Chiara hopefully everyone 或介于两者之间的任何东西，光盘可以以很高的速度旋转到大约
okay Thank You Chiara hopefully everyone can hear me I'm gonna talk a bit about 每秒三米半，但速度却降低了几毫米
can hear me I'm gonna talk a bit about 每秒，因此我们生成了一条摩擦曲线
can hear me I'm gonna talk a bit about what I see as future challenges in 在很宽的转速范围内使用不同的润滑剂，这很容易
what I see as future challenges in 将该数据转换为摩擦与拉姆达比，在这张幻灯片上
what I see as future challenges in lubrication and tribology and for those 您会在这里看到我们有四种不同的油
lubrication and tribology and for those 摩擦力是10 w 40的机油，没有摩擦调节剂，但是它的硬度为ngg
lubrication and tribology and for those who don't know me my name's Ian Taylor 含有抗磨添加剂的抗磨添加剂是指
who don't know me my name's Ian Taylor 摩擦系数在大约1点到2点处保持很高的速度
who don't know me my name's Ian Taylor I'm a technology manager and I'm in the 每秒下降一百毫米
I'm a technology manager and I'm in the 带有三角形的仅是基础油，并且摩擦随着速度降低
I'm a technology manager and I'm in the movements innovation team within shell 以类似于Greenwood虾模型期望的方式 102 左图为红色曲线为基础油零
so I have to show a disclaimer slide w20机油对不起，在其中加入了有机摩擦改性剂
so I have to show a disclaimer slide 行程类型对黑色三角形的曲线进行建模，我们已经看到
so I have to show a disclaimer slide which hopefully will come up 在低速端摩擦，然后最终油为0 w 2000 106 钼类型的icarly漂亮修饰符，在这里我们看到非常低的
it's just lagging a bit sorry about this 大约零点四的摩擦水平，我们看到它非常平坦 108 大约每秒三毫米的速度，所以我们在这里看到的是
can you see it yet yeah yeah sorry I 绿色会跳闸的模型对于基础油来说看起来还不错，但似乎并没有
can you see it yet yeah yeah sorry I 适用于具有服务活性添加剂的油
can you see it yet yeah yeah sorry I have to put this up for my company just 因此，对于这种抱歉，我们该怎么办？
have to put this up for my company just 以及我们如何超越格林伍德旅行模式以获得更好的更好的方法
have to put this up for my company just in case anyone out there is thinking of 混合摩擦和边界摩擦，所以我们可以直接测量的一种方法
in case anyone out there is thinking of 实验室中的摩擦系数与拉姆达比的关系，因此我们可以使用
in case anyone out there is thinking of investing in shale please don't take 小型牵引机或往复式部落仪表，然后我们可以使用那些
investing in shale please don't take 直接在混合和边界摩擦模型中测量曲线，而不是
investing in shale please don't take into account anything like that about to 格林伍德旅行模式，所以它的优点是
into account anything like that about to 操作简单，但缺点是没有
into account anything like that about to say when you're making your decision so 真正了解为什么摩擦曲线是第二条路线的原因
say when you're making your decision so 稍微雄心勃勃的是，我们可以回到格林伍德旅行模式上吗？
say when you're making your decision so that's what I want that slide is fair 适应它，以便我们实际上可以在表面上放置一个部落膜，
that's what I want that slide is fair 放入诸如部落膜的弹性模量之类的东西，看看是否
that's what I want that slide is fair for so my next slide is just gonna talk 从而改变了粗糙变形的方式，然后可能
for so my next slide is just gonna talk 解释为什么我们在摩擦曲线中得到这些不同的形状
for so my next slide is just gonna talk about it's just gonna say what I'm 因此这可以提供有用的见解，但这是一种更复杂的方法，但是
about it's just gonna say what I'm 当然，我们确实需要改进的模型来说明在
about it's just gonna say what I'm planning 混合和边界政权，所以我要继续讲的第二个挑战是 128 关于我们如何有一个结合模型来研究薄膜厚度摩擦和
okay so this is a personal view about 我们反复探索的服装，以了解我们如何随着时间而发展
okay so this is a personal view about 而对于这项工作，我将重点放在诸如
okay so this is a personal view about what I see as some future challenges for 与您联系会遇到活塞环或气门机构或部落电流表中的问题
what I see as some future challenges for 例如底座或SRP机器，以便在往复运动中接触最稀的油
what I see as some future challenges for lubrication and tribology and the first 电影发生在中风的尽头，如果我们看看雷诺兹
lubrication and tribology and the first 等式并将其应用于往复式接触我们应该发现该膜
lubrication and tribology and the first one is I see that there's a need for 笔触中心的厚度最大，所以这是左手
one is I see that there's a need for 这张幻灯片上的图形，如果我们对此应用雷诺方程
one is I see that there's a need for best much-improved 在这种情况下，我们忽略了挤压膜，我们得到了黑色虚线，因此
best much-improved 没有挤压效应的雷诺方程将预测膜厚为
best much-improved mixed and boundary friction models so 行程结束时为零，但它是分开的接触和一个活塞环
mixed and boundary friction models so 是其中一种我们不能忽略挤压效应的情况，因此
mixed and boundary friction models so although there are very good models for 如果我们再次进行计算，但包括挤压效应，我们将得到
although there are very good models for 红色曲线，这很有趣，原因有两个，第一个是
although there are very good models for predicting the effect of viscosity on 行程结束时，薄膜厚度不再为零
predicting the effect of viscosity on 这个特殊的模拟发现您的薄膜大约半微米，并且
predicting the effect of viscosity on film thickness and friction the models 第二个有趣的事情是薄膜厚度不同
film thickness and friction the models 在这个部落计中比在其他方面更是如此
film thickness and friction the models we have available for boundary friction 包含在压缩项中会导致不对称摩擦曲线，这是
we have available for boundary friction 如果您对带有底座或
we have available for boundary friction are much at a much more lower stage at SRB机的摩擦曲线是不对称的，并且更不对称
are much at a much more lower stage at 会有更多的挤压效果，所以关键是
are much at a much more lower stage at the moment the second challenge I see is 在往复式接触中，我们需要包括挤压效应
the moment the second challenge I see is 模拟正在发生的事情，我们还将在最后获得最薄的胶片
the moment the second challenge I see is that there's a need to combine film 中风或接近中风结束，但我们需要包括挤压膜
that there's a need to combine film 以获得正确的膜厚，以便我们可以预测磨损程度
that there's a need to combine film thickness and friction models with where 是
thickness and friction models with where 因此，下一张幻灯片示意性地显示了
thickness and friction models with where models so a lot of people model a film 往复接触，在这些模拟中，我假设销钉是
models so a lot of people model a film 比基材坚硬，因此在测试开始时，我们将销钉固定在
models so a lot of people model a film thickness in a bearing or a piston ring 在此滑块中间的中间，它向后走，
thickness in a bearing or a piston ring 前进，我们在行程结束时得到最薄的胶片，所以中途
thickness in a bearing or a piston ring or a valve train and then when the film 通过测试，现在已经修改了底部的发球平面，
or a valve train and then when the film 在行程的末尾和
or a valve train and then when the film thickness is thin you obviously can get 测试我们可能会有更多我们在那里，但是关键是
thickness is thin you obviously can get 平坦区域的形状变化意味着有效地接触
thickness is thin you obviously can get wear and the shape of the surface 现在，如果您实际上可能没有别针越过
wear and the shape of the surface 现在看来末端的磨损零件看起来更平整，
wear and the shape of the surface changes and when the shape changes that 中间的接触以及挤压效应会发生什么
changes and when the shape changes that 在雷诺方程中，接触越平坦，您的滑动越粗
changes and when the shape changes that will then we change the film thickness 挤压胶片，以便随着时间的流逝，您将在测试开始时立即开始
will then we change the film thickness 在测试中途结束时非常薄的薄膜，您会发白
will then we change the film thickness so you really need to do the calculation 发生磨损，但您现在将获得
so you really need to do the calculation 行程变粗，在测试结束时希望走到哪里
so you really need to do the calculation again so you need an iterative 已经安定下来，您可以在基本上不再磨损的情况下运行它
again so you need an iterative 发生，而这一点很重要的原因是
again so you need an iterative calculation in which you calculate the 发动机主体中的组件不会在活塞环中
calculation in which you calculate the 对发动机循环期间活塞环的摩擦和磨损感兴趣
calculation in which you calculate the film thickness you calculate what that 活塞组件约占发动机总数的50％
film thickness you calculate what that 摩擦，所以了解实际摩擦是什么非常重要
film thickness you calculate what that means for wear and with a new surface 活塞上升时使用不同的润滑剂
means for wear and with a new surface 公开发表的有关活塞组件摩擦的研究预测了很高的水平
means for wear and with a new surface you have to then recalculate the film 混合摩擦和边界摩擦，它们很难看到
you have to then recalculate the film 水平与活塞寿命一致，至少持续
you have to then recalculate the film thickness and hopefully you would find 汽车十万英里，重型汽车超过一百万英里
thickness and hopefully you would find 卡车，我想是怎么回事，如果我们看一下这张示意图
thickness and hopefully you would find wear decreases over time and you could 左侧是很多人在模拟活塞环线
wear decreases over time and you could 与全新的活塞环和全新的衬套接触，如果我们回想一下
wear decreases over time and you could then start to address issues like 在上一张幻灯片中，我解释了硬针会发生什么
then start to address issues like 如果我们在这里想象活塞环是
then start to address issues like running in which is a particular 比衬里更硬，会发生磨损的过程，您会发现
running in which is a particular 位于上止点的衬套会磨损，因此活塞环线
running in which is a particular interest for things like the piston 现在接触更加平坦，但同时磨损也会减少
interest for things like the piston 表面粗糙度，如果有全新的话，底部的小桌子
interest for things like the piston rings and the third challenge I see 组件上死点的膜厚可能只有半微米
rings and the third challenge I see 但是是的，顶面中心的膜厚可能只有半微米，但是
rings and the third challenge I see which is related to lubricant properties 粗糙度也可能是半微米，所以你有一个λ比
which is related to lubricant properties 的1表示在这些条件下您处于边界
which is related to lubricant properties is that there's a need for improved in 润滑比，您可以到达某处，但在运行之后，
is that there's a need for improved in 由于更好的挤压效果，上止点的膜厚更高
is that there's a need for improved in use lubricant data 因此，如果您假设上死点的薄膜厚度现在为1微米，
use lubricant data 由于磨损过程，我们还降低了粗糙度至0,25微米
use lubricant data so although the lubricant companies 您会看到，运行过程将使您的Lambda比率降低
so although the lubricant companies 这几乎是流体动力比，所以这里重要的是
so although the lubricant companies supply the standard bisca metric 实际上对薄膜厚度建模，这意味着在何处然后
supply the standard bisca metric 重做可以潜在地预测流程和流程中运行的计算
supply the standard bisca metric properties of the lubricant we find that 运行中，我们在右下角有一个标准示意图
properties of the lubricant we find that 该幻灯片向您展示了在测试开始时获得最大收益的地方，
properties of the lubricant we find that those are sufficient to actually tell 随着进度的放缓
those are sufficient to actually tell 最终希望接触器在非常低的位置运行，因此路线
those are sufficient to actually tell you the difference between different 向前发展可能是有一个更迭代的过程，我们预测
you the difference between different 使用作为新轮廓和相关的组件的薄膜厚度
you the difference between different lubricants and we often have to do a 根据膜厚的工作条件，我们可以预测出
lubricants and we often have to do a 我们的大接触的形状和新形状，然后我们回去
lubricants and we often have to do a much broader range of lubricant 重新计算这种新形状的薄膜厚度，我们有望找到
much broader range of lubricant 磨损越来越小，最终我们将
much broader range of lubricant measurements to find out what's going on 找出运行形状是什么，然后找出
measurements to find out what's going on 磨合当然已经完成了，我的意思是说
measurements to find out what's going on in terms of the friction performance of 在某些情况下，此过程不会导致运行，实际上会导致
in terms of the friction performance of 失败，所以这个迭代过程实际上可以告诉您
in terms of the friction performance of liquids and engines or what the actual 机器要素所在的相关条件和相关联系人
liquids and engines or what the actual 可能会遇到或是否可能失败，所以我会提出第三个挑战
liquids and engines or what the actual viscosity of the lubricant is in same 我想说的是关于我们如何更好地了解润滑剂
viscosity of the lubricant is in same 性能实际上是在运行过程中处于润滑状态
viscosity of the lubricant is in same elasto hydrodynamic contact and all of 因此，如果我们查看润滑剂数据表，供应商通常只会列出
elasto hydrodynamic contact and all of 润滑剂在40摄氏度和100摄氏度下的运动粘度
elasto hydrodynamic contact and all of these three challenges really feed into 对于发动机油，它们可能还包括一些高温高剪切
these three challenges really feed into 粘度值常在高温下高剪切粘度
these three challenges really feed into the ultimate aim which is can we in the 通常引用10至6和150摄氏度的剪切速率，并且
the ultimate aim which is can we in the 同样对于发动机油，低温下的高剪切粘度为负
the ultimate aim which is can we in the future develop a digital twin for 25或更低，具体取决于粘度等级，我们经常还会
future develop a digital twin for 引用的润滑剂的密度为15摄氏度，但
future develop a digital twin for tribology so 不幸的是，要获得高剪切粘度数据并不容易
tribology so 以及其他温度以及润滑剂供应情况很少报告
tribology so sort of having to do tribology 高压粘度数据是什么，这些特性是真正需要的
sort of having to do tribology 充分了解真实接触中润滑剂的预言，以便
sort of having to do tribology experiments in the lab can we actually 示例我将研究不同粘度调节剂对
experiments in the lab can we actually 粘度以及这一点很重要的原因是我们试图了解
experiments in the lab can we actually set everything up and run it on the 润滑剂中不同的粘度调节剂会导致产生不同的燃料
set everything up and run it on the 效率表现，所以我们在这张幻灯片中提供的是两种油，两者均为SAE 0 W
set everything up and run it on the computer and it's accurate enough to 30个等级，它们都被配制为具有高温
computer and it's accurate enough to 150摄氏度时在300万帕斯卡上的高剪切粘度
computer and it's accurate enough to answer our questions so I'll move on to 秒，但聚合物在右侧，它是一种锥形聚合物
answer our questions so I'll move on to 实际上在较低的温度下比聚合物a具有更好的性能
answer our questions so I'll move on to the next slide talks about improved 这是一种聚合物，确实消耗了Molly火
the next slide talks about improved 因此，尽管这两种油都具有超过300万帕斯卡秒的HT HS 150
the next slide talks about improved mixed and boundary friction models 如果我们测量100摄氏度的高温粘度（即5 246 点九八点我们帕斯卡秒井油
sorry about this is a bit of a lag on 百摄氏度高温剪切粘度仅为五点零
sorry about this is a bit of a lag on 300万帕斯卡秒，所以我们在这里发现的是
sorry about this is a bit of a lag on the yen so yes you can just stalk and 较低的温度，用聚合物B配制的油使您的油价低得多
the yen so yes you can just stalk and 粘度和与聚合物a配制的机油以及大量的燃油经济性
the yen so yes you can just stalk and then the slides and you're talking with 测试在低于100摄氏度的温度下进行
then the slides and you're talking with 用聚合物B配制的机油可以显着节省燃油
then the slides and you're talking with all lag onto YouTube but if you just 与含聚合物的油配方相比，即使
all lag onto YouTube but if you just HHS 150值相同，所以这是一个例子，第二个例子
all lag onto YouTube but if you just talk what for what you see on the on 例如，我们希望更好地处理
talk what for what you see on the on 润滑剂实际上处于弹性流体动力接触中，因此在弹性流体中
talk what for what you see on the on your iPad that's where you should 流体动力接触，我们知道压力很高，我们知道
your iPad that's where you should 油的粘度会随着压力急剧增加，因此
your iPad that's where you should reference to okay so the first thing I'm 最近在帝国理工学院做了一些有趣的工作，我们在那里
reference to okay so the first thing I'm 在T中使用了一种称为火火焰的特殊分子，该分子起着
reference to okay so the first thing I'm going to talk about is the most widely 粘度传感器是一个苯环，还有一些其他元素脱落
going to talk about is the most widely 基本上相对于分子的其余部分旋转，
going to talk about is the most widely used model that I'm aware of for mixed 旋转可以击败使用荧光方法检测到的目标，但是
used model that I'm aware of for mixed 旋转还取决于分子嵌入的流体的粘度
used model that I'm aware of for mixed and boundary friction and it's the 因此，他们在帝国理工学院所做的就是
and boundary friction and it's the 进入弹性流体力学接触中，他们将这个粘度检测分子
and boundary friction and it's the Greenwood trick model and this assumes 进入接触点，他们可以通过探测此值直接测量粘度
Greenwood trick model and this assumes 具有荧光的分子，因此该术语左下图显示了
Greenwood trick model and this assumes that there are elastic asperities on the 通过弹性流体动力学时流体的摩尔粘度
that there are elastic asperities on the 轮廓，尽管这是模型流体IG
that there are elastic asperities on the surface which are distributed in a 鲍威尔的Co 520这项技术也已用于标准的聚超爱
surface which are distributed in a 他也使用基础油，并进行进一步的研发，以调查何时发生的情况
surface which are distributed in a Gaussian distribution and the idea is as 我们将这样的分子放入流动的流体中，所以我的最后一张幻灯片是
Gaussian distribution and the idea is as 会在我最后的几张幻灯片上说话
Gaussian distribution and the idea is as the sous services come together if the 关于最终发展摩擦学的数字孪生，所以数字
the sous services come together if the 双胞胎在工程中被广泛使用，特别是在诸如
the sous services come together if the film thickness is less than the espera 结构工程，以便您可以预测汽车撞车时会发生什么
film thickness is less than the espera 或者您可以尝试预测结构的哪些部分会失败，并且有一个
film thickness is less than the espera sea height and the asperities will be 渴望为摩擦学发展数字孪生，以便我们能够做到现实
sea height and the asperities will be 在计算机上进行摩擦学测试，而不是在计算机上进行摩擦学测试
sea height and the asperities will be squashed and Greenwood shrimp assumes 实验室，但是很显然，这是一个很大的挑战，因为即使在
squashed and Greenwood shrimp assumes 像微型牵引机这样的单触点，我们有一个球碰到一个
squashed and Greenwood shrimp assumes that they're being squatted elastically 光盘后，我们很快意识到进行测试的金属不是
that they're being squatted elastically 均质，因此金属在
that they're being squatted elastically and the change in shape of the espera 表面，但如果我们的球偏低并且将所有球都移向光盘，
and the change in shape of the espera 低矮的球会使球和圆盘上方的金属塑性变形，并且
and the change in shape of the espera sea and the friction force is calculated 因此需要考虑金属表面及其变化方式
sea and the friction force is calculated 其次，正如我在润滑剂添加剂形成化学膜之前所说的那样
sea and the friction force is calculated from Hurst Theory the ultimate results 在表面上还没有完全了解它们的运作方式和作用
from Hurst Theory the ultimate results 他们这样做此外，我们的表面很粗糙，接触过程会
from Hurst Theory the ultimate results of the Greenwood Trick model is that you 导致磨损，所以屋顶的顶部（如帕里斯的）将被切掉，那些
of the Greenwood Trick model is that you 磨损的颗粒将在接触中用作润滑剂
of the Greenwood Trick model is that you find that the friction coefficient 因此潜在地升级了服务，我们也得到了
find that the friction coefficient 变化取决于负载，因此在低负载下很可能是磨料磨损，但是
find that the friction coefficient should be given by a friction 在高负载下它可能是粘性的，因此可以在
should be given by a friction 细节将非常具有挑战性，您必须考虑到您的荣誉
should be given by a friction coefficient value when the film 整个系统不仅润滑所有添加剂，而且还发生了什么
coefficient value when the film 金属以及个别差异发生的情况
coefficient value when the film thickness is 0 which is ethanol and a 结论很不幸，我没有任何答案，我只是说些什么
thickness is 0 which is ethanol and a 我认为这是一些挑战，当然也是我列出的挑战
thickness is 0 which is ethanol and a function which just decreases with the 在这里，尤其是三个，我想我们当然可以
function which just decreases with the 尝试开发改进的边界摩擦模型以考虑到
function which just decreases with the lambda ratio of the contact and the 部落化学添加剂膜，这将在目前的Greenwood上有所改善
lambda ratio of the contact and the 跳闸模型当然有迭代摩擦和磨损模型的范围
lambda ratio of the contact and the lambda ratio is the film thickness 模拟磨损或零件的演变，这些可能对
lambda ratio is the film thickness 预测磨合和故障，第三个区域要多一些
lambda ratio is the film thickness divided by the roughness so the key 具有挑战性的润滑油行业之外的人将拥有
divided by the roughness so the key 我认为麻烦的是测量润滑剂性能
divided by the roughness so the key thing here is that this equation says 足以了解为什么不同的润滑剂以不同的方式表现，以及
thing here is that this equation says 因此需要对如何更多地利用知识进行思考
thing here is that this equation says that if you have a contact with the same 可供学术界使用，但肯定这项工作正在变得越来越
that if you have a contact with the same 深入了解为何不同的粘度调节剂表现不同
that if you have a contact with the same roughness and the same operating 在能源效率方面，我们现在处于
roughness and the same operating 实验方法我们可以直接在高压下测量粘度
roughness and the same operating conditions the friction film if the EHD接触，最终将因为几年后有了数字
conditions the friction film if the 双胞胎，世界各地肯定有很多团体想见面
conditions the friction film if the friction force should always decrease in 这个挑战，但是在我看来，这仍然是一个重大挑战，并且很可能
friction force should always decrease in 几年后，谢谢您的聆听，希望会有一个
friction force should always decrease in the same way for all fluids and the only 几个问题谢谢
the same way for all fluids and the only 谢谢这两件事，只是关于润滑剂数据的一个快速问题，所以
the same way for all fluids and the only way you can differentiate them is the 您提到了润滑剂中提到的特性
way you can differentiate them is the 规格相当有限，可能不足以使您做出任何
way you can differentiate them is the value of F naught would be different so 关于薄膜厚度或燃油效率的有用预测
value of F naught would be different so 认为他们应该推动包括高压粘度和
value of F naught would be different so that's what the Greenwood trick model 润滑剂规格，以便您可以进行这些计算，或者
that's what the Greenwood trick model 擦掉润滑剂配方师的头发，嗯，这很昂贵
that's what the Greenwood trick model says but in fact if we do experiments we 进行高压粘度测量，没有那么多
says but in fact if we do experiments we 世界各地可以做MU Seabury的地方
says but in fact if we do experiments we find that this is not really the case so 我们的经验是对高压粘度的主要贡献
find that this is not really the case so 在基础油上，所以我们对第1组和
find that this is not really the case so one of the most popular ways of 第2组，第3组和pa-o Basil的α压力粘度
one of the most popular ways of 系数通常足以满足大多数用途
one of the most popular ways of measuring friction over a wide range of 对最近一百年的表现进行非常详细的预测
measuring friction over a wide range of 与您联系，您可能必须超越纯粹的alpha值
measuring friction over a wide range of lambda ratios is to use something called 并让阿斯蒂压力曲线教授很多
lambda ratios is to use something called 斯科特·贝尔（Scott bear）确实有，但我认为大多数润滑剂都很难
lambda ratios is to use something called the mini traction machine and this is a 供应商要使数据读得很好，如果每个人都积压了大量
the mini traction machine and this is a 必须测量这些数据，因为我知道我的意思是如果有可以
the mini traction machine and this is a ball placed against a disc and the ball 更快地进行压力粘度系数的测量
ball placed against a disc and the ball 更简单的方法，我的意思是说会有很多人对此感兴趣
ball placed against a disc and the ball can be pure sliding or it can be rolling 但我的意思是，我认为我们当然已经获得了足够的数据，其中包括
can be pure sliding or it can be rolling 没关系，可能有时间快一点，请给
can be pure sliding or it can be rolling or anything in between and the disc can 我们对未来10年润滑脂挑战的看法
or anything in between and the disc can 以及液体润滑剂，是的，所以油脂是一个很好的选择
or anything in between and the disc can rotate at quite high speeds up to about 很好的例子，实际上是因为低速时它表现得很稳定而高速时
rotate at quite high speeds up to about 屁股像液体，所以你有粘弹性的作用，
rotate at quite high speeds up to about three and a half meters per second but 可能会产生记忆效应，但同时也会影响大多数人的其他挑战
three and a half meters per second but 释放被刮掉，所以您有非常薄的饥饿薄膜，所以您必须
three and a half meters per second but also down so speeds of a few millimeters 担心油脂店如何工作，但边缘会漏回到触点中，因此
also down so speeds of a few millimeters 我认为在建模过程中存在很多挑战
also down so speeds of a few millimeters per second 油脂接触，但从我看来油脂的主要特性之一是
per second 机油会从增稠剂泄漏回接触点，如果您有
per second and so we get a friction curve generated 通常情况下，油脂可以很快地重新进入接触部位
and so we get a friction curve generated 在警察表现方面很有帮助，但我认为这是更多
and so we get a friction curve generated for different lubricants over a wide 甚至液体润滑剂也很复杂，我认为有很多问题
for different lubricants over a wide 详细建模液体润滑剂，所以我认为油脂是非常复杂的流体
for different lubricants over a wide speed range and it's very easy to 当然，可以在润滑脂建模方面更多地关注
speed range and it's very easy to 当然有很多有趣的挑战
speed range and it's very easy to translate that data into friction versus 嘿，谢谢，我们最好继续前进，我们还有其他几个问题，但我们会
translate that data into friction versus 像我们上周一样回答YouTube评论中的内容，所以请不要担心
translate that data into friction versus lambda ratio so on this slide that 没有时间问您问题，所以现在我们要转到詹姆斯
lambda ratio so on this slide that Matthias和ER我仅从德克萨斯农工大学做一个简短的介绍
lambda ratio so on this slide that you'll see in here we've got four 他将与我们讨论2d中的摩擦和能量耗散
you'll see in here we've got four 资料交给了吉姆，好吧，很好，首先，我要感谢詹姆斯
you'll see in here we've got four different oils the oil with the highest 和贾拉（Jarrah）提出了本系列的其他研讨会，
different oils the oil with the highest 可以在我的桌面上看到来自世界各地的所有这些人，等等
different oils the oil with the highest friction is a 10 w 40 engine oil with no 非常感谢您为此付出的努力
friction is a 10 w 40 engine oil with no 感谢一直支持这一点的赞助商，所以
friction is a 10 w 40 engine oil with no friction modifier but it's got as ngg 今天我想谈谈我们一直在做的一些工作
friction modifier but it's got as ngg 主要在2D材料中查看摩擦
friction modifier but it's got as ngg anti wear additive in and the presence 而且您知道，正如我们刚刚听到的，您知道还有另一个非常重要的方面
anti wear additive in and the presence 这是事实，您知道表面是粗糙的，并且
anti wear additive in and the presence of the anti wear additive means the 表面粗糙度可以在这些材料实际上如何
of the anti wear additive means the 与该表面相互作用以及它们如何改变摩擦
of the anti wear additive means the friction coefficient stays high at about 这些服务的属性，因此在过去几年中，
friction coefficient stays high at about 一直在暗中寻找诸如石墨烯和现代二硫化物的材料
friction coefficient stays high at about point one two up to a speed of about 试图问这些类型的纳米ly粗糙的问题
point one two up to a speed of about 表面如何发生摩擦性能表面形态
point one two up to a speed of about hundred millimeters per second before it 影响了结构，例如当您名义上取平时
hundred millimeters per second before it 二维材料，但在粗糙表面上的问题是2d还是不DD
hundred millimeters per second before it been drops down the second black curve 它保持平坦或与该表面贴合该基材如何
been drops down the second black curve 化学也影响其摩擦学性质，并且
been drops down the second black curve with the triangles on is a base oil only 很多不错的工作，我会尝试举几个例子说明
with the triangles on is a base oil only 使用二维材料，您可以实现难以置信的低摩擦，但是
with the triangles on is a base oil only and that friction decreases with speed 同时在某些不同类型的环境中
and that friction decreases with speed 性能受化学反应性的影响，我们开始
and that friction decreases with speed in a similar sort of way to how the 研究这些材料中的应变如何影响这些材料
in a similar sort of way to how the 分解以及如何修改其摩擦特性，以便您
in a similar sort of way to how the Greenwood shrimp model would expect it 知道我们已经听说过一些有关
Greenwood shrimp model would expect it 摩擦学或许多不同类型的滑动界面和上下文
Greenwood shrimp model would expect it to which is the graph on the left hand 我们需要材料才能提供的不同类型的环境
to which is the graph on the left hand 可控制的摩擦力，尤其是在干滑或
to which is the graph on the left hand side the red curve is a base oil zero 在边界润滑方式下，从我们的角度来看，
side the red curve is a base oil zero 从相同重量的化学家那里，您知道我们对
side the red curve is a base oil zero w20 engine oil sorry with an organic 了解您知道影响化学作用的因素
w20 engine oil sorry with an organic 以及这些纳米级差异的相互作用
w20 engine oil sorry with an organic friction modifier in and so greenwood 定义高压和化学过程的触点
friction modifier in and so greenwood 在这些系统中，因为这些联系人实际上启用并集中了摩擦
friction modifier in and so greenwood trip type model a curve of the black 总是会导致机械反应的化学反应
trip type model a curve of the black 我们正在崩溃，所以在这里看几个不同的系统
trip type model a curve of the black triangles we've seen a reduction in 今天，所以您知道二维世界开始时主要集中在
triangles we've seen a reduction in 诸如石墨烯和马林宁二硫化物之类的东西，但你知道化学
triangles we've seen a reduction in friction at the low speed end and then 化学很有趣，实际上你有很多不同类型的
friction at the low speed end and then 即将出现的二维材料，具体取决于您的
friction at the low speed end and then the final oil is a 0 w 2000 with 您知道这些应用程序的类型可以通过绑定的方式应用
the final oil is a 0 w 2000 with 这些材料在表面上的附着力并改变其摩擦性能
the final oil is a 0 w 2000 with molybdenum type icarly pretty modifier 您基本上可以选择所需的平台类型
molybdenum type icarly pretty modifier 是否需要高温下工作的物品
molybdenum type icarly pretty modifier in and here we're seeing a very low 运作中并且处于真空状态的东西，无论您是否正在寻找
in and here we're seeing a very low 缓解材料和生物环境或您在其中使用的其他系统
in and here we're seeing a very low friction level of about point zero four 例如可以控制二维平面之间的滑动
friction level of about point zero four 材料，而滑移平面最终也会决定
friction level of about point zero four and where we seen it very flat up to 这些系统的固有摩擦特性
and where we seen it very flat up to 在演示的开始右边，这两个维度
and where we seen it very flat up to speeds of about three millimeters per 眼泪已经表明，摩擦可能非常低，
speeds of about three millimeters per 摩擦可以归因于原子尺度结构
speeds of about three millimeters per second so what we're seeing here is that 材料，这使我们回到了原子技能的基本模型
second so what we're seeing here is that 粘滑以及如何转化为超级
second so what we're seeing here is that the green would trip model looks okay 润滑性，所以当我们考虑两个原子定义良好的表面时，
the green would trip model looks okay 开始滑动时，结构的所有原子种类都对齐了
the green would trip model looks okay for base oils but it doesn't seem to 在这种类型的表面上，您必须移入和移出内部原子
for base oils but it doesn't seem to 能够超越障碍的潜力，那是那个障碍
for base oils but it doesn't seem to work for oils which have service active 最终提供了观察到的摩擦网，并且已经
work for oils which have service active 详细地观察了一个例子，这里是原子的第二个例子
work for oils which have service active additives in 光滑光滑的胶片发生的事情是，一旦旋转， 426 您实际上可以达到的otama眼镜的位置
so what could we do about this sorry 超级润滑的条件，为什么会因为您现在基本上扭曲了
so what could we do about this sorry 您不必从那些原子中滑出的互动潜力
so what could we do about this sorry I'll just change my slides around a bit 技能潜能，因此修改它并不需要太多
I'll just change my slides around a bit 只需通过控制
I'll just change my slides around a bit and how could we go beyond the Greenwood 界面，从您知道实际应用程序的角度来看，这是
and how could we go beyond the Greenwood 之所以令人兴奋，是因为如果您考虑大多数表面，则大多数表面都是无定形的，
and how could we go beyond the Greenwood trip model to get a better a better way 因此，您的净内在摩擦力仅取决于化学成分和
trip model to get a better a better way 如果您想应用两个界面的机械性能
trip model to get a better a better way of mixed and boundary friction so one 原子薄膜，您现在可以介绍这些类型的条件
of mixed and boundary friction so one 您实际上可以在没有太多帮助的情况下达到超级Lucretia的条件
of mixed and boundary friction so one way forward is we could directly measure 当然，现在要付出很多努力，实际上，
way forward is we could directly measure 现实，我会在短短一秒钟内谈论其中一些
way forward is we could directly measure friction coefficients versus the lambda 首先是您知道1980年代初的测量方法
friction coefficients versus the lambda 所以使用AFM的Matthew伴侣测量了Tommy量表的弹性套利
friction coefficients versus the lambda ratio in the laboratory so we could use 表面，然后您知道下巴乔和马丁·迪恩的作品，
ratio in the laboratory so we could use 所有人基本上都看了如何简单地旋转
ratio in the laboratory so we could use a mini traction machine or reciprocating 接触表面可用于修改那些摩擦特性，并且
a mini traction machine or reciprocating 这里只是想指出一下，只看石墨的石墨烯
a mini traction machine or reciprocating tribal meter and then we could use those 石墨接触您可以观察到的是，只有当您沿着
tribal meter and then we could use those 特定的定向方向真的有很高的摩擦力吗
tribal meter and then we could use those measured curves directly in the mixed 意思是通过在非晶表面上引入一种材料，
measured curves directly in the mixed 您实际上可以拥有的任何类型的二维周期性
measured curves directly in the mixed and boundary friction models rather than 从而非常有效地减少了摩擦，仅此而已
and boundary friction models rather than 太棒了，当我们看这些原子光滑的电影时，
and boundary friction models rather than the Greenwood trip model so the 真正转化为宏观规模，在某种程度上是的，确实如此
the Greenwood trip model so the 所以Argonne国家实验室做了一些非常不错的工作，
the Greenwood trip model so the advantage of this is it will be quite 石墨烯在表面上的摩擦特性及其测量
advantage of this is it will be quite 他们正在做的只是将第一批石墨烯片分散到
advantage of this is it will be quite simple to do 二氧化硅表面，然后用笔在磁盘上测量摩擦性能
simple to do 与旋转次数和旋转次数的函数有关
simple to do but the disadvantage is that there's not 可以在图B中看到的是，如果您看一下
but the disadvantage is that there's not 磨合是标准磨合，然后磨合减小
but the disadvantage is that there's not really any insight into why the friction 系数是我们经过的周期数，对于一个系统，
really any insight into why the friction 刚用类金刚石碳探针将石墨烯点在表面上
really any insight into why the friction curves are as they are the second route 您会看到，您知道摩擦开始时相对较高，然后下降到
curves are as they are the second route 升值约0,05，然后材料开始从表面磨损
curves are as they are the second route which is slightly more ambitious is can 经过一段时间的循环之后，他们在这项特殊工作中还检查了
which is slightly more ambitious is can 如果他们添加其他材料发生了这种情况，那么其中一种
which is slightly more ambitious is can we go back to Greenwood trip model and 添加的是这种纳米金刚石颗粒，因此这些颗粒位于
we go back to Greenwood trip model and 他们发现了几纳米的数量级，他们发现是努力
we go back to Greenwood trip model and adapt it so we could actually put a 钻石这些材料，它也将开始撕裂表面石墨烯
adapt it so we could actually put a 也去然后开始缠绕并形成几乎像这些小球的形状
adapt it so we could actually put a tribal film on top of the surface and 界面上的轴承，因此您可以创建这些基本上为纳米的球
tribal film on top of the surface and 轴承结构，然后您可以在其中绘制滑动图
tribal film on top of the surface and put in the things like the elastic 再说一次，如果我们回想最后一张幻灯片，我告诉你
put in the things like the elastic 只有在最后一次勃起时，您平均才有很高的摩擦力
put in the things like the elastic modulus of the tribal film and see if 摩擦系数比滑动接触要慢得多
modulus of the tribal film and see if 从理论上讲，这将表明这种物质的进化
modulus of the tribal film and see if that this changes the way the asperity 表面包裹起石墨烯薄片，然后形成滑动
that this changes the way the asperity 他们实际上能够达到最佳条件的界面
that this changes the way the asperity is distort and then that might be able 摩擦系数小于数千次
is distort and then that might be able 0,005，这只是一张TEM显微照片，显示了形成的纳米颗粒
is distort and then that might be able to explain why we're getting these 学校的石墨烯被包裹成纳米金刚石，现在就是这个
to explain why we're getting these 很好，很好，花花公子，这就是全部
to explain why we're getting these different shapes in the friction curve 如果没有水，则在干燥的滑动条件下进行。
different shapes in the friction curve 你引入水，这完全失败了，所以那里的挑战之一
different shapes in the friction curve so this could give useful insights but 这是我们首先想到的一种井的问题吗
so this could give useful insights but 是导致机械变形的特性，
so this could give useful insights but it's a more complex approach but 在这里形成的结构我们通常认为这些材料是
it's a more complex approach but 具有非常高的化学惰性，致密且稳定的高压
it's a more complex approach but certainly we do need improved models to 在这里发展起来的接触影响了他们与他们的反应
certainly we do need improved models to 环境，所以您知道我们在想，基本上可能正在发生什么
certainly we do need improved models to say what the friction is during the 是因为这些材料包裹着，您形成了这些纳米粒子
say what the friction is during the 可能会显着拉紧其中的石墨烯膜
say what the friction is during the mixed and boundary regime so the second 粒子接触，这种应变可能导致机械
mixed and boundary regime so the second 这些材料的分解，最终导致该材料失效
mixed and boundary regime so the second challenge I want to go on is to talk 控制摩擦的进展，所以您知道对观察有兴趣
challenge I want to go on is to talk 正如我提到的，这些事物以多种不同的方式
challenge I want to go on is to talk about how we can have a combined model 较早地，您知道我们必须考虑的一件事
about how we can have a combined model 是与纳米粒子接触还是与表面接触
about how we can have a combined model looking at film thickness friction and 只是表面上粗糙的事实是，表面由于其固有的
looking at film thickness friction and 粗糙度具有这些纳米级的凹凸，而在这些纳米级
looking at film thickness friction and wear which we iterate around to see how 粗糙，您将看到的是您的本地化程度很高
wear which we iterate around to see how 较高的局部压力实际上可以帮助驱动化学物质
wear which we iterate around to see how we're evolves over time 反应，因为局部压力实际上扭曲了反应 502 势垒使两个化学反应更容易发生
and for this work I'm going to focus on 这是两个界面，这是部族化学或Meccano化学的领域
and for this work I'm going to focus on 但我想指出的是关于这些宣布的铜的另一件事
and for this work I'm going to focus on a reciprocating contact such as the 差异是这些也是反应性集中器，所以如果您
a reciprocating contact such as the 含有水蒸气或其他物质，可以进行本地化
a reciprocating contact such as the contact you get in a piston ring or a 通过毛细管冷凝这些条件的一部分等等
contact you get in a piston ring or a 环境条件似乎不太温和，但当地条件
contact you get in a piston ring or a valve train or in a in a tribe ammeter 电抗，并且实际上对结构也有重大影响
valve train or in a in a tribe ammeter 作为在这些界面中施加的力量，所以我们有点想
valve train or in a in a tribe ammeter such as a plinth or an SRP machine so in 将所有这些东西放在一起，并检查您是否知道这会如何影响
such as a plinth or an SRP machine so in 二维材料中的摩擦，所以这是我们的问题
such as a plinth or an SRP machine so in a reciprocating contact the thinnest oil 当表面变粗糙时的2D材料，除了实际上您有
a reciprocating contact the thinnest oil 粗糙表面下的AFM尖端断裂，出现了一些初始模型
a reciprocating contact the thinnest oil films occur at the end of the stroke and 在2009年，您会了解自己是否知道一些独特的东西
films occur at the end of the stroke and 定义明确的二维材料，因此在这种情况下，我们可以将其视为一种
films occur at the end of the stroke and if we if we look at the Reynolds 一张塑料板，然后将其放在粗糙的表面上，就可以测量
if we if we look at the Reynolds 二维材料与材料相互作用的程度
if we if we look at the Reynolds equation and apply it to a reciprocating 我只看片材面积与
equation and apply it to a reciprocating 面积到基材的实际面积，因此完全不
equation and apply it to a reciprocating contact we should find that the film 完全符合则为零
contact we should find that the film 取决于表面粗糙度可能不足为奇
contact we should find that the film thickness is largest in the center of 并取决于材料和基材之间的化学反应
thickness is largest in the center of 和您竞争的材料固有的弯曲刚度
thickness is largest in the center of the stroke so this is the left hand 力量和这种力量竞争基本上是什么驱动力
the stroke so this is the left hand 会在您知道的任何特定表面上发生这种材料
the stroke so this is the left hand graph on this on this slide and if we 名义上认为诸如石墨烯之类的东西在平面过程中非常稳定
graph on this on this slide and if we 很大程度上是由于木质内部的双键碳的密度大
graph on this on this slide and if we apply the Reynolds equation to this 系统，但如果交互强度足够强，您会发生什么
apply the Reynolds equation to this 实际上可以扭曲该材料，因此我们必须认识到的是
apply the Reynolds equation to this situation and we ignore the squeeze film 根据粗糙度和相互作用强度
situation and we ignore the squeeze film 可能会看到结构的变化，因此我们着手进行排序的方式
situation and we ignore the squeeze film we get the black dotted line and so the 的目的是拍摄胶片并创建具有明确粗糙度的胶片
we get the black dotted line and so the 我们为什么这样做是因为我们使用纳米粒子的硅，所以我们使用二氧化硅
we get the black dotted line and so the Reynolds equation without the squeeze 直径约6纳米的纳米颗粒
Reynolds equation without the squeeze 直径为85 m米，您可以将它们薄薄地存放
Reynolds equation without the squeeze effect will predict a film thickness of 使用旋涂法在薄膜表面形成纳米颗粒薄膜
effect will predict a film thickness of 然后我们将石墨烯放置在该运行服务和方法之上
effect will predict a film thickness of zero at the ends of the stroke but it 如图所示，我们使用了纳米粒子
zero at the ends of the stroke but it 拍下来，我们拿了一大块石墨和一些
zero at the ends of the stroke but it was separating contact and a piston ring 水溶性胶带我们把它放在热水澡中是所有想要的胶带
was separating contact and a piston ring 一旦我们将足够的石墨压到表面上，然后我们将
was separating contact and a piston ring is one of these situations where we 化学剥落，使之变得稀薄
is one of these situations where we 直到我们与您有区域的几个月，您才知道
is one of these situations where we can't ignore the squeeze effect and so 石墨烯在服务上，您可以直接通过光学观察，因为
can't ignore the squeeze effect and so 二氧化硅膜和Eman图之间的光学对比度等
can't ignore the squeeze effect and so if we do the calculation again but 我们有很多厚块的原因，您知道很多很多层
if we do the calculation again but 表面上的石墨直到我们可以实际观察到的区域
if we do the calculation again but include the squeeze effects we get the 单层和几层石墨烯，您知道，因为我们是一周内的显微镜专家
include the squeeze effects we get the 和床单，我们可以直接转到感兴趣的区域，然后说我想要
include the squeeze effects we get the red curve and this is quite interesting 看看如果我制作了纳米颗粒薄膜然后沉积会发生什么
red curve and this is quite interesting 上面提到的单层和Q层石墨烯我们已经看过了
red curve and this is quite interesting for two reasons the first of which is 用于一系列不同的颗粒膜和艺术，并控制
for two reasons the first of which is 固有的表面粗糙度，我们既可以从光学上识别，也可以从
for two reasons the first of which is there's no longer a zero film thickness 拉曼光谱学是一两层还是三层，所以我们可以
there's no longer a zero film thickness 我们可以用光学方法测量这是-D-G的比率光学像
there's no longer a zero film thickness at the end of the stroke we're now in 这个区域以及这个和这个区域显示我们在这里有一个单层
at the end of the stroke we're now in 单2 3 4等等，这里是2 3等等，还有一些单层，那是
at the end of the stroke we're now in this particular simulation finding your 在那里，什么时候我们可以乘AFM进入并开始询问这些地区
this particular simulation finding your 并检查结构和摩擦特性，所以我要
this particular simulation finding your film that is about half a micron and the 稍后再讲，实际上我们也将使用这些转变
film that is about half a micron and the 这些拉曼峰不仅帮助我们识别
film that is about half a micron and the second interesting thing is that the 基本上哦，您知道我们有多少层，还可以帮助我们确定本地
second interesting thing is that the 化学畸变，因为这里的D带-缺陷带实际上非常
second interesting thing is that the film thickness is different going one 对局部化学反应敏感，因此我们可以将其用作脊柱
film thickness is different going one 告诉我们材料也在哪里分解，所以当我们查看
film thickness is different going one way in this in this tribe ometer than it 在粗糙的表面上，如果我们从平坦的表面走，我们将看到以下内容
way in this in this tribe ometer than it 这些在解剖学上光滑的表面球体上的大型纳米粒子，我们
way in this in this tribe ometer than it is in the other way so the effect of 在所有这些电影中都放有一架飞机，我们从不到一架
is in the other way so the effect of 纳米RMS高达大约11个动画制作者RMS RMS，您可以很快看到
is in the other way so the effect of included in the squeezed term results in 直到您得到大约20纳米的颗粒纳米粒子为止
included in the squeezed term results in RMS粗糙度为6厘米，很难分辨出实际位置
included in the squeezed term results in an asymmetric friction curve and this is 图形在我们表面上，这是由于这些
an asymmetric friction curve and this is 粗糙度相对较低的siddhis，具有这些非常尖锐的凹凸
an asymmetric friction curve and this is what you actually find if you do an 观察到，石墨烯试图非常紧密地顺应基材
what you actually find if you do an 直到您到达这些更大的间距，它才根本无法变形
what you actually find if you do an experiment with a with a plinth or an 并保持一致，您可以在1580 x纳米中清楚地看到它
experiment with a with a plinth or an 你有这些作为变体，你有一层绘图，你只是披上
experiment with a with a plinth or an SRB machine the friction curve is 越过它们，所以您等于最终得到的是您最终得到的区域
SRB machine the friction curve is 有很多畸变和凹凸不平的峰值，这也是电影
SRB machine the friction curve is asymmetric and a more asymmetric it is 会更紧绷，然后其他没有胶卷的区域
asymmetric and a more asymmetric it is 现在特别紧张，如果您考虑一下这是如何影响的
asymmetric and a more asymmetric it is the more that the squeeze effect will be 摩擦性能将取决于课程负荷和
the more that the squeeze effect will be 压力和局部互动，因为这些愿景将
the more that the squeeze effect will be there so the key point about this is 变得灵活起来，因此我们已经在很多方面进行了研究
there so the key point about this is 在不同的系统上，这只是石墨烯在
there so the key point about this is that in a reciprocating contact we need 二维曲面抱歉，这只是图形显示时的一个示例
that in a reciprocating contact we need 在20纳米的颗粒膜上，它是单层的，这是刚刚暴露的
that in a reciprocating contact we need to include the squeeze effect when we 当您从非常粗糙的地方开始时，纳米粒子可以在此处切割我们的单层
to include the squeeze effect when we 表面上看到的是该图形仅部分符合该图形
to include the squeeze effect when we simulate what's going on and we also get 到该基材上，因此它相对较弱地粘附到该基材上
simulate what's going on and we also get 当您从单层移到几层时，相对粗糙度会降低，因为
simulate what's going on and we also get the thinnest films at the end of the 薄膜变得更加稳定，平面间的相互作用也有帮助
the thinnest films at the end of the 帮助加强该材料，但您仍然可以看到以下事实：
the thinnest films at the end of the stroke or close to the end of the stroke 石墨烯固有的变形
stroke or close to the end of the stroke 从那出来的，实际上，如果你看着地面的边缘
stroke or close to the end of the stroke but we need to include the squeeze film 石墨烯是这边没有朋友的地方，但您最初注意到的是
but we need to include the squeeze film 它与表面非常紧密地贴合，然后就不需要
but we need to include the squeeze film to get the right film thickness so that 距胶片越远，在该结构内基本上变得更光滑
to get the right film thickness so that 所以看着这些类型的东西，摩擦是什么样的
to get the right film thickness so that we can then predict what the wear will 我们只是简单地研究了相同类型的20纳米纳米薄膜
we can then predict what the wear will 再次，这六纳米RMS粗糙度这里我们基本上检查了
we can then predict what the wear will be 一二三四层石墨烯的摩擦特性，所以这是 604 由于这些原因，我对对比度标尺表示歉意
so this next slide shows schematically 这里很难看到鲜明的区别，但是我们
so this next slide shows schematically 具有与此对应的ROM和数据，但是如果您查看
so this next slide shows schematically what happens over time in a 摩擦您所看到的是，一层具有较高的摩擦力，两层
what happens over time in a 较高的小说和三层比通过层具有更高的压力
what happens over time in a reciprocating contact and in these 这是通过相对事实AFM尖端（具有RZR曲率）来衡量的
reciprocating contact and in these 大约130纳米，所以我们看到的是当您从单层开始
reciprocating contact and in these simulations I'm assuming that the pin is 一层到多层这种情况下，四层石墨烯开始摩擦
simulations I'm assuming that the pin is 更高然后降低，这与所看到的非常一致
simulations I'm assuming that the pin is harder than the substrate so we at the 实际上在光滑的表面上，所以你知道地毯的工作
harder than the substrate so we at the 并在2010年回顾了二维的这一层依赖性
harder than the substrate so we at the start of the test we have our pin in the 材料，并在您将其扩展为一层到两者时显示
start of the test we have our pin in the 看得出来，薄膜变得更稳定，摩擦降到了2，
start of the test we have our pin in the middle of the in the middle of this 您想要一个值，而这在很大程度上归因于以下事实：
middle of the in the middle of this 嗯，那不是可以部分吸收石墨烯，而这一切真的指向
middle of the in the middle of this slider and it goes backwards and 你知道在这些情况下的摩擦现在是竞争
slider and it goes backwards and 在石墨烯是在基材还是在尖端之间
slider and it goes backwards and forwards and we get the thinnest films 因此，这意味着您可以玩此比赛的游戏，
forwards and we get the thinnest films 基本上可以控制摩擦，即使材料可以相同
forwards and we get the thinnest films at the end of the stroke so whit midway 合理化两个接触点的这些细微扭曲可以
at the end of the stroke so whit midway luhan就是这样，例如，如果我们返回并再次使用
at the end of the stroke so whit midway through the test the serve flat surface 相对较尖的笔尖，所以我显示的第一个测量是使用
through the test the serve flat surface 如果我们使用带有
through the test the serve flat surface at the bottom has now been modified so 相对尖锐的探针，现在具有与粒径相似的尺寸
at the bottom has now been modified so 从表面上看，您看到的是单
at the bottom has now been modified so that there's wear worn portions at the 双层以及多层实际上完全消失了，所以这里是
that there's wear worn portions at the 那里的第一个例子
that there's wear worn portions at the end of the stroke and at the end of the 从单层到多层再到多层，摩擦表现出层依赖性
end of the stroke and at the end of the 一旦您基本阐述了那些
end of the stroke and at the end of the test we will likely having more we're 两个联系人看起来像这样，这告诉我们的是，通过修改
test we will likely having more we're 两个表面之间的化学相互作用
test we will likely having more we're there but the key thing is that this 我们应该能够准确地然后固有地控制我们所遇到的摩擦
there but the key thing is that this 想要在那个表面上，所以我们开始着眼于那个
there but the key thing is that this change in shape of the flat region means 通过利用服务的某些化学功能化来实现正弦
change in shape of the flat region means 巷道检查劳拉叹息尝试氧赛昂通常用于修饰二氧化硅
change in shape of the flat region means that the contact is effectively much 界面，所以我们说到您知道要认真考虑一下，让我们
that the contact is effectively much 改变石墨烯与基材之间相互作用的一些时间
that the contact is effectively much flatter now at the ends of the stroke if 并看看这对波斯语有何影响，所以我们研究了这三个系统
flatter now at the ends of the stroke if 学术上的三氯硅烷，所以这终止于这三个甲基
flatter now at the ends of the stroke if you may actually not pin going over the 你们知道丙基径距的硅烷会终止于平均物种和
you may actually not pin going over the 终止于一个家族的甲基三氯硅烷，所以看看
you may actually not pin going over the worn parts at the end that looks now 这些接口之间的pi PI交互类型
worn parts at the end that looks now 只需用一个干净的吸头（羟基清洁，
worn parts at the end that looks now looks like a much flatter contact and 羟基终止，我将这三个不同的两个物种放在
looks like a much flatter contact and 在那里检查这些类型的摩擦力和附着力
looks like a much flatter contact and the contact in the middle and what 界面，我们看到的是问题所在，因此石墨烯相对而言
the contact in the middle and what 疏水的，当我们看一个干净的原子力显微镜尖端时
the contact in the middle and what happens in that with the squeeze effect 羟基化并与该表面相互作用，粘附作用为
happens in that with the squeeze effect 相对较小，这些都以最相同的曲率半径完成
happens in that with the squeeze effect in the Reynolds equation is the flatter 我们还考虑了这些变化和曲率的增加
in the Reynolds equation is the flatter 将其转换为胺时的测量值
in the Reynolds equation is the flatter the contact you get a thicker flick 两极分化的物种，您会看到
the contact you get a thicker flick 粘附作用甲基相互作用非常强，因此这种疏水性
the contact you get a thicker flick squeeze film so over time you'll start 疏水性界面变得非常坚固，然后
squeeze film so over time you'll start 与PI系统进行电影互动，您会发现
squeeze film so over time you'll start off right at the start of the test with 融合的工作也是如此，实际上相比之下，
off right at the start of the test with pi PI在该接口处的交互作用告诉我们，如果
off right at the start of the test with very thin films at the end of the stroke 我们有点想把碎纸钉到表面
very thin films at the end of the stroke 我们可能应该使用这样的东西来帮助增加基材
very thin films at the end of the stroke midway through the test you'll get white 绘制相互作用的图形，所以我们这样做了，然后去看看摩擦
midway through the test you'll get white 属性，直到我们在平坦表面和相同类型的表面上都执行了此操作
midway through the test you'll get white wear occurring but you'll get now get 粗糙表面，而不是完全消除层依赖性
wear occurring but you'll get now get 正如我们所期望的那样，谁认为我们可以稳定这一点，它们就是粘附力
wear occurring but you'll get now get the film thickness at the end of the 对底物会很强而对尖端会很弱，相反，我们看到的是
the film thickness at the end of the 在几乎所有这些情况下，即使是相对
the film thickness at the end of the stroke being thicker and at the end of 锋利的尖端，那是因为好吧，我们忘记了哦好
stroke being thicker and at the end of 摩擦不仅与局部相互作用和作用力有关，而且
stroke being thicker and at the end of the tests hopefully the walk where we'll 还有一个剪切应变分量，所以我们有这个分子模型
the tests hopefully the walk where we'll 如果考虑到以下事实，则在这两个接口之间
the tests hopefully the walk where we'll have settled down and you can run this 该分子模型层具有开放的自身和鲱鱼剪切应变，并且
have settled down and you can run this 我们用OTS观察的情况下，剪切应变实际上显着
have settled down and you can run this without basically any more wear 增加了卢的接触所产生的摩擦，这是更大的阻力
without basically any more wear 互动以及与该界面的互动，所以现在永远不要忘记这一点
without basically any more wear occurring and the reason this is 还有其他影响，这与
occurring and the reason this is 电影实际上没有放过的事实并没有停滞不前，例如
occurring and the reason this is important to get right is that there are 如果我们在施加的载荷下或在不同的载荷下观察不同的颗粒膜
important to get right is that there are 石墨烯含量高Levi的表面的负载荷为
important to get right is that there are components in an engine main won't be in 与表面高度贴合，紧密粘合表面
components in an engine main won't be in 表面看起来像我们几乎没有差异
components in an engine main won't be in the piston ring where we are very 降低粗糙度，增加最粗糙的点并减弱
the piston ring where we are very 整个基材之间的相互作用您看到的是当您进入负光时
the piston ring where we are very interested in the friction and wear of 您开始看到石墨烯实际上被AFM尖端从
interested in the friction and wear of 表面，当您拥有
interested in the friction and wear of the piston ring during the engine cycle 同样，您已经在表面上绑定和悬浮了石墨烯区域，所以您知道 688 现在，如果您从实际旋转角度考虑这一点，
the piston assembly accounts for 我要去的就是你要失去那种联系
the piston assembly accounts for 跳过此幻灯片，因为我们时间紧迫，您将无法看到实际的
the piston assembly accounts for approximately 50% of total engine 接触的扭曲会根据情况而波动
approximately 50% of total engine 他们在当地行动，所以这里只是一部小电影，
approximately 50% of total engine friction so it's very important to 我们在不同的情况下观察了表面的变形
friction so it's very important to 就业和您不同的飞行力量，您将看到的是
friction so it's very important to understand what the actual friction is 您可以平衡尖端和底物之间的相互作用
understand what the actual friction is 结构上可能完全不同，例如，如果我测量
understand what the actual friction is of the piston ascend 在高负载下，我实际上可以看到我的粒子与vs，如果我测量
of the piston ascend 在相对适度的负载下，我可能会认为我的表面完全光滑或
of the piston ascend with different lubricants and as many 如果以负负载进行测量，我实际上是在将石墨烯拉出
with different lubricants and as many 服务，所以这些波动和扭曲都将
with different lubricants and as many published studies of piston assembly 影响整体稳定性和摩擦性能
published studies of piston assembly 二维材料，实际上它们也极大地影响了
published studies of piston assembly friction which predict very high levels 固有的反应性或分解该材料并检查我们是否使用了
friction which predict very high levels 很简单的探针，我们实际上将此分子用于NBD用于MVD
friction which predict very high levels of mixed and boundary friction and they 反应是图形界面的根本反应，您可以采取此措施
of mixed and boundary friction and they 与石墨烯反应的物质消除了双键，当您这样做时
of mixed and boundary friction and they it's difficult to see how those high 实际上在石墨烯表面产生缺陷，您实际上可以
it's difficult to see how those high 只是通过观察D形带的外观来测量这个缺陷，所以我们
it's difficult to see how those high levels are consistent with piston 有一个很好的简单分子探针来观察分子应变
levels are consistent with piston 影响该材料的净反应性或分解，因此在这里
levels are consistent with piston lifetimes which lasts for at least a 我们已经研究了一系列六六纳米的不同薄膜
lifetimes which lasts for at least a 85纳米粒子胶片中的胶片这些是拉曼图像拉曼地图
lifetimes which lasts for at least a hundred thousand miles for cars and more 在与NBD发生反应之前和之后，希望容易注意到的是
hundred thousand miles for cars and more 当你去最紧张最紧张的材料，你所看到的
hundred thousand miles for cars and more than a million miles for heavy-duty 缺陷带明显增加，你知道
than a million miles for heavy-duty 这是由于石墨烯中的局部应变为
than a million miles for heavy-duty trucks and I think what's happening and 在这些类型的粒子粒子实验的峰值处非常高，所以我
trucks and I think what's happening and 差不多了，哦，我几乎没时间了，我们也开始将其与
trucks and I think what's happening and if we look at this schematic drawing on 只是通过DFT计算，我们可以看到的是
if we look at this schematic drawing on 该物种的净固有稳定能下降
if we look at this schematic drawing on the left-hand side is that a lot of 即使有非常细微的失真也很明显，所以现在，如果您想到
the left-hand side is that a lot of 您在一项服务上有二维材料，其中有很多不同的内容
the left-hand side is that a lot of people model the piston ring line of 波动和力量在哪里
people model the piston ring line of 材料会由于简单的局部变形而破裂，因此存在
people model the piston ring line of contact with a brand-new piston ring and 试图了解如何利用这两个的故事
contact with a brand-new piston ring and 尺寸材料使摩擦改进剂前进，我将跳到
contact with a brand-new piston ring and a brand new liner and if we think back 总结一下，谢谢大家的倾听，就像我们一样
a brand new liner and if we think back 提到这两个二维材料，您知道它们将符合欧芹
a brand new liner and if we think back to the previous slide where I was 对于我们来说，我们所看到的非常相似的服务必须是
to the previous slide where I was 另有25分钟的演示文稿，我们可以通过以下方式对其进行监控
to the previous slide where I was explaining what happens as the hard pin 拉曼我们可以看看那些局部变形和化学相互作用
explaining what happens as the hard pin 真正开始了解这些类型的滑动会发生什么
explaining what happens as the hard pin moves against the flat surface if we 接触我们使用二维材料作为摩擦的地方
moves against the flat surface if we 我只说谢谢我的小组，大部分工作是
moves against the flat surface if we imagine here that the piston ring is 由博士完成梅根·奥林斯基（Megan Olinsky）现在是联合国的博士后，似乎是一位
imagine here that the piston ring is 霍普学院（Hope College）助理教授Joe tonglen（霍金·昆塔里乌斯）
imagine here that the piston ring is harder than the liner the process of 摩尔（Moore）是杜威（Dewey）的计算研究生，只是UIUC和
harder than the liner the process of 我们的资金来源，感谢您的收听
harder than the liner the process of wear will occur you'll find that the 谢谢詹姆斯真的很有趣
wear will occur you'll find that the 对于石墨烯纳米粒子系统中的摩擦力，问题是这样的
wear will occur you'll find that the liner right at the top dead center will 那些在干燥或潮湿的空气中进行测试的设备，如果有潮湿则用水进行测试
liner right at the top dead center will 可以通过渗透他们的二氧化Hel来影响摩擦
liner right at the top dead center will be worn so that the piston ring line of 石墨烯界面，是的，这些都是在干燥氮气条件下完成的
be worn so that the piston ring line of 我们研究了将水蒸气引入其中后会发生什么
be worn so that the piston ring line of contact is now much flatter but at the 接触，在某些情况下，如果薄膜不完全均匀，则可以得到
contact is now much flatter but at the 水实际上被困在胶片下面，这也影响了
contact is now much flatter but at the same time the wear will also reduce the 摩擦特性，我们已经开始研究当
same time the wear will also reduce the 您开始修改这些表面的两边，是的，在上面两个都非常感谢
same time the wear will also reduce the surface roughness so the little table at 非常感谢您，如果我随便带回去开罗结束会议，
surface roughness so the little table at 再次向您介绍一下下周的致谢，谢谢
surface roughness so the little table at the bottom if you've got brand new 大家的精彩演讲，也感谢大家的倾听，希望
the bottom if you've got brand new 您下周将再次加入我们，届时我们将邀请来自
the bottom if you've got brand new components the film thickness at top 弗莱堡大学和huyang Morales教授，特别是来自SKF和
components the film thickness at top 因萨里昂（Insa Lyon）我只想提醒大家，这个直播将成为
components the film thickness at top dead center might only be half a micron 那些没有问题的人在我们频道上的YouTube视频上
dead center might only be half a micron 回答他们的问题将在一周内不在现场回答
dead center might only be half a micron but yeah the film thickness the top side 在您要攻击的地方聊天，因为直播Ram将会关闭
but yeah the film thickness the top side 所以我们将尚未回答的评论移到视频下方
but yeah the film thickness the top side Center might only be half a micron but 请确保您再次检查以查看答案并进行互动
Center might only be half a micron but 我想提醒大家，关于
Center might only be half a micron but the roughness might also be half a 6月11日，我们举行了Twitter意大利面食会议，所以有一个好方法
the roughness might also be half a 为了展示您的作品，将有奖品，获奖者还将获得
the roughness might also be half a micron so there you have a lambda ratio 像在接下来的五分钟中做一个简短的演讲
micron so there you have a lambda ratio 研讨会，所以自吠陀经一直以来，我们是唯一的竞标者
micron so there you have a lambda ratio of 1 which would say that under those 应该已经观看了700多次，这是展示您的
of 1 which would say that under those 的工作，我再次感谢演讲者，感谢大家，再见
of 1 which would say that under those conditions you're in boundary 下周再见
conditions you're in boundary