so it's kind of approving of the talks were willing to do some of the basic
concepts of other the these epidemiology
are what we know in terms of general biology all of the pathogen to call the
southern of death
uh... eleven looking at the request of from people and expectations of people
i think it would probably call for a second seminar that's going to be a
little bit more cutting edge into team during the next semester
where we're gonna talk more about what has come out of the different in
research groups not just the u_c_ berkeley but also u_c_ davis
and in other research centers
about alarm
how potentially we can deal with the disease from a forester perspective
and abroad or our long term in the culture perspective
and as you can see in the first flight here i simply fill some all the elements
build most of all the problems familiar with them
all that we we know dr epidemics and ride to visas
and uh... this talk is kind of the result of about ten years of war etc
will rather than just so i don't lighting each one of the film and
elements of separately and individually wickham tried to
reconstructed and you thought we did constructed
and now we reconstructed and try to cover understand
of each one of these elements will be plays a role
ego
final lol results though
and the finally impact of the federal death may have you know dot royal our
lands
and uh... for those of you know there are new to the topic
i've put dowel not sell more of the mood very useful links
uh... that uh... means you are you guys can nam
give access to and under the first one is kind of the clearinghouse for all
information about several deadly itself on the normal debt fantastically
structure website
of the second one is my u_c_ berkeley lab site of the has allot about it
or what we do in terms of all treatments that and then to the last two therm
clothing co about actually distribution of the disease
which you will see if there are some very important also in order to manage
it didn't used properly and we will touch on that
at the very end of the presentation
um...
vocational de almeda
dvds of the debt that we've referred to as a federal death row a really whole we
don't know exactly when eight it started
back at the first reports actually come from the senecas county
and they go back to about nineteen ninety four nineteen ninety five
and the first reports where i should be about the kind of mortality ends and the
such other without really
club no people pay little attention to them
and then they before we hear
reports started coming in again trust that occurs county and infirmary county
and our love not just about out of court i would be about also about local
mortality
event of course the interest on increased uh...
and uh... much more attention wars all walls even up to the topic
uh... and as you can see this picture of the leaders of the point org
or one of the main feature about southern of death is better than
normally ah... mobile no always but in divorce majority of cases
did hard copy of the tree
dries opera in a relatively short period of time we're talking just about a few
weeks
when uh... you know that this
final cinta most federal death actually appears so the entire crown grow old
slogan green
uh... to discover bright orange etc event or more muted title brown and that
great
and i think that it doesn't take very long and that's why the disease wilson
was called a couple of death because
relatively fed appearance elkhart
what we know now is the final symptom all seven of death
well deduct the disease you will see some unpaid is caused by the exotic
organism
armed and even if it was reported in nineteen eighty four for the first time
normally we have what is called a lock phase with regard to the this over the
phased where nobody don't actually know that our introduction has occurred
and that is the most prediction from very different groups using different
approaches
varies some kind of an agreement again
remember if this is a guesstimate it's not really
precise science that
the most likely date of introduction
all the organism because it's up to a best is probably evite the late nineteen
eighties
uh... and we'd we fought abolished in nineteen eighty seven
eyes of potential harm not detail because it was an el nino year
so why are we talking about in the new year or borrowed clothes you know at
what we talk about this you know as a
possible likely date of introduction well because the organism because the
federal death is a fight off shore up
arpita phytophthora species that until the year two thousand was not known
uh... to mankind
uh... and it was isolated on the coast of california both want out ok and oaks
the worst showing typical symptoms
uh... and that in a short period of time
um... experimentation inoculation tester
shoudl without any doubt that that this was the cause of agent or what we refer
to
at seven oh death
if i talk shows are a group of organisms that looks like fun drive up enough i
enjoy
they actually are water-based organisms uh... and out a photo after a species
that uh... many blame proposals were familiar with
are very well known to be water associ ated until associate organisms so that
waterboarding as well born organisms
andrew forgot his because day mostly require water
too i should be completely life-cycle image
and particularly the require water
in order to be uh...
selective ineffective a plan to post still not just high relative humidity
which is the rule for most funds like ashely
film of water all of the plan surface is absolutely necessary for infection to
occur
well surely you have two different uh... ong images into things tried off to a
different life stages of the organism
the one on top of uh... i'm putting my point is now very firm
are destroying jump
differential of the most important infectious lectures
are perceived like for them and a little bit like laughter
and that means feature if they can become a detached
from to stalk that carries them so those two threat to use either
the flask if it's called a four and two will actually become detached
and will become airborne
however it is a really large structure it's about
fifty microns or so even more than fifty microns in size
e-ticketing fascist if he remains west interjected
and other such it's usually pretty heavy
and so as a result of this combination of factors
this plunge on these airborne
but he's airborne for just a short of the students
and if he lands are now appliance surface that has a filled the water just
paranju event
it's ready to fact
it washes open up initially applied in a little bit
you we'll open up its and he will release a swimming pool sports twenty to
thirty of them
and his little support system tails which loosely lena liquid medium
and to reach to plan surfers
the image all the lower part of the slide uh... these run structures you can
actually see very clearly this beautiful image that they have arrived sara but
very thick
cell wall all around them
and that's kind of a shield to protect the organism
from conditions that are not favorable
and what our distribution swelled normally very high temperatures over
forty degrees a very low temperatures below freezing
uh... maybe because it allows the organism
to survive even if conditions are not favorable
of favorable conditions normally have temperatures between sixty and seventy
five degrees fahrenheit
or with abundant rainfall so when we don't have those conditions restructures
all should be allowed the organism to survive and as a result of the presence
of these structures basically
for doctoral moral varieties you know location
between almost impossible to really fully ready teachertube because we have
to worry
to russia lease surviving if if conditions are very very
armed favorable
well for its presence
however our where we're starting to understand now that may be presence of
clinical scores that they really explain that
why do we have these operates
the cause of this
large mortality were all toontown old thirteenth ashely
that mostly exploring job
are responsible for causing dissolve breaks etc and so i'm just going to be a
good in the old job to do these really means
understanding of where the organism keeps full before and jobs
alternates remaining an active stage
though alleles for the permission before i enjoy it
in a quick period of time so this is kind of the key
that emerging recently
in terms of being able to understand the epidemiology the disease
how did arrive in california we know from pa variety falls
forces in different approaches
birdie organism is not needed to the state
dehart level the mortality
are not typical of on organism that's needed
are the distribution of the organism centered around the san francisco bay
area doesn't match any distribution or the native organisms
and uh... genetically speaking
populations all of the same pathogen because the federal death
keen ornamental nurseries
are much more diverse
the populations for president in wild land
so we have a classical bottleneck effect
wing of the army uptight of all strains of the trade ornamental plants etc
the most likely
brought in the organism uh... into the united states
any particular order north toward the north uh... around and west coast
of uh... of overconfident etc
and then from these ornamental plants etc
the organism x
arm paintball started infecting bloodlines
there are several ornamental plants that can carry the disease
here i'm sure you one of the mls calmer winds with the bedrooms
we think about the denver inside the most likely back tears the broad enough
v pathogen for a variety of reasons
the most important one
is bad for a long period of time a menu of the dental varieties do not
displaying symptoms so it is extremely likely that his plans
may have been moved around in the eighties without anybody having any
knowledge duties were infected
the second point as you can see the into picture over here i know i won't even
use the pointer conceded that the right of symptoms
distances that i display described our extremely generic so we're talking about
very generic
not hurry specifics in terms of
they could have been confused for with a variety of symptoms caused by many other
well-known pathogens
head for the was mobility to russia on the stand
that we were dealing with symptoms caused by your novel organism
with some on suspected ability
to cause a lot of disease
when armed
more research started being performed
on distribution of the disease
i actually to or are just may have to do the city of those involved in a way i
realized debt
the disease andy organism that causes the disease
we're not just limited to
santacruz
marina maybe some on accounting
um... mcsa when you hear the alma map of california center around at the bay area
occassionally
all request timed out
from from the beginning of research on federal debt
the distribution was extremely broad and they want all the way
our north to southern humble county
two of the big sur region in monterey county several hundred miles
angle one of the issues of the week
based of at the very beginning though researchers face was
trying to understand
how did you get to have such a broad distribution alton maybe what we call us
with a relatively short time in california
and uh... several papers uh... show all of that
the reason for the distribution
is not to be ability of the organism to spread very long distance by itself
debt relief
occassionally the distribution is the result
of multiple introduction
there were happening were left at the same time
angle but it did for you here
of actually puts greta dot
where our research as being able to pinpoint it
uh...
trains were introduced independently
most likely from infected ornamental plants
so as you can see the album heeded the distribution of the disease in the uh...
she and other slides of next to the swamp
he's explained in off by the bay area rapid
spreads of the disease from a single or tweet reduction point
uh... doctors uh... especially explained
but multiple introduction to the court repeats
and five or ten years maximum starting from nineteen eighty seven all across
the farm
veto for nicole said
and then from the weirdos pink dots are plain states
natural spread or the disease occurred
uh... and interestingly enough something that we also birdie recently
spreads all the organism
doesn't follow the theory to everywhere
petite very very closely modulated an effective the bike ecological parameters
flatly touch a little silk
generate is really different to depending on overall climate on plan to
do is to an implant institution and all powder or distribution of holes
of course uh... because we're dealing with an exotic organism
there is very little resistance in native
floral
haifa fit to be levy
and because of that high susceptibility
we actually
cds very large are multiple mortality
okay so this is actually
i'm not because shows
the kind of the current a distribution
uh...
all of the disease in california by counties so every single connie do you
see seated here
is a county where did you see the as be reported
however
it's not important to remember
do we deem difficulties with the most of these counties
even with the intent to cruise county the disease if not present everywhere
but it has of daily patches tribution
and the reason why i have a batch id is one of the reasons
partially whitehead's apache distribution
uh...
because up it's that there's a history so it depends where the where the
organism will be introduced a fairer sex
it depends aren't the presence of habitat
this organism right
what we defined at the close cannot be forest we we have
called pan oaks and will get the folks
with california binaural
and then it also depends
all that the defense climate patterns
of on the coast of california we have an area that we could definetly
for the belt area where conditions are always relatively mild
that aries relatively favorable to the disease all year round
and then we have a more interior area at which showed it's it's just a few miles
maybe ten twenty miles from the coast maximum
that area actually alternates
hotter spells
and it goes harder spells
the conditions become less favorable to the disease store
as a result of these alternation org
miles
and hot sometimes call spells that field spread retooled your good ism
it is actually hampered and its it somewhat slower
so if we follow cycles that he doesn't really follow on the coast
one point i don't like it too
i'd like to make about the flight defeated different catching ordered
efficiently
or the different counties
well does correspond
afford closely related groups of jheel types
all these officially california really come from the relief of a few good
yuletide
but for some reason that you don't side
do you can really make it
throughout california
but other jheel types regenerated we don't know whether
because of selection
or simply randomly so full
because of around them all
or evolution
but these are digital types actually
occupy i'm much more significant area
than the very first genotype which is a genotype number one so efficient try to
look at
which he replied number one if you will
see the mostly to presently not the county into the cruise county on the
other counties ashely
genotypes that are very closely related to this one
but they're not to do ritual one
there was introduced its so when we think of california we shouldn't think
of california at the monolithic
infested area
actually there are significant differences
into pathogen
in different countries and his differences may explain also
some of the different
it's debt we uh...
we have been seeing
okay so i mean to summarize a little bit um...
the current status of the distribution of the disease
arm we head of multiple introduction the police
six or seven and at the meeting will lessen the estimates
uh... into difficulties
and then from these introduction points
we had not roll spread and natural spread is more significant every time we
have a particularly really here in california for most of you know
will announce additional relatively dry your average years of that we have with
above average occurs like el nino for instance
so do you know yours that are extremely favorable to the disease because of the
presence of water
because of the abundance rainfall
it is a list of the years
way that we have witnessed a
a significant change shipping arrange of the organism
how old
five dozen normally go well we think that actually by itself we don't expect
a few miles certain
normally state delta julie did write yours
but then will we have a pretty chilly rainy here we see
i think reason distribution
individual on to five miles
uh... emily like schools copy for instance
erotic two types of forest one if the redwoods
can hope for us
an in-depth particular habitats
geog spread of the disease is to even both by the presence of penalty
and by california be volk
you know uh... the other type of hard to be like into the so-called evergreen go
full force of california
where we have welcome for nichols' life will co-host revoke it
we oppose part of his old and we have a student's pummeled zorro douglas fir
ron because all of what he said or because of the fact that he was
introduced in just two points
and because of the factor to the dikes
because penalty forrester the distribution it's extremely patchy
within two fourteen counties ability to occupy is
and in particular they're free county of san francisco salon on lake county
with the presence of the disease it's extremely marginal
so that you just call southern of death
big surprise came from understanding
in california in both types of forest
dvds is actually driven by a different
holes to end this host if color if california
um...
it's california
of billy joel
and i'm sure you here
since it was good to do things causes on california bit also busy kylie
the organism jumped
from bogota dangerous remembered those blocked xin
and uh... spotted what the federal reserve the shorter laurent
most likely jobs aren't california b_-movies
don't run a bit although that he didn't know it it's been infected
most of infection all results in these lesions
on the tips of leaves that's where water accumulates
and defeated brown tips and andrew holtz
throughout the lease those are just creepy infections by the federal desktop
adjourned
aunt from these infections
though flask that a shorter of iran
will be produced and all those from these leaves
the flasks we will be
dispersed in the environment are normally most of them with only reach a
few yards ten twenty thirty yards
or end if oaks are present and we think that range that any future particularly
work here
that olc org can also be infected so are the road up there
mostly all the oaks that obedient kind two thirty yards
from california payrolls
are at a very high risk of becoming infected slot is reduced changes a
little bit
our understanding of the pleaded no judy disease because we have
to host they're extremely susceptible to deter oaks and turn oaks
and then we have a host of notice effective though in terms of health
because it doesn't sell for
wanted to fected
i think i should the most infections host in california
to simplify a little bit the uh... epidemiology of the disease like by
defying the odds are constructed these
flies
remember you absolutely need water for infection which will curb and i'm
putting the pointer now here
okay there
you can actually see those little blips their did you see the capital of the
flask as dissolved
and that is a there's this does little good thing you see coming altitude
ashley stevens squeezing out of the mac of the flask
those are the feelings all spore so they used to ko the details dr rate
and they were appropriate all
those little spores all the way to the plan surface
soft on drugs is a little bit of
free water industry water needs to be rainwater
we have our yearly infection
the repeats itself every forty eight two sixty four hours only lol
so intentional bengal we'll change
depending on our much rainfall there is
however it will we have
about average rainfall especially in the spring months we have the so-called
we've years
animal wave here
infection will also though from being goals
california coast label
the mainstream term releasing some on california coast little pet and other
related oaks that can be infected
is bleeding through the barking you can see it here you see the black spots here
this bleeding is very difficult in general
there is no mechanical warned
our payment indication that in
section of the can be on is actually going
under the bar
and your own moving the pointer
you can see you can see maybe too well but
basically india records fall into the bleeding
buoys a doctor brown he'll moving
now the pointer to show you that
that you've that can do
so busy khalidi organism penetrates the doctor without the need of any warned
and start eating away at the cambio and you really prefers to look
across the street conference on the tree
and as a result of this movement across into conference
the three deplorable and as a result of being bored or and found all the vessels
dingell cluded
banditry the victory
uh... me to customize the subject red-eye etc
however he will remain enough
state all
me between life and death meeting district inoperable tree really is dead
but there are so many resources industry that it we will remain green
we'll produce flowers
will grow little bit until the tree has resources within itself
that all of a third of the resources and and his active between
and four years from infection
and then all of a sudden
the tree will dry out this is why it's called
sabato death
but he can take up to four years
forger
southern drawing of the canopy to show up
as you can check with another or fear approx slow and i could also put water
structure that infectious are very abundant and the leaves
they also follow in the start of the following the water
so saw and water are also infections it very fetches especially the springtime
alive because that is worried for workers
so that is really wonder pathogen is extremely active
i would like also to point out
deck goals like folks are not infections
okay so
there are no explores the producer of course like milk
so we have a very interesting do these
that is very similar
to the cycle all those little treat diseases all human or animal defections
diseases by t_v_ rare for plant
so we have a vector
and in our case go back to is not a mosquito obviously but it would be
california be laurel
detective deluxe suffer once they carried busulaki disease
and then we have up a dead-end host which she which are for medicaid would
be close wide open
and do you suppose are not infections
but they really suffer because of infection
okay i told you a little bit about
open snobby infections but the effective very severely wanted section happens
i'd like to point out one thing not already the camp you get screwed altered
but there is good evidence that there is also crucial for the vessels
and are
i put a pointer there to show you
deadly organism really does go into the guy let me into the woods
and uh... there there is proven are decrees enough ability to all
irreparable volvo basically
transport or water
uh... in in the best salsa babies
uh... fees of article impact on view all the old tree and on the panel
buddies
defiance rvg rudely nor the camden
not all org species are infected but really
the three top oak species there
they're all very closely related
they are the ones
that suffered whilst they're the ones that are expected to be all belong to
the red group of oaks
film in california they're not all evergreen blackhawk is actually the
future though
so it's more of an evolutionary
the fifty billion rather than an ecological one
uh... and
cannula it okay
he is armed somewhat our own less effective warwick don't fully understand
who really want to be organism dot on ca new label cso
leading to death affect people
ault into what group like wide open
alike oregon oak valley local bloke doors are not for festival and death
penalty good news
the most effective way or the model is can okay
canucks basically suffer
of the things in terms
here you can see beautifully
this is a lesion
are the worst created by you look at it in the pathogen on account oak
dazzled alderdice
lesion developed a just a couple of months
so you can see the size of it
talents are extremely susceptible
are picketing infected slaughtered the trunk
what course littleton jordan normally i think factored in the lower part of the
trunk where water accumulates
we think
uh... longer times are required for a fictional hoaxes so watergate to stay on
the bark for a look at the time the fed a cute for tomo
and cannot mortality
is a lot of higher than hoc mortality
and whether we don't like out of mortality collier is because
panel competes also are infections
and irrationally spend showing here
armed leading fashion on title cleaved looks like a very different from what
you've seen on bail oral
on big od most of infections of the keeps or on the edges were water
accumulates o'connell please most of the factual follow-through
made vague and follow the p deal
and excel here
this is where
you couldn't have subordination
so basically
conduct acts of both
like a big in america but because believe they're so close to the trunk
it's early susceptible to becoming infected multiple times
and then we have the secretary organisms for the second organisms come in
oddly caucus palm or tolerate
we don't have time to go into the details but once the second organisms
are visible
those are really very good cues of the trees dead
of their comma want is approx around outcall at north park seven forced out
on doubleclick charcoal balls
if you see two or more patches of these are the main stem
evenings but the trees deputy secretary organisms basically only develop into
the extremely compromised
and you have a good five are beetles attacks
and the toolbar commingle that number should be able to the relatively small
phoenix tomorrow
uh... into holes but do you do isabella however dot if you don't pay attention
however what begin the process of digging
they produce a lot of thought of that comes out
and a conditional sawdust is a wonderful indication
that uh...
the uh... did treaties with the compromise once
a tree because the festival to abuse before taxes we'll we'll be going back
so i should be good legal attacks
ira good indication they let us know what to do treat easing fears travel
even if the tree looks great
because remember
beside them drive of the capitol etc will curve
four years after the trees actually dead
these are large numbers of including here stop on average
with the disease is present that we already are seventy percent mortality
he'd be because our area which is an example for channel forty percent for
oak
but we have several sites where houck mortality
and talk about it all three is up to a hundred
okay so to summarize the first part of the talk of arm
goodling obese treated are infected by the pathogen happened relatively fast
a goodwill trees can survive upcoming green
for up to four years or more
groceries so even if they're still green
because of the aisle under attack by secondary organisms like d_k_ found
really and bark beetles
and other was out of his understanding even if in fact aside
could prolong the life of the to do the trick trees
widely because of a sugar gonna die relatively fast and actually we wont to
keep the beetle attacks as a good indicator
because green trees are hazardous
because they
follow often in the same way
the dry trees
uh... fall
and uh...
ya wanted to show you here
infection by the federal death after didn't really happens
in correspondence with rainfall
either let time to go into the details of this experiment but there's a little
more to your experiment
when we were measuring
spores that week apple capable of infecting trees
and the higher the curves
the larger the number of spores are you can see
more did that the president of the old sports capable of infected is
exclusively
ltd
tutoring in mom's and ashley to the spring months between march and you
six ashley fyi raising jerry in february
normally those conditions
duties to the president's old
spores
those little sports
and i'll keep a beloved infecting normally because it's a little bit too
cold
so in terms of epidemiology understanding when infection is
occurring
march to june
is really
the peak
it actually
if we have a remain like we had this particular year
this is when we get most of our infection so
reign in me and leave in june and maybe end of april
r_r_ our bills
mom's wayne we to be able to document
almost infection
and this is another cold up ald
detection process with his old sports coming out
of the
spoarer in june
and that they are so we are swimming in liquid medium so
if there is no rainfall
this process is not happening
an infection if not effective
one of the things that we uh... understood recently is
that unfortunately even if the organism doesn't go on to california
varies a-level synchrony between twenty organism produces a sports i've just
shown here that those scores are produced between march and june
and here in this picture show you one baidoa mostly susceptible in the red box
so between march and june
bays are most affected bull
and into box under
i'm showing you a white folks are more susceptible to the disease again between
march in june
so im fortunately
serendipitous lee
there is a prefered synchrony between when the pathogen produces
infecting spores
when babies are susceptible and when talks with the festival
answer because of this in cream which is beating the queen fitted alva armed
conflict ability and in fact infectious period
what we call the father and
oak that shall break
so either with a little bit understanding normally
or peace
you know if you are all on the edge of the disease or if you're in an area
where the disease is arriving a relief to do the vice-president
limiting
major let's keep workin tree care of course you want to read a wet season
will do wonders interns called
laurin human assisted uh... eve you know if you listen to the infection
so basically
humans can actually help in you know infection
avik and promoting factual boycott will call you a call if you want another
um...
uh... movie to pathogen around
uh... thirty-two it's always good to limit in you know laser warrick
during the rainy season
if you have to work in a rainy season
and u_s_ a multiple people site
watching the fight for their lot in fact it's forced that what you would reduce
the chances of being added to the from the fact that site to another one
final point that had put here it is
the understanding that from all over the short spread range again really mostly
independent guards
joined a beggar year
so i understand you really were to do the disease official in terms of of
arm
you don't give people to control the disease
uh... how do we protect about it and it will be
well
the two most important factor obviously are the president of the local child to
the morgan or even the motel as we have
do more infection elavil we're gonna have because those are the infection
sectors
the more diverse
must decide so if you have a out uh... thrifty cody complex of education
with different restrictions actually that will slow down the disease because
and even if
several death is known prefect almost every closed
on the coast of california
most hosts panel really get infections so we don't play a role
indy pete ideology of the disease
so really
if we have a height of a rapist better to have a high diversity because it's
been shown to the disease progresses slower and for instance if you have a
lot on the drones major's not negatively correlated with the view the jitters and
not because my brother and i think the for such a board rather susceptible
that actually better off than to go in dry her hair ears and so that the other
area decor logically outlets favorable to the disease
remember the diseases that these he's all pickles canopy
so if you have forced patch of under fifty meters daughter not very favorable
to the disease
it if you'd like
so the more
you know our areas um...
with trees connect larger forests of the easier it is for forty or got to spring
at one part of the talk is more uh... aimed i've discussed imagine options
the first manager option
that obviously he comes to mind
it can we remove deductive skin removed does plan to active activist
and in california
uh... aid really that feed the baby girls p
people use people to roll
they are important in cannot stand but they're really official will be able to
mortality
they're all there are several experiments up
uh... different skills
and it just seemed that room or will be lolz in general decreases levels off
infection
denial
other experiments there are people who have completed
well it's a different type of experience not talking about decreasing overall
levels obey dole's
simply removing bagels
ten in twenty meters away from open that we want to protect so it's a very or
eccentric approach so we're not talking about getting rid of the roles which is
very difficult
bus to do removing their goals
for our radios around opus that we want to protect of ten and twenty meters
and uh... in order for them to approach to work
we needed to prove
already well we had a very high explore loads
opeth could be affected
and edit the tape before that's why it looks alright effect it will give away
tears remember that
schematic
diagram data shows that we've beethoven fashion happening every year
and all to be infected only doing way the years
the reason for that would be logically
the dirt devil hopes require a much larger number of forcibly we're honored
experiment that we were able to show it through here
we actually
show on artificial by relatively naturally session so basically we didn't
want to treat we actually ususally means all sports
and uh... by using a single spores on where we can play a large numbers
uh... we capable overusing of actually sorry
or causing
a leisurely this this is basically the beginning of a good legions of insurance
you guys on the flight
the concept off
of threshold
all support of seems to work
it was a green light for us
and so we started a large experiment
looking at walks in we achieved
byhalia meaning to be told
just for ten meters or twenty meters
we use the complex approach will be actually were where collecting sports
produced into for instance i buckets
and we were looking at uh... infection of
all these fluorine on these um... for edmond
parker here to talk about that
are here we are looking activities leaves that were floating
on the buckets and we had a hundred or almost wonder buckets
in eighty two different for sites
uh... and we feel the mouth with water all year round so the water will always
be president
and here on the right to tell you a few feet i talked a little more on the ball
rolling on the petri dish so we wanted to see whether removing babydoll fingers
farce parents like the one that you see here
on the left
was actually achieving ira dot showing sport world
that would be sufficient
to prevent quilts from becoming infected
and desire to resolve
this are the first by the year shows removal for ten meters
so you're it's before the treatment
and the red part all of the bars that you see there
our doors instances
where we've reached that threshold
efficient
to cause all confection
of argentina started experiment two thousand feather two thousand eight were
very dry years was originally we could improve anything but they would like to
do we attended three years
two thousand nine ten and eleven worst official rainfall
and with the red arrows
an indicated effective treatment
so i think in fee
e_v_a_'s eight blocks
removing big goals
floor ten meters really edison utica impact in regions he didn't get my
little differences
where we could evoke infections resistant to thickly very highly
significant
so tell me to remove it was good
however
twenty-two removal was excellent and of course we're talking about so much
greater effort to defeat the fear experimental
but this is defective with twenty meter removal so if you can see
where we have removed barbie dolls for twenty meters
the number of instances where we have potentially a number of sports
sufficient trees that folks goes down to zero
basically uh...
removal are being used to pay meters around all okay
is likely to regions
the probability or the infection
varies a whole body of knowledge showing that debt
the larger adult is
they're more like it is to become infected
and we have determined that a deviation eighty seven fifty murders
is when
folks become extremely susceptible
so while we were a comment to people who viewed your kids already tiffany meters
if you can remove bass for twenty meters
that would be ideal so again
ten meters for most folks
uh...
went on to become very large if possible twenty meters would be ideal
are febrile studies have shown
that if you reduce overall presence of day and this is what you can use
prescribed burn for instance
where you can use selective removal
uh... then you can actually decrease the overall level of the disease
uh...
and uh... uh... the
point which is the want that have a lot of
promise for the future
we have found out are
that way we have a fireball also will we have a drought
some big goals
played a key role
even louder pathogen to go
for one year into the next
if we can learn
which was the debate over arent indicate the drops were talking about just five
percent
all the overall be lower population
then remove all of that five percent he's gonna have a huge impact on
the cycles of the epidemic so there you can eat
we are going up
if you don't cut that way
that a pathogen goals survives food writers so basically would b
all combining forces we've nature whether fires or trial with
to russia regions p_p_ democrat will
when are ready for that yet but they did a communion answer rather than just
removing bays we think that we can't target
particular bays
which we understand are if a show
in allowing the pathogen to survive through drowns
the other act four that's available
two people is that of meeting open more resistance to infection
it should be clear that this is not a super bowl record is chemicals it's are
not indexing of explanations
uh... the chemical that we use is a very simple chemical
it's uh... for folic acid
combined but we've done i don't like potassium or calcium are already
mocked a detrimental to an organism
it's water solvable
and that mean that the royal but this compound plays
if that of triggering
the natural
in numerous bones implants
so how do plan to chris
sponsored section normally they respond by producing so-called secondary
metabolites
and basically the cell wall to do their bit too
main ameritrade
of through each
length resist infection
secondary metabolite
normally i've not produced
because to be good
the all agreed to do the granted so
trees will not be competitive enough fissile disease
so i'm normally a balloon showed leads to plants
recognizing that they're being infected
and up or recognition
they produce a secondary metabolites we basically stop infection profits
however and indicates all of federal death
alright maybe four in california does not know
how to recognize pathogens section
transit doesn't produce the secondary metabolites
will be provided chemical to trees
trees after thimaporn stop producing the secondary metabolites anyhow old
and because of this production with agreement operates they actually start
armed becoming more resistant
fifteen products not it can be used to bob they're both identical i haven't
would you have a lot in fact was called falsified uh... slightly different
approach in terms of dole judges
you can provide the compound
through multiple injections as you can see here
uh...
you check to the compound several times on the tree
all you combine it with mister factor and and others call painter about
anne who applied on the bar called to treat if the doctor doesn't have any
loss or if it's clear
and enough very controlled experiment it to be shown
that if you treated a treaty
for it's effective
dentistry become so more resistant to takes maybe a month
or so
so that's why it's important to know went to treat the trees
but abuse trees become more resistant
uh... and or we have are very long-term study on glory and in this picture here
i'm sure you did the different flights each one of the fact of multiple plots
and we have to really interesting results we'd like to share
the first one is that actually when we treat the death penalty salinas repeat
the worst case scenario because one of the remember tunnel to really
susceptible
and approximate actually reduced pollution levels so what i'm showing you
here it is inspiration improper that are not treated
is pollution levels in classes are treated
and the difference is that if he could have a significant phelps
the first benefit of to treatment indicator penalties that we actually are
reducing
this poor little so we are affected the course of the epidemic
but domain up goal of the treatment is to reduce mortality
and here i'm showing you of the efficacy
and there all the highly statistically significant
off to to to make a difference five years of after
the beginning of the study
so i'm the left
uh... biography in untreated plots
number of jet streams
number really affected trees number of uh... our old healthy trees
in the middle bodies
the applications of
bark tonight injection
number of dead trees infected trees and healthy trees
and in the last bar here use
three-year-olds
through injections
and these are all particularly significant as you can see this is not a
few rabin especially the bar complications another theory bled to
death for short uh... battered uh... believe ours
significant
increase
intolerance to the disease
um...
nekia is to understand that the disease moves so fast walk you seem to treat
but we need to treat extremes that we want to protect
we fought for me to be for their infected
and at this point v protocols are
not fully developed we haven't looked at everything
about arm basically
for treatment seemed to be optimal supported and i don't have time to go
into the details may be the next emial
will specifically talk about all the details but basically what we're
recommending now is
one treatment in the fall
and the reason for fall treatment is twofold the first reason is they give
enough time to put a tree to build up resistance
because remember infection happens in spring
and second
uh...
he joined the fall three thousand relatively active
which is physiologically speaking and you need that because remember that
these compound uses the tree physiology to build up difficult metabolites
that stopped infection profits sewed it remains to be active
the family would not be a good time to treat because in the summer
most of the most trees are kind of dormant
arm
and arm of one thing is the digestion treatment cannot be done in the spring
are because we don't want to work
freshly drilled holes into bach into spring we give local spores around
because because a potentially spread to deceive
okay authentication armed can we spread the disease
through tools
we don't really
think of the tools
are a huge
avenue for spreading the disease
however
we can't be complacent about it
are there are three chemicals
are called
leach a lifelong
uh... that can be used to clean up articles but the most important thing
he's not
to sprayed with chemicals the most important thing and it applies to pull
the also two tires or to salsa so
and we everywhere where plan to degree or soiling accumulate
the most important thing is actually two clean geodetic matter from the stool
socal really because organism
government
survives mostly inorganic liberty
dekh ke for professionals here
make sure that you cleaned the tools
until you don't see any more debris
sold event also spray especially expert was complicated and it all the
mechanisms you can fully few discrete can help
and the results can be shown here
again with the lead time to go into too much of the details but look at
the hw on the first bar shows how infectious diseases almost how the
percent of the times that this at the very efficient and leave
and tool that i'm treated at and this is not realistic so we really
favored the pathogen here
we'd we'd eat everything in favor of the passage of imbued
barely a realistic conditions
we construct needed it is fifty percent of the times
however if we cleaned it all
even without
using any chemicals
infection levels go down the dramatically and to go down even better
if you use chemicals out for themselves
again remembered reducing special level is totally artificial so it's not what
we see nature it we were just trying to
about the disease as much as possible
armed
so
caveat debris interfacial
remember that really its duties of plan to do leave the road
dangerous believe the parallel to billy's abated are infectious of green
waste is really much more infectious the woods
and it's more efficient than floral
conceptually
uh...
the best interest plants that i a infectious
and you want to garrido of that source of infection drying the material house
beat your best option
which means contact drop it on the soil dogpile adopt don't type it would be
within this time as much as possible
so without going into too many details
the quicker you can drive the material
faster g organism will die
and as i said earlier on
the cleaner of the tools work
the better it is because
we go the actually
arm
theories
uh... less chairs all children who can be transferred
if they're interested in setting up plants weather not so much
the vast majority of of plans
are highly infectious
we only have a good data on camera oaks
and the result four pecan can look at the first case studies because it
flood risk
two two seven of death
and we have of complete
study where we have analyzed eighteen thousand feet leaves
are coming from over three hundred mother trees so desire feelings they
shared if a mother
do you think three hundred mothers
and all the feelings that come
from the thing mothered their generated from acorns
video a house
and are as you can see here
we also have our phase that allow us to
determine whether the thinking is resistant
or stuff that people
and then we plan to do feelings out
in the wild
and we check to see whether there is their survival is greater if we call
them resistance
sold out in the wild
and the good news is
using this
seedlings and remembered that
we already worked with feelings because he takes time for plants to grow also
when we have a time machine or maybe twenty thirty years would be able to
assess
adult witnesses
by forcing the resistance ashely
survival rates
using feelings do we define of more tolerant of the disease
especially a high here
his arrival rates without using any knowledge talks
this test
kind of promising that at least
something um... via a
secti
how to do these
and of course
we're not just talking about fewer resistance by also
on how about vp demic is
indicator panel syndicate abilities
may be using more resistant bees
will actually allow was
to lower the level of the epidemic
because not as many trees will become infected
all get the last part of the talk
it will take a look at one oh two minutes
and again in the next
seminal komo into detail
to use the tools that are already available on the web
to really precisely on the stand
wikipedia's and who dare to great tools
uh... on the web dvd format it's a global growth
format
that show
distribution of the disease a lot of the so-called soft math
which you can find a double double double sab laptops orgy
and got a lot of the fabric maps which identified a double double w sublease
dot org g
and this is what the maps look like
and basically uh... the maps have
icons that indicates trees that were examples
if the trees healthy it's green
it'd have to do these is red
and you can look at his math two decades of the stock map probably start my
people most complete far as the day distribution ever generated for forrest
disease
so it's a really fantastic tool
and the data come from all researchers or to a federal death the government
and volunteers
but every single data point is lab confirmed so you know for sure whether
it's really maybe they were really positive
and you can actually look you know there was also you can determine whether you
need high res
medial restored low-risk
and you are a high res already if you are within a one kilometer
from and you know infected trees
effect
treatments we recommend treatment or if you are weaving
three hundred meters
so three hundred meters is really just sort of a high risk
one kilometer plus one kilometer
the risk is very low
if you'll pass to bump up two dollars really do risk is super low so we're
trying to
focus people on treaty only interweaving
three hundred meters
from known infested site
so these told a very very very good
okay this is complete
the presentation
i wanted to our knowledge there are people who does
funding sources
uh... the national science foundation
day u_s_t_r_ forest service
and the boredom and baby more foundation
i'd be instrumental four of the research
that uh... by presented
and i'm going to answer or the other questions
uh... probably still a lot will stay here until twelve fifteen or questions
expect an atmosphere really great area comprehend
i'm gonna go ahead and bring up our conclusions wide and then you can hit
those questions
i wanted to makes her one could pave the weblink there's the uski forests
research outreach website
uh... where you can find a weapon are uh... liquor research at u_c_-berkeley
web home page where i'll be posting that
recordings
and then a link to the uti berkeley force pathology lab and i also put a
link in there to the online evaluation survey caps for feedback about the
weapon are i've listed the upcoming webinars and the link to register for
those of well
and and let's go ahead and bring up all the questions uh... think something
you've got a little bit late everyone else if you need to leave
feel free to and if there are some of these questions we don't get to by
fifteen minutes after the hours and uh... weekend try and follow-up in
writing with the e-mail after the weapon r
so i think you got through about question number
okay so what is with us today approved it's because it's switching to
so the issue are both at the question number six at can everybody see the
questions as to the or
was left to to see them aloud they concede
okay so questionable six-year
you know it's excel
well there is no doubt that
is infectious and and it should be shown the barrio couple researchers or or more
by going to collect info from tires and from shoes
and being able to grow the passage and i love the soil
all over did it work you know relatively artificial we'd like you know when i was
discussing earlier on how we tested for tools we were really you know do you
like to cancel system
just to keep it
the complete benefit of the dial to your computer advantage to the tool
and though it was a very realistic we don't really have tons of evidence
sold mediated infestations have occurred
but we can't exclude them because we know the pathogen is alive in the soil
sold along with another leader dean uh... as
thinking what we've been thinking is that
newscasts particularly high into springtime
because
soloist be making
festival recently
displays are very active
and still really joined a springtime so during the rainy season really are a lot
of care should be pleased to be making sure there were no moving phone around
however much as we move into the the dry season
dependability it goes down to eight granted it doesn't go to zero eight you
know we could do it if it was never an issue of all or not incur
but it goes down enough to defeat at some point to realistically
uh... that
federal does not necessarily represent a threat
we have a good data that shows that we demand infested side so within a forest
so it doesn't really play a role
holders are really doing optional maldives is so much more abundant
that that's what's causing the spread within the forest but the xuat breather
from that forrest one other site today i thought would be what were focusing on
now
so it's kind of an artificially
humans use
goldhill spread of the disease
and affiliated becky's again i would say it removing the
soul are all doing three pieces of would-be would be good because we know
they can pick and potentially being fective
arm
one of the precautions you completely
is really that overusing appear when you are you know that the fifty show there
is a relatively large in california
use one pair of shoes when you're working american fast food especially
throughout working for your fishing game or
and look what we're doing research do you know that's what we're commander
have one pair of shoes before starting feted areas
could you get your car clean the shows were all situations that if you walk in
another area look for the film about a for instance
dual use distinctions
uh... that would be you know a good precautions
if you were using trucks
and you really driving fooled dirt roads
we really recommend you go through a car wash you know l_p_g_a_ resolved
persevere were you working the confessed about saw it
arm
question about each so temperatures almost recover humidity ruminations yes
took these are all the factors that seem to affect to the survival of the
organism without any doubt
introduce general trend
the dryer get through the harder to get
and though more organic material the roots of the more competition others
from other organisms
dish ordered a lifetime
however wrote i don't think that we still have a complete derek excellent
grasp or what the range of survivalist
i cannot tell you
into a temperature though that we will provide one month of the death cab
ritual for like two months
i think because we're too complex for us to local investors blake
but that's a that's results indicated that the the the the more inner to the
floor for the movie their oldest sold the longer the survival
the court of his the longer the survival
so number question number nine confided to your tools to manage that no doubt
that i i i definitely think so
or a bit back to the problem i'd need to clarify that hope
firewall julie's acc
double impact soak one potentially could actually
get thread of armed
plan to the caring to be easily be the controllers
c
carriers that may be affected the level of the epidemic
but on the other hand and maybe more importantly effect before we see
composition of the site and if so what happens that big goals are really
uh... more susceptible to fired another species and so potentially keeping dalby
roles using prescribed burns
or it could be a good way to bring guests towards forest the dollar less
conducive to spread of the organism so i think the indian female i in biz optic
father is a good tool dot fire
in any direct knowledge doesn't and arm the there'd be a several studies
and of our series of studies relieving letter by uh... theories as group are
used to be there is a shown
just momentarily whoever the previews
he infection a level
or officer fired this was done uh... in big sur off to the big fires to be you
know but the last year's
but eventually did you use comes back
and uh... we know all the way if that were affected by fires twenty or thirty
years ago that now i really
there is to be affected by the disease so
he fired event
the uh... the the environment
but continued use of fire
would actually be interesting
one caveat together to come out from some of these research argh and um...
you know
flaunt his he davis
as being that there is a little bit of an interaction between federal death and
fight for gary d
and this doesn't happen throughout
the federal death infestation but there are some times when trees have been
killed and they're dead standing
still be deterred riley when
much higher intensity of fires as being the order is the reported and all of his
lead to higher intensity of fires needs to be taken into account are not just
end indicator prescriber slow also because the water and fires because
opposes a higher perfect
to humans and buildings
and also and interesting week if you could it be shown it to affect uh...
survival of are medium-size redwood trees which was totally unexpected
anguishing medium-sized relieved i think he tell you we call collect crivaro
correctly
certificate is in very obvious from medium smallish maybe butter softened so
i can