[Music: Acoustic guitar]
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[Sexologist Martin Cole: NARRATING during the whole film]
It's obvious that boys are different from girls,
and men different from women.
Indeed we know most of the reasons for these differences.
For example: women are made to have babies
and care for them.
So they have broad hips to allow the baby to be born easily.
They also have breasts which will produce milk for the new born child.
And they will have a maternal instinct
which makes them want to care for their children.
Men are different,
they're made to follow a more energetic existence
to leave the home and to go to work.
Therefore they have a more masculine built,
they're physically stronger.
And instead of giving birth and caring for babies
they're often better at giving birth to new ideas.
They're in fact usually more inventive
and creative.
However the two different roles that the sexes have played in the past
are slowly changing.
Nowadays more and more women are planning their families
so that they may continue their careers.
They're in fact becoming more ambitious.
And men are beginning to play a larger part in helping in the home
and bringing up the children.
The old ideas of male dominance are disappearing.
And nowadays the two sexes are becoming more equal.
But they still remain indifferent.
This film is about some of these differences.
About how they develop as you grow up
and how they become important in sexual reproduction.
By knowing more about yourselves
it is hoped that you be able to enjoy making love when you're ready.
And also be able to avoid making babies
until you want them.
A woman who's pregnant can never tell for sure
but only guess whatever her baby will be a boy or a girl.
There is roughly an equal chance
that it will either be a boy or a girl.
And so if she does try to guess
she'll be right, as often as she's wrong.
However as soon it is born she can tell easily.
If it is a boy he will have a small penis and a scrotum.
This is the external male sex organ.
If it is a girl she will have a vulva
which is the external female sex organ.
In almost every other way however
newborn baby boys and girls
look more or less the same.
Although inside their bodies their reproductive organs are quite different.
Indeed, unless you know beforehand it is often very difficult
to separate the two sexes when they're so young.
But as they grow older parents dress boys differently from girls.
They cut their hair in a different way
so that the sexes can be identified more easily.
Baby girls may also have slightly softer voices
and are often softer to the touch than baby boys.
But otherwise, apart from their sex organs
they can still look very much alike.
The lifespan of the human animal
can be divided into three stages.
These are called: childhood
puberty and adolescence
and adulthood.
Childhood is the period of physical and mental growth
from birth and till puberty.
Which is usually reached in the young teenager.
During childhood the infant grows
and slowly learns to become independent of its parents.
The onset of puberty marks the beginning of adolescence.
Adolescence, the second stage of life
is the bridge between being a child and being grown up
that is adult.
It is a time of extremely rapid physical and mental growth.
And it's in this first stage of adolescence called puberty
that obvious differences between the sexes
begin to appear for the first time.
We become adult when physical growth stops
and full sexual maturity is reached.
Mental growth or learning never ceases.
This goose on throughout life.
Pass during adolescence boys and girls
change into men and women.
And sooner or later they become capable of reproducing sexually.
Boys can then become fathers and girls mothers.
And it is the changes which takes place in their bodies at puberty
which makes this possible.
Puberty is usually completed in the early teens.
In the girl on the average it begins when she is eleven years old.
Where's in the boy this stage is reached a little later.
Perhaps when he's about twelve.
But there's no rule about this and some boys and girls grow up
either much more quickly or much more slowly than this.
We are now going to follow these physical changes
in boys and girls as they grow from childhood
through puberty and into adolescence
and then finally become adult man and woman.
Although young boys and girls may behave very differently
physically as we have said they are very much alike.
These similarities last throughout childhood
until puberty is reached.
At the age of eight or nine years
the only obvious difference between the two sexes
are the external sex organs.
The girl has the less prominent sex organ
it is called a vulva.
At this age, all that can been seen are the two lips
or labia.
Between them are two openings.
There is the opening of the urethra
which passes from the bladder where the urine is stored
and a second opening to the vagina.
This opening may be partly closed by a piece of skin
called the hymen.
In addition, hidden between the lips of the vulva
is a small organ called the clitoris.
A boy at this age will have a small penis
and underneath it a sac called the scrotum.
The penis is used to pass urine
and if the foreskin is pulled back
the opening of the ureter urethra can be seen.
This is the only opening in the male sex organ.
Inside the scrotum are two testis.
One on either side.
Some boys have their foreskin removed when they're babies.
This is called circumcision.
Other well marked physical differences between the sexes
at this age are hard to find.
So the girl may be slightly fatter and softer
than a boy of the same age.
Inside the body the reproductive organs
are very different in boys and girls.
These organs are not fully developed at this age
and will not mature until puberty.
The girl has paired ovaries high in her abetment.
The ovaries will produce her eggs for ova after puberty.
From near the ovaries pass the fallopian tubes
or oviducts
which connect with the pear shaped uterus or womb
where the baby will develop if the girl becomes pregnant.
The womb opens below through its cervix
or neck into the vagina.
The vagina in turn opens to the exterior
as we have seen between the lips of the vulva.
The boy has paired testis
which instead of remaining high in the abetment
has descended into the scrotum.
His testis will produce spermatozoa or sperm
after puberty.
The sperm so produced will pass to the exterior
through the epididymis into tubes called the vas deferens.
These open into the urethra
which open to the outside at the tip of the penis.
Opening into these tubes are a number of glands
in particular, the seminal vesicles
and the prostate gland whose functions will be described later.
Both sexes have a urinary bladder which collects urine
from the kidneys and which empties through the urethra.
In the female, the urethra conducts only urine.
But in the male, the urethra functions to pass
both urine and sperm to the outside of the body.
The gradual process of growing up throughout childhood
becomes suddenly speeded up as puberty approaches.
Between the ages of say nine and sixteen
physical and physiological changes begin to takes place
in both sexes.
Changes which mark the early beginning
of the adult sexual face of life.
This is puberty.
At this time, three events take place
more or less simultaneously.
Firstly: the secondary sex characteristics appear.
Secondly: the external sex organs grow.
And thirdly:
the internal reproductive organs develop to maturity.
All these changes at puberty are brought about
by the secretions of the endocrine
or ductless glands.
These glands secrete substances called, hormones into the blood
and it's these hormones
which stimulates sexual development at puberty.
The master gland in control is called the pituitary gland.
This is situated just under the brain.
A kind of clock in the brain switches the pituitary gland on at puberty.
Say at ten or eleven in a girl
or somewhat later, twelve in a boy.
Secretions from this gland enter the blood
and circulating throughout the body switch on other glands in turn.
For example: a hormone called gonadotrophin
from the pituitary signals the girls ovaries
to produce large amounts of one of the females sex hormones
oestrogen.
Another gonadotrophin from the pituitary of a boy
likewise signals his testes
to produce the male sex hormone, testosterone.
It is these two sex hormones
oestrogen produced from the girls ovaries
and testosterone from the boys testis
which are largely responsible for the femaleness
and the maleness of a person.
A boy who has reached puberty
will notice that his penis and scrotum are growing in size.
Hair will also appear in the region of his sexual organs.
and particularly in the pubic region.
This is called pubic hair.
Hair will also appear under his arms
on his chest
and soon he will find it necessary to shave his beard and moustache.
His voice will break
his Adam's apple grow in size
and he will begin to grow taller quite rapidly.
He will put on weight,
his muscles will develop in size.
He's in fact beginning to change into a man.
Equally striking changes will become evident
in the young girl reaching puberty.
The hormones secreted by her ovaries
will stimulate the lips of her vulva
and her clitoris to grow.
Hair will also develop in her pubic region
and also under her arms.
Her breasts will begin to grow
and her body, instead of becoming muscular
will take on the rounded contours of the female form.
She will develop a narrow waist
her hips will broaden
and she too will grow rapidly in height.
Soon she will be recognisable as a young woman.
The internal reproductive organs
also grow and mature at puberty.
So that by the age of fourteen or fifteen
most boys and girls are reproductively fertile
and capable of becoming parents.
In the boy, the hormones stimulate the growth of the testis
which will begin to produce living motile spermatozoa
from the numerous coiled seminiferous tubules
within the testes.
These sperm will pass to the exterior through the epididymis
the vas deferens and finally the urethra.
Semen, the milky fluid in which the sperm are ejaculated to the outside
is produced by the prostate gland and the seminal vesicles.
In the girl, her hormones stimulates her ovaries
fallopian tubes,
uterus and vagina
to grow in size until they're mature.
Than her menstrual cycles will begin.
Once a month her ovaries will release an ovum.
And alternating with this event, about a fortnight later
she will have some bleeding from her vulva.
This is her monthly period and is called menstruation.
It is a sign that she's reproductively mature
and capable of having a baby.
Puberty is said to be at an end
when both sexes are capable of reproducing.
That is the boy is able to produce sperm
and the girl ova.
Apart from the physical changes which takes place at puberty
the sex hormones also bring about changes
in the behaviour of adolescent boys and girls.
With an increasing frequency boys will begin to notice girls.
And girls likewise become interested in boys.
They will be attracted to one and another, both physically
so that they will want to kiss and neck
and emotionally.
So that they simply want to be together and talk.
They have a mutual need for each other and this need
represents the beginning of love between the two sexes.
Early in adolescence, a boy will notice that he can become sexually excited.
His penis will become erect,
and if he masturbates by moving the skin on his penis up and down
semen containing many million of his sperm
will be ejaculated to the exterior
from the end of his penis.
At this moment he will experience a very pleasurable sensation
called orgasm.
Masturbation is important to development
and may provide a natural and healthy sexual outlet
for adolescent boys for several years.
Similarly, a young girl may also become sexually excited.
She will then noticed that her vulva becomes moist.
And if she masturbates by moving her hand over the lips of her vulva
or stimulates her clitoris or vagina
she too may have this pleasurable sensation, called orgasm.
As in the boy, masturbation in the girl is quite normal
and also plays an important part in her development.
Adolescence ends when physical growth is complete
and full sexual maturity is achieved.
The age of which this may be reached varies considerably.
It may be as early as fifteen years
or as late as twenty years.
The differences already described which separates
the adolescent boy and girl
are naturally much more strongly accentuated in the adult.
The primary sex characteristics
that is the sex organs, are now fully developed.
In the male, the penis and scrotum are mature
and pubic and genital hair are present.
In the female, the vulva is also fully grown
they are often partly concealed by hair.
The secondary sexual characteristics
are also now fully formed in both sexes.
In the adult male, underarm, facial
and body hair are present
but vary in their abandons from person to person.
The voice is now completely broken
and characteristically deeper than that of a woman.
In general the adult male will be larger
and more muscular than the adult female.
But of course there are exceptions to this rule.
No particular body build can be said to be normal.
All that can be stressed is that there exists a rage of normal's.
In the adult female the breasts are now fully developed
although again these will vary in size and shape
from person to person.
The growth of her body hair is restricted to under her arms
and on her vulva.
And her characteristic smoothly round female form
is broad about by deposits of body fat.
Typically she has a narrower waist
broader hips and generally will be smaller than the average male.
Man find women attractive to look at
and become sexual aroused by seeing for example
their breasts and vulvas.
To a lesser extend
a naked man's body may also arouse a woman sexually.
That's quite apart from the obvious biological use
of breasts in a woman, to provide milk
and the normally heavier muscularized male
to indulge him with additional physical strength.
These features will also have a sex appeal.
As a result of necking and petting
both the boy and girl may become sexually excited.
And if the circumstances are right
sexual intercourse may follow.
His penis will become stiff and erect
and her vulva moist
as a result of the secretions from the walls of the vagina.
So when the penis is placed between the lips of the vulva
penetration into the vagina will take place.
This may be difficult sometimes
particularly if the girl is not fully aroused
or if she's feeling guilty
or perhaps if it is her first intercourse.
Normally however the vagina expands
to take the erect penis, however large it may be.
After a number of pelvic movements or thrusts
orgasm may be achieved by both sexes.
At the time of orgasm in the male
many millions of his sperm will be ejaculated
high in the vagina.
And if these sperm swim up through the uterus
into the fallopian tubes to meet the ovum
fertilization may take place
and the girl may become pregnant.
Boys and girls often have sexual intercourse
long before they're ready to have babies.
There is nothing wrong with this
and many people believe that sexual experience in adolescence
is essential for normal development.
However, unless the girl is taking the contraceptive or birth pill
or the boy always uses a sheath,
she's very likely to become pregnant.
Unmarried teenagers don't make the best parents.
It is neither fair on yourselves, nor your child
that you should become parents so young.
But making love is important to a lot of young people.
So, be prepared.
Never make love without taking precautions.
[Music: Acoustic guitar]
The End
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