YYeTs人人影视纪录片组 翻译：水松 Kidnut 祭司emily 窗边的小毛毛 校对：zuchie
南美秘鲁境内的安第斯山 The Peruvian Andes of South America
是地球上最崎岖的山脉之一 are among the most rugged mountain chains on earth.
历经地震 火山 Battered by earthquakes,volcanoes,
和暴风骤雨的洗礼 and powerful storms,
安第斯山成了恶劣环境 the Andes are a dynamic land
的集散地 of environmental extremes.
雾蒙蒙的亚马逊丛林中陡然屹立起 Steamy Amazon jungle quickly gives way to jagged,
2万英尺高的崇山峻岭 twenty-thousand-foot-high peaks.
安第斯山脊隔开了干旱的海岸沙漠 The spine of the Andes separates arid coastal desert
和严寒的高原 from bleak,high altitude plateau.
太干旱或者海拔太高都不适合生存 Too dry or too vertical for normal living,
这片土地上似乎不可能找到 This land seems an unlikely place
伟大的文明 to find a great civilization.
但500年前 But five hundred years ago,
一群被称为印加的勇敢的安第斯人 An ambitious Andean people,called the Inca,
在这云间深处建立了雄伟壮观的城市群 were building spectacular cities in the clouds.
无畏的工匠们修建了 Their intrepid engineers linked these mountain top citadels
一系列惊人的道路 with a phenomenal system of roads.
还有用草编成的丝网状吊桥 And gossamer-like suspension bridges
连接起了山顶上的城堡 made only of grass.
500年前 Five hundred years ago,
在西班牙人来到这片新大陆之前 before the Spanish came to the New World,
印加是美洲最伟大的帝国 the Inca empire was the greatest in the Americas,
势力扩展到整个安第斯山脉 stretching almost the entire length of the Andes.
毫无疑问 印加文明是迄今发现的 The Incas were certainly the strangest and most bizarre
最神秘古怪的文明 civilization that the earth has ever seen.
他们不具备任何公认的 They had none of the things that we think of
能成就文明的先决条件 as the prerequisites for a major civilization,
没有拱形结构 轮状物和系统的数学 no arch,no wheel,no codified mathematics.
不会写字 They couldn't write.
甚至不会记下算术问题 They couldn't even scratch down an arithmetic problem.
然而 他们却建造了惊人的工程 And yet,they could do this amazing engineering.
印加的工程材料是石头 The Incas' engineering medium was stone.
他们的城墙和建筑 In their walls and buildings,
展现了无以伦比的对石头的运用技巧 they showed a mastery over stone that is unrivaled.
不用灰浆 Without mortar,
印加人用石块砌合的城墙 the Incas created walls of interlocking blocks
经历住了数百年地震的考验 that have successfully withstood earthquakes for centuries.
但石头对他们而言不仅是利用工具 But their interest in stone went beyond the utilitarian.
印加人崇拜岩石 The Incas worshipped rocks.
他们在天然的岩层上刻出复杂的形状 They carved intricate designs on natural outcrops
把吉开玉米酒或祭祀的血 and poured chicha maize beer or sacrificial blood
倒入槽中膜拜安眠在地下 down the channels to honor their mummified ancestors
石制宫殿里的木乃伊祖先 housed in rock cut chambers below.
在圣地的绝佳位置 Choosing high vantage points at sacred sites,
印加人建造了神秘的石柱 the Incas created mysterious stone columns,
被称为"捆日石"[捆住太阳 防止其坠落] dubbed "hitching posts of the sun."
他们崇拜太阳 They worshipped the sun
可能还用这柱子来观测星星 and may have used the shafts for sighting stars.
为了让石制品与自然景观相和谐 Blending their stonework into the natural landscape,
印加人把岩石 the Incas carved rocks
雕刻成背景中山峰的形状 to mimic the shape of the mountains behind.
但最神秘和最惊叹的作品 But their most impressive and mysterious stonework
是城堡的城墙 is found in the walls of their citadels.
巨大的石块 有些重达上百吨 Giant blocks,some weighing a hundred tons,
如此巧妙地咬合在一起 sit next to each other so precisely
连一片刮胡刀片都塞不进去 that not even a razor blade can fit between them.
没有铁器 没有牵引畜力 没有轮子 Without iron tools,draft animals,or the wheel
印加工匠们如何搬运和放置如此大的石块 how did the Inca builders move and set such large blocks?
为了回答这一疑问 To answer this question,
《新星》邀请了几位 NOVA invited several experts
背景截然不同的专家来到秘鲁 with widely different backgrounds to come to Peru.
我们很擅长找到现存的证据 We're pretty good at finding the evidence today,
如果 甚至 if,and even if —
建筑学教授 让皮埃尔·波岑 Professor of architecture Jean-Pierre Protzen
研究印加人的石头使用技巧 studies the Incas' use of stone.
他曾写过本关于印加建筑的书 He has written a book about Inca architecture
对印加人的建筑方法 and has some definite ideas
有很多明确的认识 about their construction methods.
艾德·弗兰克芒是人类学家 Ed Franquemont is both an anthropologist
兼建筑承包商 and a building contractor
在秘鲁村庄居住过很多年 who lived in a Peruvian village for several years.
他对印加建筑者如何组织劳力 His particular interest is how the Inca builders
尤其感兴趣 organized their labor force.
菲利普·佩蒂特 Philippe Petit is the man who walked a tight rope
在世贸双塔间走过钢丝 between the towers of the World Trade Center.
他想弄清楚印加工匠们 He wants to know how the Inca builders
如何用草编成结实的绳子 used grass to make the strong ropes
来建成高空吊桥 that support their high suspension bridges.
他来这想协助建一座桥 And he has come here to help build one.
文斯·李是位建筑师和探险家 Vince Lee is an architect and explorer
他走遍安第斯山 who has travelled extensively in the Andes
寻找印加遗址 looking for lost Inca sites.
他有个理论指出印加石匠们 He has a theory about how the Inca stonemasons
如何让巨石间结合得如此紧密 made such precise joints with such giant stones.
寻找线索的绝佳位置是 A good place to start looking for clues
俯瞰欧岩特坦波区的城堡 is the citadel overlooking the town of Ollantaytambo.
大约500年前 About five hundred years ago,
城堡里正在建造一座太阳神庙 a sun temple was under construction inside the fortress.
从这些石块来看 So with all these blocks of stones here,
这里明显是一处 this is clearly a construction site
进行到一半被废弃的建筑工地 that was abandoned in progress.
的确是 Yeah. For sure.
问题是 The question is,
这些石头从哪来 where do these stones come from,
又是如何被搬运来的 and how did they get here?
他们来自山脚下 Well,they came from the quarries
河对岸的 on the other side of the river
采石场 at the base of this mountain here.
大伙决定沿着远古搬运工的路线 The team decides to follow the route to the quarry
到采石场去 taken by the ancient stone haulers.
他们徒步走下山坡 The hike will take them down a sloping ramp
到达山谷 to the valley floor.
沿途 Along the way,
他们发现印加工人们丢弃的 they find massive blocks abandoned
硕大的石头 by the Inca workers.
这是块大岩石 This is a big rock
前面还有很多这样的吗 There are more like this,on beyond here?
村民称这些岩石为 The villagers called these rocks
"piedras cansadas"(西语) 疲倦之石 "piedras cansadas"—weary stones.
传说石头累了 One legend tells of stones that grew tired
开始汗血 拒绝移动了 wept blood and refused to move.
那就是了 And so is there
这就是采石场所在地 —so this is where the quarry is,
在滚石底的低处采石场 the lower quarry at the bottom of this rockfall.
可以看到一些斜坡 You can see some ramps.
另一个采石场在那边 The other quarry is way up there
悬崖脚下 at the foot of the cliffs.
让皮埃尔 朋友们简称JP Jean-Pierre—JP to his friends
带领队伍沿着残存的道路 —leads the team along the remains of a roadway
前往采石场 that leads to the quarry
采石场实际上是悬崖岩石被侵蚀 —actually a rockfall created by rocks eroding
滑落而成的滚石堆 from the cliffs above.
他们发现了块70吨的石头 Here,they find a 70-ton stone
被印加采石工 that Inca quarry workers
弄成了方型 had turned into a rectangular block.
JP认为 大石头都首先 JP believes that all the boulders
在采石场被弄成方形 were first squared off in the quarry.
但印加人如何把这些重石块 But how did the Incas transport these heavy blocks
搬运下山 再搬上山谷另一面的 down the mountain and up to the sun temple
太阳神庙呢 on the other side of the valley?
据西班牙历史记载 Spanish chronicles tell us that
印加人不会利用轮状物 the Incas did not possess the wheel
也没有像牛这样的牵引牲畜 or strong draft animals like oxen.
大卫·卡纳 村落领袖和印加后裔 David Canal,a community leader and Inca descendent,
认为印加人用人力拖拉石块 believes they hauled the blocks by hand.
他组织了一队人 He has organized a team of pullers
沿着印加人从采石场到城堡间的路线 to transport a one-ton rock along the same route
拖拉运输一块1吨重的岩石 taken by the Incas between the quarry and the citadel.
山坡的大处 For most of its length,
坡度都很平缓 the ramp has a gentle slope.
但到了半山腰 But halfway down the mountain,
斜坡忽然变成 the incline suddenly turns into an almost
几乎垂直的800英尺长的陡坡 vertical 800-foot chute to the valley below.
在此陡坡上运送10倍大小的石头 With a block more than ten times the size of this one,
对远古运石工而言 it must have been extremely difficult
一定极端困难 for the ancient stone haulers to negotiate this chute.
与在搬运路线上观察到的印加石块不同 Unlike the Inca blocks observed on the transport route,
这块圆石还没被弄成方形 this boulder has not been squared off,
失控翻滚下山 and it tumbles out of control.
应该不是印加人想要的效果 Probably not the way the Incas wanted to see it happen.
对 No. No.
绝对不是 Absolutely not.
一旦成这样子 And you know,once it—if it turned this way,
就像个圆柱 it was kind of cylindrical.
很容易滚动 It was kind of easy for it to get rolling,
但大方石块就不那么 where a big square block might not have—
没错 That's true.
不那么容易了 —might not have done that.
这种让石头粉身碎骨的方法 Having gotten the boulder down in pieces
显然与印加方式相差甚远 by a distinctly non-Inca method,
大家都希望能顺利度过下个挑战 everyone hopes to do better with the next challenge:
把石头运过乌鲁班巴河 getting a block across the Urubamba River.
一年中的这个时候 At this time of year,
水位最低 the water level is at its lowest,
水面看起来很平静 and the river looks quite placid.
但雨季过后 But after the rainy season,
河水湍急 无法渡过 it becomes a torrent impossible to ford.
大卫认为印加拖运队 David believes the Inca hauling teams
应选择在最浅处渡河 would have chosen to cross at the shallowest stretch.
但即使这里 也有急流 But even here,there is a stiff current
并且很多人不会游泳 and many of his men can't swim.
为了安抚河神 To appease the spirits of the river,
大卫用甘蔗酒祭神 David has arranged for an offering of cane alcohol.
沾了水的石头变得很湿滑 The wet stones are slippery for the men,
倒也方便 but this turns out to be an advantage
用来拖拉 when it comes time to pull the rock.
耶 加油 Yeah! Vamos!
太绝了 It was perfect!
比在地面上移动容易多了 It was easier than moving it on the ground,
非常快 went pretty quick.
预料之中 Just exactly like I thought it would.
搬运岩石渡乌鲁班巴河 The task of getting rock across the Urubamba
比大家想象的都简单得多 turned out to be much easier than everyone had imagined.
但运过谷底 But crossing the fields on the valley bottom
却很困难 is much more of a problem,
因为石头就像是把犁 because the stone acts like a plow
扎进了柔软的地面 digging into the soft ground.
也许这曾经有路横贯山谷 There was probably once a road crossing the valley,
但已经被上百年的农耕破坏了 but it has been destroyed by centuries of farming.
在印加时期被遗弃的 Permission has been obtained
一个石块被允许凿开 to excavate one of the blocks abandoned in Inca times,
以确认下面是否有残存的路基 to see if there is any evidence of a roadbed underneath.
结果下面是一层小的石头 What turned up underneath was a layer of small stones
小石头上面是精制的砾石路基 on top of what appears to be a prepared gravel road base.
所以实质上 So the resulting surface that
承载石块的路面 the stone appears to have actually been bearing on
由垒球大小的石头组成 is just these stones about the size of a softball
不一定是圆的 —not necessarily round,but you know
而且和我们今天在山坡 —and that's not unlike the surface we find
上发现的路面也不同 on the ramps today,still.
既然已经知道 Now that they have found the kind of road
印加运石工用的路面 used by the Inca stone haulers,
大伙想试试在类似路面上 the team wants to see how difficult it would be
拉一个更重的石块有多困难 to drag a much heavier block on a similar surface.
城堡下的广场上 In the plaza below the citadel,
他们找到块实实在在的15吨重的印加石块 they find a genuine fifteen-ton Inca block,
而且倾斜的鹅卵石路面和通往 and the sloping cobbled surface is a good approximation
太阳神庙的8度角的山坡非常接近 of the eight-degree ramp that leads up to the sun temple.
准备 一二三 Listos... Uno,dos,tres ... (Ready...one,two,three...)
为了拉这石块 To pull the block,
大卫从欧岩特坦波和附近村庄 David has assembled a team of two hundred and fifty men
集合了男女老少 women and children from Ollantaytambo
250人 and neighboring villages
一片欢腾的气氛 There is a festive atmosphere.
大家都是来看巨石 Everyone has turned out to see the great block
被拉过城镇的 being dragged through town.
可惜 巨石纹丝不动 Unfortunately,the stone refuses to budge.
经过又一番甘蔗酒的祭神 But after another offering of cane alcohol,
和撬棍的运用 巨石终于开始松动了 and some levering,the stone finally comes unstuck.
很容易在鹅卵石路面上 The ease with which the block travels
拉运石块证明了 on the cobbled surface proves that
可以沿着斜坡拉到 it could have been dragged up the slope
太阳神庙 to the sun temple.
我从不怀疑我们能做到 (English translation) I had no doubt that we could do it.
我们的祖先可以做到 Our ancestors did it,
我知道我们也能做到 so I knew we could do it,too.
任何事情人力都可以做到 Human labor can accomplish anything.
大卫的人的众志成城的表现 The determination displayed by David's people makes
使印加帝国的建筑速度和建筑规模 the speed and scale of the Incas' empire building
变得不那么匪夷所思了 achievements much more understandable.
据传说 According to legend,
大约公元1450年 一名叫帕查库提的领袖 around 1450 A.D.,a leader called Pachacuti,
其名字意思是"撼动世界者" whose name means "Earth-Shaker",
发动了场侵略战争 began an aggressive military campaign
把印加从库斯科的山间小村 that transformed the Incas from
变成了强大的国家机器 a small Cuzco valley community
并征服了它的安第斯山邻邦 into a juggernaut that swallowed up all its Andean neighbors
做为对安居乐业的回报 In return for the benefits of a stable state,
被征服的人们以劳力的形式 conquered peoples paid tax to their Inca masters
向印加帝王付税 in the form of labor.
巨大的人力保证了帕查库提 This huge workforce enabled Pachacuti
和他的继任者建造基础设施 and his successors to build the infrastructure
为迅速的领土扩张提供保障 that could support their rapidly expanding territorial gains.
在乌鲁班巴河 In the Urubamba valley,wide,
宽无边际的河道引出水渠 rambling sections of the river were placed in canals
滋养出耕地 to create cultivatable land.
被盘绕在山腰的复杂 Terraces watered by elaborate irrigation
灌溉系统浇灌的梯田 schemes climbed the mountainsides,
又进一步提高了粮食产量 further increasing food production.
在乌鲁班巴河岸的山脊上 On the peaks above the Urubamba River,
印加帝王们建造了一系列 the Inca lords built a chain
高耸云间的惊人城堡 of remarkable citadels in the sky.
其中最宏大最神秘的是马丘比丘 The most magnificent and mysterious of all: Machu Picchu.
很难想象印加人 It's difficult for us to grasp the scale of
建筑这地方时的 the Incas' imagination and ambition
想象力和雄心壮志 in producing places like this.
做为考古学家 我们喜欢研究 As archaeologists,we like to work with
正常大小的陶片或工具 potsherds or tools or walls or buildings—
城墙或建筑 things that are people scale.
但印加人的眼界远大于此 But the Inca's vision was much bigger than that.
印加人着眼于整个 The real Inca media was the entire,
广阔的安第斯山脉 immense Andean landscape around him.
他们专门花时间在安第斯山脉里 He spent extra time to find very special places
寻找非同寻常之所 within the Andean landscape,
花时间研究 spent time studying them
它们的自然特点 to understand their true nature,
再用石头修葺 embellished them with stone,
让水飞溅急流过 ran sparkling and rushing water
造好的水渠 through prepared water courses,
最终 and in the end,
制造出的工程尽显 produced works of singular beauty
别的文明难以企及的 that represent a harmony with nature
非凡的自然和谐之美 that few other civilizations have achieved.
由于地理位置偏僻 So remote was its location,
从印加时期 Machu Picchu's existence remained a secret
到本世纪前页 from the time of the Incas until
马丘比丘一直不为人知 the early part of this century.
但在河上游三十英里处 But thirty miles up river,
从印加时代起 欧岩特坦波区 the town of Ollantaytambo has been lived in
就一直有人居住 continuously since the time of the Inca.
它的建筑得以完善保存 Its buildings are well-preserved.
但最精细的印加石制品 But the very finest Inca stonework
却在居民区上的城堡中 is found in the citadel above the residential quarters.
复制这样的结合处是 Replicating joints like this is the challenge
让皮埃尔·波岑和文斯·李面临的挑战 JP Protzen and Vince Lee have set themselves.
JP 欧岩特坦波的这里 You know,JP,this part of Ollantaytambo
一直是我最喜欢的地方 has always been one of my favorites.
这里是印加石雕工艺 I mean,this is Inca stonemasonry
的极致 你同意吗 as good as it gets. Don't you agree?
没错 绝对是的 You're right. You bet.
不仅仅是工艺问题 It's not just the craftsmanship.
结合部分非常有趣 It's just the playfulness of the joining
对 是的 Yeah. Right.
他们解决的问题 and the problem that they elected to solve
是如此复杂 太绝了 is just so complicated. It's wonderful.
对 从这里可看出 Yes. Yeah. I mean,you really see that here,
他们的技术已经完全成熟 they perfected their skills.
对我来说 还有件事 Yeah. And you know,the other thing it seems to me,
其他文化中 石头被 that where other cultures used stone as a material
用来雕刻成这样那样的装饰品 for sculptural decor of one kind or another,
而他们用的是石头本身 these guys just use the stone itself.
对的 That's right
他们告诉你 They're just telling you that
石头本身是很美妙的材料 stone is itself a beautiful material.
你用不着在上面刻任何东西 You don't have to carve anything into it,really.
没错 这些石头本身就是雕塑 No. No. This is sculpture,too.
完全正确 Yeah,exactly that.
是 Yeah. Yeah.
人们常说 You know,people often say,
印加石壁的接缝里 oh,you can't get a knife blade
连一个刀片都容不下 in the joints of Inca—
实际上什么也塞不进去 you can't get anything in this
甚至是刮胡刀的刀片 Not even a razor blade.
绝无可能 这可是完美的接缝 No! No,it's an absolute perfect joint.
是的 Yeah.
真的 他们高超的工艺令人惊叹 I mean,the craftsmanship is mind-boggling
尤其当你想模仿他们的时候 especially if you try to do it—
是啊 Yeah! Yes!
如果你想亲手再现这种接合面 —if you try to duplicate it yourself!
JP利用印加式的工具重现了 JP has duplicated Inca stonework
印加的砌石工艺 using Inca tools.
在一个古老的采石场 In an ancient quarry,
他发现了一些圆型石块 he discovered some rounded stones
它们很可能来自河流 that probably came from the river.
把这种石头当作锤子 Using these as hammerstones,
他发现它们和现代石匠使用的 he found them as effective as the modern steel chisels
钢凿一样好用 used by stonemasons today.
要制造出一个斜边 To create a bevelled edge,
JP需要使用小一点的石锤 JP used a smaller hammerstone.
成品石块上留下的凿痕 The resulting tool marks are identical
与印加遗迹上的一模一样 to those found on Inca masonry,
中间粗糙 边缘平滑 rough in the center and smooth at the edges.
但印加的石匠们是怎样 But how did the Inca masons go
装嵌这些石块的呢 about setting the stones?
一段未完工的城墙提供了重要线索 A half-finished citadel wall provides an important clue.
想造出完美的印加式接缝 To achieve the perfect Inca joint,
要在底部的石块上做出标记 an imprint is marked on the block below.
放置新石块的位置 The area that will seat the new block
被凿出 is then hammered out.
还要通过不断尝试来进行微调 Repeated fittings fine-tune the joint.
如果某一处的石屑被压扁了 Spots where stone dust is compressed
说明这里太突出 需要进一步捶打 indicate raised areas that need more hammering.
为了避免损伤边缘 Using ever-smaller hammerstones
需要使用体积更小的石块 to avoid damaging the edges,
JP花了几个小时才完成石块的装嵌 JP finished the joint within a few hours.
这证明使用我在采石场找到的 It shows that with the sort of simple tools
这种简单工具 that I found in this quarry,
绝对可以再现出我们看到的 it is absolutely possible to achieve the kind
遍布库斯科和印加帝国的 of perfection of stonework that we observe
完美砌石工程 throughout Cuzco and the Inca empire.
JP的方法对那些便于操控的 JP's method works well with small stones
小型石块很管用 that can be easily maneuvered.
然而 随着石块体积的增大 But as the stones get bigger,
处理它们就变的越发困难 handling them becomes increasingly difficult.
试想在印加的萨克塞华曼堡垒 Here at the Inca fortress of Sacsahuaman,
采用这种尝试法安置重达数吨的巨石 the trial and error method of setting giant multi-ton blocks
不由另人心生畏惧 seems a daunting prospect.
但是即使体积庞大 But despite their size,
护墙上的石块接缝 the blocks in the retaining wall
仍体现着闻名遐迩的印加风格 all have the famous Inca fit,
不使用灰浆又平整精细 mortarless and snug.
答案可能是简单的建筑工具 划线器 The answer may be a simple builder's tool called a scribe,
这种工具能让印加的石匠们 a tool that may have enabled the Inca masons
既完成装嵌 又免受重复尝试之苦 to make joints without any painstaking trial and error.
回到欧岩特坦波 Back in Ollantaytambo,
文斯打算使用他的划线器 Vince is about to use his scribe
尝试完成两块石头之间的 as he attempts to make a perfect Inca joint
印加式装嵌 between two stones
石匠们已经为此努力好几天了 his masons have worked on for several days.
我们正在将石头定位 We're getting the rock into position
以便用划线器将这个处理好的接合面 to scribe this prepared joint into this
与待磨接合面进行雕合 one that's yet to be prepared.
目前为止 将这两块石头组合在一起 And so far,everything we've done,
所需的准备工作我们都已经做了 anyone fitting these two rocks together would have to do.
首先是对石头进行粗加工 You would have to roughcut your rocks
然后决定每块石头的大致位置 and basically decide which rock was going where.
之后你需要将它们定位 And you would have to get them in position.
而现在就应该实施我提出的方法了 Now is the point where the method I'm proposing
很可能与别人的看法不同 perhaps differs from others,
因为我认为使用这个划线器 because what I'm saying is that by using this scribe,
这一边 这钝的一边被设计用来 this end,this blunt end is designed
抵住事先处理好的平滑表面 to work against a previously prepared smooth surface.
然后我们应该做的 Now what we have to do
是让这一侧与它完全吻合 is make this edge exactly match it.
具体方法是 将这个划线器 And the way we do that is by taking this scribe
沿着事先处理好的表面向下移动 and running it down this pre-finished surface,
并且保持这条线悬在 maintaining the string hanging
划线器小孔的中央 through the center of its hole
线的底端栓有铅锤 with this little plumb bob
以避免划线器在这个平面上乱动 so that we don't accidentally mess up our joint
而不小心搞糟了接合面 by allowing the scribe to move in this plane.
只要这条线一直处于小孔的中央 As long as we keep the string in the center of the hole,
同时划线器的钝面始终与 and as long as this is rubbing against that
处理好的平面接触 pre-finished surface,
剩下的工作就是打磨这块石头 all we have to do is chop this rock out
无论我们把划线器放在哪 so that this end of the scribe exactly fits—
使划线器的另一边也与石面吻合 no matter where we put the scribe.
然后 就能实现预期的装嵌效果 Then,we can achieve the fit we want
只需要将这块石头再移动一次 by moving this rock one more time,
把接合面靠在一起 就完事了 simply closing the joint. End of story.
时间紧迫 文斯的工人不得不 Time constraints have forced Vince's men
使用钢凿处理坚硬的安山岩石块 to use steel chisels to work the hard andesite rock.
好了 终于到了 Well,this is it,
文斯工程的关键时刻 the moment of truth for Vince's project.
他一直在雕合 捶打 He's been scribing and chopping
钻凿 抛光 and chipping and polishing.
现在 And right now,
这两块石头应该像印加的石头建筑一样 these two stones are supposed to go together
完全贴合在一起 like Inca masonry,be right close together.
你觉得怎样 能奏效吗 会成功吗 What do you think? Gonna work? Gonna happen?
艾德说的一点没错 Ed's absolutely right.
是时候停止空谈开始移动石块了 It's time to stop talking and start moving rocks
所以 咱们动手吧 so,so let's do it.
我们做出来的接合面的确比不上 The joint that we've gotten is certainly not as good as the ones
我们在遗迹所见到的 we've seen up in the ruins.
但也还不错 But it isn't bad.
我们今天在这做到的 What we did here today is,
是将两块巨石装嵌在一起 we fitted two large rocks together,
并且只需要移动它们一次 moving them together only one time.
基本上 这就是我主意的要点 That's the essence of my idea,basically.
这样我们根本不需要进行反复尝试 So,we didn't have to try this back and forth at all.
只组装一次 就达到了不错的接合效果 We fit it once and we got a pretty good joint.
如果再多给我们三周时间 If you sent us down here for three more weeks,
我相信我们还能做的更好 we'd do twice as good a job,I believe,
因为现在我们知道了 because we'd know now,
所有在装嵌过程中会犯的错误 all of the mistakes that we made,
下一次我们就不会再犯了 and we'd know not to make them next time.
我觉得做的不错 But I think it's not too bad —
相比之下 文斯实验的第二个阶段 The second stage of Vince's experiment
颇为复杂 is much more complicated.
他要完成石块拐角处的接合 使它与 He has to create a corner joint that fits perfectly
相邻的两块石头 with neighboring stones,
在水平和垂直方向上都能完美贴合 both horizontally and vertically.
为了将石块的这个角与 In order to fit this corner right here of this stone
赫克托正在加工的基座组合到一起 into this seat that Hector is shaping,
我们得把这块石头挪过来 将它架在 we have to bring this stone around and prop it up,
准备组合的基座的上方 above the seat that it's intended to fill,
然后在它下面放一些木杆 and then put poles under it,
你可能看见了这些凹陷 and you'll see perhaps these huaycos,
也就是石头上的刻痕 or these notches in the rock,
就是为了放置木杆用的 and that's what they're for.
我们将木杆支在石块下面 And we'll put poles under the stone.
可能还要在这边留一些小的石头 We'll probably leave some stones at this end,
在石块的尾部 under the very tail end of the rock,
之后我们可以把这些小石头撤走 and we'll be able to remove all these stones,
那么石块下面就空了 so that it's hollow underneath the stone.
使我们有足够的空间来操作划线器 And that gives us a place to use the scribe.
这种情况下 划线器的用法 And the scribe in this case
与上次基本相同 is just like the other one,
只不过这次划线器要呈45度角 but it will be used in a forty-five degree orientation.
我们需要将它沿着立面一直移动到底部 It will come down the rising face and across the base.
你会发现 为了让划线器经过整个平面 And you see,in order to get all the way across,
我们得把石块下方的所有小石头都移开 we have to move all these stones out of the way, underneath the rock.
这无疑是该方法中最棘手的部分 That's undoubtedly the most tricky part of this technique
我属于对这整个系统持怀疑态度 I was one of the people who was healthfully skeptical
的人之一 of this whole system.
你瞧 这方法看起来很危险 But you know,it looks dangerous.
也很困难 It looks hard.
如果用更大的石块 And with a bigger stone,
我觉得就会更加的危险和困难 I think it would be more dangerous and more hard,
我仍然心存疑虑 and I still have my doubts.
但是这个方法已经大致成型 But there is an outline of a method.
那块石头就立在那 That stone is standing there,
实际上就悬在半空中 在打算放置它 actually in the air above the space
的地方的上面 it's supposed to go in,
由几块木头支撑着 propped up on those pieces of wood.
文斯相信 Vince believes that
在萨克塞华曼 巨石上的雕刻的 notches cut into the giant blocks
凹痕可以为他的理论提供支撑 at Sacsahuaman support his theory.
如果说将一个逾半吨的石块撑起来 But if it's a precarious operation,
是比较危险的方法 propping up a half-ton rock,
那么面对一块25吨的巨石将会怎样呢 what would it be like with a twenty-five-ton boulder?
看来它和我们准备的石面非常相似 Looks very much like the surface we already have
和我们的要求距离不远 is very close to what we want.
当我们把划线器移上去 As we move it up,
可以看出至少八分之三是吻合的 it comes out to three eighths.
初步判断 So just off hand,
我们似乎需要 it looks like maybe we have to
把这里多打磨一下 take a little more material off here.
现在我们要将这块石块放到 We're going to-we're now going to drop this stone
它的基座上 看看工作的成效 into its seat and see how well we did.
随后文斯无暇交谈 With Vince rapidly losing his voice,
他的工作组即将进行 his team is about to start
最具危险性的操作 the most hazardous part of the operation,
将石块下降定位 lowering the block into place.
他们一点一点的 将石块逐步倾斜 By tipping the stone a little bit at a time,
从这边撤出一根木棍 再从那边撤出一根 pull out a stick here,a stick there,
直到整块石头落到基座上 until the whole thing creeps into place.
这看起来已经摇摇欲坠了 This seems to be inherently less stable,
如果是操作一块巨石 and I think with a huge,
如果是操作一块巨石肯定会更悬 with a huge stone would be even more unstable.
很明显 It is clear that
文斯和他的团队还需进一步完善 Vince and company need to refine the procedure
将石块从支柱移至指定位置的工序 for getting the block off the stilts and into position
尤其是要想将这种方法 particularly if this method
应用于重达数吨的巨石 is to work with stones weighing many tons.
还不错 This isn't bad.
好吧 我们看到这种方法确实可行 Well,we've seen that this can be can be done
但问题是 but the question is,
过去是这样做的吗 is this how it was done?
印加人真的使用这种雕合方法 Did the Incas actually use this scribing method
建造了他们的石壁 to construct their stone walls
产生了那些精致的接合面吗 我不知道 to find their fine joints? I don't know.
你觉得呢 我是说咱们能证实吗 Do you think so? I mean,have we proven it?
你瞧 我一开始就说过 Well,as I said at the outset,
我不知道咱们究竟可不可能 I'm not sure we'll ever know
了解印加人是怎么做到的 how the Incas did it.
尝试的目的是为了找到一种可行的方法 The point of this was to try to find a way that works
可以用于巨石的方法 and that would work with big stones.
而现在 看看我们完成的小型接合面 Now,in the case of the little joint we just fit here
我们花了12天的时间 使用了 we spent 12 days doing the rough work
各种手段进行粗加工 that any technique would involve,
而仅用了一天进行雕合 and one day doing the scribing.
这说明使用雕合法来完成石块的装嵌 That tells me that the scribing is an efficient way
是很有效率的 to make the joint.
如果我们移动了石块五次以上 Had we moved the rock five times and so forth,
那么粗加工花掉12天 we might have spent 12 days doing the rough work
石块的装嵌则要花费3天 and three days doing the,making the joint,
这样效率就低了 a less efficient way to do it.
但是究竟印加人用了啥方法 But which way the Incas would have used,
我可不知道咱们有没有机会搞清楚 I don't know that we'll ever know.
一年一度的欧岩特坦波斗牛节 The annual Ollantaytambo bullfight
正在热闹的进行着 is in full swing.
然而 另一个演示关于 And yet another demonstration of
印加人怎样创造出了其神奇的砌石工程 how the Incas might have created their amazing stonework
正在一群疑虑重重的观众面前展开 is being set up for a rather skeptical audience.
镜面的弯曲程度决定焦距的大小 How curved it is affects the various focal lengths.
没错 Sure. Yes.
伊凡·沃特金斯教授在明尼苏达州的 Professor Ivan Watkins teaches geoscience
圣克劳德大学教授地球科学 at St. Cloud University in Minnesota.
好了 现在我需要护目镜 OK. And now,I need my goggles.
我盯着它太久了 I've looked at it too much.
伊凡和他的妻子贝尔塔 Ivan and his wife,Berta,
是来检验他们的理论的 are here to test his theory
他们猜测印加人使用黄金球面镜 that the Incas used gold parabolic mirrors
将阳光集中 成为高温光束 to concentrate sunlight into a high temperature beam
这种光束可以熔化石头 伊凡的说法是 that could melt stone,or as Ivan would say,
将石头"热解" "thermally disaggregate" it.
你们看到这里太阳的小型图像了吗 You see that little image of the sun there?
好 现在这整个系统的目的就是 OK,now,the idea of this whole thing is
将这个大镜子中太阳的图像 to have an image of the sun from the big mirror
投射到一个平面镜上 projected across to a plane mirror
然后用另一个球面镜 and then use another parabolic mirror
把光线导向 to direct the light to
那个需要热解的东西 whatever is going to be thermally disaggregated.
在这种情况下 In this case,
需要热解的东西就是一块石头 what we would thermally disaggregate would be a rock.
好了 现在你能看到那里有一个亮点 OK,now,you can see the bright spot that is there.
如果伊凡的球面镜方法有效 If Ivan's parabolic mirrors work,
它们就能将太阳的能量集中起来 they will concentrate the sun's energy
扩大上万倍 然后把这块小石头熔化 ten thousand times and melt this small piece of rock.
看看我能不能把那块小石头弄下来 —whether I knock that little piece of rock off of it
这就是那些石头 This is one of the stones —
许多年前 Several years ago,
伊凡来到印加遗址旅游 Ivan was touring Inca sites,
这块在马丘比丘的 and this half-finished stone
半成品石吸引了他的注意力 at Machu Picchu attracted his attention.
石块上的某些痕迹在他看来 Certain marks on the rock struck him
很明显是使用球面镜留下来的 as a clear indication of the use of parabolic mirrors.
你看这条线 他认为 You can see he thinks this line
它能说明石块是如何切割的 shows something to do with how it's cut.
考古学家赫莱茵·西尔弗曼并不信服 Archaeologist Helaine Silverman is not convinced.
你觉得这可能吗 Think that's possible?
我觉得这太荒唐了 I think it's ridiculous.
绝对没有证据证明 There is absolutely no evidence
印加人曾使用镜子 that the Incas were using mirrors,
更重要的是 and what's more,
他们使用的技术是很明确的 it's very clear what the technology of this is.
他们 他们以前是将石头凿平的 They,they were,they were chipping away at this.
我百分之百的同意你的意见 I agree a hundred percent with you that
这是一个典型的 this is a classic surface
雕啄而成的石块表面 that's made by pecking the stone.
这里的每块石头上面都有雕啄的痕迹 Every one of these rocks has peck marks all over it.
然而使用石锤真的能够 But could stone hammers
制造出在印加城墙中普遍存在的 peck out the inside right angle joints
接合面内部的直角吗 that are so common in Inca walls?
伊凡坚信这不可能 Ivan was convinced they couldn't.
因为不存在使用铁制工具的迹象 With no evidence of metal tools,
伊凡判断唯一的替代方法 Ivan reasoned the only alternative
就是强化的太阳光束 was a ray of amplified sunlight.
不幸的是 Unfortunately,
伊凡的样品镜面并非完全的抛物线型 Ivan's prototype mirrors are not truly parabolic
因此不能有效的集中太阳光 and fail to concentrate the sunlight effectively.
那里的温度还不够热 I'm not getting the temperature high enough there
不足以把石块热解掉 to pop him off.
伊凡观点的症结在于他认为 The crux of Ivan's argument is that
在欧岩特坦波所见的石块都是印加人 solar power concentrated through parabolic mirrors
利用球面镜聚集太阳能来进行切割的 is the only way the Inca stone cutting that we've seen here
这是他们用的唯一手段 at Ollantaytambo could have been done.
那怎么解释石块上 But how about the stones that we've seen
明显的敲打痕迹呢 that have clear hammer marks on them?
难道你认为它们不是 Are you saying that those were not —
等等 不对 Well,no,no.
我可不赞成你所说的 I'm not at all sure when you say
它们上面有明显的敲打痕迹 they have clear hammer marks.
区别到底在哪里 关于 What is the difference between taking —
我可不想再听了 I think I want out of this.
荒唐 真是太荒唐了 This is ridiculous. This is really ridiculous.
我得戴上护目镜 I need some goggles,though,
因为我刚被晃了一下 because I just got blasted.
我想先看到他像样的切割一块石头 I want to see this guy cut a stone
就像我所做到的 like I can do.
之后我才评论 And then I talk.
否则一点该死的意义都没有 But otherwise that makes no damn sense.
如果你能再次测出一个曲率半径 If you can find a radius of curvature again —
我说 这也太荒谬了 I mean,this is ridiculous.
那就肯定能证明 —then it is necessary that indeed,
那不是用石锤打造的 that was not produced by hammering with a stone.
所有的转角 All corners,
印加建筑的内角都是浑圆的 inside corners in Inca masonry are rounded.
完全没有锋利的内转角 There are no sharp inside corners.
JP似乎是对的 JP appears to be right.
没有锋利的 There are no sharp,
生硬的直角接缝 right-angle joints to be found.
就算是最小的转角 And even the tightest could have been created
也可以用小石锤打磨出来 by polishing with a small hammerstone.
我们来试试烧这根冰糕棍 Let's try burning this popsicle stick,
当心我的手指 and watch my finger.
我只有这十根 I've only got ten.
好 我尽力 OK! OK,I'll try to,
我不会烧了你手指头的 I'll try to not dedigitate you.
看来今天对伊凡来说不是个好日子 It doesn't seem to be Ivan's day.
烧一根冰糕棍 Just singeing a popsicle stick
对他的镜子来说都不容易 is a problem for his mirrors.
看 有火苗了 有些小火苗的 There we go. There's flame. There was some flame.
在竞技场上 Down at the arena,
对业余斗牛士菲利普·佩蒂特来说 things are not going much better
事情也进行得不怎么顺利 for part-time matador Philippe Petit,
公牛都懒得理他 where even the bulls refuse to get fired up.
在这个海拔上 At its height,
印加在安第斯山脉上 the Incas' rugged domain extended
开拓了将近三千五百英里 for almost the entire three
崎岖不平的疆域 and a half thousand mile length of the Andes.
为了能在首都库斯科 To control their diverse empire
统治这个非比寻常的帝国 from the capital Cuzco,
印加人建造了1.4万英里的 the Incas built a fourteen-thousand-mile network
全天候公路系统 of all-weather roads.
难缠的地形问题迫使印加工程师们 The vertigo-inducing terrain forced Inca engineers
将道路建在陡峭的山腰上 to build on steep mountainsides,
一些小道就是从原生岩石上刻出来的 sometimes carving trails right out of the living rock.
下山 再上山 Downhill,then uphill.
这是这条小道是绝美的一段 Well,this is really the nicest part of the trail.
的确 这些岩石上的台阶 I know. These steps in the living rock
太奇妙了 are just fantastic.
赫莱茵·西尔弗曼加入了艾德·弗兰克芒 Helaine Silverman has joined Ed Franquemont
来探寻小道上最具戏剧性 to explore one of the most dramatic sections
的一段 of the trail.
因为没有使用轮子 Not possessing the wheel,
印加工程师们为步行者和 the Inca engineers designed the trails
运货的羊驼设计了小道 for foot traffic and cargo-bearing llamas.
印加每隔几里就有驿站 Inca relay runners stationed very few miles
以每日150英里 carried messages at a speed of
的速度传递信件 one hundred and fifty miles a day.
这个系统 这个公路系统很发达 The system,the road system was so good
在十天之内 that in ten days,
就能将信件从厄瓜多尔的基多 a message could be transmitted from Quito
传到印加的首都库斯科 in Ecuador to Cuzco,the Inca capital.
这个速度几乎和现代 That's about as fast as modern day
将一封信在这两地之间传递 postal service can send a letter
的速度一样快 between these two capital cities today.
大量的河流 A number of great rivers
成了印加道路建造者们 posed the most serious obstacle
最严重的障碍 to the Inca road builders,
尤其在雨季过后 particularly after the rainy season,
这些河流就成了咆哮的洪流 when these waterways became raging torrents,
根本不可能趟过或乘渡船通过 impossible to ford on foot or cross by ferry.
有什么出奇制胜的好办法吗 The ingenious solution to the problem?
吊桥可以跨越 Suspension bridges that could span up to
150英尺的山涧 one hundred and fifty feet.
其中一座吊桥横跨在偏远的 One of these bridges crossed the gorge
胡恩奇利村附近的安普利马克河上 above the Apurimac river near the remote village of Huinchiri
这里的人们仍像他们五百年前的 The people here still build grass suspension bridges
祖先一样用草来建造吊桥 as their ancestors did five hundred years ago.
据说这样的桥三天就能造好 It's said these bridges can be built in just three days.
艾德和赫莱茵想要看看 Ed and Helaine want to see
居民们是如何组织 how the community organizes itself
一场这样高效率的工作的 into such an effective labor force.
但在建造桥的前一天 But one day before construction is due to start,
附近唯一的迹象就是 the only sign of life near the bridge site
克洛提德·维尔卡斯 is the harvesting of grass
和她的家人们在割草 by Clotilde Vilcas and her family.
要清楚地认识到 It is sobering to realize that
这些看来干枯的草茎要承受 these dry-looking stalks will bear the weight
安普利马克河上60尺高处过桥人的体重 of people crossing sixty feet above the Apurimac River.
克洛提德在团队中的分工是 Clotilde's contribution to the community effort
将草扭成50码长的两股草绳 is to twist the grass into fifty yards
明早交工 of two-ply rope and deliver it tomorrow morning.
在造桥行动开始的第一天 As the first day of construction begins,
通常寂静无人的山上突然热闹了起来 the usually barren hills are suddenly crowded
当地群众开始聚集到造桥地点 as local people start arriving at the bridge site.
村民们负责做草绳 Villagers responsible for producing rope
以50码一条为单位交工 deliver their fifty-yard quota.
总体算来 这座桥总共要 In total,the bridge will require
超过七千码长 over seven thousand yards
半英寸粗的草绳 of half-inch-thick coya grass rope.
在造桥开始前 Before construction begins,
先要举办祭祀活动 spiritual matters must be attended to.
造桥总管维托亚诺·阿里萨帕纳 Chief bridge builder Victoriano Arisapana
正在向大地母亲献礼 is making an offering to Pacha Mama,Mother Earth
请她保佑工程进展顺利 to ensure her blessing on the enterprise.
这项仪式需要消费 This ritual requires the consumption
村长大量的酒 of large amounts of alcohol by the village leaders.
这些村民都是工程的一员 These people are every bit a part of the engineering
和建桥工一样重要 as the bridge folks are
他们要做的就是确保这座桥坚固 What they're doing is making the bridge strong
安全并且持久 and safe and last.
他们的工作就是坐在这里 And their job is to sit here
建造一份给大自然的礼物 and construct the payments that we make to the earth,
确保这些用来跨越的绳索 and make sure that these cables
足够坚固耐用 go across and are completely strong.
高空钢丝行者菲利普·佩蒂特 High wire walker Philippe Petit
总是逗大家乐 cannot resist entertaining the crowd.
他一生的热情 With his life-long passion
都用在了打结和绳索上 for knots,rigging,and cables,
对于这项工作他非常兴奋 he is thrilled to be part of the effort.
来到造桥点的人们已经被通知到 Attendance at the bridge site is carefully noted.
中午时分 大约五百村民聚集到一起 By midday,almost five hundred people have turned up
绳索被分成几部分 The rope is divided up into sections,
每部分由24股 each containing twenty-four strands,
150英尺长的草绳组成 one hundred and fifty feet long.
草绳紧密均匀地被扭在一起 The ropes are twisted together tightly and evenly
早上交上来的 The flimsy-looking strands
不起眼的草绳 that were delivered in the morning
突然就变成了坚固的 are suddenly transformed into something substantial
可确保生命安全的东西 enough to entrust one's life to.
他们将三条主绳 They are stranding the three main ropes
编成一条粗绳 into the final rope,
制成最终的大绳子 into one of the final ropes.
所以他们要确保编的规则而均匀 So they have to keep the regularity of the braiding,
同时要非常小心不要 and they have also to be very careful
造成扭结 about the torsion.
有时候 他们会大喊"nudo" 就是扭结 Sometimes,they yell "nudo"—the knot,
因为某些部分扭得太紧了 because something is twisted too much
所以就形成了 你看 so it creates a,it creates—you see,
当你把绳子扭成这样时 when you take a rope like this,
就会这样 and you go like that,
你看就扭成结了 you see it creates knots,you see.
你就得解开它 So you have to take it out.
真漂亮 Oh,it's beautiful,
因为每家做一小部分 because each family did one little piece,
每个村落带来他们自己的绳子 each community brought their own rope.
这些绳子就像你的小指头一样 Those ropes which are like your little finger
编成一个稍大的 are braided into a bigger one,
再编成一个大家伙 and then into those big ones,
现在的三条大家伙 and now three of those big ones.
就是真正的团队合作 It's really a communion.
第一天结束的时候 By the end of the first day,
这些要承载重量的绳索 these load-carrying cables
被运送到了造桥地点 are delivered to the bridge site.
每条绳索大概两百磅重 Each cable weighs about two hundred pounds.
这是很苦很重的活 It's hard,heavy labor.
但村民们热情不减 But enthusiasm never wanes.
造桥工程就像是一场劳动派对 Bridge building is as much a party as it is work,
似乎自古以来就是这样 and probably always has been.
草桥建造者们是 The bridge builders are farmers
以此地为家园的农民们 living in homesteads
他们散居在这片高原草甸上 scattered all over the high puna grassland.
他们已经适应了在高于1.4万英尺的 They are well adapted to working at altitudes
海拔上工作与生活 of fourteen thousand feet and more,
很久以前就进化出强大的肺活量 having long ago developed large capacity lungs
和短粗的腿来适应攀爬陡峭的山崖 and short, strong legs for climbing steep mountainsides.
就如她在印加时代的祖辈们一样 Like her ancestors in Inca times,
克洛提德非常自立 Clotilde is very self-sufficient.
她制作一家人的衣服 She makes clothes for the family
并且用之换取自己没有种植的粮食 and barters for the food that she doesn't grow herself.
今天 艾德请她准备 Today,Ed has asked her
一道特殊的印加菜肴 豚鼠 to prepare a special Inca dish: guinea-pig.
我觉得对我来说有点困难 I think I have problems
因为在美国我们一直把它们当宠物养 because we keep them as pets in the United States.
没关系 它又不是狗 Well,it's not a dog.
我知道 I know.
我知道豚鼠的历史 No,and I know the whole history of the guinea pig.
我也知道它们是非常温顺的动物 I know they're very important domesticated animals.
没错 That's right.
这些就是你费劲挖来的 These are what you've been digging up.
很鲜美 It's succulent.
你不喜欢"wakatai"吗 Don't you like the wakatai?
土豆也是从印加发源而来 Potatoes also came from the land of the Incas.
但它们在世界上的传播面 But they have caught on better
可比豚鼠大多了 in the rest of the world than guinea pig.
他们吃的很饱 They eat well,
因为造桥的艰巨任务马上就要开始了 because the hard work on the bridge is about to begin.
奥古斯托 Augusto!
第二天早上从 The next morning starts with
将一条绳索荡过河面开始 tossing a rope across the river.
把它用来将所有的 This will be used to
主绳索拉过峡谷 pull the main cables over the gorge.
《新星》要求这座桥的绳索 NOVA has asked that the bridge cables
起码要能承受五个人和两头羊驼 be strong enough to carry at least five people
这样的要求大体与 and two llamas—the kind of load
印加时代的桥载重相同 it might have supported in Inca times.
在峡谷的两边 On either side of the chasm,
有印加人 there are stone abutments
建造好的石桥墩 that were constructed by the Incas.
它们被嵌在山腰上 They were built into the side of the mountain
以便承受桥体的重量 in order to support the weight of the bridge.
绳索缠绕在石柱上 The cables are wound around stone
再插入桥墩里 beams anchored into the floor of the abutments,
最终被牢牢绑住 and they will eventually be securely tied off.
一开始 绳索必须寸寸紧绷 But first,the cables must be tightened
一点儿也不能松弛 inch by inch,to get rid of any slack.
第二天余下的时间 Pulling the six cables taut
都用来将六条绳索拉紧了 takes the rest of day two.
如果一切顺利的话 If all goes well,
大桥在24小时内 the bridge will be ready to cross
便可以通行了 in twenty-four hours
第三天的清晨 The morning of the third
也就是最后一天 绳索工们 and final day finds the riggers swinging in the wind
在安普利马克河上60英尺高处摇摆 sixty feet above the Apurimac River.
这样的景象可不容乐观 It is not a vision that inspires confidence,
但赫莱茵露出了勇敢的笑脸 but Helaine puts on a brave face.
我现在觉得过这座桥 I feel a lot better about crossing this bridge now
比以前安全多了 than I did before I saw it being built.
我想它的结构很可靠 And I think that it's structurally sound.
我甚至看到了 I can even see that,
人们在建造桥的同时 as the people are building the bridge,
在草桥还没完工前 they're already walking out over it
已经在上面行走了 before it's even finished.
菲利普永远不会厌倦了这些东西 Philippe,who has never felt more in his element
一上午都在协助结绳工的工作 has been helping the riggers all morning.
好的 这座桥 OK,well,this bridge
我真该称它为艺术品 —I should say this piece of art
现在就要完工了 —is now near completion.
他们把脚缆系在一起 They are tying the footropes together,
并且把扶手和桥板 and they are doing the connection
连在一起 between the handrail and the foot.
而且干的非常快 真是艺术家 And it's done very fast. Son maestros—artistas!
在桥建造完成的同时 With the bridge complete,
开始点名发工资了 a roll call is taken to confirm who gets paid.
印加人也是伟大的记录者 The Incas were great record keepers,too.
据说即便是一双凉鞋 It's been said that if even a pair of sandals
从他们的仓库中丢失 were missing from their inventory,
他们也能知道 they would know.
但没有文字也没有算术 But how did they handle such information
他们怎么处理这些信息呢 without writing or arithmetic?
印加人从来没有过文字 Well,the Incas never had a written system,
但却从没有你想象中的 but it wasn't anywhere near as much of a disadvantage
那样落后 as you might think.
因为他们可以存储事情的摘要 Because they were able to store really abstract
和复杂的信息 and complicated information
用结绳记事的方式 using textiles as a medium.
现在 Right here,
我做的就是一条小号的印加结绳 what I'm making is a small Inca textile,
一条结绳文字 一系列的绳结 a quipu,a series of knots
记录了发生的事情 that keeps records on events that happened.
在这条绳子上 In this case,
我记下了有多少人 I'm talking about how many people
参加了造桥行动 it took to build the bridge,
花了多少钱 所有我能保留的记录 how much it cost,the records we might keep.
这是一种"只读"类档案 This is a "read only" document.
完成之后 After it's all done,
我所能做的 what I'm going to be able to do
就是将这里发生过的事情记录完整 is put on the finished records of what's going on here
这种计数装置不像算盘 It's not a counting device like an abacus,
可以随事情进行计算 that counts as you go.
这里 我记录了从胡恩奇利村落 Here,I've recorded how many people there were
来的人有多少 from the community of Huinchiri,
谁在过去的六天里参加了工作 who showed up to work for those six days.
还有我们付给他们所有工人的经费 And here is how much we paid all their workers.
这里是我们付给当局 And over here is how much we paid the authorities
和为我们造桥的桥梁大师的经费 and the bridgemaster who did the bridge for us.
我们可以记录这座桥是如何建造的 We want to get back records years
以便以后回顾 from now on how this bridge was made,
用了多长时间 用了多少人 how long it took,how many people it took,
花了多少钱 and what it cost.
我们可以编码并永久保留这些记录 We'll be able to code them
在一条像这样打了结的绳子上 and keep them forever in a knotted string like this.
现在 工人们休息了 Now,the workers are taking a rest.
我一个人站在桥上 And I am alone on that bridge,
我感觉自己就像个收获了大礼的孩子 and I feel like a kid who is being given a giant gift.
我好似一个走钢丝的演员 And I start enjoying myself as a wire-walker,
我能感受到一点儿的平衡 你看这 as I can feel the balance a bit,you see,here.
我不知道我是否真能这样走 但 So,I don't know if I can even walk like this,but —
一座印加桥 With an Inca bridge,
所有的负荷都由四条草绳承担 all the load is carried by the four cables
组成一条小径 which make up the footpath.
扶手的绳索只是用来保持平衡的 The hand ropes are only for balance.
赫莱茵被警告 如果太靠向一边 Helaine is warned that leaning on them too heavily
会导致桥体翻转 could cause the bridge to flip over.
我想往下看 I want to look down,
但我不敢看 but I'm afraid to look down,
所以我就看着过桥的人们 so I'm looking at everybody across.
我知道我能做到的 I know I can do this.
我以为我会眩晕的 I think I'm going to be sick.
但没有 No,I'm not.
羊驼们似乎比赫莱茵 The llamas are even more reluctant
更不愿意过桥 to cross the bridge than Helaine.
这座桥确实非常了不起 Well,this bridge is certainly tremendous.
它展示了印加人 It's an amazing example of
如何在短时间内 how the Incas were able to accomplish
完成如此大量的 tremendous amounts of work
遍布安第斯山脉的 in a short period of time,
工程 billowing all over the Andes.
至于人力组织 In terms of labor organization,
我感觉好像回到了 I feel as though I've been transported back
五百年前的印加时代 five hundred years to the Inca times.
我甚至可以想象国家领导人 I can just imagine the native leaders
分配人力的样子 说道 doing the census,saying,
"好了各位 女士们 你们编草绳 "OK,guys,ladies,you make the rope.
男人们 你们拉绳索 Men,you lay out the strands.
我们将要建一座桥 We are going to build the bridge.
这是你们的人力税" This is your labor tax."
印加曾是工业世界前 The Incas were the largest empire
最大的帝国 of the pre-Industrial world,
当然也是最富有的 and certainly the richest.
他们控制着这片土地 They had a control over this land,
这片安第斯山脉上无法想象的 this wonderful and severe land of the Andes,
奇妙而峻峭的土地 that nobody could ever imagine.
他们是如何做到的 How they accomplished all of these things
我们才刚刚开始提出真正的问题 —we're just beginning to ask the right questions.