朋友们 认真讲 我现在有些担心 Ok, guys, real talk. I'm kinda worried.
我觉得我哥哥约翰可能是个机器人 I think my brother John might be a robot.
我知道这听起来很荒谬 他看起来非常像人 I know, it sounds ridiculous. He looks like a human. Pretty much.
多数时候 他也有跟别人一样的行为 And he acts like a human. Most of the time.
但我如何能百分百确定 他就是他看起来的那样呢 But how could I really-100-percent-for-sure know that he is what he looks like?
毕竟我没有看过他的 At least, without getting a close look at
大脑 身体和器官是怎样运作的 what's inside him in his head, his body, his inner workings?
而且要知道 我是弟弟 And keep in mind, I'm the younger brother.
我只知道爸妈是从无线电室把约翰带回家的 不是医院里 For all I know, Mom and Dad brought him home from Radio Shack, not the hospital.
所以我怎么判断哥哥约翰·格林究竟是个人还是台智能机器 So. How can I tell whether my brother John Green is a human, or just a really intelligent machine?
几个礼拜前 我们讨论了成为人意味着什么 A couple of weeks ago, we talked about what it means to be a person.
但还有个主题需要更深入地探讨 But a subject that we need to explore a little better is
那就是能否把机器人一样的无生命物体 看做一个人 whether a non-living being, like a robot, could be a person, too.
这不只是科幻小说家才关心的课题 This isn't just a concern for science fiction writers.
这很重要 因为技术在不断发展 This issue matters, because technology is getting better all the time,
如果我们最终创造出了具有人格性的东西 and we need to figure out how we're going to treat potential new persons,
我们就需要知道将要如何对待潜在的新人类 if we end up creating beings that we decide meet the threshold of personhood.
我说的包括机器人、人形机器、克隆人、赛隆人等等 I'm talking about robots, androids, replicants, cylons whatever you call'em.
如果你看过相关资料 你就知道我说的是什么 If you read and watch the right stuff, you know who I'm talking about.
你也许会问我们不是已经有人工智能了吗 比如智能手机 Now, you might be thinking: Don't we have artificial intelligence already? Like, on my phone?
对 但是被用于发短信 校对邮件 Well, yeah. But the kind of AI that we use to send our texts, proof-read our emails,
和上班导航的人工智能 它的智能性是很弱的 and plot our commutes to work is pretty weak in the technical sense.
这种模仿部分人类智能的机器或系统 被称作弱人工智能 A machine or system that mimics some aspect of human intelligence is known as weak AI.
Siri就是例子 但类似的技术范围极广 Siri is a good example, but similar technology has been around a lot longer than that.
自动纠正 拼写检查 甚至是老式的计算器 Auto-correct, spell-check, even old school calculators
都模仿了部分人类智能 are capable of mimicking portions of human intelligence.
弱人工智能拥有近似于思考的能力 范围相对狭窄 Weak AI is characterized by its relatively narrow range of thought-like abilities.
而强人工智能机器或系统则可以像我们一样思考 Strong AI, on the other hand, is a machine or system that actually thinks like us.
我们大脑能做的事 强人工智能系统也能做 Whatever it is that our brains do, strong AI is an inorganic system that does the same thing.
弱人工智能面世已久 而且还在不断优化 While weak AI has been around for a long time,and keeps getting stronger,
但强人工智能的设计才开始不久 we have yet to design a system with strong AI.
强人工智能意味着什么 我们如何知道它出现了呢 but what would it mean for something has strong AI ?Would we even know when it happened?
在1950年 不列颠数学家艾伦·图灵也在思考这个问题 Way back in 1950, British mathematician Alan Turing was thinking about this very question.
他设计出了图灵测验 他认为这个测验能 And he devised a test ,called the Turing Test ,that he thought would be able to
显示一台机器何时有了如我们一般的思考能力 demonstrate when a machine had developed the ability to think like us.
图灵对测验的描述囿于时代 Turing’s description of the test was a product of its time,
当时还没有什么电脑能拿来测试 a time in which there were really no computers to speak of.
但如果图灵在今天描述这个测验 那也许会是这样 But if Turing were describing it today, it would probably go something like this:
你正在通过短信和两个客体对话 You're having a conversation via text with two individuals.
一个是人 另一个是电脑或人工智能一类 One is a human, and the other is a computer or AI of some kind.
而你不知道哪个是哪个 And you aren't told which is which.
你可以问它们所有你想问的 You may ask both of your interlocutors anything you would like,
他们自由作答 甚至可以说谎 and they are free to answer however they like , they can even lie.
你认为你能够分辨哪个是人吗 Do you think you'd be able to tell which one was the human?
如何分辨 你会问哪些问题 How would you tell? What sort of questions would you ask?
而你想得到什么样的回答 And what kind of answers would you expect back?
一台程序足够复杂的机器 也许能够 A machine with complex enough programming ought to be able to
让你上当 觉得你在和人说话 fool you into believing you're conversing with another human.
图灵说 如果能被误以为是人 它就是强人工智能 And Turing said, if a machine can fool a human into thinking it's a human, then it has strong AI.
所以照他的看法 像我们一样思考的意思就是说它能 So in his view, all it means for something to think like us is for it to be
让我们相信它可以像我们一样思考 able to convince us that it's thinking like us.
如果我们不能分辨差别 那就没有差别 If we can't tell the difference, there really is no difference.
这是个严格基于行为的测验 如果你仔细想 It's a strictly behavior-based test. And if you think about it,
行为不就是我们评判彼此的标准吗 isn't behavior really the standard we use to judge each other?
我是说 其实我也可能是机器人 I mean, really, I could be a robot.
这些拍摄这集节目的人员也可能是机器人 So could these guys who are helping me shoot this episode.
我不认为身边同事都是机器是因为 The reason I don't think I'm working with a bunch of androids is that
我认为他们的行为和人的行为一样 they act the way that I've come to expect people to act.
至少大多数时候是如此 At least, most of the time.
而当我们看到某个东西的行为与我们一样 And when we see someone displaying behaviors that seem a lot like ours
表现出了意向性和理解能力时 displaying things like intentionality and understanding,
我们就会认为它们确实拥有意识和理解能力 we assume that they have intentionality and understanding.
现在快进到数十年后 去看看当代美国哲学家威廉·莱肯 Now, fast-forward a few decades, and meet contemporary American philosopher William Lycan.
他赞同图灵的很多说法 并且得益于 He agrees with Turing on many points, and has the benefit of
生活在一个人工智能狂飙突进的时代 living in a time when artificial intelligence has advanced like crazy.
但莱肯发现 许多人始终认为 虽然能制造出像人的机器 But Lycan recognizes that a lot of people still think that you can make a person-like robot,
但永远无法让一台机器真正地成为人 but you could never actually make a robot that's a person.
对于这些人 莱肯让他们分析一下这位伙计 哈利 And for those people, Lycan would offer up this guy for consideration: Harry.
哈利是台人形机器 皮肤足可乱真 他会打高尔夫会拉中提琴 Harry is a humanoid robot with lifelike skin. He can play golf and the viola.
他会感到紧张 会做爱 不太会喝昂贵的杜松子酒 He gets nervous. He makes love. He has a weakness for expensive gin.
哈利就和约翰·格林一样 与人一般无二 Harry, like John Green, gives every impression of being a person.
他有意识和情感 你把他当朋友 He has intentions and emotions. You consider him to be your friend.
所以假如哈利被割伤 你看到他流的不是血 So if Harry gets a cut, and then motor oil
而是机油 肯定会觉得惊讶 rather than blood spills out, you would certainly be surprised.
但莱肯说 这个发现不应该让你 But, Lycan says, this revelation shouldn't cause you to
把哈利的认知等级从“人”降到了“类人” downgrade Harry's cognitive state from “person” to “person-like”.
如果你说哈利不是人 那他到底缺了什么呢 If you would argue that Harry's not a person, then what's he missing?
你可能会说他不是人 因为他是编程的产物 One possible answer is that he's not a person because he was programmed.
莱肯的回答是 难道人类不是吗 Lycan's response to that is, well, weren't we all?
每个人体内都有遗传基因 其预设了我们的很多特征 Each of us came loaded with a genetic code that predisposed us to all sorts of different things,
你也许继承了母亲的坏脾气或祖父的冷幽默 you might have a short fuse like your mom, or a dry sense of humor like your grandfather.
除了先天继承的基因以外 And in addition to the coding you had at birth,
父母和老师也为你输入了一系列程序 you were programmed in all sorts of other ways by your parents and teachers.
你被编程去用马桶 用餐具 说英语而不说葡萄牙语 You were programmed to use a toilet, silverware, to speak English, rather than Portuguese.
当然你也许说葡萄牙语 但即便如此 这也是被编程的 Unless, of course, you speak Portuguese. But if you do, you were still programmed.
而且你觉得我现在正在干啥 我在编程你啊 And what do you think I'm doing to you right now?I'm programming you!
当然 你能在程序之外超常发挥 但哈利也行 这是莱肯的重点 Sure, you have the ability to go beyond your programming, but so does Harry. That's Lycan's point.
你还会反驳说 哈利不是人 Now another distinction that you might make between persons like us and Harry
因为我们有灵魂 他没有 is that we have souls and Harry doesn't.
现在你看了很多的哲学速成课 Now, you've probably seen enough Crash Course Philosophy
已经知道这个论证是有问题的 by now to know how problematic this argument is.
但我们还是假设神存在 并且他赐予我们灵魂 But let's suppose there is a God, and let's suppose that he gave each of us a soul.
我们当然不知道这个"赐魂"的过程是怎样的 We of course have no idea what the process of “ensoulment” might look like.
但没关系 如果神能将灵魂塞入受精卵或新生儿 But suffice it to say, if God can zap a soul into a fertilized egg or a newborn baby,
那就没理由认为他不能塞给哈利 there’s no real reason to suppose he couldn't zap one into Harry as well.
哈利不能生育 但很多人也不能 所以这也不是理由 Harry can't reproduce, but neither can plenty of humans, and we don't call them non-persons.
他没有血 但你觉得是血让你成为人的吗 He doesn't have blood but, really, do you think that that's the thing that makes you you?
在有的时代和地方 一些人因为肤色或性别的差异 After all, there have been times and places in which having a different color of skin or different sex organs
而被视为"非人" 但我们知道这种想法是站不住脚的 has caused someone to be labeled a “non-person”, but we know that kind of thinking doesn't hold up to scrutiny.
回到1950年 图灵知道没有机器能通过他的测验 Back in 1950, Turing knew no machine could pass his test.
但他认为到了2000年就会有 but he thought it would happen by the year 2000.
由于我们能超脱程序的束缚去思考 而电脑不能 It turns out, though, that because we can think outside of our programming in ways that computer programs can't,
所以设计能通过图灵测验的程序是非常困难的 it's been really hard to design a program that can pass the Turing Test.
但如果以后真的做出来了呢 But what will happen when an something can?
许多人说 即使有机器通过了图灵测验， Many argue that, even if a machine does pass the Turing test,
也不能说明其拥有强人工智能 that doesn't tell us that it actually has strong AI.
这些反对者指出"像我们一样思考"不止是 These objectors argue that there's more to
能够愚弄我们 "thinking like us"than simply being able to fool us.
让我们通过思想泡泡来学习哲学速成课 Let's head over to the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy.
当代美国哲学家约翰·塞尔 Contemporary American philosopher John Searle
设计了一个著名的思想实验叫做中文工作室 constructed a famous thought experiment called the “Chinese Room”,
以此表明即使通过测验 也不能认定它有强人工智能 designed to show that passing for human isn't sufficient to qualify for strong AI.
假设你不会中文 Imagine you're a person who speaks no Chinese.
你被关在一间屋子里 里面有汉字 You're locked in a room with boxes filled with Chinese characters
和一本英文写的指导书来告诉你应该用哪些字来回应输入信息 and a code book in English with instructions about what characters to use in response to what input.
屋外则是中国人用中文写信息 递进屋子里 Native Chinese speakers pass written messages in Chinese into the room.
用指导书 你就知道如何回应你接收到的中文信息 Using the code book, you figure out how to respond to the characters you receive,
而且你的回应都恰到好处 and you pass out the appropriate characters in return.
你不懂任何一条信息的意思 但你严格遵循了指导书 You have no idea what any of it means, but you successfully follow the code.
你做的很好 以至于屋外的中国人相信你懂中文 You do this so well, in fact, that the native Chinese speakers believe you know Chinese.
你通过了中文的图灵测验 You've passed the Chinese speaking Turing Test.
但你懂中文吗 显然不懂 But do you know Chinese? Of course not.
你只会摆弄它们 而不懂字符的含义 You just know how to manipulate symbols with no understanding of what they mean
你让人误以为你懂 但其实你不懂 in a way that fools people into thinking you know something you don't.
同样的 照塞尔的说法 Likewise, according to Searle, the fact that a
一台机器通过欺骗以被视做人 和其具有强人工智能是不同的 machine can fool someone into thinking it's a person doesn't mean it has strong AI.
塞尔说 强人工智能要求机器拥有真正的理解能力 Searle argues that strong AI would require that the machine have actual understanding,
他认为电脑永远做不到这一点 which he thinks is impossible for a computer to ever achieve.
谢了 思想泡泡 Thanks, Thought Bubble!
我们还有一些东西要说 One more point before we get out of here.
一些人质疑中文工作室的实验结果 你确实不懂中文 Some people have responded to the Chinese Room thought experiment by saying, sure, you don't know Chinese.
但你大脑的任何一个特定区域也一样不懂英文 But, no particular region of your brain knows English, either.
是你整个脑系统 才懂英文 The whole system that is your brain knows English.
同样 中文工作室才是整个系统 包括你 指导书和字符 Likewise, the whole system that is the Chinese Room ,you,the code book,the symbols
加在一起才懂中文 而系统的某个部分是不懂中文的 together know Chinese, even though the particular piece of the system that is you, does not.
所以经过思考 我还是不确定约翰是不是机器 So I've been thinking about it. I'm still not convinced John isn't a robot.
但哈利确实说明 In fact, Harry really drove home the point for me that
我们不知道他人的内部是如何运作的 we don't actually know what's going on inside any of us.
但如果最后证明约翰 我认识了一辈子的人 But if it would turn out that John ,the John I've known my entire life
体内流的不是血而是机油 他也依然是我的兄弟 has motor oil instead of blood inside, well, he'd still be my brother.