成吉思汗是13世纪的创始人 Genghis Khan was the 13th-century founder
历史上最大的土地帝国。 of the largest land empire in history.
那我们怎么不知道他是怎么死的？ How then do we not know how he died?
如果你深入研究历史资料， If you delve into the historical sources,
许多古人的死亡 the deaths of many an ancient
人物被荒诞的理论、神话和阴谋所笼罩。 figure are shrouded in wild theories, myth and intrigue.
这是一场令人难以置信的帝国线索游戏。 It's an incredible game of imperial Cluedo going on.
我是苏珊娜·利普斯科姆教授我的职业生涯 I'm Professor Suzannah Lipscomb and I've spent my career
调查过去的奥秘， investigating the mysteries of the past,
但现在我穿越到了几千年前 but now I'm travelling thousands of years back
及时调查一些最伟大的 in time to investigate how some of the greatest
古代世界的人物都走到了尽头。 figures of the ancient world met their end.
从图坦卡蒙到亚历山大大帝 From Tutankhamun to Alexander the Great,
成吉思汗写给克利奥帕特拉， Genghis Khan to Cleopatra,
我会在考古中寻找线索， I'll be searching for clues in the archaeology,
在人工制品和古代文献中。 in artefacts and in ancient texts.
这是我们第一次看到 This is the first time we see
关于他被阉割的死亡故事。 a story of his death where he is castrated.
帮我区分事实和虚构 Helping me to unpick fact from fiction
是世界领先的法医病理学家理查德·谢泼德博士 is world-leading forensic pathologist Doctor Richard Shepherd.
使用最先进的数字解剖台， Using a cutting edge digital autopsy table,
他将阐明疾病的影响， he will shed light on the impact of disease,
对我们的著名人物的伤害和可能的谋杀。 injury and possible foul play on our famous figures.
它会引起休克。血压下降。 It causes shock. The blood pressure falls.
心率上升。 The heart rate goes up.
这不是干净利落的死亡 This was not the clean death
这在历史书中经常被描述。 that is so often described in the history books.
我会去我的调查中心见专家 I'll be meeting experts at my investigation hub
并且真正地亲历现场。 and getting truly hands-on out in the field.
太好了。快看！ That's great. Look at that!
他很喜欢咬人。 He's very keen to bite.
我将挖掘出这些古代巨人的最新内幕…… I'll unearth the latest revelations about these titans of antiquity...
这是涂抹毒药的完美表面。 This is a perfect surface to smear some poison.
．．让我更接近揭开他们的死因。 ..leading me closer to revealing just how they died.
成吉思汗这个名字会让一些人感到恐惧 Genghis Khan is a name that inspires fear in some
以及对他人的奉献。 and devotion in others.
但这个名字，意思是“万能的统治者” But this name, which means "universal ruler"
应该读成成吉思汗 and should be pronounced Chinggis Khan,
是后来收购的。 was a later acquisition.
1162年，他出生于一个贫穷的游牧家庭，原名铁木真 He was born Temujin in 1162 to a poor nomadic family
在辽阔的蒙古草原上，靠近现在的俄罗斯边境。 on the vast Mongolian steppe near what is now the Russian border.
然而，从这个默默无闻的开始，他将成为最 Yet, from this obscure start, he would become one of the most
历史上著名的和臭名昭著的领导人。 famous and infamous leaders in history.
成吉思汗是在一个非常动荡的环境中长大的。 Genghis Khan is brought up in a very turbulent environment.
有多个不同的部落互相争斗 There are multiple different clans all fighting each other
在蒙古的那个地区。 in that area of Mongolia.
人们被抓，被扣为人质， People were captured, they were held hostage,
他们被买卖，被屠杀。 they were traded, they were massacred.
他父亲年纪轻轻就被杀了。 His father's killed at a relatively young age.
他的妻子被绑架了，他自己也被俘虏了， His wife is abducted and he himself is taken prisoner,
所以他没有安全感。 so he has no sense of security.
他处于永久的威胁之下。 He's under permanent threat.
成吉思汗通过进攻来保护自己。 Genghis Khan defended himself by going on the attack.
他很快被证明是一位天才的军事领袖， He soon proved to be a gifted military leader,
召集追随者，征服敌人，占领土地。 gathering followers, conquering his enemies and capturing land.
他在打战役，年复一年， He's fighting military campaigns, and he does that year after year,
一场又一场战争，一场又一场战役。 war after war, campaign after campaign.
随着游牧勇士队伍的不断壮大 With an ever growing horde of nomadic warriors...
．．成吉思汗夷平城市，推翻帝国。 ..Genghis Khan razed cities and toppled empires.
但这位残暴的军阀同时也是一位杰出的外交家。 But this brutal warlord was also a brilliant diplomat.
如果我们研究他的统治方式， If we study the way that he ruled,
它是通过联盟， it was through alliances,
不同类型的忠诚之间的中介 brokering different kinds of allegiances,
允许不同的宗教在他的宫廷中兴盛。 allowing different religions to flourish within his court.
这是一种移动外交 It was a kind of mobile diplomacy
它横跨了大片的土地。 that extended across vast swathes of land.
结果是一个900万平方英里的帝国 The result was a nine million square mile empire
最终将从中国的太平洋海岸延伸出去 that would eventually stretch from China's Pacific coast
东到多瑙河，西到多瑙河。 in the east, to the river Danube in the west.
如果你和蒙古人交谈， If you talk to a Mongolian,
他当然是蒙古民族的缔造者。 of course he's the founder of the Mongol nation.
所以去崇拜他吧，但是，当然， So go and worship him, but then, of course,
如果你和他的敌人说话或者… if you talk to his enemies or...
．．敌国，那他就是个怪物。 ..enemy nations, then he's a monster.
尽管他声名狼藉， For all his notoriety,
成吉思汗的最后一章仍未书写。 Genghis Khan's final chapter remains unwritten.
一个最具传奇色彩的人物的命运为何如此 Why is the fate of one of the most legendary figures
在历史上仍然是个谜吗？ in history still a mystery?
开始调查的最佳地点 The best place to begin any investigation
死因与尸体有关。 into the cause of death is with the body.
但是在成吉思汗的例子中 But, in Genghis Khan's case,
这个关键的证据缺失了。 this crucial piece of evidence is missing.
他的埋葬地点被隐藏起来，从未被发现， His burial site was hidden and has never been found,
可能是因为他最亲近的人 probably because the people closest to him
不想让任何人知道他是怎么死的。 never wanted anyone to find out how he died.
蒙古族传统看重什么 What is valued in Mongolian tradition
是灵魂而不是身体或骨头。 is the soul rather than the body or bone.
骨头没有任何意义。 Bone means nothing.
事实上，谈论他的死有点亵渎神明 In fact, it's kind of blasphemous to talk about his death
因为他仍然被认为是 because he's still considered to be
在永恒的天堂，守护着今天的蒙古民族。 in eternal heaven, protecting the Mongol nation today.
没有尸体，我们得把注意力集中在已知的东西上 With no body, we need to focus on what we do know
关于成吉思汗的故事，看看他的生活是否能提供他死亡的线索。 about Genghis Khan, to see if his life may hold a clue to his death.
帮助我找到更多信息的是历史学家尼古拉斯·莫顿博士… Helping me find out more is historian Dr Nicholas Morton...
．．他给调查中心带来了线索 ..and he's brought a clue to the Investigation Hub.
尼克，跟我说说，这里有什么？ Nick, tell me about this, what do we have here?
这是中亚游牧民族使用的那种高马鞍。 This is a high saddle of the kind used by central Asian nomads...
．．这些鞍座都是特别设计的。 ..and these saddles are very specifically designed.
这是关于长距离骑行的能力， It's about being able to ride for long distances,
但同时也要提供大量的支持 but it's also about providing a great deal of support
在战斗中，在射击时。 in battle, when shooting.
这就是为什么它这么深奥的原因，就是创造 OK, so that's why it's so deep - is to create
安全感最大。 the greatest sense of security.
没错，就是为了把你困住，没错， That's right, just to hold you in, absolutely, yeah,
还有一点额外的高度。 and a little bit of extra height as well.
这告诉了我们什么 So what does this have to tell us about
蒙古人的马文化？ the kind of horse culture of the Mongols?
它们是游牧动物，所以它们会从季节性的牧场迁徙 They're nomadic, so they move from seasonal grazing ground
到季节性放牧地。 to seasonal grazing ground.
他们骑在马鞍上打猎，他们一直在打猎。 They hunt in the saddle and they hunt all the time.
这绝对是蒙古文化的一部分 This is absolutely part of the Mongol culture
在战争中，他们在整个军事行动中都骑着马。 and in war they're riding throughout their military campaigns.
所以他们的文化元素很少 So there's very few elements of their culture
在很多方面都不涉及骑马。 that don't involve riding, in many ways.
我们有报道说孩子们被安置 We have reports saying that children were put
早在两三岁的时候， in the saddle from as early as two or three years old,
然后，从那时起直到你死去的那一天， and then, from then on until the day you die,
你已经掌权了。 you're in the saddle.
然后你和它一起下葬，来世为你服务。 And then you're buried with it to serve you in the afterlife.
哦,哇! Oh, wow!
这是游牧文化，这是马术文化 This is a nomadic culture, it's the equestrian culture
马鞍上的生活就是生活。 and life in the saddle is life.
成吉思汗的死是有道理的 It makes sense that Genghis Khan's death
与他的游牧马术生活方式有关， was connected to his nomadic equestrian lifestyle,
但具体是如何做到的呢？ but how exactly?
为了找到答案，我正在变身 To find out, I'm turning
关于他死亡的最早记载 to the earliest known account of his death -
《蒙古秘史》 The Secret History of the Mongols.
《秘史》是一部编年史 The Secret History is a chronicle
成吉思汗的生平和时代 of the life and times of Genghis Khan,
这是他死后写的，可能是别人写的 and it was written after his death, probably by someone
他与宫廷关系密切， who was intimately involved with his court,
也许是亲戚？ so maybe a relative?
据记载，成吉思汗受伤了 It is actually recorded that Genghis Khan got wounded
从马上摔下来。 by falling from a horse.
然后，几页之后，我们得知了他的死讯。 And then, several pages later, we learn about his death.
突然间，宣布他去世了。 Just out of the blue, it's announced that he dies.
难道像从马上摔下来这么简单的事 Could something as simple as a fall from his horse
是大汗的死因吗 have been the cause of the great Khan's death?
没有证据，也没有尸体可以检验， With so little evidence and no body to examine,
我现在请理查德·谢泼德博士。 I'm turning to Dr Richard Shepherd.
他是世界领先的法医病理学家 He's a world leading forensic pathologist,
他进行了23000多次尸检。 who has carried out over 23,000 postmortem examinations.
使用数字解剖表， Using a digital anatomy table,
他可以解剖虚拟人体，剥离组织层， he can dissect virtual human bodies, peeling back layers of tissue,
肌肉和骨骼分析 muscle and bone to analyse
骑马事故的后果。 the consequences of a riding accident.
从马上摔下来可能是致命的， A fall from a horse could always be fatal,
取决于所造成的伤害。 depending on the injuries that are caused.
但在行进中，猝不及防， But travelling at pace, caught unawares,
这些伤害更有可能是致命的。 those injuries are much more likely to be fatal.
从马上摔下来的伤当然可能发生在任何地方 Injuries from a fall from the horse can of course occur anywhere
在身体上，取决于人如何落地。 on the body, depending how the person lands.
但是腹部特别有趣，因为有 But the abdomen is particularly interesting because there are
这么多器官被压缩在这么小的空间里。 so many organs compressed into such a small space.
右边是巨大的肝脏， On the right-hand side, there's the massive liver,
哪个容易割伤 which is easily lacerated
或者被地面撞击撕裂。 or ripped apart by an impact with the ground.
这同样适用于脾脏 The same applies to the spleen,
它在身体的左边， which is on the left-hand side of the body,
就在肋骨下面。 just tucked underneath the ribs.
这通常与肋骨骨折有关。 And that's often associated with those rib fractures.
肠道本身也可能受损 The bowel itself can be damaged
通过压力和扭曲，导致它破裂。 by pressure and twisting, causing it to burst.
但也许最重要的是 But perhaps most importantly
这些损伤是脊椎活动造成的吗 are the injuries that are caused when the spine acts
就像铁砧和前方的一击一样 as an anvil and a blow from the front compresses
在脊柱之间的器官 the organs between the spine at
后面和前面的腹壁， the back and the abdominal wall at the front,
造成的伤害往往会导致肠道破裂。 causing the injuries which will often rupture the bowel.
所有这些都会或快或慢地导致死亡。 And all of these things can lead to death either quickly or slowly.
很明显，从马上摔下来 It's clear that a fall from a horse
对于一个60岁的中世纪老人来说可能是致命的。 for a 60-year-old medieval man could have proved fatal.
但一个花了一辈子的人 But would a man who spent his whole life
在马鞍上就这么容易摔倒吗？ in the saddle take a tumble so easily?
所以，考虑到成吉思汗是这样一位骑手， So, given that Genghis Khan is such a horseman,
这样的骑士，你觉得这个主意怎么样 such an equestrian, what do you make of the idea
他可能从马上摔下来死了？ that he might have died from a fall from a horse?
资料本身确实提到了成吉思汗 The source itself does talk about Genghis Khan
打猎时摔倒了，但他一生， taking a fall whilst hunting, but he spent his entire life,
可能长达六十年，骑马。 possibly as many as six decades, riding.
他为什么会掉下去？ Why did he fall?
也许马鞍本身让他失望了 Maybe the saddle itself let him down -
我们也不知道。 we don't actually know.
我想，嗯，首先，他们可能经常摔倒。 I imagine, well, for a start, that perhaps they fell often.
我是说，即使他们是专业的骑士， I mean, even if they're expert horsemen,
很有可能，一天的工作时间 just by sheer probability, the number of hours a day
他们在马鞍上花钱…… they're spending in the saddle...
是的。我猜是看你多快能爬起来 Yeah. I guess it's how quickly you get back up
这是你成功的关键。 that's the key to your success.
但你说的另一个关键是他的年龄。 But the other key thing you've said is his age.
如果他骑了那么久， So, if he has been riding for that long,
他这么老了，可能会摔下去 he's that old, then a fall is potentially going
造成比…更严重的损害 to do more serious damage than
当他20岁的时候。 it would when he was 20.
是的，你会这么想的。 Yes, you'd have thought so.
所以作为死亡原因， So it is possible as a cause of death,
即使来源有点。 even if the source is rather sort of...
．．它掩盖了一点。 ..it glosses over it a bit.
他打猎时摔倒了， He takes a fall whilst hunting,
但那是在他死前一年左右。 but it's a year or so before he died.
间隔时间很长 There is a long time between
事故的发生和他的死亡。 the accident happening and his death.
这里有一点难题。 There is a bit of a conundrum there.
所以这是可能的，但不是决定性的。 So it's possible, but not decisive.
绝对的。 Absolutely.
我想知道如何解释这个难题， I'm wondering what might explain this conundrum,
这一年的差距 this year-long gap between
成吉思汗的受伤和死亡。 Genghis Khan's injury and his death.
仔细阅读《蒙古秘史》 A closer reading of The Secret History of the Mongols
确实提供了一个潜在的小线索。 does offer one potential tiny clue.
它说，在晚上 It says that, on the night
受伤后，成吉思汗的肉很烫。 after his injury, Genghis Khan's flesh was hot.
说到成吉思汗的死， When considering the death of Genghis Khan,
这些话对我来说真的很重要 the words that are really important to me
他的“肉变热了” are that his "flesh became hot",
这让我觉得他一定是感染并发烧了。 which hints to me that he must have developed an infection and a fever.
在没有抗生素的年代， In an age before antibiotics,
感染可能会持续数月。 an infection might linger for months...
．．这就解释了他受伤和死亡之间的间隔。 ..which could explain the gap between his injury and his death.
但是这个理论依赖于来源的准确性。 But this theory depends on the accuracy of the source.
《蒙古秘史》不是一本历史书 The Secret History of the Mongols is not a history book,
这不是西部片的历史， it's not history in a proper Western,
甚至在中国的意义上。 or even in the Chinese sense.
这是一个传说的集合。 It's a collection of legends.
这是一个故事的汇编，整个目的是 It's a compilation of stories and the whole purpose is
为他的后代纪念他的一生。 to celebrate his life for his descendants.
如果你了解蒙古语中历史的意思，它的意思是选择， If you understand the Mongolian term for history, it means selection,
所以了…蒙古人，理解为选择。 so took...Mongolians, took to mean selection.
你捡起那些重要的东西， You pick up those important things,
无论你想讲什么故事，这都很重要…… important for whatever story you want to tell...
．．你想从中吸取什么教训， ..any moral you want to sort of draw,
你告诉他们是为了这个目的。 you tell them for that purpose.
那是过去，那是历史。 That's took, that is history.
很有可能，这个故事 It's likely, then, that the story
他从马上摔下来是有目的的， of the fall from his horse was selected for a purpose,
但是目的是什么呢？ but what purpose?
我认为了解会议议程是值得的 I think it's worth being aware of the agendas
人们很可能带来了 people may well have brought
在解释成吉思汗之死时 to bear when explaining Genghis Khan's death.
对一些人来说，它将是 For some, it will have been
试图对他的死表示敬意 an attempt to show a reverential approach to his death,
为了反映他的名声 to reflect his reputation
作为一个庞大帝国的缔造者， and his career as an enormous empire builder,
他们从一个想要展示给他看的位置开始写 and they're writing from a position where they want to show him
作为一个极具影响力的历史人物。 as this enormously influential historical figure.
在我看来，这几乎是可以接受的 It seems to me that it's almost acceptable
想象成吉思汗死在马背上 to think of Genghis as dying on his horse
因为这是最光荣的照片 because that's the most honourable picture
想要被描绘成他的人 that would want to be portrayed of him
那些后来尊敬他的人。 by those who revered him afterwards.
作为一个伟大的领袖死去会加强他的权力。 You know, dying as a great leader reinforces his power.
在我看来，《秘史》 It seems to me the Secret Histories'
关于成吉思汗之死的说法与其说是事实，不如说是幻想。 account of Genghis Khan's death is more fantasy than fact...
．．为了颂扬一个人而发明的 ..invented to glorify a man
它的作者被尊为神所命定。 its writer revered as ordained by the gods.
这就引出了一个问题…… And that begs the question...
．．如果这个故事是虚构的，它隐藏了什么真相？ ..if the story is fiction, what truth is it hiding?
成吉思汗生在马鞍上，也许死在马鞍上。 Genghis Khan lived and maybe died in the saddle.
最早的关于他死亡的书面记载表明他已经死了 The earliest written account of his death suggests he died
由于一次致命的骑伤， as a result of a fatal riding injury,
病理证实 and the pathology confirms
从马上摔下来可能会致命， that a fall from his horse could have been deadly,
尤其是在败血症之后。 especially if followed by sepsis.
但我怀疑这个账户 But I suspect the account
本质上是有缺陷的，更多的是宣传而不是事实。 is fundamentally flawed, more propaganda than a fact.
幸运的是，关于成吉思汗还有另一种说法 Fortunately, there is another account of Genghis Khan's
最后的时刻，由中世纪世界的 final moments, written by the medieval world's
最著名的旅行家。 most celebrated traveller.
众多讲述成吉思汗之死的人之一 One of the various people who tells the story of Genghis Khan's death
是著名的威尼斯旅行家马可波罗吗 is Marco Polo, the famous Venetian traveller
他前往蒙古帝国，后来为蒙古人服务。 who set out for the Mongol Empire and later on entered Mongol service.
他也对成吉思汗和他的死表现出好奇。 He, too, showed a curiosity about Genghis Khan and his death.
根据马可波罗的说法， According to Marco Polo,
成吉思汗是在对抗敌对王朝的战役中被杀的 Genghis Khan was killed on campaign against a rival dynasty
被称为西夏 known as the Western Xia.
我们从马可·波罗的记载中得知，成吉思汗已经死了 We know from Marco Polo's records that Genghis Khan had died
在战场上，在他的马上，从箭伤到膝盖。 in battle, on his horse, from an arrow wound to his knee.
其他的记载也证实了成吉思汗的遗言 Other accounts confirm Genghis Khan's last
发生在1227年，对抗西夏 battle took place in 1227 against the Western Xia,
在现在的中国西北部。 in what is now northwest China.
所以马可波罗对事件的描述在历史上似乎是可信的， So Marco Polo's version of events seems historically plausible,
但这在技术上可行吗？ but was it technically possible?
一个60岁的统治者会受人尊敬吗 Would a 60-year-old ruler, revered
作为一个神，真的曾暴露在敌人的炮火下吗？ as a god, really have been exposed to enemy fire?
谢天谢地，我从来没有冒险靠近过战场， Thankfully, I have never ventured near a battlefield,
但据我所知，是中世纪的战场 but, from everything I've read, medieval battlefields
可能是疯狂、混乱、血腥的事情。 could be frenzied, chaotic, bloody affairs.
在那场大漩涡中，如果像马可波罗所说的那样， In that maelstrom, if an arrow wound was, as Marco Polo suggests,
这是大汗最后的日子 part of the great Khan's final days,
那么在我看来，蒙古战争的本质可能是关键 then it seems to me that the nature of Mongol warfare could be key
去了解他命运背后的真相。 to understanding the truth behind his fate.
Mike Loades花了几十年的时间研究 Mike Loades has spent decades studying
蒙古射箭艺术 the art of Mongolian archery.
那么一次射击的威力有多大呢？ So how much power is there in one of these shots?
你能不能把它拉回来，这样当它松开的时候， Can you draw this back enough so that, when it's loosed,
它能穿透男人的身体吗？ it can penetrate a man's body?
哦，天哪，是的。 Oh, goodness, yes.
首先，你要试一试，所以有一个弓。 First of all, you're going to have a go, so there's a bow.
到目前为止，一切顺利。 That's it, so far, so good.
啊… Ah...
现在只需要一支箭。这是一个棘手的地方。 Just need an arrow now. That's the tricky bit.
你把它放在这一边…好的。 You put it on this side... OK.
．．那被称为凹槽，那个小凹槽， ..and that's called the nock, that little groove,
弓的力量就是弹簧的力量， and the power of a bow is simply the power of the spring,
也就是它返回的速度。 which is the speed at which it returns.
所以后退的力量越大，箭就飞得越快。 So the more power in drawing back, the faster the arrow will go.
哦，看起来不错…… Oh, that's looking good...
很好，就这样。 That's good, there you go.
记住，你在马背上不停地晃动，不停地移动。 And, remember, you're jiggling about on a horse and you're moving about.
是的，这很简单。 Yeah, this is easy.
哦，天哪，好吧。 Oh, goodness me, OK.
这是一个棘手的问题。 That is the tricky bit.
这是一个棘手的问题。 It is the tricky bit.
这是一个棘手的问题。 That is the tricky bit.
我觉得… I feel like...
拜托，女人！ ..come on, woman!
我说“别担心，我马上就到” I'm like, "Don't worry, I'll be there in a second.
“我只是想把箭戴上。”好的。 "Just trying to put the arrow on." OK.
看起来不错，把它拉回来。 Looking good, pull it all the way back.
把它拉回来……哦，看起来不错……太好了。 Pull it back...oh, looking great... That's great.
看看那个，你… Look at that, and you...
．．你听到那一拳了吗？是的。 ..did you hear the punch that that went in? Yeah.
这告诉你，与另一个相比， So that tells you, compared to the other one,
你有更多的权力，因为你把它拉得更远。 you had more power because you pulled it back further.
这种弓是蒙古人用的 So the type of bow that the Mongols
我们使用的能量是这个的六到七倍。 were using is six to seven times this power.
哇! Wow!
看上去不错。 Looking good.
好了。 Nice.
那真是一记精彩的重击。 That was a really wonderful thwack.
我很喜欢。 I enjoyed that.
好了，现在我明白了 OK, so now I understand how
蒙古人的敌人可以用箭射死 the Mongols' enemies could have been shot with an arrow,
但马可·波罗说成吉思汗的膝盖中了一枪 but Marco Polo says that Genghis Khan was shot in the knee.
这是怎么发生的呢？ Now, how could that have happened?
我是说，严格来说，这在战场上是可能发生的， Well, I mean, it technically could happen on the battlefield,
但我觉得很有可能发生了 but I think it's most likely that it happened
在围攻中，你要去哪里 in a siege, where you're going
离城墙上的弓箭手很近。 to be quite close to the archers on the wall.
随着时间的推移，蒙古魔兽的发展非常迅速…… Mongol warcraft evolves very rapidly over time...
．．一个特别的领域是攻城战。 ..and one particular area is in siege warfare.
尤其是从中国，他们学会了攻城投石器的使用， Particularly from China, they pick up the use of siege catapults,
攻城弩的使用 the use of siege crossbows,
他们可以装在他们的马车上。 which they can mount in their wagons.
当他们征服了一座城市 When they've conquered one city,
他们会把所有身体健全的人都聚集起来 they would round up all the able bodied people from
把他们带到下一个城市， that city and march them to the next one,
然后强迫他们去对抗 and then forced them to run against
他们正在攻击的城墙， the walls of the city they were attacking,
然后防守者就会射杀他们 and the defenders will then shoot them
带着箭，弩和投石器下去。 down with arrows and crossbows and catapults.
但是，当所有这些人都被杀的时候， But, by the time that all these people have been killed,
他们的弹药用光了，这时蒙古人派出了军队 they've run out of ammunition, at which point the Mongols send
在他们实际的围攻中，军队将整个城市作为一个整体。 in their actual siege troops to take the city as a whole.
但是，即使在蒙古人围攻的混乱和暴力中， But, even in the chaos and violence of a Mongol siege,
很难想象他们的领袖是谁 it's hard to imagine their leader
可能是在交火中被击中的。 could have been caught in the crossfire.
如果成吉思汗穿着盔甲呢？ What if Genghis Khan was wearing armour?
他肯定会受到保护吧？ Surely he would have been protected?
他可以选择受保护。 He had the option to be protected.
他可能懒得保护自己的膝盖。 He's unlikely to have bothered to protect his knees.
他去了我并不感到意外 It would not surprise me that he went
到没有装甲的前线。 to the front lines unarmoured.
如果他没有，我会很惊讶 It would surprise me that he didn't
在战场上有胸甲。 have chest armour on riding into battle.
但我认为，在视察部队时，可能是在傍晚， But I think, inspecting the troops, possibly at dusk, going forward,
不，他不会感到脆弱，也不会很容易得到 no, he wouldn't feel vulnerable and very easily got
被敌方狙击手击中。 by an enemy sniper.
现在，这种箭头可能 Now, the kind of arrowhead they might
用过的东西是这样的。 have used would be something like this.
这种菱形的。 This sort of lozenge shape.
你会看到它有… You'll see it has...
．．那把不太锋利。 ..that one's not too sharp.
虽然会很痛。 It's going to hurt, though.
会很疼的。 It's going to hurt.
它可以穿透皮革，因为它可以切割， It could get through leather because the idea of it is that it cuts,
所以你可以看到这些是多么容易锐化。 so you can see how easy these are to sharpen.
显然大部分盔甲都是皮甲， Obviously most of the armour is leather armour,
所以对于皮甲来说刀刃是最理想的。 so a cutting edge is ideal for a leather armour.
如果你拿着它，我们… If you hold that and let's...
哦，是的，看那个。 Oh, yeah, look at that.
你知道，这已经通过了…很有效，看看这个。 You know, that has punched through... Effective, look at that.
．．真的非常有效，从一个强大的弓射出… ..really quite effectively and shot from a powerful bow...
．．一把威力巨大的弓，有140磅的冲击力， ..a really powerful bow, something that has got something like 140,
牵引重量160磅， 160 lb draw weight,
那会很厉害的。 that would punch so hard.
你有个会飞的刀片 You've got a flying razor blade
可以穿透皮甲。 that could go through leather armour.
所以你是说这是有道理的 So you're saying it's a plausible
被箭射中的地方？是。 place to be struck by an arrow? Yes.
但据推测，由于没有击中任何重要的内部器官， But, presumably, therefore not hitting any vital internal organs,
这怎么可能导致他的死亡呢？ so how could it possibly lead to his death?
蒙古人唐古特人夏朝 The Mongols, the Tanguts, the Xia,
都用了毒箭 all used poison arrows -
这在这些文化中很普遍 it's widespread in those cultures -
这是涂抹毒药的完美表面。 and this is a perfect surface to smear some poison.
乌头是最有可能的毒药， Aconite is the most likely type of poison,
这就是我们所说的附子草或乌头。 it's what we call wolfsbane or monkshood.
它能麻痹你，如果剂量合适，它能杀死你。 It paralyses you, it will kill you in the right dose.
这会让它进入血液。 This will introduce it into the bloodstream.
所以我认为膝盖上的毒箭… So I think a poison arrow in the knee...
．．这样就可以了。 ..that could do it.
毒箭是很有可能的… A poison arrow is a compelling possibility...
．．但是没有提到毒药 ..but there's no mention of poison
马可·波罗的描述或任何其他来源 in Marco Polo's account or in any other source.
这让我想知道是否有一种不那么奇特的 And that leaves me wondering whether there's a less exotic
但同样致命的解释呢？ but equally deadly explanation?
箭能射中膝盖吗 Could an arrow to the knee
是什么导致了《秘史》中描述的肉热？ have caused the hot flesh described in The Secret History?
法医病理学家理查德·谢泼德博士 Forensic pathologist Dr Richard Shepherd
正在使用3D技术窥视人体内部 is using 3D technology to peer inside the body
并评估这种伤害的影响。 and assess the impact of such an injury.
任何战场的不卫生条件 Insanitary conditions of any battlefield,
你周围都是马粪，血和泥， with horse manure and blood and mud around you,
是感染的可能性。 is the possibility of infection.
那不会马上置你于死地 That wouldn't kill you immediately,
但是感染扩散到关节空间， but the spread of infection into the joint space,
进入膝盖，导致脓毒性关节炎， into the knee, leading to a septic arthritis,
会导致前抗生素时代… would have resulted in the pre-antibiotic era...
．．慢慢而痛苦地死去。 ..in a very slow and painful death.
但是，除了简短提到发烧， But, other than that one brief reference to fever,
没有任何关于成吉思汗的记载 there's no mention in any account of Genghis Khan
死前长期患病。 suffering a prolonged illness before his death.
是否还有其他方法可以证明膝盖受伤是致命的呢？ Could there be another way for an injury to the knee to prove fatal?
膝盖的解剖结构非常复杂。 The anatomy of the knee is really quite complicated.
膝盖周围是支撑它的韧带。 Around the knee is the ligaments that support it.
这是前面的髌骨。 There's the patella at the front.
下面是胫骨，上面是股骨。 There's the tibia at the bottom and the femur at the top.
但至关重要的是，在膝盖后面， But, crucially, around the back of the knee,
这条主要的血管叫做腘动脉。 is this major blood vessel called the popliteal artery.
腘动脉承载着大量的血液， And the popliteal artery carries a huge amount of blood,
箭头对它造成了伤害 and so damage to that by the arrowhead
否则箭就会立即造成大出血。 or the arrow would have caused immediate torrential haemorrhage.
病理证明这是可能的 The pathology proves it is possible
成吉思汗死于箭伤， Genghis Khan died from an arrow wound,
不管是当时失血还是后来的感染。 whether from loss of blood at the time or infection some time later.
还有我短暂而不太辉煌的射手生涯 And my short and less than brilliant career as an archer
告诉我箭有这种力量 tells me an arrow had the power
穿透蒙古人的装甲，致命地伤害了他们的领袖。 to penetrate Mongol armour and mortally injure their leader.
但文字证据不那么令人信服。 But the textual evidence is less convincing.
这取决于你是否真的相信 It really depends on whether you actually believe
在马可波罗的故事里。 in the Marco Polo story or not.
有人说这是捏造的。 Some say it is fabrication.
有人说他可能从来没有去过。 Some say he probably never actually visited.
但真正的问题是我们是否真的应该相信他的话， But the real question is whether we should really take his words,
这是不可靠的，没有经过验证的，作为可靠的东西， which is not reliable, which is not authenticated, as something solid,
作为证据。 as a piece of evidence.
所以我不知道我们该怎么理解。 So I don't know what we should make of it.
我知道马可·波罗是个讲故事的人，而不是历史学家。 I do know Marco Polo was a storyteller, not a historian.
他漫无边际的叙述把事实和虚构混在一起。 His rambling account blends fact with fiction...
．．将真实的历史人物放在旁边 ..placing real historical characters alongside
巨人和狗头人…… giants and dog-headed men...
．．所以如果马可波罗 ..so it wouldn't surprise me if Marco Polo
混淆或合并的事件。 confused or conflated events.
成吉思汗确实在1212年被箭射中， Genghis Khan did suffer from an arrow wound in 1212,
但那是在他死前15年 but that was 15 years before his death,
所以他很有可能是 so it seems likely that he is
在某种程度上反映了这个信息， in some way reflecting that information,
尽管这似乎不太可能是杀死他的原因。 although it seems unlikely that was what killed him.
成吉思汗在战场上花费了太多时间， Genghis Khan spent so much time on the battlefield that,
乍一看，箭伤就像 at first glance, an arrow wound seems like
一个可能的死因 a likely cause of death.
但唯一记录它的是马可波罗， But the only source that records it is Marco Polo,
一个世纪之后，他开始写作。 and he is writing a century later.
蒙古文献中根本没有。 It's not in the Mongol sources at all.
然后是时机问题。 Then there's the timing.
所有资料都认为成吉思汗死于1227年， The sources all agree Genghis Khan died in 1227,
但他被枪击的唯一记录是 but the only other record of him being shot by
箭头是十多年前的。 an arrow is more than ten years earlier.
但还有另一种理论可以解释他的死… But there is another theory that might explain his death...
．．而且更加耸人听闻，更加亲密。 ..and it's far more sensational and far more intimate.
我想我们该下车了 I think we need to get off
战场和卧室。 the battlefield and into the bedroom.
成吉思汗统治着最大的陆地帝国 Genghis Khan ruled over the largest land empire
世界从未见过。 the world has ever seen.
在这个过程中，他夷平了城市，毁灭了整个文明， In the process, he razed cities, wiped out entire civilisations,
杀死了六千万人， and killed as many as 60 million people,
所以毫无疑问蒙古人 so there can be no doubt that the Mongol
霸王有不少敌人。 overlord had more than a few enemies.
而背后的是那些敌人 And it is those enemies that are behind
这是我们调查中最戏剧性的一幕 the most dramatic scenario so far in our investigation into
成吉思汗的死因 the cause of Genghis Khan's death.
谋杀不是发生在战场上，而是发生在卧室里。 Murder that happened not on the battlefield, but in the bedroom.
1227年，成吉思汗与一个敌对王朝作战， In 1227, Genghis Khan was fighting against a rival dynasty,
西夏，在今天的中国西北部。 the Western Xia, in what is now northwest China.
正如马可波罗所说，他可能在战斗中被杀。 He could, as Marco Polo suggests, have been killed in battle.
但还有另一种说法是他获胜了…… But there is another account in which he was victorious...
．．只等灾难降临。 ..only for disaster to then strike.
《珍贵摘要》是一本书 The Precious Summary is a book
成吉思汗的直系后裔写的 written by a direct descendant of Genghis Khan.
这本书记录了成吉思汗如何 The book records how Genghis Khan
俘虏并杀死了西夏王。 captured and killed the Western Xia king.
在他死前，他告诉成吉思汗， And, before his death, the king told Genghis Khan,
“如果你娶我的妻子为妾， "If you take my wife as your concubine,
“那很好，但你要小心。” "that's fine, but you need to be careful."
她被抓了，他们上床睡觉，然后说 She was captured, they went to bed and then they said
她伤害了成吉思汗的身体 that she harmed Genghis Khan's body...
．．他觉得不舒服，然后就死了。 ..and he felt sick and then thereafter he died.
卧室里的谋杀案，凶手是 Murder in the bedroom at the hands of
一个复仇的寡妇似乎 a vengeful widow seems
就像肥皂剧里的情节一样。 like something straight out of a soap opera.
但它也很神秘 But it's also rather cryptic -
它没有告诉我成吉思汗是怎么被杀的。 it doesn't tell me HOW Genghis Khan was killed.
因此，历史学家乔纳森·达格代尔博士， So, with historian Dr Jonathan Dugdale,
我正在访问剑桥大学。 I'm visiting Cambridge University.
乔纳森，我很兴奋。 Jonathan, I am very excited about this.
他要给我看《珍贵摘要》的原稿。 He's offered to show me an original manuscript of The Precious Summary.
这是《珍贵总结》 So this is the Erdeniin Tobchi, The Precious Summary,
这是一本17世纪的蒙古文本 and it's a 17th-century Mongol text.
这就像是蒙古人的基础神话， It's like a foundation myth for the Mongolian people,
它讲述了他们的故事 and it tells the story of them through
佛教宇宙观的镜头和成吉思汗的一生。 the lens of Buddhist cosmology and the life of Genghis Khan.
它对成吉思汗的死又有什么解释呢？ And what does it have to say about Genghis Khan's death?
它有一个关于成吉思汗之死的有趣故事。 Well, it has a very interesting story about Genghis Khan's death.
这是个非常委婉的故事。 It's a very euphemistic story.
在战役中，成吉思汗正在围攻这座城市 During the campaign, Genghis Khan is sieging the city
而最终发生的是 of Yinchuan, and what eventually happens is
他杀死了最后的皇帝，把他的妻子作为战争的奖品。 he kills the final emperor and takes his wife as a prize of war.
他的妻子叫古尔贝尔金，用文中的话说， His wife is called Gurbeljin and, in the words of the text,
当他们上床睡觉时，她伤害了他的黄金身体， when they went to bed, she harmed his golden body,
导致了他的疾病。 which caused his sickness.
很多人把它读作…… A lot of people have read it as...
．．她阉割了他。 ..she castrated him.
好的。 OK.
阉割是非常痛苦和创伤的， Castration would have been horribly painful and traumatic,
但它会致命吗？ but would it have been deadly?
通过使用3D解剖技术， By using 3D anatomy technology,
理查德·谢泼德医生可以评估阉割的潜在影响。 Dr Richard Shepherd can assess the potential impact of castration.
这当然不是对胆小者的伤害 This is certainly not an injury for the faint-hearted
而且，正如所有男人都会承认的那样，这并不是最重要的 and, as any man would admit, it's not high up on the list
他们选择的死法。 of the ways they would choose to die.
这是我见过的罕见的伤之一 It's one of the rarer injuries I've ever seen
它本身很少是致命的。 and it's seldom fatal on its own.
用尖刀切除生殖器 The removal of the genitalia with a sharp
刀对着人不动并不难。 knife on someone staying still is not difficult.
但如果这个人在战斗或挣扎， But if the person is fighting or struggling,
可以进行其他伤害， other injuries can be performed,
而且它们可能远比 and they may be far more serious than
切除生殖器本身… the removal of the genitalia themselves...
．．主要是因为在生殖器旁边 ..mainly because next to the genitalia
大血管… are major blood vessels...
．．股动脉和股静脉， ..the femoral artery and the femoral vein,
以及任何一根血管的损伤 and damage to either of those blood vessels
很可能引起大出血 causes torrential haemorrhage that is likely
很快就会导致死亡 to lead to death very quickly indeed.
成吉思汗可能被阉割而死 Genghis Khan could have been killed by castration
还有副作用，但他有吗？ and its side effects, but was he?
告诉我这个消息来源有多可靠？ So tell me about this as a source, how reliable was this?
它是在什么情况下产生的？ What are the circumstances in which it was produced?
《珍贵纪要》是一位蒙古学者写的 So The Precious Summary was written by a Mongolian scholar
在17世纪被称为萨恒寺。 called Saghang Sechen in the 17th century.
所以它是成吉思汗死后400年才出现的？ So it's produced 400 years after Genghis Khan's death?
是。 Yes.
那么，它有多可信呢？ How trustworthy is it, then?
消息来源是基于早先的 Well, the source is based on a earlier
一篇叫做《黄金摘要》的文章 text called The Golden Summary.
但有趣的是，在《黄金总结》中， But what's interesting is, in The Golden Summary,
关于成吉思汗之死的部分几乎一字不差 the section about Genghis Khan's death is almost verbatim,
和《珍贵总结》一样，除了它没有 the same as The Precious Summary, except for the fact it doesn't
提到是古尔贝尔金…… mention that it was Gurbeljin who...
．．伤害了成吉思汗。 ..harmed Genghis Khan.
上面只说他死了。 It just says he died.
所以这条关键的线不见了？ So the crucial line is missing?
原始资料中缺少了关键的那句话。 The crucial line is missing from the original source, yeah.
嗯，这似乎很重要。 Well, that seems very important.
那么…… So what...
．．为什么要加上这样的一行呢？ ..is there any reason why a line like that would have been added?
它是否在某种程度上败坏了成吉思汗的名声？ Does it discredit Genghis Khan in some way?
我是说，这感觉有点丢脸。 I mean, it feels a bit degrading.
当然，从我们的角度来看， Certainly, from our perspective,
似乎阉割和被打败的想法 it seems like the idea of castration and being bested
会被一个女人阉割我是说，字面上 by a woman would be emasculating for... I mean, literally
在这种情况下。 in this case.
是的，确实如此。 Yeah, quite literally.
但是，如果我们在当时的背景下思考这个问题， But, if we think about it in the context of the time,
这两件事都不会以同样的方式看待。 neither of those things would have been viewed in the same way.
所以如果我们从阉割开始… So if we start by talking about castration...
．．这是谈话的好开头。 ..great start to a conversation.
如果我们从中国历史上的阉割说起， If we start by talking about castration in Chinese history,
朝廷通常主要由太监管理， the court was often largely run by eunuchs,
所以这并不是一种与男子气概背道而驰的行为。 so it wasn't kind of counter to masculinity, as it were.
所以权力，军事技巧，政治头脑。 So power, military skill, political acumen.
事实证明，睾丸素并不是必需的。 Turns out, testosterone - not necessary.
没错,是的。 Exactly, yeah.
它不被视为一个必要的部分 It wasn't seen as a necessary part
我是说，就他的男子气概而言， and, I mean, in terms of his virility,
这已经被充分证明了。 that was already well proven.
成吉思汗在这个阶段已经有很多儿子了。 Genghis Khan had many sons already by this stage.
他的男子气概丝毫不减 He doesn't lose anything in terms of his masculinity
在阉割的过程中 in the act of castration.
那被女人打败的想法呢？ And what about this idea about being bested by a woman?
你也说过这没问题的。 You said that's not problematic either.
不一定。 Not necessarily.
有很多这样的例子 There's a huge number of examples
蒙古妇女的…… of Mongolian women who were...
．．政治家,战士。 ..politicians, warriors.
所以，如果我们有这种感觉，那么，它不是 So, if we have this sense, then, that it's not at
成吉思汗有了这样的结局， all humiliating that Genghis Khan had this end,
它真的有贡献吗？ does it actually contribute something?
我认为这可能是一个很好的故事 I think this may be one of those things where it's a good story
而且，在真空中…… and, in the vacuum of...
．．他死因的确凿证据 ..solid evidence of how he died,
往往是好故事脱颖而出。 it's often the good stories that come to the fore.
所以，我不认为我理解了太多的弦外之音 So, I don't think I'm reading between the lines too much
得出的结论是，你认为事实并非如此。 to conclude that you don't think it's actually what happened.
当你想到一个有前科的人 When you think of someone who has the history
成吉思汗… that Genghis Khan has...
．．他病死了， ..him dying of sickness,
心脏病发作，从马上摔下来， a heart attack, falling off his horse,
不管故事是什么，它没有… whatever the story is, it doesn't have the...
．．也许是因为他生活的魅力。 ..perhaps the glamour of the life that he led.
所以你需要加上一个与生活相匹配的结尾 And so you need to add an ending that matched the life
那已经活过了？ that has been lived?
是的，我想是的。 Yeah, I think so, yeah.
谋杀的故事根本经不起推敲。 The murder story simply doesn't stand up to scrutiny.
这只是基于一个账户， It's based on just one account,
成吉思汗死后400年写的 written 400 years after Genghis Khan's death
这里没有提到阉割，只有伤害。 and this makes no mention of castration, just harm.
在我看来，阉割理论是幻想 It seems to me the castration theory is fantasy
而不是历史事实。 rather than historical fact.
所以我排除了刺客的可能性 So I'm ruling out an assassin
把我的注意力转移到一个完全不同的嫌疑人身上。 and turning my attention to a very different suspect.
在我对成吉思汗之死的调查中 In my investigation into Genghis Khan's death,
到目前为止，我了解到狩猎中致命的伤害， so far, I've learned that a fatal injury on a hunt,
在战斗中或在手中 in battle or at the hands
在科学上是可能的， of an assassin was scientifically possible,
但历史上很难证实。 but historically hard to substantiate.
所以如果有些事情没有在历史记载中， So what if there's something that's not in the historical accounts,
只有现代科学才能揭示的东西？ something that only modern science could possibly reveal?
对于描述成吉思汗之死的作家来说， For writers describing the death of Genghis Khan,
展示它一定很诱人 it must have been very tempting to present it
一场史诗般的对决被 as an epic showdown surrounded by
堕落者的尸体，或者是精神事件。 the bodies of the fallen, or perhaps a spiritual event.
但实际上，对于这个时代的许多统治者来说， But, actually, for many rulers in this era,
疾病是迄今为止最可能导致死亡的原因。 disease is by far the most likely cause of death.
蒙古帝国幅员辽阔 The Mongol Empire spread enormous distances across
草原和更远的地方 the steppe and beyond
它有非常不同的种类 and it came across hugely different kinds
被纳入其帝国的人， of people that it incorporated into its empire,
伴随着这种合并而来的是 and along with that kind of incorporation came
疾病的传播。 the spread of diseases and illnesses.
我们有很多资料来源 We have various sources
说他死于疾病。 that describe him as dying from illness or disease.
拉希德·阿尔丁在他的《世界史》中写道 Rashid al-Din in his World History
描述疾病是成吉思汗的死因。 describes illnesses being Genghis Khan's cause of death.
其他一些中东消息来源也表明 Some other Middle Eastern sources also suggest
这也是他死的原因。 that was the reason for his death as well.
在我的研究中，我发现有一种疾病 In my research, I've discovered there is one disease that's
多次与蒙古人联系在一起 repeatedly linked to the Mongols,
瘟疫，或者中世纪人们所说的瘟疫， the plague, or, as it was known in the Middle Ages,
黑死病 the Black Death.
其中一个关键现象与 One of the key phenomena associated with
蒙古帝国及其幅员辽阔 the Mongol Empire and its enormous geographical
横跨欧亚大陆的范围 scope across so much of Eurasia
是蒙古人在黑死病传播中的作用 is the Mongols' role in spreading the Black Death.
不得不说，这是无心之过，但有几位历史学家 Inadvertently, it has to be said, but several historians have made
也许是蒙古商人的运动 a case for saying, well, perhaps the movement of Mongol merchants
信使和军队遍布整个大陆， and messengers and armies across the continent,
也许这在黑死病的传播中起了作用。 maybe that played a role in the spread of the Black Death.
为了找出更多关于两者之间可能的联系 To find out more about this possible link between
蒙古人和瘟疫 the Mongols and the plague,
以及它对成吉思汗之死的影响 and its implications for the death of Genghis Khan,
我邀请了医学历史学家 I've invited medical historian
凯文·古德曼呼叫调查中心。 Kevin Goodman to the Investigation Hub.
当我们谈论鼠疫时，有哪些症状？ When we talk about the plague, what are the symptoms?
体验它是什么感觉？ What does it feel like to experience it?
你开始发烧，然后开始感到疼痛， You're beginning to get feverish, and then you begin to feel the pain,
你开始感到非常非常痛的肿胀， and you begin to feel a really, really painful swelling,
可能在脖子上，可能在腹股沟里， it might be in your neck, might be in your groin,
这些都是痛苦。 and these are agonies.
你在床上或地板上痛苦地打滚。 You're rolling in the bed or on the floor in agony.
它们变得越来越大， And these are getting bigger and bigger,
你不能碰它们，你会变得神志不清。 you cannot touch them, you're becoming delirious.
你不可能有任何喘息的机会， There is no way you can get any respite,
而且情况越来越糟。 and it gets worse and worse.
这是一种很不体面，很可怕的死亡。 This is a really undignified, horrible death.
鼠疫的致死率是多少？ And what's the lethality rate of the plague?
有多少人会死？ What proportion of people who get it will die?
我们知道，在14世纪， Well, we do know that, in the 14th century,
欧洲三分之一的人口被杀。 one third of the population of Europe were killed.
这是巨大的!这是巨大的。三分之一的人口？ That's huge! That's massive. One third of the population?
但瘟疫到底是什么 But what exactly was the plague
它是如何感染成吉思汗的？ and how might it have infected Genghis Khan?
黑死病是由一种特定的细菌引起的 Bubonic plague is caused by a specific bacterium
叫做鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 called Yersinia pestis
而鼠疫耶尔森氏菌非常喜欢穿越 and Yersinia pestis really likes travelling through
淋巴系统：身体的淋巴系统 the lymphatic system of the body.
我们有动脉和静脉输送血液进出心脏。 We have arteries and veins carrying the blood to and from the heart.
但是我们有第三个系统，淋巴系统， But we have this third system, the lymphatic system,
淋巴液是帮助抵抗感染的液体， which drains the lymph, the fluid that helps fight infection,
它会进入身体的各个部位。 and that goes everywhere in the body.
随着病毒在全身扩散， And, as it spreads throughout the body,
它形成了这些小结节或站 it forms these little nodules or sort of stations
在那里身体可以抵抗感染。 where the body can fight infections.
这些结节无处不在，称为淋巴结。 These nodules are everywhere, called lymph nodes.
而在黑死病中，它们会变得越来越大 In bubonic plague, though, these get bigger and bigger
更大，形成很大的团块 and bigger to form great big lumps
在脖子和腹股沟，全身都有，叫做腺， in the neck and in the groin, all over the body, called buboes,
因此，这种疾病被称为黑死病。 hence the name of the disease, bubonic plague.
黑死病是一种由老鼠和跳蚤传播的疾病， Bubonic plague is a disease that's carried on rats and fleas,
它可以传染给人类或动物。 and it can be transmitted to humans or animals.
如今，世界各地仍有鼠疫爆发 Nowadays, there are still outbreaks of plague around the world
这些通常可以用抗生素成功治疗。 and these are usually treated successfully with antibiotics.
当然，在汗的时代，没有抗生素。 But in Khan's day, of course, there were no antibiotics.
黑死病的死亡率很高 The mortality of the bubonic plague was high,
如果他抓住了，就会有， and, if he caught it, there was a very,
他很有可能会死。 very high chance that he would have died.
看来即使是伟大的可汗也做不到 It seems that even the mighty Khan may not have been able
为了躲避像瘟疫这样毁灭性的疾病。 to escape a disease as devastating as plague.
但他可能是在何时何地被感染的？ But when and where might he have been infected?
你得想象一下背景，真的， You've got to imagine the context, really,
像成吉思汗这样的人 that someone like Genghis Khan,
他的帝国在其主要中心… his empire in its main centres...
由巨大的马车城组成 ..comprised of huge wagon cities.
我们说的是成千上万的马车。 We're talking about thousands of wagons.
在这些大型马车城的中心 In the centre of these huge wagon cities,
你有这些巨大的帐篷。 you've got these massive, great tents.
这些帐篷可以容纳成千上万的人 These tents would be able to accommodate thousands of people
除此之外，还有数百万匹马， and then, beyond that, millions of horses,
羊和其他蒙古畜群中的动物。 sheep and other animals which form part of the Mongols' herds.
凯文，你觉得这个伟大的，移动的城市 So, Kevin, is there any sense that this great, moving city
是一个瘟疫肆虐的地方 of the Mongols would have been a place in which plague
其他疾病会恶化吗？ and other diseases would have festered?
在有大量人类的地方， Where there are large numbers of humans,
你会发现啮齿动物，大鼠，老鼠 you're going to find rodents, rats, mice -
它们被人类吸引。 they're drawn to humans.
如果我们想想这个巨大的移动城市， And if we think of this massive moving city,
他们带着自己的补给 carrying their own supplies,
任何头脑正常的啮齿动物都不会拒绝这个。 no rodent in its right mind is going to turn that down.
它是一个磁铁。 It's going to be a magnet.
所以成吉思汗 So the situation in which Genghis Khan
是生活让他与众不同吗 was living was one that made him particularly
易患这种传染病吗？ susceptible to this kind of contagious disease?
是的，他60多岁了。 Yeah, he's in his mid-60s.
他以前可能受过伤，我们不知道。 He may have been injured before, we don't know.
免疫系统可能受损了，我们不知道。 Immune system may have been impaired, we don't know.
如果他的生活环境 If he's living in circumstances
哪里可能有啮齿动物 where there may be rodents
携带鼠疫杆菌的细菌 that have been carrying Yersinia pestis,
它们被跳蚤吃掉了 they've had fleas feed on them
然后那些跳蚤进入人体内。 and then those fleas go into people.
然后是体虱，也以这些人为食， And then you've got body lice, also feed on those people,
身体上的虱子和跳蚤也在蔓延。 and you've got the spread of body lice and fleas.
是的，他有危险。 Yeah, he's at risk.
但这种风险有多真实？ But how real was that risk?
根据我的调查，第一份官方报告 According to my research, the first official reports
黑死病于1347年在西西里岛出现 of the Black Death appear in Sicily in 1347,
距离成吉思汗的最后一次战役有4000多英里 that's over 4,000 miles from Genghis Khan's last campaign
更重要的是，他已经去世100多年了。 and, more importantly, it's over 100 years after his death.
黑死病从1340年开始变得明显。 The bubonic plague really becomes obvious from about 1340 onwards.
公元110年成吉思汗死后15年 That's 110, 15 years after Genghis Khan's death,
但历史学家越来越多地使用 but historians are increasingly using
生物考古方法建立 bioarchaeological methods to establish
黑死病是否存在 whether the Black Death was around
比之前宣称的要早得多。 a lot earlier than has been claimed previously.
对发现的DNA进行分析 Analysis of the DNA that has been found
在14世纪的骷髅里 in skeletons from the 14th century
那揭示了鼠疫的发现 that revealed the plague have found
它与土拨鼠的鼠疫DNA非常相似， that it's very similar to the plague DNA in marmots,
它们是蒙古本土的啮齿动物。 which are indigenous rodent species in Mongolia.
这是一项令人兴奋的新研究。 OK, so this is exciting new research.
它是。因为突然间我们有了新技术 It is. Because suddenly now we've got new technology
这开始揭示过去疾病的模式。 that's starting to reveal the pattern of disease in the past.
是的。 Yeah.
这项研究追溯了黑死病的起源 This research traces the bubonic plague
从欧洲回到成吉思汗的领土… from Europe back to Genghis Khan's territory...
．．这强烈表明这里就是黑死病的发源地 ..which strongly suggests that this is where the Black Death originated.
但我们怎么能得出结论说这就是导致他死亡的原因？ But how can we reach a conclusion that this is what caused him to die?
最近的研究表明，疫情可能已经爆发 Recent research has suggested there may have been an outbreak
一种严重的疾病 of a serious disease,
疾病导致了很多人的死亡 illness, that caused a lot of deaths
在1220年代和1230年代 in China in 1220s, 1230s,
大约在成吉思汗死的同时 around the same time Genghis dies.
此外，在与蒙古地区接壤的伊斯兰国家， Also, in the Islamic countries that border the Mongolian area,
有报道称有人头痛， there were reports of people having headaches,
发烧，腋下疼痛…… fevers, pains in their armpits...
．．这是瘟疫的同义词。 ..which is synonymous with plague.
换句话说，我们也许可以推断出这是什么 In other words, we can perhaps infer that this is something
这是因为我们有证据 that is around because we've got evidence of it
在蒙古帝国周围 all around Mongolian Empire.
所以，最后，你认为我们能说有任何概率 So, in the end, do you think we can say with any probability
成吉思汗死于这种病？ that Genghis Khan died of this disease?
随着我们对DNA分析越来越熟悉， As we become more familiar with the analysing of DNA,
我们可能会发现那个时期的骨骼， we may find skeletons that date from that period,
这样我们就能收集到更多的信息。 and then we can really gather more information.
所以这是可能的，但不是确凿的证据？ So it makes it probable, but it's not a smoking gun?
我们也许会发现自己错了， We may find we may be wrong,
这总是有可能的， that's always a possibility,
但我认为它揭示的东西是如此令人兴奋。 but I think what it's revealed is so exciting.
未来DNA的发现可能会推迟鼠疫的起源 Future DNA discoveries may push back the origin of plague
到1227年成吉思汗去世之前 to before Genghis Khan's death in 1227...
．．但是，现在，日期不太合理。 ..but, right now, the dates don't quite add up.
那么到底是什么杀死了成吉思汗呢？ So what really killed Genghis Khan?
是他的战伤吗？ Was it his battle wounds?
是疾病吗？ Was it illness?
是他从马上摔下来， Was it a fall from his horse,
还是一次非常痛苦的暗杀？ or was it a very painful assassination?
我想我已经找到足够的证据了 I think I've found enough evidence
排除谋杀的可能性，但不足以排除瘟疫的可能性， to rule out murder and not enough to include plague,
这就留下了一个伤口，可能接着是感染，造成了什么 which leaves an injury, possibly followed by infection, caused either
从马上摔下来或被敌人的箭射中。 by a fall from a horse or an enemy arrow.
如果要我选，我会选从马上摔下来 If I had to choose, I'd say a fall from a horse
最有问题的结论是 is the least problematic conclusion -
一个简单的结局却很合适 a simple end that's somehow fitting
对于一个一辈子都骑在马鞍上的人来说。 for a man who lived his life in the saddle.
字幕由红蜂传媒制作 Subtitles by Red Bee Media