生而为人 就必然知道饥饿的痛苦 To be human has been to know the torment of hunger.
曾经有个人梦想通过科学 There was once a man who dreamed that through science,
我们可以创造出再也不会有人饿死的世界 we could make a world where no one would ever perish from hunger.
再也不会有饥荒 And famine would be no more.
他给了我们一笔财富 用来实现这个诺言 He gave us a treasure to fulfil that promise,
但他在被清算之际面临一个可怕抉择 but he faced a terrible choice at a moment of reckoning.
对科学说谎 保住一命 To lie about science and live,
或是说出真相 但必死无疑 or to tell the truth and face certain death.
宇宙 未知世界 第1季 第4集
在人类历史的最初几十万年 For the first couple of hundred thousand years that
我们是生活在星空下的漫游者 we were human, we were wanderers living beneath the stars.
我们采集植物 并且狩猎动物 We gathered plant life and hunted animals.
直到约一万至一万两千年前 Until about ten or 12,000 years ago,
我们的祖先发明了一种新的生活方式 when our ancestors invented a new way to live.
想想那些天才们最早发现 Think of those geniuses who were the first to realize that
在他们采集的植物之中 inside the plants they foraged,
有制造新植物的方法 was a means to make another plant.
那就是种子 A seed.
这个发现导致人类做出至今影响最重大的选择 That discovery led to the single most faithful choice our species ever made.
人们可以继续组成小团体漫游 They could continue to wander in small bands,
或是定居下来 种植食物 or they could settle down to grow and raise their food.
这需要做出牺牲 才能在一段时间之后获得回报 This required sacrifices for rewards that would not come until much later.
这是人类破天荒第一次考虑未来 For the first time, we were thinking about the future.
当然这些决定不是瞬间做出的 Of course, these decisions weren't made in an instant.
是历经了好几个世代 They unfolded over generations.
以人类的角度而言 那看似许久以前的事 That seems like a long time ago in human terms,
但在漫长的宇宙时间中 but in the great sweep of cosmic time,
那还不到半分钟前 it was less than a half a minute ago.
宇宙日历把从大爆炸以来的138亿年 This Cosmic Calendar compresses all of the last 13.8 billion years
压缩成一个地球日历年 since the big bang into a single calendar Earth year.
现在时间是12月31日午夜 Midnight on December 31 is right now.
每个月都代表十亿年多一点 Every month is a little more than a billion years.
每天代表稍低于四千万年 Every day, a little less than 40 million years.
所有人类最自豪的成就 And all of humanity's proudest achievements unfold
都发生在宇宙时间的前两分钟 in the last couple of minutes of cosmic time.
我们在宇宙的资历就是这么浅 That's how new we are to the universe.
我们的祖先开始驯化动植物 Our ancestors began to domesticate animals and
是在宇宙历不到30秒前 plants less than 30 seconds ago on the Cosmic Calendar.
这些漫游者第一次定居下来 For the first time, the wanderers were settling down.
打造能延续超过一个季节的事物 And building things to last for more than a single season.
他们敢于触摸未来 They dared to touch the future.
他们的耶利哥塔迄今仍然屹立 Their tower of Jericho still stands.
这是保护城市免受入侵的瞭望塔吗 Was it a watchtower for protecting the city from invaders?
或者只是一种更靠近星空的方法 Or just a way to get closer to the stars?
花费11000个工作日打造 It took 11,000 work days to build.
全是因为农业提供的充足食物 Something that could only be possible with the
才有可能完成这种工程 food surpluses that agriculture provided.
这是世上最古老的楼梯 This is the world's oldest stairway.
在埃及人建造第一座金字塔之前 它就有五千年的历史 It was already 5,000 years old before the first Egyptian pyramid was built.
爬上这座楼梯是跟随三百代人的脚步 To climb it is to follow in the footsteps of 300 generations.
这实在令人惊讶 我们人类才刚停止漫游 Isn't it astonishing that people who had barely ceased wandering,
就能创造出这种历久不衰的事物 we're able to create something of such permanence?
狩猎采集生活的丰富多样化饮食 The rich and varied hunter-gatherer diet,
包括植物 昆虫 鸟类和其他动物 已经被取代 of plants, insects, birds and other animals, was replaced.
城市居民的主食是少数几种碳水化合物作物 City dwellers largely subsisted on a few carbohydrate crops.
只要没下雨或有真菌侵袭谷物 And when the rains didn't come or a fungus afflicted the grain,
就会造成大规模饥饿 there was hunger on a massive scale.
也就是饥荒 Famine.
因为干旱和英国殖民政府治理不善 Famines caused by drought and British colonial mismanagement
在18世纪的印度导致的饥荒 夺走一千万人的生命 in India in the 18th century killed ten million people.
中国在19世纪的多次饥荒 In China, during the famines of the 19th century,
造成超过一亿人丧生 more than 100 million people perished.
同样是英国帝国主义政策造成的 The great hunger in Ireland,
爱尔兰大饥荒 also a result of British imperial policy,
导致一百万人饿死 starved a million to death and
并迫使另外两百万人逃离祖国求生 forced another two million to flee the country in search of a living.
1877年的巴西干旱和瘟疫情况同样悲惨 The Brazilian drought and pestilence of 1877 was comparable.
光是一个省 就有半数以上人口饿死 In a single province, more than half died of starvation.
在肆虐埃塞俄比亚 卢旺达和非洲萨赫勒地区的饥荒中 The dead remain uncounted from the famines that wracked
死亡人数仍然不可胜数 Ethiopia, Rwanda and the Sahel in Africa.
在有史以来的几千年间 世上任意一处 For a couple of thousand years, ever since records were kept, somewhere on Earth,
总有大量人遭受饥荒的记录 people in great numbers have starved.
农业能否成为一门跟重力一样拥有可靠的预测理论的科学? Could agriculture become a science with a predictive theory as reliable as gravity?
可以持续生产能够抵御干旱以及疾病的品种 One that could consistently produce breeds able to stand up to drought and disease?
农夫和牧人都知道 Farmers and herders knew the advantages of preferentially
优先选择最坚韧品种杂交育种 selecting the hardiest specimens for crossbreeding,
以生产更具优势的杂交种 to produce a more successful hybrid.
这称为人工选择 This was known as artificial selection.
但是这些特征传达给后代的机制 But the mechanism of how those traits were passed on to
仍然是个谜 succeeding generations remained a complete mystery.
这里是唐恩宅 This is Down House.
查尔斯·达尔文的故居 他和妻子艾玛 Charles Darwin's home, where he lived with his wife
还有十个孩子住在这里 Emma and their ten children.
他不是维多利亚时代专制父权大家长 He was hardly the authoritarian Victorian patriarch.
而是一个温柔慈爱的父亲 But instead a tender, loving father who delighted
被孩子的戏弄逗乐 in his children's ridicule.
这是他栽种的花园 This is the garden he planted.
这处充满田园风情的地点 This place is a strangely pastoral setting for the most
对思想史上最有影响力的革命来说 有着很特别的背景 influential revolutionary in the history of thought.
即使是现在 还有人害怕他的想法 Even now, there are people who are afraid of his idea.
达尔文发现包括人类在内的物种 Charles Darwin discovered that species, including ours,
通过自然选择随时间逐渐演化 evolve over time through a process of natural selection.
最能适应真实变化状况的物种 The environment rewards those best adapted to its changing
环境给予的奖励是顺利存活与生生不息的后代 realities with survival and with new generations of offspring.
达尔文揭开了生命外部现实的神秘面纱 Darwin demystified the external reality of life,
但是没人知道进化的内部机制是什么 but no one had any idea what the inner mechanisms of evolution were.
与此同时 位于现在的捷克 At that same moment, an abbot at a rural monastery
一座乡间修道院的院长想要成为科学教授 in what is now the Czech Republic was trying to become a science professor.
葛瑞格·孟德尔两次都没通过资格考 Gregor Mendel flunked his qualifying exam both times.
他仅存的职业道路是成为代课老师 The only career path open to him was to become a substitute teacher.
所以他趁闲暇时间 So in his spare time,
着手研究豌豆 he took up the study of pea plants.
他培育了几千株豌豆 He bred tens of thousands of them,
详细检查高度 形状 carefully scrutinizing their height and their shape
豆荚颜色 种子和花朵 and the color of their pods, their seeds and flowers.
孟德尔在寻找育种的预测理论 Mendel was searching for a predictive theory of breeding.
这样就能提前确切知道 So that you could know in advance exactly what you would
当你让高矮植株杂交 get when you crossed a tall plant with a short one,
以及让绿色豌豆和黄色豌豆杂交会种出什么 and a green pea with a yellow one.
孟德尔发现你每次都会种出黄色豌豆 Mendel found that you would get a yellow pea every time.
我们无法描述黄色豌豆... We didn't have a word for the power of the yellow over
压过绿色豌豆的力量 直到孟德尔创造出这个新词 the green until Mendel coined it.
他将这种特质称为"显性" He called that quality "dominant."
他欣喜地发现他可以预测 And to his delight, he found that he could predict what would
第一代 第二代 YY YY YY Yy Yy Yy yy yy yy
遗传系谱图
在那之后的下一代豌豆会是什么样子 happen in the next generation of peas after that.
四分之一的豌豆植物会是绿色的 One in four pea plants would be green.
孟德尔把在下一代豌豆出现的隐藏特征命名为隐性 Mendel named the hidden trait that popped up in the next crop, "recessive."
植物内藏有他称为 因子 的某种东西 There was something he called "factors,"
那会形成特定特征 hidden inside the plants that caused particular characteristics.
而且遵循着一种法则运作 And they operated by a law that Mendel could describe
孟德尔可以用一个简单方程式描述 就跟重力一样 with a simple equation, like gravity.
达尔文和孟德尔自己不知道 Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel didn't know it,
但这两位科学家在同一时间 but the two scientists were deciphering the mysterious
破解了生命的神秘运作 workings of life at the very same moment.
达尔文提出了所有生命出自同源的证据 Darwin presented the evidence for a oneness with all life.
虽然人类自夸有更高等的神奇出身 That despite our pretensions to a mystical higher birth,
我们其实是其他动植物的亲戚 we were actually relatives to the other beasts and vegetables.
一如任何其他生物都是自然界的一部分 As much a part of the natural world as any other living thing.
孟德尔发现有法则在控制 Mendel discovered that there were laws governing the
生命讯息代代相传的方式 way life's messages were passed on.
这个代课老师发现了全新的科学领域 The substitute teacher had invented a whole new field of science.
但整整35年都无人得知 But nobody noticed for 35 years.
他至死都不知道 世人将会把他 He died never knowing that the world would come to see him
视为科学史上的巨人 as a giant in the history of science.
孟德尔的研究在20世纪初 Mendel's work was resurrected at the beginning of
获得复兴 他最有力的捍卫者莫过于 the 20th century and he had no more vigorous defender
英国动物学家威廉·贝特森 than the British zoologist William Bateson.
是贝特森给致力于研究 It was Bateson who named the new field of science devoted
这些因子的新科学领域命名 to studying these factors.
亦即遗传学 Genetics.
贝特森和同事们从事 Bateson and his colleagues worked on developing
动植物新品种的研发 new breeds of plants and animals.
他认为科学和自由是不可分割的 He believed that science and freedom were indivisible
这也是他管理实验室的方式 and that's how he ran his laboratory.
尼古拉·伊万诺维奇·瓦维洛夫 Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov,
是俄国访问植物学家 a visiting botanist from Russia,
他把贝特森的信条铭记在心 took Bateson's credo deeply to heart.
他想利用遗传学这个新学科 He wanted to use the new field of genetics to learn
学会如何喂饱世人 how to feed the world.
他正在度蜜月 但他热爱科学 He was on his honeymoon but science was his passion.
瓦维洛夫从小就充满紧迫感 Even as a child, Vavilov had a sense of urgency.
时间太少 要做的事情太多 这是他一辈子的口头禅 "Too little time, too much to do," was his lifelong refrain.
他完全无法预知未来的发展 How could he have known what was coming?
地球是单一有机体 The idea that our planet is a single organism,
一个统一的整体 对许多人来说 这是空洞的感性说法 a unity, has a ring of hollow sentimentality for many people.
但这就是科学事实 But it's just a scientific fact.
这里即将有事发生 在偏远的秘鲁南部 Something is about to happen here, in remote Southern Peru,
在公元1600年2月19日下午5点 in the year 1600 on February 19 at 5:00 PM.
毫无防备的人们和遥远的外国首都 Unsuspecting multitudes and distant foreign capitals
永远不会知道这个事件将如何遍及全世界 will never know how this event reached around the world
折磨并杀死他们 to torment and kill them.
硫酸和火山灰的可怕混合物 This nasty mixture of sulfuric acid and volcanic ash
将阻挡太阳光照射地球 will block the sun's rays from reaching Earth.
部分阳光将在平流层这里被吸收 Some of the sunlight will be absorbed here in the stratosphere.
于埃纳普蒂纳火山喷发至今仍是有史以来 The eruption of Huaynaputina volcano remains to this day
南美最大规模的火山爆发 the largest explosion in South America in recorded history.
冬天来了 Winter is coming.
这是火山冬天 Volcanic winter.
对于俄国百姓来说 For the people of Russia,
这带来了六个世纪以来最糟糕的冬天 it brought the worst winter in six centuries.
长达两年 即使夏天的晚上 For two years, even the summer temperatures would fall
气温都会降到零度以下 below freezing at night.
两百万人 俄国人口的三分之一 Two million people, a third of Russia's population,
将死于由此酿成的饥荒 would die from the resulting famine.
这导致沙皇鲍里斯戈东诺夫的垮台 It led to the downfall of the Tsar Boris Godunov and
全都是因为8000英里外秘鲁的一座火山爆发 all because of a volcano that erupted 8,000 miles away in Peru.
这不是俄国历史上最后一场饥荒 This was not the last famine in Russian history.
干旱和饥荒屡屡发生 Drought and famines occur frequently.
但直到近三个世纪后 But it wasn't until nearly three centuries later,
1891年 同样可怕的极度苦难才再次出现 in 1891, that the magnitude of suffering was again as ghastly.
那年的冬天提早降临 庄稼歉收 Winter came early that year and the crops failed.
沙皇亚历山大三世没有及时反应 Tsar Alexander III was slow to respond.
虽然有几百万人挨饿 Wealthy Russian merchants continued to export grain at
富裕的俄国商人仍继续出口谷物牟利 a profit even as millions went hungry.
沙皇只为饥饿的人民提供"饥荒面包" All the Tsar had to offer his starving subjects was "famine bread."
混合了苔藓 杂草 树皮和果壳的悲惨食物 A miserable mixture of moss, weeds, bark and husks.
50万俄国人丧生 Half a million Russians perished,
贵族和富人则是大啖 while the aristocracy and the wealthy feasted on fresh
法国南部的新鲜草莓和英国的浓缩奶油 strawberries from the south of France and clotted cream from England.
俄国革命还要再等30年才会爆发 The Russian Revolution would not explode for another 30 years,
但许多历史学家认为这次饥荒 but many historians believe that this famine
点燃了一根漫长的引信 was the spark that ignited the long fuse.
这给我们故事的主角 It was to make a lasting impression on the hero of
尼古拉·瓦维洛夫留下难以抹灭的印象 our story, Nikolai Vavilov.
这是瓦维洛夫一家 This is the Vavilov family.
父母天生贫穷 但一路苦拼 The parents were born into poverty but had worked their
挤进上等的中产阶级 way up into the upper middle class.
他们的四个孩子长大都成为科学家 All four of the children would grow up to become scientists.
谢尔盖成了物理学家 Sergey became a physicist.
尼古拉长大后成为植物学家 Nikolai grew up to be a botanist.
别靠近我 Don't come near me.
如果你碰我 我就跳下去 If you touch me, I'll jump.
就算是小时候 瓦维洛夫也绝不退缩 Even as a boy, Vavilov was never one to back down.
1911年 俄国是全球最大谷物出口国 In 1911, Russia was the largest grain exporter on Earth,
虽然俄国的农作方法已经过时 despite the fact that its farming methods were antiquated.
整个俄国只有在彼得洛夫斯基研究所 The Petrovsky Institute was the only place in Russia where
科学家希望能通过新兴科学 scientists could hope to modernize food production
遗传学 让食品生产现代化 through the new science of genetics.
但这件事仍然具有争议性 But it was still a matter of controversy.
今天的辩论主题是 Debate topic for today,
植物选择算不算一门科学 is plant selection a science or not?
这不是科学 It is not a science.
没人比农夫更懂 A farmer knows best.
几千年来 农人都在播种更大的种子 He's been sowing the larger seeds and crossbreeding
用最肥的动物杂交育种 the fattest animals for thousands of years.
我们科学家有什么能提供给他们 What do we scientists have to offer them?
除了让农民困惑的花俏方程式 Except fancy equations to confuse the peasants.
他们不想要那个 他们想要面包 They don't want that. They want bread.
农民有智慧 值得我们尊重 The farmer has wisdom and is worthy of our respect.
但可惜缺乏科学的预测能力 But tragically, he lacks the predictive powers of science.
他们无法预见哪些性状是显性 They cannot foretell which traits will dominate
或者是隐性的 or which will be recessive.
农夫是在赌博 The farmer plays roulette and he's about as successful
胜率跟一个普通赌徒没两样 as the average gambler.
孟德尔让农夫有可能知道赔率 Gregor Mendel made it possible for him to know the odds.
知道球将落在哪个号码上 To know what number the ball will land on.
当孟德尔以数学表达自己的理论那一刻 The moment Mendel expressed his ideas mathematically,
农业就成为一门科学 agriculture became a science and our only hope
也是我们有效率地喂饱自己... to efficiently feed ourselves.
和全世界的唯一希望 And feed the world.
1914年 第一次世界大战期间 In 1914, during the First World War,
瓦维洛夫开始想要知道 Vavilov began to wonder.
驯化的植物是从哪里来的 Where did the domesticated plants come from?
祖先是谁 Who were their ancestors?
他在一封情书中写道 In a love letter he wrote...
我真心深信科学 I really believe deeply in science.
这是我的生命 也是我人生的目标 It is my life and the purpose of my life.
就算是为了最微小的科学 我也会毫不犹豫献出自己的生命 I do not hesitate to give my life even for the smallest bit of science.
第一次世界大战揭露了 The First World War revealed the deep cracks in
俄国社会的深深裂痕 激起了革命和内战的爆发 Russian society and spurred the outbreak of revolution and civil war.
瓦维洛夫建立了他的400座科学研究所中的第一座 Vavilov established the first of his 400 scientific
农民和工人的子女 institutes where the children of peasants and
在这些机构里成了科学家 laborers became scientists.
这一切都是为了达成瓦维洛夫终结饥荒的梦想 All in the service of Vavilov's dream of ending famine.
1920年 瓦维洛夫大胆提出一条新自然法则 In 1920, Vavilov dared to propose a new law of nature.
同志们 相同的基因 Comrades, the same genes perform the
在不同品种的植物中执行相同功能 same functions in different species of plants.
这是因为它们拥有共同祖先 This is because they share a common ancestor.
为了了解进化并 In order to understand evolution and to guide our
以科学方法指导育种工作 我们必须前往 breeding work scientifically, we must go to the oldest
可能仍有这些共同祖先生活的最古老农业国家。 agricultural countries where these common ancestors may still live.
只要有尼古拉·瓦维洛夫这样的人 Russia shall not perish as long as there are
苏维埃就不会灭亡 people like Nikolai Vavilov!
瓦维洛夫现在举世闻名 Vavilov was now world famous.
我一点都不特别 Me, I'm nothing special.
我的兄弟 物理学家谢尔盖 It's my brother Sergey, the physicist,
才是出色人才 who's the brilliant one.
瓦维洛夫知道每棵幼苗都包含着该物种的独特信息 Vavilov knew that every seedling contains its species' unique message.
内容不一样 The content's different,
但都是用一种神秘语言编写 but they were all written in a mysterious language.
再往后几十年间都无法破译 One that would not be deciphered for decades.
瓦维洛夫想要保留生命古老手稿中的每个句子 Vavilov wanted to preserve every phrase of life's ancient scripture,
以确保生命能顺利进入未来 to ensure its safe passage to the future.
他是最早明白生物多样性至关重要的人 He was among the first to grasp the critical importance of biodiversity.
瓦维洛夫提出了一个全新的概念 Vavilov came up with an entirely new concept.
全球种子库 A world seed bank that he hoped would be impervious
他希望这能够不受战争以及自然灾害的影响 to war and natural catastrophe.
这一人道主义目标带有一个科学基础 And there was a scientific underpinning to this humanitarian goal.
如果能找到我们吃的植物的最古老活标本 If you could find the earliest living specimens of the plants we eat,
就能分析它的句子 破译生命的语言 you could parse its sentences and decipher life's language.
也能知道生命是如何随着时间变化 You could know how it changed over time.
这份解密内容能让编写新信息变得可能 This decryption would make it possible to write new messages.
为了种出不受疾病 To grow food immune to disease,
真菌和昆虫影响还能够抗旱的粮食 fungus and insects and resistant to drought.
瓦维洛夫将成为五大洲的植物猎人 Vavilov would become a hunter of plants on five continents,
冒险前往之前没有科学家敢踏足之地 venturing to places no scientist dared go before him.
没有地图和道路 瓦维洛夫是第一位 Without maps or roads, Vavilov was the first European
冒险进入阿富汗山区的现代欧洲人 in modern times to venture into the mountainous regions of Afghanistan.
这里充满部落冲突和其他危险 Riddled with tribal clashes and other dangers,
瓦维洛夫对人类在河流三角洲 Vavilov was suspicious of the prevalent hypothesis that
发明农业的主流假设感到怀疑 humans invented agriculture in the river deltas.
他推断偏远的山区据点 He reasoned that remote mountain strongholds would
应该是更安全的耕地 be a much safer place to farm.
远离路人的随意搜刮 Far from the casual plundering of passersby.
当瓦维洛夫冒着生命危险 As Vavilov risked life and limb,
在五大洲寻找种子 searching for seeds on five continents,
他大胆冒进的传奇跟身为科学天才的声誉齐名 his legend as a daredevil equalled his reputation for scientific genius.
1927年 在当时的阿比西尼亚 现在的埃塞俄比亚 In 1927, in what was then Abyssinia, now Ethiopia,
瓦维洛夫发现了所有咖啡的源头 Vavilov discovered the mother of all coffee.
这也是一件好事 It was a good thing too.
因为他需要整晚熬夜守卫营地 Because he needed to stay awake all night guarding the camp.
当瓦维洛夫等待获准进入内陆时 As Vavilov waited for permission to travel into the interior,
意外收到了 he was surprised to receive an invitation from
埃塞俄比亚摄政王和未来皇帝 拉斯塔法里的邀请 the regent and future emperor of Ethiopia, Rastafari.
他后来也被世人成为海尔塞拉西 Or as the world would come to know him, Haile Selassie.
瓦维洛夫后来回忆说 Vavilov later recalled...
当时只有我们两个人 It was just the two of us.
他兴味盎然地问起我的国家 He questioned me with great interest about my country
和我们的革命 and its revolution.
我告诉他 我们的国父列宁已经去世 I informed him that Lenin, our founder, had died,
现在约瑟夫·斯大林接掌政府 and Joseph Stalin now ruled.
我告诉拉斯塔法里 斯大林抢劫一家银行 I told Rastafari how Stalin's armed robbery of a bank had
为革命筹集了300万美元 raised $3 million for the revolution and made him
20年前他因此成为俄国的民间英雄 a folk hero in Russia 20 years before.
当瓦维洛夫不断地在全球追寻种子和知识时 As Vavilov continued his global quest for seeds and knowledge,
苏共中央关于授予李森科等同志斯大林科学奖的决定
特罗菲姆·李森科 瓦维洛夫的众多门徒之一 Trofim Lysenko, one of Vavilov's numerous
开始建立自己的名声 protégé's was beginning to make a name for himself.
冬天的新鲜绿豆 Fresh green peas in the wintertime?
听起来好得令人难以置信吗 Sound too good to be true?
赤脚植物专家李森科所说的是千真万确 Not if barefoot plant expert Trofim Lysenko has anything to say about it.
他没上过大学 或在实验室里盯着苍蝇毛茸茸的腿 No universities or staring at the hairy legs of flies in laboratories for him.
也没有进行奢华的异国旅行去追寻古老芦笋 No lavish trips to foreign lands in pursuit of ancient asparagus.
他是在祖国苏联的农田里用农民的方式进行实践 He does it the peasant way in the fields of Mother Russia.
多亏了他 今年一月豌豆将会出现在餐桌上 And there'll be green peas on the table this January thanks to him.
在斯大林按部就班 As Joseph Stalin was having all his political
杀光所有政治对手同时 rivals systematically murdered,
他开始大刀阔斧地拆解苏联的农业结构 he began to slash away at the structure of Russian agriculture.
他宣称目标是让苏联农业现代化 His stated goal was to modernize Soviet agriculture.
但结果却是一场灾难 But the result was catastrophic.
斯大林下令 Stalin ordered the Kulaks,
把称为富农的较富裕农民 as the more prosperous peasants were known,
作为一个阶级进行清算 to be liquidated as a class.
共有五百万到一千万人死于饥荒 Between five and ten million people perished of famine.
但对李森科来说 这场重大悲剧是大好机会 But to Trofim Lysenko, this massive tragedy was an opportunity.
李森科痛恨拥有知识和名望的瓦维洛夫 Lysenko hated Vavilov for his knowledge and fame,
阴险如蛇的他 and like the snake that he was;
明确知道攻击时机 he knew exactly when to strike.
到最后 他的毒液将会致命 And ultimately, his venom would be fatal.
伊甸园一定在中亚此地 The Garden of Eden must have been somewhere near
附近某处 因为最早的苹果就生长在这里 here in central Asia because this is where the first apples grow.
瓦维洛夫走遍全世界 确认这些种子 Vavilov traveled the world identifying the first
在地球上最早出现的地点 places on Earth to bear these seeds.
并收集所有种子样本加以保管 Collecting samples of each for safekeeping.
瓦维洛夫总共带回了25万个种类的种子 All in all, Vavilov brought back a quarter of a million varieties of seeds.
瓦维洛夫返回的苏联已经是不同国家 The Russia Vavilov returned to was a different country.
惨遭史上最严重的饥荒重创 One in the grip of the most vicious famine it had ever known.
革命的兴奋乐观情绪已经被恐惧和绝望取代 The heady optimism of the revolution had been replaced with dread and despair.
瓦维洛夫的植物工业研究所 Vavilov's institute of plant industry,
位于当时名为列宁格勒的城市 in the city that was then called Leningrad,
现在收藏了世上最大量的遗传信息 was now the largest collection of genetic information on Earth.
他的团队开始对每颗珍贵种子进行分类编目 His team began to sort and catalogue every precious seed.
他们孜孜不倦地工作 They worked tirelessly,
仿佛肩负所有饥饿俄国人的性命 as if the life of every hungry Russian depended on them.
斯大林同志 Comrade Stalin.
我要向您报告对我们国家安全至关重要的消息 I have something of vital importance to our nation's security to tell you.
我知道这个国家为什么挨饿 I know why the country starves and I know how to turn famine
我也知道怎么把饥荒变成大丰收 into plenty so that you may triumph over all those who
让您能够战胜所有企图攻击您的人 seek to undermine you.
若是如此 李森科同志 Well then, Comrade Lysenko,
你一定是个力量强大的人 you must be a very powerful man.
科学家们在欺骗您 The scientists are lying to you.
查尔斯·达尔文 格雷戈尔·孟德尔 尼古拉·瓦维洛夫 都是骗子 Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, Nikolai Vavilov, all liars.
同志 您觉得长颈鹿为什么会有长脖子 Comrade, why do you think the giraffe has a long neck?
长颈鹿 A giraffe?
你为何要浪费我的时间 Why are you wasting my time?
因为那样它才可以啃树顶上的叶子 So it can nibble on leaves at the top of the trees?
完全正确 Exactly.
但是科学家们说不是这样 But the scientists say no.
他们相信叫做基因的假想隐形东西 They believe in imaginary, invisible entities called
说基因会被一种同样无形的力量改变 genes that somehow get changed by equally invisible forces
让长颈鹿有长脖子 that tell the giraffe to have a long neck
让鸡有短脖子 and a chicken to have a short one.
我不相信虚构出来的东西 I don't believe in imaginary things.
但瓦维洛夫相信 这就是我们的人民为什么会挨饿的原因 But Vavilov does and that's why our people starve.
当他去收集纪念品的时候 While he's been off collecting souvenirs,
我一直在想方设法为给祖国苏联提供最需要的东西 I've been devising a way to give Mother Russia the thing she needs most.
在寒冬丰收的小麦 A harvest of wheat in the dead of winter.
如果这是真的 如果你真的有这种力量 If this is true, if you really have this power...
是的 同志 我有 I do, Comrade. I do.
但我必须要能够放手去做 But I must have a free hand.
不再受到资产阶级遗传学家的干扰 No more interference from the bourgeois geneticists.
他们是我们敌人的奸细 They are agents of our enemies.
他们想让苏联挨饿直到屈服 They want to starve Russia into submission.
那不是长颈鹿脖子长的原因 That's not why the giraffe's neck is long.
斯大林怎么会相信那种说法 How could Stalin have fallen for that one?
很简单 It was easy.
因为他拼命地想去相信 He desperately wanted to believe it.
李森科兜售的是一种 Lysenko was peddling the long discredited theory of an early
19世纪初 博物学家拉马克早被证实不可信的理论 19th century naturalist named Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
他认为后天获得的性状 He believed that acquired characteristics,
例如长颈鹿为了吃高处的叶子 let's say the length of a giraffe's neck from straining
而拉长的脖子 to get at those leaves up high,
可以遗传给下一代 could be inherited by the next generation.
他不明白那需要历经几百万年演化 He failed to grasp that it took millions of years of
以及脖子稍长的长颈鹿 evolution and higher survival rates among the generations of
好几代都有更高的存活率 giraffes with even slightly longer necks to result
最后才形成高大的现代长颈鹿 in a tall modern giraffe.
长颈鹿的脖子越来越长 This increasingly long neck of the giraffe was due to random
是因为基因的随机突变正好形成更成功的长颈鹿 mutations in the genes that happened to lead to a more successful giraffe.
不是因为他们努力地拉长自己的脖子 Not their neck stretching exertions.
这正是查尔斯·达尔文的革命性洞见 This had been Charles Darwin's revolutionary insight.
演化是通过自然选择进行的 Evolution by natural selection.
李森科在斯大林的耳边大进谗言 Lysenko whispered in Stalin's ear that he could fulfill
宣称可以实现一个世纪以来的俄国梦 a centuries old Russian dream and end the famine that
终结威胁斯大林控制俄国的饥荒 threatened Stalin's grip on the country.
李森科用冰水浸泡小麦种子 Lysenko would soak the wheat seeds in ice water
让种子在冰雪之中仍能兴盛茁壮 so that they could still thrive in the ice and snow.
他称之为"春化处理" A process he called vernalization.
李森科谎称抗寒性会遗传给植物后代 Lysenko falsely claimed that the plants offspring would inherit the resistance to cold.
没必要进行费时费力的杂交育种 No time-consuming painstaking crossbreeding required.
只有一件事阻碍了他 Only one thing stood in his way.
瓦维洛夫和他对遗传学的顽固坚持 Vavilov and his stubborn adherence to genetics.
令人心酸的讽刺之处在于 The bitter irony was that while Lysenko was spinning
在李森科对斯大林编造大丰收的幻想的同时 fantasies of abundance for Stalin,
瓦维洛夫和他的团队正在用 Vavilov and his team were crossing wheat species from
高海拔的小麦品种进行杂交育种 higher altitudes that actually would've resulted
这确实能够提高俄国的粮食产量 in heightened food production in Russia.
当瓦维洛夫赶往克林姆林宫时 As Vavilov rushed to the Kremlin,
他满脑子都是必须完成的工作 all he could think about was the work that needed to be done.
他踏上了无可避免的厄运之路 He was on a collision course that would doom him
这注定让他和无数其他人活活饿死 and countless others to starvation.
瓦维洛夫知道 Vavilov knew that no man could witness
看见斯大林恐惧样子的人都不可能长寿 Stalin's fear and expect to live long.
尼古拉·伊万诺维奇 听我说 Nikolai Ivanovich, I tell you, we are in
我们现在处于巨大的危险中 the gravest danger.
三天前 秘密警察找上叶夫根尼和列奥尼德 Three days ago, the secret police came for Yevgeny and Leonid.
从此再也没人听说他们的消息 They haven't been heard from since.
他们的妻子都急疯了 Their wives are frantic.
李森科不放过任何机会 Lysenko takes every opportunity to blame you
把饥荒怪罪到你身上 for the famine.
听我说 我们必须停止遗传学实验 I tell you, we must stop the experiments in genetics.
安静做好你的工作 Carry on quietly with your work.
无论发生什么 No matter what happens.
我们都必须尽快 We must hurry.
我们必须像法拉第一样 努力工作 We must be like Michael Faraday,
继续准确的记录结果 working hard and keeping accurate notes of the results.
如果我失踪了 那么你必须取代我 If I disappear, then you must take my place.
唯一重要的是正确地进行科学研究 The only thing that matters is getting the science right.
这是结束这场饥荒和未来所有饥荒的唯一希望 It is the only hope of ending this famine and all the others to come.
同志 他们要逮捕你和我们所有人 Comrade, they're going to arrest you and all of us.
那我们最好快一点完成工作 Then we better work that much faster.
斯大林在乌克兰强制实行农业集体化 Stalin's forced collectivization of farms
造成了人类历史上最黑暗的一章 in the Ukraine led to one of the darkest chapters in human history.
这场饥荒极为严重 影响范围极大 It was a famine so severe and widespread that instead of
所以不是以年份和地名为人所知 being known by a year and a place,
而是被赋予了专属名称 it was given a name all its own.
乌克兰大饥荒 意为"以饥饿灭绝" Holodomor, meaning the extermination by hunger.
斯大林一心想把富农赶出他们的农场进入工厂 Stalin's zeal to push the kulak peasants off their farms
这实际上变成了种族灭绝政策 and into factories had become a policy of genocide.
瓦维洛夫和他的遗传学家继续反对你 Vavilov and his geneticists continue to speak against you.
我无法忍受这点 I cannot bear it.
斯大林知道除去瓦维洛夫可能会有麻烦 Stalin knew that getting rid of Vavilov might be trouble.
全球科学界都敬仰瓦维洛夫的理念和勇气 The global scientific community admired Vavilov for his ideas and his courage.
当斯大林不准他出国时 They had even been willing to move their international
他们甚至愿意把国际遗传学大会搬到莫斯科举办 genetics congress to Moscow when Stalin wouldn't let him travel outside the country.
先把瓦维洛夫搞臭 Discredit Vavilov first,
接着你就能随心所欲对付他了 then you can do with him as you wish.
我很遗憾地报告 I regret to report that the biochemists
生化学家还无法透过分析蛋白质 are not yet able to distinguish the lentil from the pea by
区分扁豆和豌豆 analyzing their proteins.
我认为用舌头品尝过扁豆的任何人 I reckon that anyone who tries them on their tongue
都能区分豌豆和扁豆 can tell a lentil from a pea.
同志 在化学上我们无法区分 Comrade, we are unable to distinguish them chemically.
如果一吃就能分辨 What's the point of being able to distinguish them
有什么必要在化学上进行区分？ chemically if you can try them on your tongue?
李森科现在对瓦维洛夫和科学展开持续不断的攻击 Lysenko now mounted a relentless campaign against Vavilov and science.
在一场为期两天的会议上 冲突到达顶点 It came to a head at a two-day conference.
所有科学家和科学的敌人 All the scientists and enemies of science gathered to
聚集起来辩论苏联农业政策的未来 debate the future of Soviet agricultural policy.
我们很快就会看到 And so we shall soon see how my method of soaking
我用冰水浸泡各种种子的方法 将如何更好地喂饱祖国 seeds of all kinds in ice water shall lead to a better fed Motherland.
什么？没有实验？没有数据？ What? No experiments? No data?
你或许还没有注意到你的团队人数正在减少 Perhaps you haven't noticed. Your ranks are thinning.
春华即将提供冬季大丰收 Vernalization is going to provide a huge winter harvest.
你要么就加入我们的计划 不然… You are either with our plan or...
你可以像对待布鲁诺那样 放火烧我 You can take me to the stake. You can set me on fire.
但你不能逼我对科学撒谎 But you can't make me lie about science!
我们刚才目睹了一个人的自杀 We've just witnessed a man committing suicide.
他要被逮捕了 He's going to be arrested.
被逮捕？为什么？ Arrested? For what?
等着瞧吧 You just wait.
这会是你最后一次见到这个可怜的聪明傻瓜 That's the last you'll see of this poor brilliant fool.
但瓦维洛夫不是傻瓜 But Vavilov was no fool.
在为即将到来的事态做准备时 In preparation for what was coming,
他警告他的同事 必须要求转职到其他机构才能自救 he had warned his colleagues that they must ask for transfers to other institutes to save themselves.
他最亲近的同事都勇敢地拒绝疏远瓦维洛夫 His closest colleagues valiantly refused to distance themselves from Vavilov.
瓦维洛夫同志 你又被莫斯科传唤了 Comrade Vavilov, you are needed back in Moscow.
看来你拿了一些不属于你的文件 It seems you took some papers that didn't belong to you.
请让我利用仅存的阳光完成我的工作 Just let me use the last of the light to finish my work, please.
情况看起来很糟 同志 真的很糟 This looks bad, Comrade. Really bad.
你一直打算做一些不好的事 You've been up to some serious mischief.
你一定知道迟早会被发现 You must've known you would be found out soon or later.
你到底在说什么 What can you possibly be talking about?
是的 是的 我知道你绝对完全不知情 Yes, yes. I'm sure you're completely mystified.
别想唬我 Don't be cute with me.
你知道你为什么在这里 You know why you are here.
你已经被捕了 You have been arrested as an active participant in
因为身为煽动颠覆社会主义国家政权的… a subversive anti-Soviet organization and a spy for
积极分子与外国情报单位的间谍 foreign intelligence services.
你承认自己的罪行吗？ Do you admit your guilt?
我不承认 No. I do not.
我明确声明我从未从事间谍活动 I declare categorically that I have never engaged in
或其他任何颠覆国家的活动 espionage or any other anti-Soviet activity.
你引用的证词来自国家已处决的证人 The testimony you cite are of witnesses whom the state has already murdered.
你知道我不是间谍 You know I am not a spy.
你知道我热爱我的国家 You know I love my country.
我真正的罪行 我唯一的罪行 My real crime, my only crime
只是科学观点的深刻差异 is a profound difference of scientific opinion.
刑讯瓦维洛夫的人经验丰富 Vavilov's tormentor had plenty of experience
能够软化这种固执对象 softening up such stubborn subjects.
他开始一次刑讯瓦维洛夫10到12个小时 He started interrogating Vavilov for ten, 12 hours at a time.
他通常半夜从睡梦中被叫醒 Usually rousing him out of his bed in the middle of the night.
他一定受到了刑讯逼供 He must've been tortured,
因为他的腿肿胀异常 because his legs were so swollen,
无法走路 he was unable to walk.
瓦尔多夫会被拖回牢房 Vavilov would be dragged back to his cell and crawl to
他在地上爬到某处 就直接躺在那里无法动弹 a place on the floor and just lie there, unable to move.
刑讯持续了1700小时 超过400次 It kept on for 1,700 hours, more than 400 sessions.
直到瓦维洛夫最终崩溃 Until Vavilov finally broke.
在被捕一年后 他被判处枪决 A year after his arrest, he was sentenced to be shot.
他被带去刑场 在那里等死几个月 He was taken to the place of his execution where he languished for months.
就在事情不可能变得更糟的时候 Just when things couldn't get any darker,
一个更大的黑暗时刻降临了 an even greater darkness descended.
希特勒违反跟斯大林签订的互不侵犯条约 Hitler had broken his nonaggression pact with Stalin,
派出数百万德军和几千辆坦克入侵俄国 sending millions of German troops and thousands of tanks to invade Russia.
但列宁格勒保卫战 But the siege of Leningrad was,
从任何指标来看都是其中最惨烈的 by any metric, the most ghastly of all.
这是全世界的遗传学遗产 This was the world's genetic inheritance.
从农业发明以来 The seeds of the plants that had sustained us since
维持我们存活的植物种子 the invention of agriculture.
跟斯大林不同 希特勒知道这是无价之宝 And Hitler, unlike Stalin, knew that it was priceless.
我们甚至不知道他是否还活着 We don't even know if he's alive.
在确认死活之前 我们必须鼓起勇气 Until we do, we must find it within ourselves to
采取尼古拉·伊万诺维奇会有的做法 do as Nikolai Ivanovich would.
如果围城持续下去 我们的同胞将会非常饥饿 If the siege lasts, our fellow citizens will get very hungry.
这座房子里放有好几吨食材 This building contains several tons of edible material.
我们必须想办法保护每一颗种子 We must figure out how to protect every last seed
等待世界恢复理智的时候到来 for the time when the world returns to its senses.
纵观古今 没有其他科学家团队曾经遭遇如此残酷的考验 In all of history, no team of scientists has ever been tested so cruelly.
他们被逼到崩溃边缘 但他们坚持住了 They were pushed beyond the breaking point and yet they did not break.
光是1941年圣诞节当天 On Christmas Day alone in 1941,
列宁格勒就有4000人饿死 4,000 people starved to death in Leningrad.
希特勒的军队围困这座城市100多天 The city had been under siege by Hitler's army for more than 100 days.
气温达到零下40度 全城的基础设施都已经崩溃 The temperature was -40 degrees and the city's entire infrastructure had collapsed.
希特勒心想 这只是时间问题 It was only a matter of time, Hitler thought to himself,
列宁格勒终究会屈服于他的意志之下 before Leningrad succumbed to his will.
没有城市承受得住这种折磨太久 No city could endure such suffering for very long.
当斯大林在担忧艾米塔吉博物馆的艺术品安危时 While Stalin fretted over the safety of the artworks at the Hermitage Museum,
他从未想过瓦维洛夫的种子库 he never gave a single thought to Vavilov's seed bank.
但希特勒已经占领了巴黎的卢浮宫博物馆 But Hitler had already taken the Louvre art museum of Paris.
他渴望更加珍贵的东西 He coveted something much more precious.
瓦维洛夫的宝藏 Vavilov's treasure.
希特勒建立了一支党卫军特种战术部队 Hitler had established a special tactical unit of the SS,
俄国收集者突击队 Russland-Sammelcommando, the Russian collector commandos,
用以控制种子库 取回里面活生生的财富 to take control of the seed bank and retrieve
在未来供第三帝国使用 its living riches for future use by the Third Reich.
他们像一群杜宾犬一样随时待命 They waited at the ready, like a pack of Dobermans,
蓄势待发要冲进研究所 straining to be unleashed on the institute.
植物学家现在一天的配粮只剩两片面包 The botanists were now down to a ration of two slices of bread per day.
但他们仍然继续工作 But still, they continued their work.
可以说德国军队是他们最不担心的问题 In a way, the German army was the least of their worries.
要是瓦维洛夫在这里就好了 If only Vavilov were here.
没有他 我感到好迷惘 I feel so lost without him.
亲爱的同志 虽然这让人心痛 Dear comrade, as painful as it is,
但我们必须接受他已经永远离开的现实 we must accept that he's gone forever.
不过瓦维洛夫还活着 还剩一口气 But Vavilov was alive... barely.
他已转移到另一座城市的另一座监狱 He had been moved to another prison in another city.
我今年54岁 在植物育种领域拥有丰富经验和知识 I am 54 years old, with a vast experience and knowledge in the field of plant breeding.
我很乐意全心全意为国家服务 I would be happy to devote myself entirely to the service of my country.
我要求并恳求您允许我在我的专业领域工作 I request and beg you to allow me to work in my special field,
就算是在最低阶级也好 even at the lowest level.
但瓦维洛夫没得到回应 But no answer ever came.
国家决定不枪决他 The state had decided not to shoot him.
他们准备让他面临更残酷的下场 They had a crueler fate in mind for the man who did
在消除饥荒和饥饿方面 贡献远胜过任何人的他 more than any other to eliminate famine and hunger,
将被故意慢慢地饿死 he would be deliberately and slowly starved to death.
有另外80万人在列宁格勒饿死 800,000 other human beings had starved to death in Leningrad.
德国军队的围攻从1941年9月持续到1944年1月 Besieged by the German forced from September of 1941 until
这座城市仍然设法抵御住连番猛攻 January of 1944, the city somehow still managed to hold out against the relentless assault.
每天两片面包的微薄配粮早已耗尽 The meager rations of two slices of bread a day had run out long before,
保护瓦维洛夫珍宝的人因饥饿不断倒下 and the protectors of Vavilov's treasure began to succumb to hunger amidst the plenty that
是神圣的荣誉感 阻止它们吃掉身边的大批种子 their sacred honor prevented them from consuming.
植物学家亚历山大·史楚金是花生专家 Botanist Alexander Stchukin, specialist in groundnuts.
莉莉亚·维迪纳是燕麦专家 Liliya Rodina, expert on oats.
迪米崔·伊凡洛夫是全球稻米权威 Dimitry Ivanov, world authority on rice.
这些植物学家全都饿死了 The botanists perished from hunger,
然而 这批收藏连一粒米都没有少 and yet not a grain of rice in the collection was unaccounted for.
瓦维洛夫的仇家李森科又是如何？ And what of Vavilov's nemesis, Trofim Lysenko?
接着20年 他继续一手掌控苏联农业和生物学 He maintained his death grip on Soviet agriculture and biology for another two decades,
直到俄国最杰出的三名科学家 until three of Russia's most distinguished scientists
公开谴责他的伪科学和其他罪行 publicly denounced him for his pseudoscience and his other crimes.
至于瓦维洛夫的兄弟 物理学家谢尔盖呢？ And what of Vavilov's brother, Sergey, the physicist?
斯大林指派他担任苏联科学院主席 Stalin made him chairman of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
在斯大林死后 他跟李森科对苏联造成的伤害 After Stalin's death and the recognition of the damage
也得到确认 he and Lysenko had done to the Soviet Union,
瓦维洛夫可以再次被公开谈及 Nikolai Vavilov could once again be talked about in public.
植物工业研究所重新以他命名 The Institute of Plant Industry was renamed after him,
至今仍在蓬勃发展 and it still thrives.
这座设施的存在 正是因为瓦维洛夫投入的生命和工作 And this is here because of his life and work.
斯瓦尔巴全球种子库 埋在世界北端的地底深处 This Svalbard Global Seed Vault is buried deep beneath the Earth at the top of the world.
这个地下室能容纳450万种种子 It can hold four and a half million kinds of seeds underground.
当时研究所的植物学家为何连一粒米都不吃呢？ So why didn't the botanists at the Institute eat a single grain of rice?
他们为什么不把种子坚果和马铃薯 Why didn't they distribute the seeds and nuts and potatoes
分给两年多以来每天都有人饿死的列宁格勒人民? to the people of Leningrad who were dying of starvation every day for more than two years?
你今天吃饭了吗？ Did you eat today?
如果答案是肯定的 那么你吃的可能就是那些植物学家 If the answer is yes, then you probably ate something that
誓死保卫的种子繁衍的后代 descended from the seeds that the botanists died to protect.
他们为了我们献出了生命 They gave their lives for us.
希望人类的未来对我们来说 就跟他们看来一样真实和珍贵 If only our future was as real and precious to us as it was to them.