Gooday! class. 大家好！
Today we will introduce the periods of British Literature 今天 我们将介绍英国文学各个阶段
For the convenience of memory 为了方便记忆
we usually divide the whole English history till the 20th century 我们通常将二十世纪以前的整个英国文学史
into 7 periods: 划分为7个阶段：
the old English period 古英语时期
the Middle English Period 中古英语时期
the Renaissance period 文艺复兴时期
the neoclassical period 新古典主义时期
the romantic period 浪漫主义时期
the Victorian period and the modern period 维多利亚时期和现代主义时期
This division is artificial 这种划分是人为的
and different researchers may have different ideas 不同的研究者对这些时期的起止时间
to the beginning and end of the periods 可能有不同的看法
Now let’s come to the old English Period 现在让我们看看古英语时期
The old English period is also called 古英语时期
Anglo-Saxon Period 或称盎格鲁一萨克逊时期
which extends from about 450 to 1066 起于大约公元450年,止于1066年
In the fifth century 在五世纪
with the decline of the Roman Empire 随着罗马帝国的衰落
the Romans withdrew their legions in England 罗马人撤回了他们在英格兰的军队
and left the land to the rule of Celts themselves 并将这块土地留给凯尔特人自己统治
However 然而
England was soon invaded by the Germanic tribes: 英格兰很快就遭到日耳曼部落
the Anglo-Saxons ---盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵
Then the second period is Middle English period 第二个阶段是中古英语时期
Middle English Period extends from the Norman Conquest 中古英语时期始于1066年的诺曼征服
in 1066 to the 14th century 一直持续到十四世纪
With the Norman Conquest 随着诺曼征服
3 kinds of languages were spoken together in England: 三种语言在英格兰一起盛行
English, French and Latin 英语 法语以及拉丁语
Different forms of literature 文学形式
were written for different types of people 也因不同群体而异
For the nobles 对于上层贵族而言
Medieval romances were popular 中世纪浪漫传奇故事颇受欢迎
They were stories about knights 这些故事主要讲述骑士
and ladies and the chivalric adventures 贵妇生活以及骑士冒险传奇
For common people 对于普通人来说
medieval folk ballads convey their sorrows and happiness 中世纪民谣却更能表达他们的悲伤和幸福
Literature thrived in 14th century
十四世纪 英国文学兴盛起来
When Geofferey Chaucer, William Langland poet were writing 杰弗利•乔叟、威廉•兰格伦以及那位写了高文故事的诗人纷纷开始创作
Chaucer is often regarded as the father of English literature 乔叟常被誉为“现代英语文学之父”
The next period is the Renaissance Period 下一个阶段是文艺复兴时期
The Renaissance Period lasts from the 15th century to the mid-17th century 文艺复兴时期是从十五世纪到十七世纪中叶
including mainly the Elizabethan and Jacobean Age 主要包括伊丽莎白女王时代和詹姆斯时代
Henry VIII started the religious reformation in England and together with it 亨利八世在英格兰发起宗教改革 与此同时
the religious conflicts and turmoil 宗教冲突和动乱频频发生
Renaissance started in England with humanism as its keynote 在英国开始了文艺复兴运动，以人文主义为主题
With Elizabeth I’s wise rule 在伊丽莎白一世的英明统治下
the country was stabilized and its economy developed 国家稳定 经济发达
and Elizabethan Age became the age of dreams 这一时代成了梦想
of adventures 冒险
of unbounded enthusiasm and of great confidence 热情无限和信心十足的时代。
Its literature thrives 这一时期的文学也蓬勃发展
Different literary forms and genres have been introduced to England 许多不同的文学形式和文学体裁被引入英格兰
Sonnet and drama writing became popular 十四行诗和戏剧写作盛极一时
Talented poets such as Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser 这个时期涌现出菲利普·锡德尼、埃德蒙·斯宾塞
showed up followed by John Donne and John Milton after them 以及约翰·邓恩和约翰·弥尔顿等一大批天才诗人
The “University Wits” “大学才子”
who were a group of gifted young people from Oxford or Cambridge 一群来自牛津或剑桥的有才华的青年作家
brought drama to numerous audience 把戏剧带入广大观众视野
They attracted even the Queen 他们的戏剧甚至吸引了伊丽莎白女王
This age produced a shining star in the world of English Literature 这个时代在英国文学界造就了一颗耀眼的明星
–William Shakespeare ——威廉·莎士比亚
a poet and dramatist of all times 一位享誉古今的诗人和剧作家
The next period is the Neoclassical Period 下一个阶段是文艺复兴时期
Neoclassical period in English literature 英国文学的新古典主义时期
starts from the Restoration in 1660 to the end of the 18th century 从1660年王朝复辟开始一直持续到十八世纪末期
Literary taste in this period changed from the preference of the intricate 这个时期的文学品味发生了转变
bold and extravagant style to a favor of simple 风格从复杂 大胆和奢华变为简单
clear and plain style 明晰和质朴
Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲柏
presented the basic rules of poem writing in his An Essay on Criticism 在 《批评》一书中提出了诗歌创作的基本规律
Addison and Steele 艾迪生和斯蒂尔
showed us good examples of essay writings in their periodicals 在他们的期刊中给我们展示了很多优秀的散文作品
Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is not only a wonderful adventurous story 乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》不仅是一个奇妙的冒险故事
but also a bitter satire 而且是一部辛辣的讽刺作品
The new literary genre novel came into being with 新的文学体裁小说诞生
writers such as Daniel Defoe 随着丹尼尔·笛福
Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding 塞缪尔·约翰逊和亨利·费尔丁等作家的出现
The next age is Romantic Age 下一个阶段是浪漫主义阶段
Romantic Age in English literature starts in the end of the 18th century 英国文学的浪漫主义时期从18世纪末开始
the exact year is 1798 确切来说 是1798年
when Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads 这一年华兹华斯和柯勒律治合作出版了《抒情歌谣集》
Romanticism covers almost 3 decades 浪漫主义持续近三十年
it gave primary concern to passion imagination and natural beauty 主要关注激情 想象力和自然美
This is an age of poem writing 这是一个诗歌创作的时代
The English poets we are familiar with such as Blake 我们熟知的许多英国诗人如布莱克
Burns 彭斯
the Lake Poets Wordsworth and Coleridge 湖畔诗人华兹华斯和柯勒律治
Byron Shelley and Keats all appeared in this age 拜伦 雪莱和济慈都是这一时代的著名诗人
Let’s not forget Walter Scott 我们不要忘了沃尔特·司各特
who achieved enormous fame and influence 他凭借历史小说在整个欧洲
throughout Europe with historic novels 享有巨大声望和影响力
and Jane Austen 还有简·奥斯汀
whose novels of love and marriage are always popular 他的爱情和婚姻小说也颇受欢迎
Queen Victoria came to throne in 1837 维多利亚女王于1837年即位
and started her long rule over Britain 开始了对英国的长期统治
This is the Age of Realism 这就是现实主义的时代
Victorian novelist faithfully described the workhouse 维多利亚时代的小说家在他们的作品里贴切地描述了济贫院
the Boarding School 寄宿学校
the social climbers and factories in the novels 巴结权贵者和工厂
together with the ladies and gentlemen with typical Victorian moral senses 以及具有典型的维多利亚式道德观念的女士们和绅士们
Charles Dickens showed us a panoramic picture of London 在小说里 查尔斯·狄更斯向我们展示了伦敦的全景
and the Bronte sisters showed us the life of English countryside 而勃朗特姐妹则向我们展示了英国乡村
and Yorkshire moors 和约克郡荒原的生活
With Becky Sharp 用贝吉·夏普这一人物
Thackeray showed us the life of the social climbers 萨克雷向我们展示了
not only in Britain 不仅在英国
but also of the European Capitals 而且在欧洲各国首都一心想挤入上流社会者的生活
Thomas Hardy sadly told people that 托马斯·哈代悲伤地告诉人们
man cannot run away from their destined life 人逃避不了他们注定的生活
So this is an age of novels 这是小说的时代
Victorian poets such as Mathew Arnold 然而 维多利亚时代的诗人如马修·阿诺德
Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生和罗伯特·博朗宁
showed us the emotional, spiritual life of this age 却向我们展示了这个时代的情感和精神生活
When it came into the 20th century 当步入二十世纪
The WWI shocked the whole world 第一次世界大战震惊了整个世界
and also changed people’s habit of thinking and writing 同时也改变了人们的思维方式和写作习惯
Joseph Conrad revealed a pessimistic vision of the frailty of the civilized order 约瑟夫·康拉德在小说《黑暗之心》中表达了他对文明秩序脆弱性的悲观看法
and a general skepticism in his novels such as Heart of Darkness 以及普遍存在的怀疑论
D. H. Lawrence’s life is closely related to his novels D.H.劳伦斯的生活十分贴近他的小说
His novels broke the convention 他的小说打破以往惯例
His novels broke the convention 探讨了人类性爱问题
by venturing into the issue of human sexuality 探讨了人类性爱问题
by venturing into the issue of human sexuality
He explored into the inner world of his characters 他探索了人物的内心世界
and tried to convey their inner emotions 并试图传达他们内心的情感
Other novelists 其他小说家
like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf tried the new way of writing 如詹姆斯·乔伊斯和弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙，尝试了新的写作方式
– the-stream-of- consciousness writing. ——意识流写作
Poets like Yeats and T. S. Eliot 像叶芝和艾略特这样的诗人
also expressed their worries to the modern world in their poems 在其诗歌中也表达了对现代世界的担忧
Twenties Century produced a lot of wonderful literary works. 二十世纪孕育了大量的优秀文学作品。
It’s a pity that we won’t have the time to show you the beauties of all 遗憾的是，我们没有时间向你们展示所有的佳作
That’s all for today 我们今天就到这里