1 00:00:03,204 --> 00:00:06,605 HOST: BETWEEN THE 15TH AND THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY, 2 00:00:06,674 --> 00:00:09,775 AFRICA'S KINGDOMS WOULD WITNESS REMARKABLE CHANGES 3 00:00:09,844 --> 00:00:13,579 IN THE RELIGIOUS, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL TRAJECTORY 4 00:00:13,647 --> 00:00:15,280 OF THE CONTINENT. 5 00:00:15,349 --> 00:00:17,316 BY THE EARLY 16TH CENTURY, 6 00:00:17,385 --> 00:00:20,252 AT LEAST 3 AFRICAN KINGDOMS WERE DIRECTLY CONNECTED 7 00:00:20,321 --> 00:00:22,154 TO THE ROYAL COURTS OF EUROPE 8 00:00:22,223 --> 00:00:24,823 AND EVEN TO THE HALLS OF THE VATICAN. 9 00:00:24,892 --> 00:00:27,159 EUROPE'S EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS 10 00:00:27,228 --> 00:00:29,895 WOULD BECOME ONE OF THE MOST DEFINING EXPERIENCES 11 00:00:29,964 --> 00:00:33,165 IN THE CONTINENT'S LONG HISTORY. 12 00:00:33,234 --> 00:00:37,102 THIS NEW WORLD WOULD BECOME SYNONYMOUS WITH TRADE, 13 00:00:37,171 --> 00:00:39,271 AND A CRUCIAL COMPONENT OF TRADE WOULD BE 14 00:00:39,340 --> 00:00:41,106 THE SHIPPING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC 15 00:00:41,175 --> 00:00:43,809 OF SOME 12.5 MILLION AFRICANS. 16 00:00:43,878 --> 00:00:47,212 POWERFUL EMPIRES WOULD RISE AND FALL, 17 00:00:47,281 --> 00:00:50,349 ALL ACROSS THE CONTINENT, DURING THIS TIME OF 18 00:00:50,418 --> 00:00:52,317 SEISMIC GLOBAL CHANGE. 19 00:01:02,388 --> 00:01:04,890 IN THE FAR NORTH CORNER OF ANGOLA, 20 00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:09,761 ON A FLAT-TOPPED MOUNTAIN, LIES THE CITY OF MBANZA KONGO, 21 00:01:09,830 --> 00:01:12,631 THE CAPITAL OF ZAIRE PROVINCE. 22 00:01:12,700 --> 00:01:16,502 TODAY, IT'S HOME TO 100,000 PEOPLE. 23 00:01:16,570 --> 00:01:20,405 6 CENTURIES AGO, THIS CITY WAS THE CAPITAL 24 00:01:20,474 --> 00:01:23,275 OF ONE OF AFRICA'S GREATEST KINGDOMS. 25 00:01:23,344 --> 00:01:27,312 AT THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY, THE KINGDOM OF KONGO WAS ONE OF 26 00:01:27,381 --> 00:01:29,982 THE LARGEST AND MOST POWERFUL STATES 27 00:01:30,050 --> 00:01:32,584 IN THE SOUTHERN HALF OF AFRICA. 28 00:01:32,653 --> 00:01:35,521 FROM THE CAPITAL, MBANZA KONGO, 29 00:01:35,589 --> 00:01:37,956 A DENSELY SETTLED AND WELL-ADMINISTERED CITY 30 00:01:38,025 --> 00:01:40,225 LYING SOUTH OF THE CONGO RIVER, 31 00:01:40,294 --> 00:01:44,496 A KING PRESIDED OVER A HIGHLY STRATIFIED SOCIETY 32 00:01:44,565 --> 00:01:47,666 THAT COVERED SOME 50,000 SQUARE MILES. 33 00:01:49,203 --> 00:01:52,471 AT THE HEART OF THE CITY STAND THE RUINS OF A BUILDING 34 00:01:52,540 --> 00:01:56,108 CONSTRUCTED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY. 35 00:01:56,177 --> 00:01:59,511 IT'S ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS 36 00:01:59,580 --> 00:02:03,982 IN THE HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN CHRISTIANITY-- 37 00:02:04,051 --> 00:02:06,818 A STRIKING SYMBOL OF THE TRANSFORMATION 38 00:02:06,887 --> 00:02:11,490 OF THE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF THIS GREAT AFRICAN KINGDOM. 39 00:02:11,559 --> 00:02:15,027 IT'S THE CATHEDRAL OF SAO SALVADOR. 40 00:02:15,095 --> 00:02:16,828 WHAT DID YOU THINK WHEN YOU FIRST HEARD 41 00:02:16,897 --> 00:02:19,298 THERE WAS AN AFRICAN CATHEDRAL 42 00:02:19,366 --> 00:02:20,999 BEFORE THE 1600S? 43 00:02:21,068 --> 00:02:22,267 I COULDN'T BELIEVE IT. 44 00:02:22,336 --> 00:02:23,535 TELL ME ABOUT IT. 45 00:02:23,604 --> 00:02:24,970 THE CATHEDRAL WAS BUILT 46 00:02:25,039 --> 00:02:27,139 IN 1549. MM-HMM. 47 00:02:27,208 --> 00:02:28,707 AND IT'S AN INCREDIBLE THING. 48 00:02:28,776 --> 00:02:30,175 THINK ABOUT HAVING A CATHEDRAL TO FULFILL 49 00:02:30,244 --> 00:02:33,378 THE DESTINY OF CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA. 50 00:02:33,447 --> 00:02:36,515 DO THE PEOPLE HERE KNOW ABOUT THIS HISTORY? 51 00:02:36,584 --> 00:02:39,751 MANY OF THE REFERENCE SAY THE PLACE WAS A TEMPLE 52 00:02:39,820 --> 00:02:41,520 THAT CONNECT TO THE OLD RELIGIONS. 53 00:02:41,589 --> 00:02:42,955 SO THAT WOULD MAKE SENSE. 54 00:02:43,023 --> 00:02:44,189 THAT MAKES SENSE. UH-HUH. 55 00:02:44,258 --> 00:02:46,792 THE SECOND TALE IS ALWAYS THE KING 56 00:02:46,860 --> 00:02:49,828 KNEW HE WANTED TO BE A CHRISTIAN 57 00:02:49,897 --> 00:02:52,264 AND HE DECIDED TO BUILD THIS MONUMENT, 58 00:02:52,333 --> 00:02:55,634 TO HONOR THIS INCREDIBLE TRANSFORMATION. 59 00:02:57,171 --> 00:02:59,204 HOST: THE ADOPTION OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM 60 00:02:59,273 --> 00:03:02,507 BY THE KING OF KONGO IN 1491 61 00:03:02,576 --> 00:03:06,144 NOT ONLY CHANGED THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE KINGDOM, 62 00:03:06,213 --> 00:03:09,081 BUT IT INSERTED KONGO INTO THE VERY HEART 63 00:03:09,149 --> 00:03:11,416 OF EUROPEAN POWER. 64 00:03:11,485 --> 00:03:14,186 AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 17TH CENTURY, 65 00:03:14,255 --> 00:03:18,290 A SUMMARY OF WORLD RULERS PREPARED IN FLORENCE 66 00:03:18,359 --> 00:03:21,293 FOR THE EDUCATION OF PRINCE COSIMO DE MEDICI 67 00:03:21,362 --> 00:03:24,696 LISTED THE LEADERS OF THE WORLD'S GREAT KINGDOMS. 68 00:03:24,765 --> 00:03:27,599 ALONGSIDE THE MONARCHS OF SUCH GREAT POWERS 69 00:03:27,668 --> 00:03:32,471 AS ENGLAND, FRANCE, JAPAN, AND CHINA, 70 00:03:32,539 --> 00:03:36,642 WAS KING ALVARO II, THE KING OF KONGO. 71 00:03:36,710 --> 00:03:38,810 THE RULER OF A POWERFUL AFRICAN KINGDOM 72 00:03:38,879 --> 00:03:42,848 CONVERTS TO ROMAN CATHOLICISM IN 1491, 73 00:03:42,916 --> 00:03:47,219 SENDS HIS OWN AMBASSADORS TO THE ROYAL COURT OF PORTUGAL 74 00:03:47,288 --> 00:03:50,789 AND TO THE VATICAN, AND ONE OF HIS SUCCESSORS, 75 00:03:50,858 --> 00:03:53,458 IN SHAKESPEARE'S TIME, IS LISTED AS ONE OF 76 00:03:53,527 --> 00:03:55,794 THE WORLD'S GREAT RULERS? 77 00:03:55,863 --> 00:03:59,131 HOW COULD EVERY SCHOOL CHILD NOT BE TAUGHT THIS 78 00:03:59,199 --> 00:04:01,900 ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT AFRICAN CONTINENT? 79 00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:08,807 THE ATLANTIC COAST OF AFRICA. 80 00:04:08,876 --> 00:04:11,276 LONG A BARRIER TO CONTACT AND TRADE, 81 00:04:11,345 --> 00:04:15,547 THESE WATERS WERE ABOUT TO BE TRANSFORMED INTO A GATEWAY. 82 00:04:15,616 --> 00:04:17,649 EARLY IN THE 15TH CENTURY, 83 00:04:17,718 --> 00:04:20,619 PORTUGUESE NAVIGATORS DISCOVERED HOW TO USE 84 00:04:20,688 --> 00:04:23,088 THE WINDS AND CURRENTS OF THE ATLANTIC 85 00:04:23,157 --> 00:04:27,059 NOT ONLY TO SAIL SOUTH, BUT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, 86 00:04:27,127 --> 00:04:30,762 TO RETURN HOME, NORTH, TO EUROPE. 87 00:04:30,831 --> 00:04:33,165 THIS REMARKABLE NAVIGATIONAL BREAKTHROUGH 88 00:04:33,233 --> 00:04:36,868 OPENED HERETOFORE UNKNOWN LANDS TO THE SOUTH, 89 00:04:36,937 --> 00:04:39,671 HERALDING THE EUROPEAN AGE OF DISCOVERY, 90 00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:42,574 VASTLY EXPANDING EUROPE'S UNDERSTANDING 91 00:04:42,643 --> 00:04:44,843 OF THE KNOWN WORLD. 92 00:04:44,912 --> 00:04:50,449 IN 1483, A SHIP DROPPED ANCHOR AT THE MOUTH OF THE CONGO RIVER 93 00:04:50,517 --> 00:04:53,285 IN WHAT IS TODAY THE COUNTRY OF ANGOLA. 94 00:04:56,056 --> 00:04:59,925 ITS CAPTAIN WAS THE EXPLORER DIOGO CAO, 95 00:04:59,993 --> 00:05:03,729 DISPATCHED ON A MISSION BY KING JOAO OF PORTUGAL 96 00:05:03,797 --> 00:05:06,665 TO SEEK OUT NEW LANDS, LUXURY GOODS, 97 00:05:06,734 --> 00:05:09,067 AND POWERFUL ALLIES. 98 00:05:09,136 --> 00:05:12,137 WHEN CAO REACHED THE SHORE, HE MARKED ONE OF THE MOST 99 00:05:12,206 --> 00:05:14,306 IMPORTANT ENCOUNTERS IN WORLD HISTORY 100 00:05:14,375 --> 00:05:16,875 BY ERECTING A LIMESTONE PILLAR. 101 00:05:22,916 --> 00:05:25,217 HOW DO YOU FEEL WHEN YOU SEE THIS? 102 00:05:25,285 --> 00:05:30,489 WOMAN: IT'S A MAJOR EVENT IN GLOBAL HISTORY. 103 00:05:30,557 --> 00:05:33,925 CAO WAS VERY FORTUNATE THAT HE MET 104 00:05:33,994 --> 00:05:36,094 A VERY FRIENDLY WELCOME 105 00:05:36,163 --> 00:05:38,096 UPON HIS ARRIVAL 106 00:05:38,165 --> 00:05:42,634 AND THE KING OF KONGO AND HIS COURT 107 00:05:42,703 --> 00:05:46,104 WERE FILLED WITH OPTIMISM 108 00:05:46,173 --> 00:05:47,806 ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP 109 00:05:47,875 --> 00:05:50,742 WHERE BOTH PARTIES WOULD BENEFIT 110 00:05:50,811 --> 00:05:53,044 FROM EXCHANGES THAT WOULD BE MADE. 111 00:05:53,113 --> 00:05:54,212 SO LET'S MAKE A DEAL. 112 00:05:54,281 --> 00:05:55,247 YES. 113 00:05:57,284 --> 00:05:58,683 HOST: THE PORTUGUESE ARRIVED WITH GIFTS OF 114 00:05:58,752 --> 00:06:00,919 SILK, SATIN, AND VELVET. 115 00:06:00,988 --> 00:06:02,954 THEY WERE SEEKING TRADING RELATIONSHIPS 116 00:06:03,023 --> 00:06:05,123 WITH AFRICAN KINGDOMS THAT THEY ASSUMED 117 00:06:05,192 --> 00:06:07,626 WERE RICH IN SILVER AND GOLD. 118 00:06:07,694 --> 00:06:09,995 WHAT DID THE KING AND HIS NOBLES MAKE OF THESE VISITORS, 119 00:06:10,063 --> 00:06:11,930 AND WHAT WOULD THIS NEW FRIENDSHIP MEAN 120 00:06:11,999 --> 00:06:13,432 FOR THE KINGDOM OF KONGO? 121 00:06:15,035 --> 00:06:20,038 OVER 100 MILES INLAND, AT HIS CAPITAL OF MBANZA KONGO, 122 00:06:20,107 --> 00:06:23,842 NZINGA NKUWU, THE MWENE KONGO, OR RULER, 123 00:06:23,911 --> 00:06:26,745 GRACIOUSLY RECEIVED THE PORTUGUESE VISITORS, 124 00:06:26,814 --> 00:06:29,314 KEEN TO CREATE CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS LINKS 125 00:06:29,383 --> 00:06:31,383 WITH HIS KINGDOM. 126 00:06:31,452 --> 00:06:33,185 MAN: ESSENTIALLY WHEN THE PORTUGUESE 127 00:06:33,253 --> 00:06:34,753 CAME TO WEST CENTRAL AFRICA, 128 00:06:34,822 --> 00:06:36,288 IT WAS ALMOST LIKE TWO CONTINENTS 129 00:06:36,356 --> 00:06:38,256 THAT DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT EACH OTHER'S EXISTENCE 130 00:06:38,325 --> 00:06:40,425 SUDDENLY REACHING AND MEETING EACH OTHER. 131 00:06:40,494 --> 00:06:43,295 WOMAN: IT IN FACT ALLOWED THE KING OF KONGO 132 00:06:43,363 --> 00:06:47,032 TO CONNECT WITH AN OUTSIDE POWER. 133 00:06:47,100 --> 00:06:50,635 IT WASN'T A LOCAL POWER, IT WAS AN OUTSIDE POWER WHICH, IN FACT, 134 00:06:50,704 --> 00:06:53,972 MEANT THAT KONGO BECAME PART OF WHAT WAS EMERGING, 135 00:06:54,041 --> 00:06:56,107 WHICH WAS THE ATLANTIC WORLD. 136 00:06:56,176 --> 00:06:59,611 HOST: IN ADDITION TO ENGAGING IN CULTURAL INTERCHANGES, 137 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:02,380 THE KINGDOM OF KONGO COULD NOW TRADE DIRECTLY 138 00:07:02,449 --> 00:07:04,316 WITH EUROPE FOR THE FIRST TIME, 139 00:07:04,384 --> 00:07:06,651 EXCHANGING COPPER AND IVORY 140 00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:09,354 AS WELL AS LUXURIOUS RAFFIA CLOTH, 141 00:07:09,423 --> 00:07:13,291 WHICH SOON BECAME HIGHLY PRIZED THROUGHOUT THE COURTS OF EUROPE. 142 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:18,430 BUT FOR KONGO, THE RELATIONSHIP WASN'T EXCLUSIVELY COMMERCIAL. 143 00:07:18,499 --> 00:07:20,899 IT ALLOWED THEM TO PLAY IN THE EUROPEAN POLITICAL GAME 144 00:07:20,968 --> 00:07:22,601 IN A WAY THAT, UM, OTHER COUNTRIES 145 00:07:22,669 --> 00:07:24,469 REALLY DIDN'T HAVE ACCESS TO. 146 00:07:24,538 --> 00:07:26,338 IT'S NOT THAT THEY COULD FORCE ANYBODY IN EUROPE 147 00:07:26,406 --> 00:07:28,273 TO DO ANYTHING THEY WANTED BUT THEY COULD-- 148 00:07:28,342 --> 00:07:32,143 THEY, FIRST OF ALL, KNEW THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 149 00:07:32,212 --> 00:07:34,546 MUCH BETTER THAN OTHER AFRICAN RULERS DID. 150 00:07:34,615 --> 00:07:36,414 AT THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY, 151 00:07:36,483 --> 00:07:39,751 WE KNOW THAT THE PORTUGUESE AND KONGO 152 00:07:39,820 --> 00:07:43,388 HAD A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP. 153 00:07:43,457 --> 00:07:46,625 BY 1488, KONGO AND PORTUGUESE 154 00:07:46,693 --> 00:07:48,927 HAD EXCHANGED AMBASSADORS. 155 00:07:48,996 --> 00:07:52,531 THE PORTUGUESE WERE INTERESTED IN HAVING THE KONGOLESE 156 00:07:52,599 --> 00:07:56,468 GIVE UP THEIR IDOLS AND OTHER FETISHES, AS THEY SAID, 157 00:07:56,537 --> 00:07:58,570 AND, YOU KNOW, BECOME CHRISTIAN. 158 00:07:58,639 --> 00:08:03,708 SO IN 1491, THE KING OF KONGO, NZINGA NKUWU, 159 00:08:03,777 --> 00:08:06,645 CONVERTED TO THE CATHOLIC FAITH. 160 00:08:08,115 --> 00:08:10,749 HOST: THROUGH THIS CONVERSION, THE KINGDOM OF KONGO 161 00:08:10,817 --> 00:08:14,252 ENTERED AN EVEN BIGGER WORLD IN ITS ALLIANCE 162 00:08:14,321 --> 00:08:16,421 WITH A GROWING EUROPEAN POWER. 163 00:08:16,490 --> 00:08:21,693 HEYWOOD: THE PORTUGUESE WANTED TO EXPAND, TO HAVE PRESTIGE. 164 00:08:21,762 --> 00:08:24,296 IT HAD BEEN CLOSE TO THE VATICAN 165 00:08:24,364 --> 00:08:28,767 AND HAD BEEN GIVEN THE WORLD OF THE ATLANTIC TO EXPAND. 166 00:08:28,835 --> 00:08:32,003 GOD, GOLD, AND GLORY, THE 3 GS 167 00:08:32,072 --> 00:08:34,072 THAT PROPELLED THE PORTUGUESE 168 00:08:34,141 --> 00:08:36,308 TO GO INTO THE ATLANTIC. 169 00:08:36,376 --> 00:08:40,879 BUT THE RELIGIOUS DIMENSION WAS ALSO IMPORTANT, 170 00:08:40,948 --> 00:08:43,682 BECAUSE ONE OF THE MAIN AIMS WAS, IN FACT, 171 00:08:43,750 --> 00:08:46,051 TO SPREAD THE CATHOLIC FAITH. 172 00:08:49,022 --> 00:08:51,323 HOST: KONGO'S COMMITMENT TO THEIR NEW RELIGION 173 00:08:51,391 --> 00:08:54,092 WOULD DEEPEN FURTHER WHEN NZINGA NKUWU 174 00:08:54,161 --> 00:08:57,162 WAS SUCCEEDED BY HIS SON AFONSO. 175 00:08:57,230 --> 00:09:01,266 AFONSO WROTE THAT HE FOUGHT AND WON A BATTLE OF SUCCESSION 176 00:09:01,335 --> 00:09:04,903 OVER ANTI-CHRISTIAN FORCES TO TAKE THE THRONE 177 00:09:04,972 --> 00:09:07,339 AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 16TH CENTURY. 178 00:09:07,407 --> 00:09:11,643 HEYWOOD: HE WAS VERY DEVOUT, AND HE REALLY WAS 179 00:09:11,712 --> 00:09:15,280 VERY MUCH, UM, TRANSFORMED AND INTRIGUED. 180 00:09:15,349 --> 00:09:17,315 HE STUDIED A LOT. 181 00:09:17,384 --> 00:09:19,484 HOST: A PORTUGUESE MISSIONARY NOTED 182 00:09:19,553 --> 00:09:23,021 AFONSO'S EXTRAORDINARY FAITH AND PIETY: 183 00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:26,958 "IT SEEMS TO ME FROM THE WAY HE SPEAKS HE IS NOT A MAN, 184 00:09:27,027 --> 00:09:31,863 "BUT AN ANGEL, SENT BY THE LORD IN THIS KINGDOM TO CONVERT IT. 185 00:09:31,932 --> 00:09:37,035 FOR I ASSURE YOU, IT IS HE WHO INSTRUCTS US." 186 00:09:37,104 --> 00:09:40,238 IT WAS AFONSO WHO DEVELOPED THE SCHOOL SYSTEM, FOR EXAMPLE, 187 00:09:40,307 --> 00:09:42,974 PUT MASTERS, SCHOOL MASTERS, IN EVERY PROVINCE 188 00:09:43,043 --> 00:09:45,043 AND ARRANGED FOR AN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, 189 00:09:45,112 --> 00:09:47,078 SENT MANY, MANY PEOPLE TO EUROPE TO STUDY. 190 00:09:47,147 --> 00:09:50,515 HE ADDRESSED THE KING IN PORTUGAL AS HIS BROTHER. 191 00:09:50,584 --> 00:09:54,452 HE REALLY WANTED TO HAVE AN EQUAL TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP 192 00:09:54,521 --> 00:10:02,093 WHERE HE WOULD BE SEEN IN AFRICA AS A POWERFUL CHRISTIAN COUNTRY. 193 00:10:02,162 --> 00:10:05,330 HOST: CHRISTIANITY WAS AT THE HEART OF AFONSO'S KINGSHIP, 194 00:10:05,399 --> 00:10:07,532 AND SO WAS ITS CONTROL. 195 00:10:07,601 --> 00:10:09,267 HE MADE CERTAIN THAT THE FAITH WAS TAUGHT 196 00:10:09,336 --> 00:10:11,536 PRIMARILY BY HIS OWN TEACHERS, 197 00:10:11,605 --> 00:10:14,172 RATHER THAN BY EUROPEAN MISSIONARIES. 198 00:10:14,241 --> 00:10:16,941 HE SELF-CONSCIOUSLY ENSURED THAT CHRISTIANITY 199 00:10:17,010 --> 00:10:18,877 PRACTICED IN HIS KINGDOM 200 00:10:18,945 --> 00:10:21,713 HAD A DISTINCTLY INDIGENOUS CHARACTER. 201 00:10:21,782 --> 00:10:24,049 A MIX OF ROMAN CATHOLIC BELIEFS 202 00:10:24,117 --> 00:10:28,019 CONSTRUCTED ON A FOUNDATION OF AFRICAN SPIRITUALITY. 203 00:10:29,356 --> 00:10:31,456 KONGO'S CRAFTSMEN TRANSFORMED 204 00:10:31,525 --> 00:10:34,292 THE ICONOGRAPHY OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM, 205 00:10:34,361 --> 00:10:36,261 MAKING IT THEIR OWN. 206 00:10:36,329 --> 00:10:39,664 LaGAMMA: THIS WAS CREATED BY A LOCAL BRASS CASTER, 207 00:10:39,733 --> 00:10:44,269 KONGO ARTIST WHO IS INTERPRETING CHRIST 208 00:10:44,337 --> 00:10:46,137 IN A KONGOLESE IDIOM. 209 00:10:46,206 --> 00:10:48,840 YEAH, A BLACK CHRIST, AN AFRICAN CHRIST. 210 00:10:48,909 --> 00:10:53,078 INITIALLY, EUROPEAN PROTOTYPES ARE USED AT THE COURT, 211 00:10:53,146 --> 00:10:57,348 AND EVENTUALLY, LOCAL BRASS CASTERS ARE 212 00:10:57,417 --> 00:11:02,821 REIMAGINING THE FORMS IN THEIR OWN LOCAL AESTHETIC. 213 00:11:02,889 --> 00:11:06,591 THAT'S ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL CRUCIFIED JESUSES 214 00:11:06,660 --> 00:11:08,126 THAT I'VE EVER SEEN. 215 00:11:08,195 --> 00:11:09,961 IT'S SO DEEPLY MOVING. 216 00:11:10,030 --> 00:11:13,531 AND THE WAY THAT THE TEXTILE IS EMPHASIZED, 217 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:15,400 IT REMINDS US OF THE TEXTILES 218 00:11:15,469 --> 00:11:16,901 THAT WERE SO IMPORTANT 219 00:11:16,970 --> 00:11:19,637 AS PART OF THE ARTISTIC PRODUCTION 220 00:11:19,706 --> 00:11:21,940 OF THIS GREAT CIVILIZATION. 221 00:11:22,008 --> 00:11:24,776 SO EVEN THE LOINCLOTH THAT PROTECTS JESUS 222 00:11:24,845 --> 00:11:26,644 IS KONGOLESE. 223 00:11:26,713 --> 00:11:29,481 NOT ONLY IS CATHOLICISM KONGOLESE, 224 00:11:29,549 --> 00:11:31,983 BUT JESUS IS KONGOLESE AS WELL. 225 00:11:32,052 --> 00:11:35,019 AFONSO WAS DEVOUT, AND WANTED HIS KINGDOM 226 00:11:35,088 --> 00:11:38,656 TO BE FORMALLY RECOGNIZED WITHIN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH'S HIERARCHY 227 00:11:38,725 --> 00:11:40,492 WITH ITS OWN BISHOP. 228 00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:44,095 AFONSO'S SON HENRIQUE, EDUCATED IN PORTUGAL, 229 00:11:44,164 --> 00:11:47,031 WAS APPOINTED BISHOP BY GIOVANNI DE MEDICI, 230 00:11:47,100 --> 00:11:52,303 POPE LEO X, IN THE YEAR 1518. 231 00:11:52,372 --> 00:11:54,739 THE KINGDOM OF KONGO JOINED NUBIA 232 00:11:54,808 --> 00:11:57,208 AS THE HOME OF AN AFRICAN BISHOP. 233 00:11:57,277 --> 00:12:00,411 IT'S NOT THAT HE WANTED PRIMARILY HIS SON 234 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:02,113 TO GO TO HEAVEN AS A BISHOP. 235 00:12:02,182 --> 00:12:03,848 HE WANTED-- IT WAS A POWER MOVE. 236 00:12:03,917 --> 00:12:05,850 YEAH. IT'S A POWER AND POLITICAL MOVE, 237 00:12:05,919 --> 00:12:08,820 TO ALLOW SOMEONE TO HAVE POWER WITHIN THE SYSTEM. 238 00:12:08,889 --> 00:12:11,489 HOST: TO MARK THE APPOINTMENT OF HIS SON AS BISHOP, 239 00:12:11,558 --> 00:12:15,326 AFONSO SENT THE POPE AN EXTRAORDINARY WORK OF ART. 240 00:12:15,395 --> 00:12:19,097 NOT ONLY IS IT BEAUTIFUL, IT'S MEANINGFUL. 241 00:12:19,166 --> 00:12:21,766 LaGAMMA: THIS IS ONE OF THE TREASURES OF WORLD ART. 242 00:12:21,835 --> 00:12:23,468 IT'S ONE OF THE EARLIEST WORKS 243 00:12:23,537 --> 00:12:26,137 BY AN AFRICAN ARTIST TO WIND UP 244 00:12:26,206 --> 00:12:29,941 IN A GREAT EUROPEAN ART COLLECTION. 245 00:12:30,010 --> 00:12:33,178 AND IT IS APPRECIATED AS SOMETHING OF 246 00:12:33,246 --> 00:12:38,216 EXQUISITE ELEGANCE, BEAUTY, AND PRECIOUSNESS. 247 00:12:38,285 --> 00:12:41,252 HOST: WHILE THIS VIBRANT RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL ALLIANCE 248 00:12:41,321 --> 00:12:45,256 BETWEEN KONGO, PORTUGAL, AND THE VATICAN WAS DEEPENING, 249 00:12:45,325 --> 00:12:49,294 A PROSPEROUS ECONOMIC ALLIANCE WAS ALSO FLOURISHING, 250 00:12:49,362 --> 00:12:51,629 AND ONE COMMODITY IN PARTICULAR 251 00:12:51,698 --> 00:12:53,998 WOULD BECOME A KEY ECONOMIC DRIVER 252 00:12:54,067 --> 00:12:59,170 IN AN EMERGING ATLANTIC GLOBAL ECONOMY: SUGAR. 253 00:12:59,239 --> 00:13:02,173 IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE, 254 00:13:02,242 --> 00:13:05,410 CANE SUGAR SOLD, POUND FOR POUND, 255 00:13:05,478 --> 00:13:10,248 FOR AS MUCH AS THE MOST EXOTIC SPICES IMPORTED FROM ASIA. 256 00:13:10,317 --> 00:13:14,819 CULTIVATION FIRST ON MADEIRA, THEN ON SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE, 257 00:13:14,888 --> 00:13:18,723 WOULD MAKE PORTUGAL ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST SUGAR PRODUCERS 258 00:13:18,792 --> 00:13:21,559 BY THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY. 259 00:13:21,628 --> 00:13:24,796 THEY ALREADY KNEW THAT ANY TROPICAL ISLANDS 260 00:13:24,865 --> 00:13:27,632 WAS LIKELY TO BE A PLACE WHERE YOU COULD GROW SUGAR CANE. 261 00:13:27,701 --> 00:13:31,469 AND SO THEY IMMEDIATELY WORKED ON MAKING SUGAR CANE 262 00:13:31,538 --> 00:13:33,404 A PRODUCTION OF THAT ISLAND. 263 00:13:33,473 --> 00:13:37,742 ALREADY BY 1500, THEY ARE GROWING SUGAR CANE ON SAO TOME, 264 00:13:37,811 --> 00:13:40,144 AND THEY'RE SENDING IT BACK TO EUROPE. 265 00:13:40,213 --> 00:13:42,280 HOST: SUGAR HAD BEEN CULTIVATED BY EUROPEANS 266 00:13:42,349 --> 00:13:44,649 FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS, IN THE LEVANT, 267 00:13:44,718 --> 00:13:47,552 ON CYPRUS AND SICILY, IN SPAIN, 268 00:13:47,621 --> 00:13:49,854 AND NOW IN THE MID-15TH CENTURY, 269 00:13:49,923 --> 00:13:52,023 OFF THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 270 00:13:52,092 --> 00:13:54,359 THERE WAS JUST ONE PROBLEM: 271 00:13:54,427 --> 00:13:56,294 HARVESTING AND PROCESSING CANE SUGAR 272 00:13:56,363 --> 00:13:58,229 WAS BACKBREAKING WORK. 273 00:13:58,298 --> 00:14:00,899 TO SOLVE THIS, PLANTERS TURNED INITIALLY 274 00:14:00,967 --> 00:14:03,268 TO EUROPEAN INDENTURED SERVANTS, 275 00:14:03,336 --> 00:14:06,804 BUT ULTIMATELY THE DOMINANT LABOR FORCE IN SUGAR CULTIVATION 276 00:14:06,873 --> 00:14:09,774 WOULD BE BLACK AFRICAN SLAVES, 277 00:14:09,843 --> 00:14:12,577 AND A LONG SUCCESSION OF AFRICAN KINGDOMS-- 278 00:14:12,646 --> 00:14:15,179 INCLUDING KING AFONSO'S KONGO-- 279 00:14:15,248 --> 00:14:18,783 WOULD BE WILLING PARTNERS IN THIS LUCRATIVE TRADE. 280 00:14:18,852 --> 00:14:22,520 THORNTON: KONGO WANTED TO IMPORT GOODS FROM EUROPE 281 00:14:22,589 --> 00:14:26,291 AND IN ORDER TO DO THAT, THEY HAD TO HAVE GOODS TO EXPORT. 282 00:14:26,359 --> 00:14:31,896 KONGO EXPORTED IVORY, COPPER, UM, RARE ANIMALS 283 00:14:31,965 --> 00:14:34,499 DURING THE COURSE OF ITS COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH 284 00:14:34,567 --> 00:14:36,401 EVERYBODY THAT VISITED THEIR SHORES, 285 00:14:36,469 --> 00:14:39,170 BUT BY VALUE, BY FAR THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTION 286 00:14:39,239 --> 00:14:41,739 THAT KONGO GAVE WAS IN SLAVES. 287 00:14:41,808 --> 00:14:45,910 HOST: SLAVERY IS AS OLD AS CIVILIZATION ITSELF. 288 00:14:45,979 --> 00:14:48,112 IT PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN AFRICAN KINGDOMS 289 00:14:48,181 --> 00:14:50,515 AND WAS CERTAINLY AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT 290 00:14:50,583 --> 00:14:53,785 OF THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF THE KINGDOM OF KONGO. 291 00:14:53,853 --> 00:14:55,954 THE ENSLAVEMENT OF OTHER PEOPLE-- 292 00:14:56,022 --> 00:14:58,423 ENEMIES, CAPTIVES IN WAR-- 293 00:14:58,491 --> 00:15:00,291 WAS A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN THE EXPANSION 294 00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:02,593 OF THE WEALTH OF THE KONGO KINGDOM, 295 00:15:02,662 --> 00:15:06,464 AND THE PORTUGUESE COULD READILY PURCHASE THESE SLAVES 296 00:15:06,533 --> 00:15:10,101 IN KONGO'S ALREADY-EXISTING MARKETS. 297 00:15:10,170 --> 00:15:12,537 THORNTON: KONGO WAS STILL AN EXPANDING COUNTRY, 298 00:15:12,605 --> 00:15:15,673 IT WAS CONQUERING NEIGHBORING AREAS, 299 00:15:15,742 --> 00:15:17,675 AND PART OF THAT EXPANSION INVOLVED 300 00:15:17,744 --> 00:15:19,243 THE ENSLAVEMENT OF PEOPLE 301 00:15:19,312 --> 00:15:21,713 AND THEIR TRANSPORT BACK TO KONGO. 302 00:15:21,781 --> 00:15:24,282 HOST: AFONSO WAS HAPPY TO SELL SLAVES TO PORTUGAL. 303 00:15:24,351 --> 00:15:26,517 IT MADE GREAT BUSINESS SENSE. 304 00:15:26,586 --> 00:15:28,319 BUT HE HAD VERY STRICT RULES 305 00:15:28,388 --> 00:15:32,690 ABOUT WHO EXACTLY COULD BE ENSLAVED AND SOLD. 306 00:15:32,759 --> 00:15:34,092 THORNTON: THERE WAS THIS VERY STRONG IDEA 307 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:35,426 THAT THE KINGS OF KONGO 308 00:15:35,495 --> 00:15:37,028 COULD DECIDE WHO WAS A SLAVE AND WHO WASN'T. 309 00:15:37,097 --> 00:15:38,863 THERE WERE PROCEDURES FOR WHO COULD BE ENSLAVED 310 00:15:38,932 --> 00:15:40,732 AND GENERALLY SPEAKING, IT WAS 311 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,667 OUTSIDERS OR FOREIGNERS THAT COULD BE ENSLAVED. 312 00:15:42,736 --> 00:15:44,502 KONGOLESE REALLY COULDN'T BE. 313 00:15:44,571 --> 00:15:47,739 SO THIS WAS A VERY PROTECTIVE RELATIONSHIP 314 00:15:47,807 --> 00:15:49,507 THEY HAD WITH THEIR OWN PEOPLE. 315 00:15:49,576 --> 00:15:51,976 HOST: BUT PORTUGAL WAS IGNORING THE RULES 316 00:15:52,045 --> 00:15:55,980 OF WHO COULD AND COULD NOT BE ENSLAVED. 317 00:15:56,049 --> 00:15:58,983 AFONSO WAS IN DANGER OF BEING UNDERMINED. 318 00:15:59,052 --> 00:16:01,019 IN A LETTER THAT HE WROTE TO THE KING OF PORTUGAL, 319 00:16:01,087 --> 00:16:03,121 HE COMPLAINED BITTERLY. 320 00:16:03,189 --> 00:16:06,457 EACH DAY THE TRADERS ARE KIDNAPPING OUR PEOPLE, 321 00:16:06,526 --> 00:16:10,128 CHILDREN OF THIS COUNTRY, SONS OF OUR NOBLES AND VASSALS, 322 00:16:10,196 --> 00:16:12,530 EVEN PEOPLE OF OUR OWN FAMILY. 323 00:16:12,599 --> 00:16:16,100 THIS CORRUPTION AND DEPRAVITY ARE SO WIDESPREAD 324 00:16:16,169 --> 00:16:20,304 THAT OUR LAND, HE WROTE, IS ENTIRELY DEPOPULATED. 325 00:16:20,373 --> 00:16:22,173 HEYWOOD: IF YOU WERE GOING TO INVOLVE YOURSELF 326 00:16:22,242 --> 00:16:23,908 IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE, 327 00:16:23,977 --> 00:16:26,744 YOU HAD TO PAY WITH SLAVES. 328 00:16:26,813 --> 00:16:28,613 SO THE CHOICE THAT THE KONGOLESE HAD 329 00:16:28,681 --> 00:16:31,682 WAS TO EITHER WITHDRAW FROM THE TRADE 330 00:16:31,751 --> 00:16:35,453 OR CONTINUE THE RELATIONS AND TRY TO CONTROL IT. 331 00:16:35,522 --> 00:16:37,889 HOST: BUT FUNDAMENTAL SHIFTS IN GLOBAL HISTORY 332 00:16:37,957 --> 00:16:40,858 WOULD GRADUALLY CHANGE THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP 333 00:16:40,927 --> 00:16:44,095 BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE REST OF THE WORLD. 334 00:16:44,164 --> 00:16:46,164 THE TRADING RELATIONSHIP THAT DEVELOPED 335 00:16:46,232 --> 00:16:49,534 BETWEEN KONGO AND PORTUGAL WAS FUNDAMENTALLY SHAPED 336 00:16:49,602 --> 00:16:52,236 BY A DISCOVERY THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY 337 00:16:52,305 --> 00:16:54,672 ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE WORLD. 338 00:16:54,741 --> 00:16:56,841 A YEAR AFTER THE KING OF KONGO 339 00:16:56,910 --> 00:17:00,545 CONVERTED TO ROMAN CATHOLICISM IN 1491, 340 00:17:00,613 --> 00:17:05,516 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS SET FOOT ON AN ISLAND HE NAMED HISPANIOLA. 341 00:17:05,585 --> 00:17:08,586 THE DISCOVERY OF THESE NEW LANDS ACROSS THE OCEAN 342 00:17:08,655 --> 00:17:11,422 HAD A SEISMIC IMPACT ON WORLD AFFAIRS 343 00:17:11,491 --> 00:17:13,791 AND IGNITED A RACE FOR RICHES 344 00:17:13,860 --> 00:17:16,327 THAT WOULD TURN THE WORLD UPSIDE DOWN. 345 00:17:16,396 --> 00:17:18,296 THE MASTERY OF THE WINDS AND CURRENTS 346 00:17:18,364 --> 00:17:20,264 THAT HAD BROUGHT THE PORTUGUESE SOUTH, 347 00:17:20,333 --> 00:17:22,967 TO THE WEST AFRICAN COAST, ALSO TOOK 348 00:17:23,036 --> 00:17:26,471 SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE SHIPS WEST, TO A NEW WORLD 349 00:17:26,539 --> 00:17:29,340 ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC. 350 00:17:29,409 --> 00:17:34,545 IN 1500, THE PORTUGUESE LANDED IN WHAT'S TODAY BRAZIL. 351 00:17:34,614 --> 00:17:38,850 PORTUGAL WAS EXPANDING AND ITS EMPIRE WAS GROWING. 352 00:17:38,918 --> 00:17:41,853 THE WORLD WAS EXPERIENCING EPOCHAL CHANGE. 353 00:17:41,921 --> 00:17:44,789 A TRIANGULAR ATLANTIC ECONOMY WOULD LINK 354 00:17:44,858 --> 00:17:47,625 EUROPE AND ITS AFRICAN TRADING PARTNERS 355 00:17:47,694 --> 00:17:50,094 WITH THE NEW LANDS IN THE AMERICAS, 356 00:17:50,163 --> 00:17:52,096 WHICH OFFERED ENORMOUS OPPORTUNITIES 357 00:17:52,165 --> 00:17:56,234 FOR MINING SILVER AND GOLD, FOR GROWING SUGAR AND TOBACCO, 358 00:17:56,302 --> 00:17:58,903 AND MANUFACTURING RUM. 359 00:17:58,972 --> 00:18:02,573 DEMAND FOR THESE PRODUCTS WOULD BE SEEMINGLY INSATIABLE, 360 00:18:02,642 --> 00:18:05,276 FUELING THE DESIRE TO MAXIMIZE PROFITS 361 00:18:05,345 --> 00:18:07,745 THROUGH A LARGE, CHEAP LABOR FORCE. 362 00:18:07,814 --> 00:18:12,717 THE DEMAND FOR LABOR, LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE TO WORK 363 00:18:12,785 --> 00:18:15,453 IN THE PLANTATIONS AND THE MINES OF THE NEW WORLD 364 00:18:15,522 --> 00:18:17,188 PRODUCING SUGAR, 365 00:18:17,257 --> 00:18:21,626 PRODUCING TOBACCO, PRODUCING, AH, COTTON. 366 00:18:21,694 --> 00:18:25,429 THE LARGE DEMAND FOR LABOR WAS NOT FULFILLED 367 00:18:25,498 --> 00:18:27,965 THROUGH THE USE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE. 368 00:18:28,034 --> 00:18:30,635 HOST: KONGO'S ADMIRATION FOR PORTUGUESE CULTURE 369 00:18:30,703 --> 00:18:33,704 WAS EXPRESSED IN THEIR EMBRACE OF CHRISTIANITY 370 00:18:33,773 --> 00:18:37,775 AND DESIRE TO BE PART OF THE COMMUNITY OF CHRISTIAN NATIONS. 371 00:18:37,844 --> 00:18:40,011 IRONICALLY, THE PRINCIPAL COMMODITY 372 00:18:40,079 --> 00:18:43,781 THAT KONGO POSSESSED TO PAY FOR ITS SOCIAL ENGINEERING 373 00:18:43,850 --> 00:18:45,550 WAS SLAVES. 374 00:18:45,618 --> 00:18:48,686 IN 1575, THE PORTUGUESE DID SOMETHING 375 00:18:48,755 --> 00:18:52,690 THAT NO OTHER EUROPEAN COLONIAL POWER HAD THOUGHT TO DO. 376 00:18:52,759 --> 00:18:55,092 THEY MADE A DEAL WITH THE KING OF KONGO 377 00:18:55,161 --> 00:18:59,030 TO CREATE THEIR OWN CITY, WHICH BECAME THE CITY OF LUANDA. 378 00:18:59,098 --> 00:19:00,698 WHY WAS THIS IMPORTANT? 379 00:19:00,767 --> 00:19:02,567 BECAUSE THEY COULD USE THIS AS A BASE 380 00:19:02,635 --> 00:19:04,869 TO CAPTURE AFRICANS WHOM THEY USED 381 00:19:04,938 --> 00:19:07,939 AS SLAVES THEMSELVES IN LUANDA, 382 00:19:08,007 --> 00:19:12,777 BUT ALSO TO CAPTURE AFRICANS WHOM THEY SOLD ACROSS THE OCEAN 383 00:19:12,845 --> 00:19:15,213 IN THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE. 384 00:19:15,281 --> 00:19:18,282 IT WAS A BRILLIANT COMMERCIAL MOVE. 385 00:19:18,351 --> 00:19:20,151 MORE AND MORE SLAVES WERE CHANNELED 386 00:19:20,220 --> 00:19:22,086 THROUGH THE PORT OF LUANDA, 387 00:19:22,155 --> 00:19:25,556 EVENTUALLY LEADING TO AN ASTONISHING TOTAL NUMBER 388 00:19:25,625 --> 00:19:28,125 OF 1.4 MILLION. 389 00:19:28,194 --> 00:19:30,561 THEY WERE HOOKED ON A COMMODITY 390 00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:32,863 AND IF IT MEANT HAVING A FEW MORE WARS 391 00:19:32,932 --> 00:19:36,567 TO GET A FEW MORE CAPTIVES TO SELL TO THE PORTUGUESE, 392 00:19:36,636 --> 00:19:38,402 WHICH TURNED OUT TO BE A LOT MORE REWARDS 393 00:19:38,471 --> 00:19:40,371 AND A LOT MORE CAPTIVES, THEN THAT WAS FINE. 394 00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:44,875 IT WAS A TRADE THAT, FOR THE AFRICAN KINGDOMS, 395 00:19:44,944 --> 00:19:48,713 HAD TREMENDOUS IMPORTANCE BECAUSE OF 396 00:19:48,781 --> 00:19:51,415 THE AMBITION OF THE AFRICAN KINGS 397 00:19:51,484 --> 00:19:56,187 TO PARTICIPATE IN THE COMMERCIAL AND DIPLOMATIC 398 00:19:56,256 --> 00:19:59,023 AND POLITICAL NETWORK OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD 399 00:19:59,092 --> 00:20:00,958 AND THE MAIN CURRENCY 400 00:20:01,027 --> 00:20:02,493 THAT THEY HAD AT THEIR DISPOSAL 401 00:20:02,562 --> 00:20:05,196 WAS THE ENSLAVED LABOR. 402 00:20:05,265 --> 00:20:07,365 HOST: THE PORTUGUESE CAME TO LUANDA 403 00:20:07,433 --> 00:20:09,667 WITH THE BLESSING OF THE KING OF KONGO, 404 00:20:09,736 --> 00:20:13,871 ENTERING INTO AN ALLIANCE WITH THE KINGDOM OF NDONGO. 405 00:20:13,940 --> 00:20:19,410 THAT ALLIANCE DIDN'T LAST, AND IN 1579, THE KING OF NDONGO 406 00:20:19,479 --> 00:20:22,680 ATTACKED THE PORTUGUESE, SETTING OFF A CONFLICT 407 00:20:22,749 --> 00:20:25,182 THAT WOULD LAST NEARLY A CENTURY. 408 00:20:25,251 --> 00:20:30,254 THOSE WARS EVENTUALLY PRODUCED A VAST QUANTITY OF SLAVES. 409 00:20:30,323 --> 00:20:32,823 AND IT WAS THIS HUGE WAVE OF SLAVES 410 00:20:32,892 --> 00:20:36,127 THAT BECAME AVAILABLE THROUGH PORTUGUESE, UM, 411 00:20:36,195 --> 00:20:37,962 BASICALLY PORTUGUESE CONQUESTS, 412 00:20:38,031 --> 00:20:40,331 PORTUGUESE DIRECT MILITARY EFFORTS IN THIS AREA 413 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:44,201 THAT FIRED UP THE BRAZILIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY. 414 00:20:44,270 --> 00:20:48,639 HOST: NDONGO HAD FOUGHT PORTUGAL TO A STANDSTILL BY 1600, 415 00:20:48,708 --> 00:20:50,274 BUT THE PORTUGUESE BROUGHT UP 416 00:20:50,343 --> 00:20:52,143 BANDS OF FIGHTERS FROM THE SOUTH, 417 00:20:52,211 --> 00:20:56,013 THE IMBANGALA, THE FEROCIOUS WARRIORS AND MERCENARIES 418 00:20:56,082 --> 00:20:59,250 PURPORTED BY THE PORTUGUESE TO BE CANNIBALS. 419 00:20:59,319 --> 00:21:02,753 THEY HELPED THE PORTUGUESE TO WIN MANY BATTLES AGAINST NDONGO. 420 00:21:04,457 --> 00:21:06,457 OUT OF THIS CHAOS WOULD EMERGE 421 00:21:06,526 --> 00:21:09,960 ONE OF THE MOST CHARISMATIC AND ENDURING CHARACTERS 422 00:21:10,029 --> 00:21:13,230 IN ALL OF AFRICAN HISTORY. 423 00:21:13,299 --> 00:21:17,101 A FEARLESS WARRIOR QUEEN AND FORMIDABLE POLITICIAN 424 00:21:17,170 --> 00:21:20,905 WHO REMAINS AN ICON IN ANGOLA TODAY. 425 00:21:20,973 --> 00:21:25,109 IN HER LIFETIME SHE RULED OVER TWO POWERFUL KINGDOMS-- 426 00:21:25,178 --> 00:21:27,712 NDONGO AND MATAMBA. 427 00:21:27,780 --> 00:21:29,647 HER NAME WAS NJINGA. 428 00:21:31,417 --> 00:21:34,518 IN 1622, AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF 429 00:21:34,587 --> 00:21:36,520 FIERCE FIGHTING WITH THE PORTUGUESE, 430 00:21:36,589 --> 00:21:40,791 NJINGA WAS DISPATCHED BY HER BROTHER, THE KING GOLUMBUNDE, 431 00:21:40,860 --> 00:21:43,894 TO NEGOTIATE A PEACE SETTLEMENT WITH THE PORTUGUESE GOVERNOR, 432 00:21:43,963 --> 00:21:46,263 BUT NOT TO SURRENDER. 433 00:21:46,332 --> 00:21:48,199 WHEN NJINGA ARRIVED AT THE MEETING, 434 00:21:48,267 --> 00:21:50,401 SHE WASN'T ACCORDED THE TREATMENT SHE EXPECTED 435 00:21:50,470 --> 00:21:53,704 AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF AN INDEPENDENT KINGDOM. 436 00:21:53,773 --> 00:21:57,141 WHAT NJINGA DID NEXT HAS BECOME THE STUFF OF LEGEND. 437 00:21:57,210 --> 00:22:01,011 A SYMBOL OF AFRICAN PRIDE AND RESISTANCE 438 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:04,615 IN THE FACE OF ATTEMPTS AT EUROPEAN DOMINATION. 439 00:22:04,684 --> 00:22:07,184 SHE ARRIVES FOR HER AUDIENCE WITH THE GOVERNOR 440 00:22:07,253 --> 00:22:08,786 AND HE'S SITTING IN 441 00:22:08,855 --> 00:22:11,021 THE PORTUGUESE STYLE OF VELVET CHAIR, 442 00:22:11,090 --> 00:22:14,959 AND SHE ENTERS THE ROOM AND SEES THAT 443 00:22:15,027 --> 00:22:17,495 THEY HAD PREPARED CUSHIONS AND CARPET FOR HER 444 00:22:17,563 --> 00:22:18,963 TO SIT ON THE GROUND. 445 00:22:19,031 --> 00:22:21,198 AND AT THAT POINT SHE LOOKS OVER 446 00:22:21,267 --> 00:22:22,867 AT ONE OF HER ATTENDANTS, 447 00:22:22,935 --> 00:22:25,002 WHO GOES AND CROUCHES ON THE FLOOR 448 00:22:25,071 --> 00:22:27,838 AND NJINGA SITS ON HER, 449 00:22:27,907 --> 00:22:29,673 THE SAME HEIGHT AS THE GOVERNOR. 450 00:22:29,742 --> 00:22:31,942 SO SHE CONFRONTED THE GOVERNOR EYE TO EYE. 451 00:22:32,011 --> 00:22:34,078 EXACTLY, EYE TO EYE. 452 00:22:34,147 --> 00:22:36,347 HOST: BY THE END OF HER TRIP TO LUANDA, 453 00:22:36,416 --> 00:22:40,384 NJINGA HAD WON SIGNIFICANT CONCESSIONS FROM THE PORTUGUESE. 454 00:22:40,453 --> 00:22:44,522 IN RETURN, SHE AGREED TO CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY. 455 00:22:44,590 --> 00:22:49,026 SHE HAD PROVEN TO BE A SUPREMELY ABLE NEGOTIATOR. 456 00:22:49,095 --> 00:22:50,528 SHE SAID, 457 00:22:50,596 --> 00:22:54,265 "HOW CAN YOU DEMAND TRIBUTE OF SOMEONE WHO IS FREE? 458 00:22:54,333 --> 00:22:55,666 YOU KNOW, MY STATE IS FREE." 459 00:22:55,735 --> 00:22:58,102 AND SHE WAS VERY PERSUASIVE. 460 00:22:58,171 --> 00:23:02,473 AND SHE WAS ABLE TO GET THE GOVERNOR AND THE PORTUGUESE 461 00:23:02,542 --> 00:23:05,476 TO AGREE TO THE TERMS THAT THEY WILL REMOVE 462 00:23:05,545 --> 00:23:07,578 THE TROOPS FROM NDONGO. 463 00:23:07,647 --> 00:23:11,148 HOST: TWO YEARS LATER, IN 1624, 464 00:23:11,217 --> 00:23:13,284 NJINGA'S BROTHER, THE KING-- 465 00:23:13,352 --> 00:23:15,653 UNABLE TO DEFEAT THE PORTUGUESE-- 466 00:23:15,721 --> 00:23:19,190 BY SOME ACCOUNTS WAS POISONED. 467 00:23:19,258 --> 00:23:22,927 BY OTHER ACCOUNTS, HE COMMITTED SUICIDE. 468 00:23:22,995 --> 00:23:25,229 WHEN THE THRONE SUDDENLY BECAME VACANT, 469 00:23:25,298 --> 00:23:28,232 NJINGA BECAME ONE OF THE CONTESTED SUCCESSORS. 470 00:23:28,301 --> 00:23:31,702 AND WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE ARMY AND A FEW OTHER KEY ALLIES, 471 00:23:31,771 --> 00:23:35,005 NOT SURPRISINGLY, SHE EMERGED VICTORIOUS. 472 00:23:36,509 --> 00:23:38,676 ALTHOUGH THE PORTUGUESE WERE IMPRESSED WITH NJINGA 473 00:23:38,744 --> 00:23:42,746 AS AN AMBASSADOR, THEY DIDN'T WANT HER TO BE THE MONARCH. 474 00:23:42,815 --> 00:23:46,984 HEYWOOD: THE PORTUGUESE DID NOT WANT NJINGA TO BE QUEEN 475 00:23:47,053 --> 00:23:50,821 BECAUSE THEY KNEW THAT SHE WAS GOING TO INSIST 476 00:23:50,890 --> 00:23:54,492 ON NDONGO BEING INDEPENDENT. 477 00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:57,795 THEIR ARGUMENT WAS THAT NJINGA BEING A FEMALE 478 00:23:57,864 --> 00:24:01,031 WAS NOT ELIGIBLE TO RULE. 479 00:24:01,100 --> 00:24:03,934 HOST: THE PORTUGUESE BACKED SOME OF NJINGA'S SUBORDINATES, 480 00:24:04,003 --> 00:24:09,740 AND SHE WAS OUSTED IN A WAR WAGED AGAINST HER IN 1626. 481 00:24:09,809 --> 00:24:12,142 BUT NJINGA REFUSED TO FADE AWAY. 482 00:24:12,211 --> 00:24:19,183 FROM 1626 TO 1657, SHE KEPT FIGHTING THE PORTUGUESE. 483 00:24:19,252 --> 00:24:21,285 HOST: NOW DEPOSED, NJINGA CONQUERED 484 00:24:21,354 --> 00:24:24,388 THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM OF MATAMBA. 485 00:24:24,457 --> 00:24:28,058 AS RULER OF MATAMBA, SHE BEGAN TO ASSEMBLE AN ARMY 486 00:24:28,127 --> 00:24:31,929 AND, PRAGMATICALLY, JOINED FORCES WITH HER FORMER ENEMY, 487 00:24:31,998 --> 00:24:36,100 THE MARTIAL AND REPUTEDLY CANNIBALISTIC IMBANGALA. 488 00:24:36,168 --> 00:24:39,803 HEYWOOD: SHE HAD TO BE STRATEGICALLY VERY ASTUTE. 489 00:24:39,872 --> 00:24:42,339 EVEN THOUGH SHE BECAME AN IMBANGALA, 490 00:24:42,408 --> 00:24:46,277 SHE INSISTED THAT SHE NEVER ACTUALLY CONSUMED HUMAN FLESH 491 00:24:46,345 --> 00:24:48,178 OR HAD JOINED IN MANY OF THE RITUALS. 492 00:24:48,247 --> 00:24:51,348 HOST: WHEN THE KING OF KONGO, GARCIA II, 493 00:24:51,417 --> 00:24:54,151 INVITED THE DUTCH TO INVADE ANGOLA, 494 00:24:54,220 --> 00:24:57,388 NJINGA IMMEDIATELY CONTACTED THE DUTCH TO JOIN THEM. 495 00:24:57,456 --> 00:25:00,791 BOTH GARCIA AND NJINGA WANTED THE PORTUGUESE OUT OF ANGOLA, 496 00:25:00,860 --> 00:25:04,395 AND SAW THE BENEFITS OF AN ALLIANCE WITH THE DUTCH. 497 00:25:04,463 --> 00:25:07,998 SO IT'S A TIME WHEN THE DUTCH ARE IN BRAZIL 498 00:25:08,067 --> 00:25:10,768 AND ARE TRYING TO ESTABLISH A COLONY OF THEIR OWN THERE, 499 00:25:10,836 --> 00:25:13,604 AND AGAIN, THERE IS NO BRAZIL WITHOUT ANGOLA, 500 00:25:13,673 --> 00:25:16,373 SO THEY NEED TO SEIZE LUANDA 501 00:25:16,442 --> 00:25:19,577 AS THE SOURCE OF ENSLAVED LABOR, 502 00:25:19,645 --> 00:25:22,646 AND NJINGA AS WELL AS THE KING OF KONGO 503 00:25:22,715 --> 00:25:26,951 REALLY TOOK THE OPPORTUNITY TO PLOT AND ALLY THEMSELVES 504 00:25:27,019 --> 00:25:29,153 WITH THE DUTCH AGAINST THE PORTUGUESE 505 00:25:29,221 --> 00:25:30,554 IN THE, YOU KNOW, THE ENEMIES 506 00:25:30,623 --> 00:25:32,456 OF MY ENEMIES ARE MY FRIEND. 507 00:25:32,525 --> 00:25:34,325 HOST: THE PORTUGUESE WERE PUSHED OUT OF LUANDA 508 00:25:34,393 --> 00:25:36,427 BY THE DUTCH IN KONGO. 509 00:25:36,495 --> 00:25:38,295 THE DUTCH CAPTURED THE CITY, 510 00:25:38,364 --> 00:25:40,931 BUT THE PORTUGUESE RETREATED TO INLAND FORTS 511 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:43,267 AND KEPT THE WAR GOING. 512 00:25:43,336 --> 00:25:45,636 THE STRUGGLE WAS NOW MOSTLY BETWEEN 513 00:25:45,705 --> 00:25:47,738 NJINGA AND THE PORTUGUESE. 514 00:25:47,807 --> 00:25:51,108 ONE OF THE MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NJINGA 515 00:25:51,177 --> 00:25:52,943 IS THAT SHE WAS ANTI-COLONIAL, 516 00:25:53,012 --> 00:25:55,245 MEANING SHE DIDN'T WANT EUROPEANS 517 00:25:55,314 --> 00:25:58,282 TO BE ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT, 518 00:25:58,351 --> 00:26:01,619 BUT ISN'T IT TRUE THAT SHE JUST DIDN'T WANT THEM 519 00:26:01,687 --> 00:26:03,821 TRYING TO CAPTURE HER KINGDOM? 520 00:26:03,889 --> 00:26:06,590 SHE WAS NOT PUSHING AWAY EUROPEAN COLONIALISM, 521 00:26:06,659 --> 00:26:10,060 SHE WAS JUST TRYING TO CONTROL HER TERRITORY 522 00:26:10,129 --> 00:26:14,398 AND CONTROL THE MEANS BY WHICH SHE COULD REMAIN QUEEN. 523 00:26:14,467 --> 00:26:17,768 HOST: IN 1657, NJINGA AND THE PORTUGUESE 524 00:26:17,837 --> 00:26:19,870 NEGOTIATED A TRUCE. 525 00:26:19,939 --> 00:26:21,839 AFTER 30 YEARS OF WAR, 526 00:26:21,907 --> 00:26:25,542 SHE HAD WON BACK PART OF HER ORIGINAL KINGDOM. 527 00:26:25,611 --> 00:26:29,546 NOW SHE WAS QUEEN OF NDONGO AND QUEEN OF MATAMBA. 528 00:26:29,615 --> 00:26:32,516 6 YEARS LATER, AT THE AGE OF 81, 529 00:26:32,585 --> 00:26:36,186 NJINGA--STILL A DEVOUT CHRISTIAN--DIED. 530 00:26:36,255 --> 00:26:40,224 I THINK SHE DIED HAVING REALLY CHANGED THE REGION 531 00:26:40,292 --> 00:26:44,294 AND HER CLAIMS TO THE THRONE REALLY CREATED 532 00:26:44,363 --> 00:26:49,500 A NEW CREATION MYTH FOR THE KINGDOM NDONGO AND MATAMBA, 533 00:26:49,568 --> 00:26:52,436 AND ONE TESTAMENT OF IT IS AFTER HER 534 00:26:52,505 --> 00:26:55,205 FOR ABOUT THE 100TH YEAR AFTER HER DEATH, 535 00:26:55,274 --> 00:26:58,308 THE KINGDOM OF MATAMBA WAS RULED BY WOMEN. 536 00:26:58,377 --> 00:27:01,512 HOST: THE COMBINATION OF AVARICE, AGGRESSION, AND WARFARE 537 00:27:01,580 --> 00:27:03,480 WOULD MAKE ANGOLA THE SINGLE LARGEST 538 00:27:03,549 --> 00:27:05,916 SOURCE OF SLAVES, BY FAR, 539 00:27:05,985 --> 00:27:09,520 IN THE HISTORY OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE. 540 00:27:09,588 --> 00:27:12,523 FAR MORE SLAVES WERE SHIPPED TO THE NEW WORLD 541 00:27:12,591 --> 00:27:14,725 FROM WEST CENTRAL AFRICA THAN FROM 542 00:27:14,794 --> 00:27:16,827 ANY OTHER PART OF THE CONTINENT. 543 00:27:16,896 --> 00:27:22,099 THAT'S 5.7 MILLION PEOPLE OVER ROUGHLY 350 YEARS. 544 00:27:22,168 --> 00:27:24,535 MOST OF THOSE WENT TO SOUTH AMERICA. 545 00:27:24,603 --> 00:27:28,706 BUT ABOUT 24% OF THE ANCESTORS OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PEOPLE 546 00:27:28,774 --> 00:27:30,974 CAME FROM THIS REGION, TOO. 547 00:27:31,043 --> 00:27:37,114 INCREDIBLY, 2.8 MILLION AFRICANS WERE SHIPPED FROM LUANDA ALONE. 548 00:27:37,183 --> 00:27:41,151 IF WE ADD ANOTHER 800,000 FROM THE NEARBY CITY OF BENGUELA, 549 00:27:41,220 --> 00:27:43,087 THAT MEANS A QUARTER OF ALL SLAVES 550 00:27:43,155 --> 00:27:45,222 WHO CROSSED THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 551 00:27:45,291 --> 00:27:48,358 STARTED THEIR JOURNEY FROM WHAT IS TODAY 552 00:27:48,427 --> 00:27:49,993 THE COUNTRY OF ANGOLA. 553 00:27:51,564 --> 00:27:55,199 ALL ALONG AFRICA'S WEST AND CENTRAL ATLANTIC COAST, 554 00:27:55,267 --> 00:27:59,269 EUROPEANS MARKED THEIR PRESENCE WITH COASTAL FORTS. 555 00:27:59,338 --> 00:28:01,905 THESE FORTS NOW BECAME COMMERCIAL HUBS 556 00:28:01,974 --> 00:28:04,475 WHERE MUCH OF THIS ENORMOUS AND GROWING BUSINESS 557 00:28:04,543 --> 00:28:08,178 BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND AFRICANS WAS CONDUCTED. 558 00:28:08,247 --> 00:28:10,214 WITH THE PORTUGUESE AND THE SPANISH, 559 00:28:10,282 --> 00:28:12,483 THE DUTCH, THE BRITISH, AND THE FRENCH 560 00:28:12,551 --> 00:28:16,253 NOW BOASTING COLONIES OF THEIR OWN IN THE AMERICAS, 561 00:28:16,322 --> 00:28:19,256 THE DEMAND FOR SLAVES GREW GREATER THAN EVER. 562 00:28:20,926 --> 00:28:23,994 IN THE 18TH CENTURY, THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE 563 00:28:24,063 --> 00:28:26,130 REACHED FEVER PITCH. 564 00:28:26,198 --> 00:28:29,466 JUST OVER 50% OF ALL TRANSACTIONS 565 00:28:29,535 --> 00:28:32,803 OCCURRED OVER THE COURSE OF THIS CENTURY ALONE. 566 00:28:32,872 --> 00:28:37,074 ON AVERAGE, AN ENORMOUS 65,000 AFRICANS A YEAR 567 00:28:37,143 --> 00:28:39,376 WERE BEING EXPORTED FROM THESE SHORES, 568 00:28:39,445 --> 00:28:46,450 REACHING A STAGGERING PEAK OF 108,000 IN THE YEAR 1791. 569 00:28:46,519 --> 00:28:49,987 THE PORT OF OUIDAH, IN WHAT IS TODAY THE COUNTRY OF BENIN, 570 00:28:50,055 --> 00:28:53,023 WAS THE BUSIEST SLAVE MARKET IN WEST AFRICA. 571 00:28:53,092 --> 00:28:55,859 AN ESTIMATED HALF-MILLION SLAVES WERE TRADED 572 00:28:55,928 --> 00:29:00,030 FROM HERE ACROSS THE ATLANTIC DURING THE 18TH CENTURY. 573 00:29:00,099 --> 00:29:03,834 THAT PORT BELONGED TO A SMALL BUT STRONG KINGDOM 574 00:29:03,903 --> 00:29:06,804 THAT HAD EMERGED AS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL STATES 575 00:29:06,872 --> 00:29:10,240 ALONG THE REGION NICKNAMED "THE SLAVE COAST." 576 00:29:10,309 --> 00:29:12,543 IT WAS CALLED DAHOMEY. 577 00:29:12,611 --> 00:29:17,281 MAN: DAHOMEY EMERGES IN THE EARLY 17TH CENTURY. 578 00:29:17,349 --> 00:29:20,684 ACCORDING TO HISTORIANS WHO HAVE WORKED ON DAHOMEY, 579 00:29:20,753 --> 00:29:25,022 IT FUNCTIONED IN ITS EARLY YEARS AS A MERCENARY GROUP 580 00:29:25,090 --> 00:29:27,724 AND IT HIRED ITSELF OUT 581 00:29:27,793 --> 00:29:30,994 TO NEIGHBORING POLITIES WHO HAD DISPUTES. 582 00:29:31,063 --> 00:29:34,298 THE ACCEPTED INTERPRETATION WAS THAT, AH, 583 00:29:34,366 --> 00:29:38,001 THESE INHABITANTS OF THE ABOMEY PLATEAU 584 00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:39,903 SAW THE FLOURISHING OF ATLANTIC TRADE 585 00:29:39,972 --> 00:29:42,506 AND WANTED TO BE PART OF IT. 586 00:29:42,575 --> 00:29:45,309 HOST: AND IN ORDER TO BE PART OF THIS BOOMING TRADE, 587 00:29:45,377 --> 00:29:49,179 THIS INLAND KINGDOM HAD TO EXPAND. 588 00:29:49,248 --> 00:29:53,717 IN THE 1720S, LED BY ITS FIFTH KING, AGAJA, 589 00:29:53,786 --> 00:29:56,286 DAHOMEY FOUGHT TO GAIN CONTROL 590 00:29:56,355 --> 00:29:58,689 OF THE VITAL PORTS OF THE KINGDOMS OF 591 00:29:58,757 --> 00:30:00,691 OUIDAH AND ALLADA. 592 00:30:00,759 --> 00:30:02,926 THORNTON: HE NEEDED TO HAVE A COASTAL POSITION. 593 00:30:02,995 --> 00:30:05,696 THE OCCUPATION OF OUIDAH AND ALLADA WOULD GIVE HIM THAT. 594 00:30:05,764 --> 00:30:09,399 UM, AND SO IN THAT FIRST PERIOD YOU CAN IMAGINE 595 00:30:09,468 --> 00:30:11,268 THAT THE SORT OF THE FLOOD OF SLAVES 596 00:30:11,337 --> 00:30:13,303 IS AS A RESULT OF THESE EXPANSIONIST WARS. 597 00:30:13,372 --> 00:30:14,805 HOST: IT'S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE A KINGDOM 598 00:30:14,874 --> 00:30:17,941 MORE MILITARISTIC THAN DAHOMEY. 599 00:30:18,010 --> 00:30:21,278 EACH KING WAS GIVEN A MANDATE TO EXPAND THE REACH OF THE KINGDOM. 600 00:30:21,347 --> 00:30:23,013 AND THAT MEANT GOING TO WAR. 601 00:30:25,217 --> 00:30:26,450 THORNTON: AND AGAJA WRITES A LETTER 602 00:30:26,518 --> 00:30:27,751 TO THE KING OF ENGLAND, 603 00:30:27,820 --> 00:30:29,486 AND IN THIS LETTER, HE'S BOASTFUL. 604 00:30:29,555 --> 00:30:31,088 AMONG THE THINGS HE SAYS IS, 605 00:30:31,156 --> 00:30:32,556 HE TALKS ABOUT, HE'S A GREAT CONQUEROR 606 00:30:32,625 --> 00:30:35,259 AND HE'S TAKEN OVER 209 KINGDOMS, 607 00:30:35,327 --> 00:30:37,194 AND HIS FATHER DID FEWER THAN HIM 608 00:30:37,263 --> 00:30:39,496 AND HIS GRANDFATHER DID EVEN FEWER THAN THAT. 609 00:30:39,565 --> 00:30:41,131 HE ALSO SAYS, YOU KNOW, I'VE COMPLETELY LEFT OFF 610 00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:43,133 THE USE OF LOCAL, UH, WEAPONS, 611 00:30:43,202 --> 00:30:46,036 AND I'M NOW A GREAT LOVER OF FIREARMS. 612 00:30:46,105 --> 00:30:48,005 HOST: THROUGHOUT THE 18TH CENTURY, 613 00:30:48,073 --> 00:30:50,974 DAHOMEY'S EXPANSION PUT IT INTO CONFLICT 614 00:30:51,043 --> 00:30:52,709 WITH RIVAL KINGDOMS. 615 00:30:52,778 --> 00:30:55,746 AFTER THE CONQUEST OF OUIDAH AND ALLADA, 616 00:30:55,814 --> 00:30:58,615 HER ENEMIES WERE PORTO NOVO TO THE EAST, 617 00:30:58,684 --> 00:31:02,219 GREAT POPO TO THE WEST, AND OYO TO THE NORTH. 618 00:31:02,288 --> 00:31:03,921 DAHOMEY WAGED WARS. 619 00:31:03,989 --> 00:31:05,689 WHEN THEY WON THE WARS, THERE WAS A SLAVE TRADE, 620 00:31:05,758 --> 00:31:07,658 WHEN THEY LOST THE WARS, THERE WAS A SLAVE TRADE 621 00:31:07,726 --> 00:31:09,927 BECAUSE SOMEBODY BOUGHT THOSE SLAVES THAT WERE, 622 00:31:09,995 --> 00:31:12,963 DAHOMEANS THAT FAILED TO WIN, BECAUSE, UH, 623 00:31:13,032 --> 00:31:14,531 THEIR--THE OPPONENTS' ARMIES 624 00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:16,199 THAT THEY WERE WAGING WAR AGAINST 625 00:31:16,268 --> 00:31:18,535 WERE PREPARED TO SELL SLAVES AS WELL. 626 00:31:18,604 --> 00:31:21,705 HOST: MANY EUROPEAN ACCOUNTS AFTER THE 1850S 627 00:31:21,774 --> 00:31:25,742 FOCUSED ON DAHOMEY AS MILITARISTIC AND VIOLENT, 628 00:31:25,811 --> 00:31:28,979 MOST NOTABLY FOR ITS PRACTICE OF HUMAN SACRIFICE 629 00:31:29,048 --> 00:31:32,182 AT A FESTIVAL CALLED "THE ANNUAL CUSTOMS." 630 00:31:33,752 --> 00:31:37,554 BUT EVEN AS DAHOMEY ENGAGED IN WARS WITH ITS NEIGHBORS, 631 00:31:37,623 --> 00:31:40,691 IT ALSO HAD A VIBRANT ARTISTIC CULTURE. 632 00:31:40,759 --> 00:31:44,695 THE CULTURE ENCOMPASSED A DYNAMIC RELIGION CALLED VODUN, 633 00:31:44,763 --> 00:31:46,797 WHICH WAS TRANSPORTED ACROSS THE ATLANTIC 634 00:31:46,865 --> 00:31:48,699 BY ENSLAVED AFRICANS 635 00:31:48,767 --> 00:31:51,134 AND TRANSFORMED INTO VODOU, 636 00:31:51,203 --> 00:31:53,737 LONG MALIGNED IN THE WEST. 637 00:31:53,806 --> 00:31:56,373 THE KINGDOM ALSO HAD A UNIQUE AND DISTINCTIVE 638 00:31:56,442 --> 00:31:59,676 CANON OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE. 639 00:31:59,745 --> 00:32:04,014 AT THE HEART OF THIS CITY WAS A VAST COMPLEX OF ROYAL PALACES. 640 00:32:04,083 --> 00:32:06,817 WOMAN: EVERY PALACE IS A SPECIAL, UH, CONSTRUCTION. 641 00:32:06,885 --> 00:32:09,019 YOU HAVE, UH, IT'S A BIG PALACE FOR ONE KING, 642 00:32:09,088 --> 00:32:10,954 AND THEN YOU HAVE ALL THOSE PALACES, AH, 643 00:32:11,023 --> 00:32:13,557 12 PALACES, AH, NEXT TO ONE ANOTHER. 644 00:32:13,625 --> 00:32:15,158 VERY GOOD FOR THE ARCHITECTS 645 00:32:15,227 --> 00:32:16,526 IN THE KINGDOM, AND THE BUILDERS? 646 00:32:16,595 --> 00:32:18,729 YES, OF COURSE. BUT THE ARCHITECTS, 647 00:32:18,797 --> 00:32:20,697 THE ARTISTS ARE A VERY IMPORTANT 648 00:32:20,766 --> 00:32:23,533 PART OF DAHOMEY OF 18TH CENTURY. 649 00:32:23,602 --> 00:32:25,502 HOST: THOSE ARTISTS WERE RESPONSIBLE 650 00:32:25,571 --> 00:32:27,738 FOR THE ELABORATE BAS-RELIEFS 651 00:32:27,806 --> 00:32:31,441 THAT ADORN ALMOST EVERY WALL OF THESE PALACES. 652 00:32:31,510 --> 00:32:34,778 THEY'RE A RECORD OF DAHOMEY'S HISTORY, CULTURE, 653 00:32:34,847 --> 00:32:36,213 AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. 654 00:32:38,283 --> 00:32:41,385 TRADITIONALLY, ARTISTS FASHIONED THESE RELIEFS FROM EARTH 655 00:32:41,453 --> 00:32:44,621 TAKEN FROM TERMITE MOUNDS, WHICH HAD BEEN WATERPROOFED 656 00:32:44,690 --> 00:32:47,024 BY THE INSECTS' SALIVA. 657 00:32:47,092 --> 00:32:48,959 EACH RELIEF EXPRESSES ITS OWN 658 00:32:49,028 --> 00:32:52,062 INDIVIDUAL NARRATIVE AND SYMBOLISM: 659 00:32:52,131 --> 00:32:54,131 MONARCHS ARE DEPICTED ALLEGORICALLY 660 00:32:54,199 --> 00:32:55,799 AS POWERFUL ANIMALS. 661 00:32:58,037 --> 00:33:00,637 THE KING'S THRONE WAS BUILT ON A FOUNDATION 662 00:33:00,706 --> 00:33:02,973 OF SEVERED HEADS OF VANQUISHED FOES. 663 00:33:04,610 --> 00:33:08,311 THIS ROYAL ART WAS INTENDED TO UNDERPIN AND REINFORCE 664 00:33:08,380 --> 00:33:11,081 THE POWER OF THE STATE AND THAT OF ITS RULERS. 665 00:33:13,252 --> 00:33:17,454 THE KING USED WOMEN AS SOLDIERS TO EXPAND ROYAL POWER, 666 00:33:17,523 --> 00:33:20,424 AND STRUGGLES WAGED WITH NON-ROYAL NOBLES, 667 00:33:20,492 --> 00:33:23,527 WHO CONTROLLED SECTIONS OF THE ARMY AND ADMINISTRATION. 668 00:33:23,595 --> 00:33:26,163 AKYEAMPONG: THE USE OF WOMEN WAS EXTRAORDINARY. 669 00:33:26,231 --> 00:33:30,267 KINGS OF DAHOMEY WOULD DELIBERATELY CHOOSE WIVES 670 00:33:30,335 --> 00:33:34,271 FROM AREAS THAT HAD RECENTLY BEEN INCORPORATED. 671 00:33:34,339 --> 00:33:39,109 SO THAT BY COURTESY OF CHOOSING A WIFE FROM THAT AREA, 672 00:33:39,178 --> 00:33:41,611 THAT AREA FELT VESTED IN THE STATE 673 00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:43,947 OR IN THE KINGDOM OF DAHOMEY. 674 00:33:44,016 --> 00:33:46,149 DAHOMEY ALSO PRACTICED THIS THING 675 00:33:46,218 --> 00:33:51,154 WHERE EVERY POLITICAL POSITION OUTSIDE OF THE PALACE 676 00:33:51,223 --> 00:33:55,225 WAS MIRRORED BY A WOMAN INSIDE THE PALACE. 677 00:33:55,294 --> 00:33:58,395 SHE MEDIATED YOUR ACCESS TO THE KING. 678 00:33:58,464 --> 00:34:00,063 AND IT'S CALLED DOUBLING, SO 679 00:34:00,132 --> 00:34:03,200 EVERY POSITION WAS DOUBLED BY A WOMAN 680 00:34:03,268 --> 00:34:05,769 AND IT WAS A WAY IN WHICH THE KING 681 00:34:05,838 --> 00:34:08,738 KEPT POLITICAL OFFICERS AT BAY 682 00:34:08,807 --> 00:34:11,108 AND THEIR AMBITIONS IN CHECK. 683 00:34:11,176 --> 00:34:14,311 HOST: THE BACK AND FORTH STRUGGLE BETWEEN 4 KINGDOMS 684 00:34:14,379 --> 00:34:16,813 OVER CONTROL OF THE COAST CREATED 685 00:34:16,882 --> 00:34:19,349 TREMENDOUS REGIONAL INSTABILITY, 686 00:34:19,418 --> 00:34:22,586 AND MANY PEOPLE WERE TAKEN AS SLAVES. 687 00:34:22,654 --> 00:34:24,888 AMASSING THE MEANS TO FIGHT THESE WARS 688 00:34:24,957 --> 00:34:28,358 WAS HEAVILY DEPENDENT UPON THE SALE OF SLAVES; 689 00:34:28,427 --> 00:34:31,394 AND THE SALE OF SLAVES COULD MAKE AFRICAN RULERS 690 00:34:31,463 --> 00:34:32,996 EXTREMELY WEALTHY. 691 00:34:33,065 --> 00:34:34,364 HEYWOOD: THERE WAS A LOT OF WAYS 692 00:34:34,433 --> 00:34:36,333 IN WHICH THE AFRICAN ELITES ARE 693 00:34:36,401 --> 00:34:39,836 IN MANY WAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR, IN FACT, 694 00:34:39,905 --> 00:34:42,239 EXPLOITING THEIR OWN PEOPLE AND TRANSFORMING 695 00:34:42,307 --> 00:34:45,142 SYSTEMS OF DEPENDENCY IN AFRICA 696 00:34:45,210 --> 00:34:48,044 TO TIE IN WITH THE DEMANDS OF THE SLAVE TRADE. 697 00:34:51,483 --> 00:34:54,317 HOST: MILLIONS OF HUMAN BEINGS WERE TRADED FOR A FRACTION 698 00:34:54,386 --> 00:34:57,687 OF WHAT THEY MIGHT HAVE PRODUCED IN THEIR LIFETIME AT HOME. 699 00:34:57,756 --> 00:35:00,891 SOME OF THE FITTEST AND ABLEST OF THE AFRICAN PEOPLE 700 00:35:00,959 --> 00:35:03,560 WERE WORKING THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY 701 00:35:03,629 --> 00:35:05,395 CREATING THE WEALTH OF PLANTATION OWNERS 702 00:35:05,464 --> 00:35:07,130 IN THE NEW WORLD. 703 00:35:07,199 --> 00:35:09,332 THE SLAVE TRADE ROBBED THE CONTINENT 704 00:35:09,401 --> 00:35:13,403 OF ITS MOST VALUABLE RESOURCE-- ITS PEOPLE. 705 00:35:16,508 --> 00:35:18,208 ABAKA: THE SKILLS OF THESE AFRICANS 706 00:35:18,277 --> 00:35:19,709 WERE HIGHLY VALUED IN THE NEW WORLD. 707 00:35:19,778 --> 00:35:21,378 I MEAN, IN THE CAROLINAS, FOR EXAMPLE, 708 00:35:21,446 --> 00:35:24,181 IT WAS A SKILL OF RICE CULTIVATION. 709 00:35:24,249 --> 00:35:26,116 UM, IN OTHER PARTS OF THE NEW WORLD 710 00:35:26,185 --> 00:35:31,254 IT WAS THE SKILL OF MAKING IMPLEMENTS, OF MAKING WEAPONS, 711 00:35:31,323 --> 00:35:33,123 UM, THE SKILL OF BEING ABLE 712 00:35:33,192 --> 00:35:35,525 TO USE HERBS, FOR EXAMPLE, TO HEAL PEOPLE. 713 00:35:41,166 --> 00:35:43,700 HEYWOOD: THOSE AFRICANS BROUGHT WITH THEM, YOU KNOW, 714 00:35:43,769 --> 00:35:45,635 RELIGIOUS VALUES, THEY BROUGHT WITH THEM 715 00:35:45,704 --> 00:35:48,071 NOTIONS OF COMMUNITY, NOTIONS OF KINSHIP. 716 00:35:48,140 --> 00:35:51,608 SO ENSLAVED AFRICANS MAINTAINED THEIR HUMANITY 717 00:35:51,677 --> 00:35:54,678 EVEN DESPITE THE FACT THAT THEY BECAME 718 00:35:54,746 --> 00:35:57,113 UNITS OF COMMODITY IN THE TRADE. 719 00:35:57,182 --> 00:35:58,782 AND THAT'S WHAT YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT, 720 00:35:58,850 --> 00:36:01,318 THAT HUMAN BEINGS SURVIVE. 721 00:36:01,386 --> 00:36:03,587 HOST: THE SLAVE TRADE'S IMPACT AFFECTED BOTH 722 00:36:03,655 --> 00:36:07,123 THE SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF THE AFRICAN POPULATION, 723 00:36:07,192 --> 00:36:10,227 BECAUSE MANY BUYERS INITIALLY SOUGHT ADULT MALES 724 00:36:10,295 --> 00:36:13,797 FOR THE ARDUOUS LABOR IN THE NEW WORLD. 725 00:36:13,865 --> 00:36:17,334 WHETHER IT'S MALE OR FEMALE, IT HAS AN ECONOMIC IMPACT. 726 00:36:17,402 --> 00:36:20,003 IF YOU'RE LEFT WITH YOUR YOUNGEST AND YOUR ELDEST 727 00:36:20,072 --> 00:36:23,873 MEMBERS OF SOCIETY, YOU'RE LEFT WITH A HUGE GAP. 728 00:36:23,942 --> 00:36:27,043 HOST: THE CAPTURE AND DEPORTATION OF SO MANY MORE 729 00:36:27,112 --> 00:36:30,914 ADULT MALES THAN FEMALES LEFT AN IMBALANCE 730 00:36:30,983 --> 00:36:33,483 THAT SOMETIMES REACHED TWO TO ONE, 731 00:36:33,552 --> 00:36:36,253 A PHENOMENON ACUTELY AND PAINFULLY CAPTURED 732 00:36:36,321 --> 00:36:39,923 IN THIS 19TH-CENTURY WORK FROM THE YOMBO PEOPLE 733 00:36:39,992 --> 00:36:42,993 LOCATED IN TODAY'S REPUBLIC OF CONGO. 734 00:36:43,061 --> 00:36:45,829 WHAT DOES THIS SCULPTURE TELL US ABOUT THE POSITION OF WOMEN 735 00:36:45,897 --> 00:36:48,932 IN KONGOLESE SOCIETY AT THIS POINT IN ITS EVOLUTION? 736 00:36:49,001 --> 00:36:51,001 LaGAMMA: BY THE 19TH CENTURY, 737 00:36:51,069 --> 00:36:53,336 WOMEN ARE HAVING TO SHOULDER 738 00:36:53,405 --> 00:36:56,606 INCREASED RESPONSIBILITIES IN KONGO SOCIETY. 739 00:36:56,675 --> 00:36:59,809 THE YOUNG MALE LABOR FORCE 740 00:36:59,878 --> 00:37:02,345 HAS BEEN RADICALLY DIMINISHED. 741 00:37:02,414 --> 00:37:04,281 BECAUSE OF SLAVERY. THE SLAVE TRADE. 742 00:37:04,349 --> 00:37:05,715 THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE. 743 00:37:05,784 --> 00:37:08,718 IT'S ABOUT THE HEIGHTENED IMPORTANCE 744 00:37:08,787 --> 00:37:13,757 THAT WOMEN ARE TAKING ON AS CARETAKERS OF SOCIETY. 745 00:37:13,825 --> 00:37:15,592 HOST: RESISTANCE TO THE SLAVE TRADE 746 00:37:15,661 --> 00:37:18,328 RAN FROM THE STATE TO THE INDIVIDUAL. 747 00:37:18,397 --> 00:37:23,333 SOME STATES, SUCH AS BENIN, ONLY PARTICIPATED SPORADICALLY. 748 00:37:23,402 --> 00:37:26,069 MOST PEOPLE WERE ENSLAVED DURING WARFARE, 749 00:37:26,138 --> 00:37:29,472 OTHERS BY BANDITS OR BY JUDICIAL ORDER. 750 00:37:32,577 --> 00:37:35,011 PEOPLE OFTEN FLED TO SAFE PLACES 751 00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:38,081 EITHER FORTIFIED OR PROTECTED BY DIFFICULT TERRAIN. 752 00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:43,753 ABAKA: IN NORTHERN GHANA, FOR EXAMPLE, 753 00:37:43,822 --> 00:37:47,057 AMONG THE KASANA PEOPLE, 754 00:37:47,125 --> 00:37:50,527 PEOPLE ADOPTED VERY SERIOUS AND VERY EFFECTIVE 755 00:37:50,595 --> 00:37:51,761 FORMS OF RESISTANCE. 756 00:37:51,830 --> 00:37:53,363 PEOPLE TOOK TO THE HILLS. 757 00:37:53,432 --> 00:37:55,965 THEY CARVED OUT SPACES IN THE HILLS 758 00:37:56,034 --> 00:37:57,901 WHERE THEY COULD GO AND HIDE 759 00:37:57,969 --> 00:38:00,770 FROM THE DEPREDATIONS OF THE SLAVE RAIDERS. 760 00:38:02,407 --> 00:38:04,808 HOST: THIS IS GANVIE ON LAKE NOKOUE 761 00:38:04,876 --> 00:38:07,010 IN MODERN-DAY BENIN. 762 00:38:07,079 --> 00:38:09,112 THE TOFINU PEOPLE WHO LIVED HERE, 763 00:38:09,181 --> 00:38:11,681 FISHERMEN FOR THE KING OF PORTO NOVO, 764 00:38:11,750 --> 00:38:14,651 USED THE SWAMPY LAND AROUND THE SHORES OF THEIR LAGOONS 765 00:38:14,720 --> 00:38:16,953 AS A NATURAL FORTRESS, 766 00:38:17,022 --> 00:38:21,057 AN IDEAL PROTECTION AGAINST ATTACKS. 767 00:38:21,126 --> 00:38:23,226 THORNTON: THE COAST IN THAT PARTICULAR PART OF AFRICA 768 00:38:23,295 --> 00:38:25,929 IS CHARACTERIZED BY HAVING A LAGOON SYSTEM 769 00:38:25,997 --> 00:38:28,264 THAT RUNS PARALLEL TO THE COAST, 770 00:38:28,333 --> 00:38:32,268 SO YOU HAVE, UH, SWAMPY LANDS AND ISLANDS AND SO ON. 771 00:38:32,337 --> 00:38:34,337 HOST: GANVIE'S DIVERSE POPULATION 772 00:38:34,406 --> 00:38:38,074 INCLUDED TOFINU SLAVES BUT ALSO REFUGEES 773 00:38:38,143 --> 00:38:41,811 FLEEING THE WARS WAGED BETWEEN DAHOMEY AND PORTO NOVO 774 00:38:41,880 --> 00:38:44,080 FOR CONTROL OF THE LAGOON REGION 775 00:38:44,149 --> 00:38:48,752 AFTER THE FALL OF ALLADA IN 1724. 776 00:38:48,820 --> 00:38:51,888 EVEN WHEN PEOPLE FROM RIVAL KINGDOMS SETTLED HERE, 777 00:38:51,957 --> 00:38:54,023 THEY FOUND WAYS TO WORK TOGETHER 778 00:38:54,092 --> 00:38:56,326 TO DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM CAPTURE. 779 00:38:56,395 --> 00:38:58,595 ABAKA: USING THE TOPOGRAPHY, THEY WERE 780 00:38:58,663 --> 00:39:02,799 ABLE TO RESIST ENSLAVEMENT 781 00:39:02,868 --> 00:39:05,735 IN WEST AFRICA-- SECRET SOCIETIES. 782 00:39:05,804 --> 00:39:08,705 IN SOME PLACES, CHILDREN, WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS, 783 00:39:08,774 --> 00:39:11,574 THESE WERE ALL TURNED INTO WHAT WE CAN CALL TODAY 784 00:39:11,643 --> 00:39:13,209 EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS. 785 00:39:13,278 --> 00:39:16,045 THEY HAD A SYSTEM OF NOTIFYING PEOPLE, 786 00:39:16,114 --> 00:39:20,250 OF SOUNDING THE ALARM WHENEVER THEY WERE UNDER ATTACK. 787 00:39:20,318 --> 00:39:22,652 HOST: A FIGHT AGAINST INJUSTICE AND EXPLOITATION 788 00:39:22,721 --> 00:39:24,554 WOULD TRIGGER ENORMOUS SOCIAL CHANGE 789 00:39:24,623 --> 00:39:26,656 THROUGHOUT WEST AFRICA. 790 00:39:26,725 --> 00:39:28,992 A HOLY WAR WOULD GIVE RISE TO WHAT WOULD BECOME 791 00:39:29,060 --> 00:39:32,862 ONE OF THE LARGEST AND MOST CULTURALLY VIBRANT EMPIRES 792 00:39:32,931 --> 00:39:37,033 IN AFRICAN HISTORY: THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE. 793 00:39:38,637 --> 00:39:41,104 AS THE 18TH CENTURY DREW TO A CLOSE, 794 00:39:41,173 --> 00:39:44,674 FAR INLAND A REVOLUTION WAS STIRRING. 795 00:39:44,743 --> 00:39:49,279 THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND IT WOULD BE POWERFUL NEW IDEAS. 796 00:39:49,347 --> 00:39:52,782 IT WAS SPARKED BY THE DREAM OF A YOUNG MUSLIM CLERIC 797 00:39:52,851 --> 00:39:55,652 CALLED USMAN DAN FODIO. 798 00:39:55,720 --> 00:39:59,456 DAN FODIO WAS A TEACHER IN ONE OF THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLDS 799 00:39:59,524 --> 00:40:01,791 IN WHAT IS TODAY MODERN NIGERIA. 800 00:40:01,860 --> 00:40:05,361 THIS ROYAL HOUSEHOLD WAS ONE OF 7 KINGDOMS 801 00:40:05,430 --> 00:40:07,964 THAT TOGETHER FORMED HAUSALAND. 802 00:40:09,301 --> 00:40:11,734 IN THE LAST DECADE OF THE 18TH CENTURY, 803 00:40:11,803 --> 00:40:14,070 ONE OF THESE KINGDOMS, GOBIR, 804 00:40:14,139 --> 00:40:17,507 FOUND ITSELF VULNERABLE TO ATTACK FROM WITHIN, 805 00:40:17,576 --> 00:40:21,010 IN RESPONSE TO THE RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF THE ROYAL FAMILY. 806 00:40:26,318 --> 00:40:29,586 MAN: USMAN DAN FODIO WAS CLOSE TO THE CENTERS OF ROYAL POWER, 807 00:40:29,654 --> 00:40:32,755 BUT THERE WERE THINGS ABOUT THE EXERCISE OF POWER 808 00:40:32,824 --> 00:40:35,091 THAT HE FOUND REALLY PROBLEMATIC. 809 00:40:35,160 --> 00:40:38,528 AND I THINK THAT THERE WAS A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF, OF, UH, 810 00:40:38,597 --> 00:40:41,064 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND WOMANIZING THAT, THAT, 811 00:40:41,132 --> 00:40:44,868 THAT ANY KINGS, UH, YOU KNOW, FRANKLY, UH, TEND, TEND TOWARDS. 812 00:40:44,936 --> 00:40:48,671 [MAN CHANTING PRAYER] 813 00:40:48,740 --> 00:40:51,608 WARE: BUT ONE OF THE MAJOR ISSUES IN HIS TIME 814 00:40:51,676 --> 00:40:56,913 IS THAT INCREASINGLY, MUSLIMS ARE BEING TRADED AS SLAVES. 815 00:40:56,982 --> 00:41:00,550 AND ISLAMIC LAW FORBIDS, SPECIFICALLY, 816 00:41:00,619 --> 00:41:03,152 MUSLIMS ENSLAVING OTHER MUSLIMS. 817 00:41:03,221 --> 00:41:07,757 UM, AND THIS HAD BECOME A MAJOR PROBLEM 818 00:41:07,826 --> 00:41:10,994 SINCE THE TIME OF THE RISE OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE. 819 00:41:12,631 --> 00:41:15,632 HOST: FIRED BY RELIGIOUS ZEAL, DAN FODIO BEGAN 820 00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:17,667 DENOUNCING THE RULERS OF GOBIR. 821 00:41:21,473 --> 00:41:23,406 WARE: WHAT HAPPENS IS HE BEGINS PREACHING, 822 00:41:23,475 --> 00:41:25,208 AND HE BEGINS PREACHING AGAINST 823 00:41:25,277 --> 00:41:27,310 ALL KINDS OF INJUSTICE IN THE SOCIETY, 824 00:41:27,379 --> 00:41:30,446 ESPECIALLY THIS PROBLEM OF MUSLIMS ENSLAVING OTHER MUSLIMS. 825 00:41:30,515 --> 00:41:33,950 AND ALL OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN VICTIMIZED 826 00:41:34,019 --> 00:41:37,654 BY THIS INCREASINGLY PREDATORY REGIME OF THE HAUSA STATES 827 00:41:37,722 --> 00:41:39,989 START TO GATHER AROUND USMAN DAN FODIO. 828 00:41:40,058 --> 00:41:44,260 WHICH THEN MAKES THE RULERS WORRY ABOUT HIM THAT MUCH MORE. 829 00:41:44,329 --> 00:41:46,362 HOST: DAN FODIO'S PREACHING EVENTUALLY 830 00:41:46,431 --> 00:41:49,899 BROUGHT HIM INTO CONFLICT WITH ONE OF HIS FORMER PUPILS, 831 00:41:49,968 --> 00:41:53,269 THE KING OF GOBIR, WHO OBJECTED TO DAN FODIO 832 00:41:53,338 --> 00:41:56,306 ENCOURAGING HIS FOLLOWERS TO ARM THEMSELVES. 833 00:41:56,374 --> 00:42:02,312 IN 1801, DAN FODIO WAS EXILED TO THE RURAL VILLAGE OF DEGEL 834 00:42:02,380 --> 00:42:05,682 WHERE HIS PREACHING WOULD SOON TURN INTO ARMED CONFLICT. 835 00:42:05,750 --> 00:42:07,483 WARE: THE LAST STRAW IS THAT 836 00:42:07,552 --> 00:42:09,886 THERE'S A SKIRMISH BETWEEN THE RULERS OF GOBIR 837 00:42:09,955 --> 00:42:12,522 AND, UH, DAN FODIO'S MEN. 838 00:42:12,591 --> 00:42:16,426 AND 300 OF HIS SOLDIERS WERE TAKEN CAPTIVE. 839 00:42:17,896 --> 00:42:19,529 NOW, THESE WEREN'T JUST ORDINARY SOLDIERS, 840 00:42:19,598 --> 00:42:21,598 THESE WERE LITERATE SCHOLARS, 841 00:42:21,666 --> 00:42:23,900 THOUGHT OF AS THE EXEMPLARS OF PIETY. 842 00:42:23,969 --> 00:42:26,402 AND INSTEAD OF BEING RANSOMED, 843 00:42:26,471 --> 00:42:27,604 THEY WERE SOLD AS SLAVES. 844 00:42:29,808 --> 00:42:32,542 AND THAT'S WHEN USMAN DAN FODIO SAYS, 845 00:42:32,611 --> 00:42:34,444 THAT'S IT, WE AIN'T GOT NOTHING TO TALK ABOUT NO MORE, 846 00:42:34,512 --> 00:42:36,012 WE GOT TO FIGHT. 847 00:42:36,081 --> 00:42:38,448 HOST: ONE NIGHT, A GREAT SUFI MYSTIC 848 00:42:38,516 --> 00:42:41,217 APPEARED IN DAN FODIO'S DREAMS, 849 00:42:41,286 --> 00:42:44,320 AND THIS IS HOW HE DESCRIBED THE ENCOUNTER. 850 00:42:44,389 --> 00:42:46,789 "HE ADDRESSED ME AS IMAM OF THE SAINTS 851 00:42:46,858 --> 00:42:49,092 "AND COMMANDED ME TO DO WHAT IS APPROVED 852 00:42:49,160 --> 00:42:51,561 "AND FORBADE ME TO DO WHAT IS DISAPPROVED. 853 00:42:51,630 --> 00:42:53,963 "AND HE GIRDED ME WITH THE SWORD OF TRUTH 854 00:42:54,032 --> 00:42:57,700 TO UNSHACKLE IT AGAINST THE ENEMIES OF GOD." 855 00:42:57,769 --> 00:43:00,837 HE WAS GIVEN EXPLICIT PERMISSION TO FIGHT. 856 00:43:00,905 --> 00:43:04,007 AND HE...WASN'T GOING TO TAKE THAT ACTION 857 00:43:04,075 --> 00:43:08,578 UNTIL HE FELT HE HAD SOME KIND OF DIVINE PERMISSION TO DO SO. 858 00:43:08,647 --> 00:43:12,682 HOST: BETWEEN 1801 AND 1808, DAN FODIO AND HIS SOLDIERS 859 00:43:12,751 --> 00:43:15,618 WOULD CONQUER ALL THE HAUSA CITY-STATES, 860 00:43:15,687 --> 00:43:19,055 AND FROM THIS THEY WOULD CREATE A NEW STATE. 861 00:43:19,124 --> 00:43:22,792 DAN FODIO, NOW TITLED AMIR AL-MU'MININ, 862 00:43:22,861 --> 00:43:24,594 THE COMMANDER OF THE FAITHFUL, 863 00:43:24,663 --> 00:43:26,729 EXECUTED THE KING OF GOBIR 864 00:43:26,798 --> 00:43:30,566 AND ESTABLISHED A NEW CENTER OF POWER AT SOKOTO. 865 00:43:30,635 --> 00:43:33,169 THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE HAD BEEN BORN. 866 00:43:33,238 --> 00:43:34,804 THE HAUSA COUNTRY HAD NEVER BEEN UNITED 867 00:43:34,873 --> 00:43:36,939 UNDER A SINGLE POLITICAL RULER 868 00:43:37,008 --> 00:43:39,909 AND ALL OF A SUDDEN, NOT JUST THE WHOLE OF THE HAUSA COUNTRY 869 00:43:39,978 --> 00:43:41,678 BUT A GOOD CHUNK OF NEIGHBORING AREAS 870 00:43:41,746 --> 00:43:43,446 WERE ALSO BROUGHT INTO THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE, 871 00:43:43,515 --> 00:43:45,515 WHICH WAS ONE OF THE LARGEST IN TERMS OF 872 00:43:45,583 --> 00:43:47,617 POPULATION AND SURFACE AREA, 873 00:43:47,686 --> 00:43:50,820 UM, POLITICAL UNIT, EVER CREATED IN AFRICA. 874 00:43:50,889 --> 00:43:52,622 WARE: COMPLETE AND TOTAL REVOLUTION. 875 00:43:52,691 --> 00:43:54,924 UP BECOMES DOWN, DOWN BECOMES UP. 876 00:43:54,993 --> 00:43:56,592 AND ONE OF THE MAIN REASONS 877 00:43:56,661 --> 00:43:59,729 WHY THE REVOLUTION IS EFFECTIVE SO QUICKLY 878 00:43:59,798 --> 00:44:02,565 IS THAT USMAN DAN FODIO OFFERS FREEDOM 879 00:44:02,634 --> 00:44:04,467 TO THE SLAVES OF HIS ENEMIES. 880 00:44:04,536 --> 00:44:06,736 HOST: DAN FODIO HAD DRAWN ON A LONGER WEST AFRICAN 881 00:44:06,805 --> 00:44:08,838 TRADITION OF REVOLUTION, 882 00:44:08,907 --> 00:44:12,875 QUESTIONING STATE OPPRESSION, THE SLAVE TRADE, AND INJUSTICE, 883 00:44:12,944 --> 00:44:16,813 SUCH AS THE JIHADI REVOLUTION IN FUTA TORO, 884 00:44:16,881 --> 00:44:20,183 LED BY HIS CONTEMPORARY, ABD AL-QADIR, 885 00:44:20,251 --> 00:44:24,220 WHICH STARTED IN 1776, THE SAME YEAR AS 886 00:44:24,289 --> 00:44:26,789 THE AMERICAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 887 00:44:26,858 --> 00:44:29,292 AT ITS HEIGHT, THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE 888 00:44:29,360 --> 00:44:32,428 WAS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL EMPIRES IN AFRICA. 889 00:44:32,497 --> 00:44:35,431 ITS GOVERNMENT, BASED ON STRICT ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES 890 00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:38,401 OF MORALITY AND JUSTICE, WOULD SHAPE THE POLITICS 891 00:44:38,470 --> 00:44:41,971 OF THE ENTIRE REGION RIGHT TO THIS DAY. 892 00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:44,307 SOKOTO WAS A NEW KIND OF STATE: 893 00:44:44,375 --> 00:44:46,442 IN THE PAST, SCHOLARS HAD SERVED AS 894 00:44:46,511 --> 00:44:48,578 COUNSELORS TO KINGS. 895 00:44:48,646 --> 00:44:52,582 BUT NOW THE SCHOLARS THEMSELVES WERE RUNNING THINGS. 896 00:44:52,650 --> 00:44:54,417 WARE: ONE OF THE MAJOR OUTCOMES 897 00:44:54,486 --> 00:44:56,619 IS THAT AFRICAN LANGUAGES NOW BECOME 898 00:44:56,688 --> 00:44:59,155 LANGUAGES FOR SCHOLARLY PRODUCTION. 899 00:44:59,224 --> 00:45:02,625 THAT OPENS THE WORLD OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND ISLAMIC SCHOLARSHIP 900 00:45:02,694 --> 00:45:04,360 TO NEW CONSTITUENTS. 901 00:45:04,429 --> 00:45:08,664 HOST: HERE IN SOKOTO TODAY, THESE HANDWRITTEN MANUSCRIPTS 902 00:45:08,733 --> 00:45:11,334 ARE STILL CHERISHED AS A DIRECT LINK 903 00:45:11,402 --> 00:45:14,237 TO THE SPIRITUAL MESSAGE OF THE CALIPHATE 904 00:45:14,305 --> 00:45:18,241 AND THE TEACHINGS OF USMAN DAN FODIO HIMSELF. 905 00:45:18,309 --> 00:45:27,817 SO ORDINARY PEOPLE BENEFITED FROM THAT KIND OF SCHOLARSHIP, 906 00:45:27,886 --> 00:45:32,889 BECAUSE THE SCHOLARSHIP WAS NOT CONFINED 907 00:45:32,957 --> 00:45:36,125 IN THE USE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE ONLY. 908 00:45:36,194 --> 00:45:42,532 IN FACT, THEY TRANSLATED MOST OF THEIR WORKS 909 00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:45,134 INTO THE LOCAL LANGUAGES. 910 00:45:45,203 --> 00:45:50,206 FULFULDE, HAUSA, WHICH ARE THE TWO PRO-- 911 00:45:50,275 --> 00:45:55,311 PREDOMINANT LANGUAGES IN THIS PART OF AFRICA. 912 00:45:55,380 --> 00:45:58,247 SO EVERYBODY BENEFITED. 913 00:45:58,316 --> 00:46:03,186 IN FACT, EVEN TODAY, YOU HEAR SOME OF THEIR WORKS 914 00:46:03,254 --> 00:46:07,156 BEING SUNG IN MOSQUES AND THE PUBLIC GATHERINGS. 915 00:46:07,225 --> 00:46:09,926 SO AS A RESULT, MANY PEOPLE GOT THEIR EDUCATION 916 00:46:09,994 --> 00:46:13,396 THROUGH THAT KIND OF SYSTEM. 917 00:46:13,464 --> 00:46:17,333 HOST: DAN FODIO'S REVOLUTION WAS SOCIAL AS WELL AS POLITICAL-- 918 00:46:17,402 --> 00:46:22,672 NOT JUST A JIHAD OF THE SWORD, BUT ALSO OF THE HEART. 919 00:46:22,740 --> 00:46:26,776 WOMAN: WHEN SHEIK USMAN DAN FODIO STARTED HIS JIHAD, 920 00:46:26,845 --> 00:46:32,615 HE MET WOMEN IN ABJECT POVERTY, WITH ILLITERACY. 921 00:46:32,684 --> 00:46:36,452 HE BELIEVED THAT WOMEN SHOULD BE WELL TAUGHT 922 00:46:36,521 --> 00:46:39,088 AND SHOULD BE EMANCIPATED. 923 00:46:39,157 --> 00:46:43,526 SO HE STARTED TEACHING HIS CHILDREN, HIS FAMILY MEMBERS, 924 00:46:43,595 --> 00:46:45,094 AND PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY. 925 00:46:45,163 --> 00:46:46,729 HOST: ONE OF THE MOST REVERED PEOPLE 926 00:46:46,798 --> 00:46:49,131 TO EMERGE FROM DAN FODIO'S REVOLUTION 927 00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,501 WAS NOT A WARRIOR BUT A POET. 928 00:46:52,570 --> 00:46:55,204 SHE WAS USMAN DAN FODIO'S DAUGHTER. 929 00:46:55,273 --> 00:46:58,474 HER NAME WAS NANA ASMA'U. 930 00:46:58,543 --> 00:47:01,410 HER LIFE AND WORKS ARE STILL CELEBRATED TODAY. 931 00:47:01,479 --> 00:47:04,981 OMAR: ASMA'U WAS A VERY BRILLIANT PERSON, 932 00:47:05,049 --> 00:47:08,217 SO SHE, HER FATHER TAUGHT HER 933 00:47:08,286 --> 00:47:13,022 AND OTHER MEMBERS OF HER FAMILY WERE VERY ERUDITE SCHOLARS, 934 00:47:13,091 --> 00:47:14,323 THEY TAUGHT HER. 935 00:47:14,392 --> 00:47:16,692 SHE LEARNT THE KORAN, 936 00:47:16,761 --> 00:47:19,462 SHE LEARNT ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE, 937 00:47:19,530 --> 00:47:22,665 SHE LEARNT THE PROPHETIC TRADITION. 938 00:47:22,734 --> 00:47:27,570 SHE ALSO LEARNT AREAS OF MATHEMATICS, LANGUAGES, 939 00:47:27,639 --> 00:47:30,473 POLITICS, AND WHAT HAVE YOU. 940 00:47:30,541 --> 00:47:35,278 AND BY THE TIME SHE WAS MARRIED AT THE AGE OF 14, 941 00:47:35,346 --> 00:47:38,881 SHE WAS ALSO MARRIED TO A LEARNED SCHOLAR, 942 00:47:38,950 --> 00:47:41,617 GIDADO DAN LAIMA, 943 00:47:41,686 --> 00:47:46,122 WHO CONTINUED TO TEACH HER, AND BY THE TIME SHE WAS 944 00:47:46,190 --> 00:47:49,892 LESS THAN 20 YEARS, SHE HAD STARTED TEACHING 945 00:47:49,961 --> 00:47:52,428 CHILDREN AND WOMEN. 946 00:47:52,497 --> 00:47:54,664 HOST: THE SCALE OF THE SOKOTO EMPIRE 947 00:47:54,732 --> 00:47:56,899 GAVE IT A HUGE TRADING ADVANTAGE. 948 00:47:56,968 --> 00:48:01,137 THE SIZE OF ITS INTERNAL MARKET ALONE BOOSTED TEXTILE PRODUCTION 949 00:48:01,205 --> 00:48:05,107 AND CONTRIBUTED TO A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN THE KOLA NUT TRADE, 950 00:48:05,176 --> 00:48:07,944 ONE OF THE STIMULANTS ALLOWED BY ISLAM. 951 00:48:08,012 --> 00:48:10,513 EVERY ASPECT OF TRADE WAS BOOMING, 952 00:48:10,581 --> 00:48:13,015 INCLUDING THE TRADE IN PEOPLE. 953 00:48:13,084 --> 00:48:15,484 ONLY NON-MUSLIMS COULD BE ENSLAVED, 954 00:48:15,553 --> 00:48:18,754 AND SLAVES COULD CONVERT TO ISLAM AND THEN BE FREED. 955 00:48:18,823 --> 00:48:21,757 BUT STILL, SOME TWO MILLION HUMAN BEINGS 956 00:48:21,826 --> 00:48:25,027 WERE KEPT BY THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE AS SLAVES, 957 00:48:25,096 --> 00:48:27,363 MOSTLY WORKING IN THE FIELDS. 958 00:48:27,432 --> 00:48:30,266 IN FACT, SOKOTO HAD THE MOST SLAVES 959 00:48:30,335 --> 00:48:33,736 OF ANY STATE IN THE WHOLE OF AFRICA. 960 00:48:33,805 --> 00:48:37,506 [MEN CALLING PRAYER] 961 00:48:37,575 --> 00:48:39,842 WARE: THIS IS ONE OF THE GREAT IRONIES OF HISTORY, 962 00:48:39,911 --> 00:48:41,711 IS THAT A WAR THAT BEGINS, IN PART, 963 00:48:41,779 --> 00:48:43,612 TO PREVENT THE ENSLAVEMENT OF MUSLIMS 964 00:48:43,681 --> 00:48:45,648 ENDS UP LEADING TO PROBABLY MORE ENSLAVEMENT 965 00:48:45,717 --> 00:48:49,018 THAN WHAT HAD COME PRIOR TO IT. 966 00:48:49,087 --> 00:48:50,953 AND EVEN USMAN DAN FODIO HIMSELF 967 00:48:51,022 --> 00:48:52,922 WARNED AGAINST THE WAY THAT HE SAW 968 00:48:52,991 --> 00:48:54,724 HIS REVOLUTION TURNING, 969 00:48:54,792 --> 00:48:56,359 WHEN HE WAS TOO OLD TO BE ABLE TO DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT. 970 00:48:56,427 --> 00:48:58,194 HE SAID THAT WHEN WE ENTER A TOWN 971 00:48:58,262 --> 00:49:00,329 AND WE ENSLAVE FREE PEOPLE, KNOW THAT 972 00:49:00,398 --> 00:49:01,831 THE FIRE WILL ENSLAVE US. 973 00:49:03,968 --> 00:49:07,003 HOST: DAN FODIO'S HOLY WAR OF THE LATE 18TH CENTURY 974 00:49:07,071 --> 00:49:10,806 ESTABLISHED A CALIPHATE THAT STILL EXISTS TO THIS DAY. 975 00:49:10,875 --> 00:49:14,210 IT WOULD ALSO INSPIRE HOLY WARS ELSEWHERE IN WEST AFRICA. 976 00:49:14,278 --> 00:49:16,712 IN THE WAKE OF SOKOTO, THERE WOULD BE THE RISE 977 00:49:16,781 --> 00:49:20,883 OF ISLAMIC EMPIRES OF MASSINA AND TOCCOLEUR. 978 00:49:20,952 --> 00:49:23,953 THIS WAS A TIME OF REVOLUTION GLOBALLY. 979 00:49:24,022 --> 00:49:27,089 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 980 00:49:27,158 --> 00:49:29,325 AND THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION-- 981 00:49:29,394 --> 00:49:32,661 ALL REACTIONS AGAINST TYRANNY AND INEQUALITY, 982 00:49:32,730 --> 00:49:35,731 LEADING TO NEW DEFINITIONS OF JUSTICE, 983 00:49:35,800 --> 00:49:40,569 AND AFRICA WOULD BE NO DIFFERENT. 984 00:49:40,638 --> 00:49:43,873 THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI AND THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE 985 00:49:43,941 --> 00:49:48,577 WERE ESTABLISHED IN THE SAME YEAR--1804. 986 00:49:48,646 --> 00:49:52,114 FROM THE 15TH CENTURY ONWARDS, THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, 987 00:49:52,183 --> 00:49:55,317 ONCE A FORMIDABLE BARRIER TO TRADE AND TRAVEL, 988 00:49:55,386 --> 00:49:58,087 BECAME A GREAT HIGHWAY, DIRECTLY CONNECTING 989 00:49:58,156 --> 00:50:02,792 THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA WITH EUROPE AND WITH THE AMERICAS. 990 00:50:02,860 --> 00:50:04,760 OF ALL THE CHANGES THAT FOLLOWED, 991 00:50:04,829 --> 00:50:08,831 PERHAPS THE MOST PROFOUND WAS THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE. 992 00:50:08,900 --> 00:50:13,769 UNPRECEDENTED IN SCALE, LASTING ALMOST 350 YEARS, 993 00:50:13,838 --> 00:50:18,808 THE SLAVE TRADE TORE 12.5 MILLION HUMAN BEINGS, 994 00:50:18,876 --> 00:50:21,911 RANGING FROM YOUNG CHILDREN TO AGING ADULTS, 995 00:50:21,979 --> 00:50:25,281 AWAY FROM THEIR FAMILIES AND FROM THEIR HOMELANDS. 996 00:50:25,349 --> 00:50:27,883 SOME KINGDOMS WERE DEVASTATED BY THE TRADE. 997 00:50:27,952 --> 00:50:29,885 OTHERS PROFITED FROM IT. 998 00:50:29,954 --> 00:50:33,656 AND STILL OTHERS ROSE IN DIRECT OPPOSITION TO IT. 999 00:50:33,724 --> 00:50:36,525 THE HUMAN COST OF THE SLAVE TRADE WAS HORRIFIC 1000 00:50:36,594 --> 00:50:39,395 AND ITS EFFECTS CAN STILL BE FELT TO THIS DAY. 1001 00:50:40,932 --> 00:50:43,732 EVEN KING GARCIA II OF KONGO 1002 00:50:43,801 --> 00:50:48,437 HAD FORESHADOWED THESE CONCERNS AS EARLY AS 1643: 1003 00:50:48,506 --> 00:50:52,675 "NOTHING IS MORE INJURIOUS TO MEN THAN AMBITION AND PRIDE. 1004 00:50:52,743 --> 00:50:55,244 "IN PLACE OF GOLD, SILVER, AND OTHER THINGS 1005 00:50:55,313 --> 00:50:57,913 "WHICH SERVE AS MONEY IN OTHER PLACES, 1006 00:50:57,982 --> 00:51:00,216 "THE TRADE AND MONEY ARE PIECES, 1007 00:51:00,284 --> 00:51:04,120 WHICH ARE NOT GOLD OR CLOTH, BUT CREATURES." 1008 00:51:04,188 --> 00:51:07,323 IN SPITE OF THE SLAVE TRADE, BUT ALSO BECAUSE OF IT, 1009 00:51:07,391 --> 00:51:11,026 AFRICAN KINGDOMS WOULD CONTINUE TO RISE AND FALL. 1010 00:51:11,095 --> 00:51:13,963 OVER THE COURSE OF A DYNAMIC 19TH CENTURY, 1011 00:51:14,031 --> 00:51:15,831 AFRICANS WOULD WITNESS THE RISE OF 1012 00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:17,967 ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS WARRIORS 1013 00:51:18,035 --> 00:51:21,137 IN ALL OF THE HISTORY OF THE CONTINENT. 1014 00:51:21,205 --> 00:51:24,340 A GLOBAL SCRAMBLE FOR UNPRECEDENTED RICHES 1015 00:51:24,408 --> 00:51:26,509 WOULD ENGULF THE CONTINENT, 1016 00:51:26,577 --> 00:51:28,277 AND ONE BATTLE WOULD BECOME BOTH 1017 00:51:28,346 --> 00:51:29,879 SOMETHING OF A LAST STAND AGAINST 1018 00:51:29,947 --> 00:51:32,281 EUROPEAN COLONIAL POWERS, 1019 00:51:32,350 --> 00:51:35,384 AND YET A BEACON OF HOPE FOR ALL AFRICANS 1020 00:51:35,453 --> 00:51:39,355 THAT A CHANGE INEVITABLY WOULD COME. 1021 00:51:41,925 --> 00:51:44,126 ANNOUNCER: ON "AFRICA'S GREAT CIVILIZATIONS"... 1022 00:51:44,195 --> 00:51:45,294 HENRY LOUIS GATES: DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1023 00:51:45,363 --> 00:51:47,096 THE NATURAL WEALTH OF THE CONTINENT 1024 00:51:47,165 --> 00:51:50,666 BRINGS GREAT PROSPERITY AND POWER TO MANY AFRICAN KINGDOMS, 1025 00:51:50,735 --> 00:51:53,903 EUROPEAN POWERS SET OUT ON A BLOODTHIRSTY QUEST 1026 00:51:53,971 --> 00:51:56,605 TO CONTROL THE CONTINENT'S RICHES, 1027 00:51:56,674 --> 00:52:00,042 AND MANY OF AFRICA'S GREAT WARRIOR KINGDOMS FIGHT FIERCELY 1028 00:52:00,111 --> 00:52:04,980 AGAINST THE GREED AND BRUTALITY OF CONQUEST AND COLONIALISM. 1029 00:52:05,049 --> 00:52:07,816 AFRICA'S GREAT CIVILIZATIONS, COMING UP NEXT ONLY ON PBS. 1030 00:52:12,916 --> 00:52:16,118 GATES: FOR MILLENNIA, AFRICANS HAVE WRESTLED WITH EACH OTHER 1031 00:52:16,186 --> 00:52:20,055 FOR CONTROL OF THE CONTINENT'S IMMENSE NATURAL WEALTH... 1032 00:52:23,627 --> 00:52:25,994 WEALTH THAT COULD UNDERPIN THE EXPANSION 1033 00:52:26,063 --> 00:52:30,799 OF COMPLEX CULTURES AND THE RISE OF VIBRANT CITIES. 1034 00:52:30,868 --> 00:52:34,069 GREAT CIVILIZATIONS, KINGDOMS, AND EMPIRES 1035 00:52:34,138 --> 00:52:36,872 DEVELOPED TRADE ROUTES AND INDUSTRIES THAT CENTERED 1036 00:52:36,940 --> 00:52:39,474 AROUND NATURAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES. 1037 00:52:41,645 --> 00:52:44,913 THE RESULTS WERE VAST TRADE NETWORKS 1038 00:52:44,982 --> 00:52:48,216 CRISSCROSSING THE CONTINENT, REACHING EVERY CORNER OF AFRICA, 1039 00:52:48,285 --> 00:52:53,522 ARABIA AND ASIA, AND EVENTUALLY EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS. 1040 00:52:53,590 --> 00:52:58,226 AND IN THE 19th CENTURY, AFRICA'S NATURAL WEALTH 1041 00:52:58,295 --> 00:53:03,532 BECAME THE FOCUS OF AN INTENSE AND MERCILESS SCRAMBLE. 1042 00:53:05,636 --> 00:53:07,703 [WHISTLING] 1043 00:53:07,771 --> 00:53:10,739 GATES: BLOODTHIRSTY QUESTS TO OWN THE CONTINENT'S RICHES... 1044 00:53:13,744 --> 00:53:16,144 A SCRAMBLE THAT WOULD TRANSFORM 1045 00:53:16,213 --> 00:53:19,081 NOT ONLY THE COURSE OF AFRICA'S HISTORY, 1046 00:53:19,149 --> 00:53:22,317 BUT THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD, AS WELL. 1047 00:53:25,289 --> 00:53:26,455 [CLAPPING] 1048 00:53:41,662 --> 00:53:44,996 [GULL SQUAWKING] 1049 00:53:45,065 --> 00:53:48,667 19th-CENTURY AFRICA WITNESSED RADICAL TRANSFORMATION. 1050 00:53:53,974 --> 00:53:55,907 ROARING CURRENTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE 1051 00:53:55,976 --> 00:53:58,977 AND THE FORCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 1052 00:53:59,046 --> 00:54:00,979 WOULD TOUCH EVERY QUARTER OF THE CONTINENT. 1053 00:54:01,048 --> 00:54:02,547 [CAR HORNS HONK] 1054 00:54:04,518 --> 00:54:06,885 FOR MUCH OF THE CENTURY, THE DRIVERS 1055 00:54:06,954 --> 00:54:09,688 OF THIS DYNAMIC METAMORPHOSIS WOULD ARISE 1056 00:54:09,757 --> 00:54:13,725 FROM WITHIN AFRICA ITSELF, 1057 00:54:13,794 --> 00:54:16,194 NOWHERE MORE SO THAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1058 00:54:16,263 --> 00:54:18,897 WHERE ONE SMALL CHIEFDOM WAS ABOUT TO REVAMP 1059 00:54:18,966 --> 00:54:24,269 THE HISTORY OF THE ENTIRE REGION AND ITS LEADER WOULD BECOME 1060 00:54:24,338 --> 00:54:29,674 PERHAPS THE MOST FAMOUS WARRIOR IN ALL OF AFRICAN HISTORY. 1061 00:54:29,743 --> 00:54:33,912 HIS NAME WAS SHAKA, AND THE CHIEFDOM HE TRANSFORMED 1062 00:54:33,981 --> 00:54:38,350 WOULD GROW TO BECOME AN EMPIRE, THE ZULU EMPIRE, 1063 00:54:38,419 --> 00:54:40,852 BUT BEFORE THEY COMMANDED AN EMPIRE, 1064 00:54:40,921 --> 00:54:44,956 THE ZULU HAD TO RISE ABOVE TURBULENT TIMES. 1065 00:54:45,025 --> 00:54:47,159 WOMAN, VOICE-OVER: THE ZULUS BASICALLY ARE IN BETWEEN 1066 00:54:47,227 --> 00:54:49,761 WHAT IS EMERGING AS PORTUGUESE AFRICA 1067 00:54:49,830 --> 00:54:52,230 AND THEN THE DUTCH COLONY OF THE CAPE, 1068 00:54:52,299 --> 00:54:56,568 AND SO THEY BASICALLY WERE MADE IN THAT PRESSURE COOKER. 1069 00:54:56,637 --> 00:54:59,137 THE ZULUS WERE A TINY, LITTLE CLAN, 1070 00:54:59,206 --> 00:55:00,972 SORT OF, YOU KNOW, IN THE MIDDLE, 1071 00:55:01,041 --> 00:55:03,909 NOT VERY CLOSE TO THE COAST, BUT NOT ALSO VERY CLOSE 1072 00:55:03,977 --> 00:55:06,111 TO THE INTERIOR, VERY SMALL CLAN, 1073 00:55:06,180 --> 00:55:07,913 AND THEN SHAKA ZULU COMES ALONG. 1074 00:55:07,981 --> 00:55:10,348 GATES: THE ILLEGITIMATE SON OF THE ZULU KING, 1075 00:55:10,417 --> 00:55:14,319 SHAKA WAS EXILED AND SHUNNED SINCE CHILDHOOD. 1076 00:55:14,388 --> 00:55:16,955 HE GREW TO BECOME A FORMIDABLE WARRIOR 1077 00:55:17,024 --> 00:55:21,159 WITH THE INTELLIGENCE AND INSTINCT FOR COMMAND. 1078 00:55:21,228 --> 00:55:24,362 IN 1816, FUELLED BY REVENGE, 1079 00:55:24,431 --> 00:55:29,334 SHAKA HAD HIS OWN HALF-BROTHER, THE KING, ASSASSINATED, 1080 00:55:29,403 --> 00:55:30,669 THEN CLAIMED THE THRONE. 1081 00:55:30,737 --> 00:55:34,039 SHAKA WAS NOW CHIEF OF A KINGDOM THAT STRETCHED 1082 00:55:34,107 --> 00:55:37,042 ALONG THE FERTILE EAST COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA. 1083 00:55:37,110 --> 00:55:40,879 MOKOENA: SO THE ZULUS HAD THOUSANDS OF CATTLE. 1084 00:55:40,948 --> 00:55:43,315 THE ZULU KING WOULD JUST ASK FOR A PARADE, 1085 00:55:43,383 --> 00:55:45,283 SO ALL HIS CATTLE WOULD HAVE TO BE CALLED 1086 00:55:45,352 --> 00:55:46,651 FROM ALL OVER THE KINGDOM, 1087 00:55:46,720 --> 00:55:49,354 AND THEY WOULD WALK AROUND HIS CRAWL, 1088 00:55:49,423 --> 00:55:51,423 HIS RESIDENCE, AND IT WOULD TAKE 1089 00:55:51,492 --> 00:55:54,259 SEVERAL DAYS FOR HIM TO VIEW ALL HIS CATTLE. 1090 00:55:54,328 --> 00:55:55,727 GATES: SO THE KING PARADES HIS CATTLE 1091 00:55:55,796 --> 00:55:58,163 LIKE, UH, RUSSIAN LEADERS WOULD PARADE 1092 00:55:58,232 --> 00:56:00,131 THEIR TANKS AND ROCKETS ON MAY DAY? 1093 00:56:00,200 --> 00:56:01,299 IT'S EXACTLY THAT. 1094 00:56:01,368 --> 00:56:02,200 IT'S EXACTLY THAT, BUT FOR THE KING, 1095 00:56:02,269 --> 00:56:03,535 THE CATTLE WAS THE WEALTH. 1096 00:56:03,604 --> 00:56:05,470 GATES, VOICE-OVER: FOR HIS REIGN TO FLOURISH, 1097 00:56:05,539 --> 00:56:09,307 SHAKA KNEW THAT THE ZULU NATION HAD TO GROW. 1098 00:56:09,376 --> 00:56:12,444 HE INVADED SURROUNDING KINGDOMS, SEIZING LAND 1099 00:56:12,513 --> 00:56:18,116 AND FORCING CAPTIVES TO ACCEPT HIM AS KING. 1100 00:56:18,185 --> 00:56:20,452 HOW IMPORTANT WERE THE ZULU BEFORE SHAKA? 1101 00:56:20,521 --> 00:56:22,921 HE WAS WORKING TO CREATE SOMETHING NEW, 1102 00:56:22,990 --> 00:56:26,491 WHICH WAS A HUGE AND EXPANSIVE KINGDOM. 1103 00:56:26,560 --> 00:56:29,227 IT WAS A MOMENT IN WHICH POWER, IN SOME WAYS, 1104 00:56:29,296 --> 00:56:30,962 BECAME MORE IMPORTANT THAN CATTLE. 1105 00:56:31,031 --> 00:56:32,764 HAVING PEOPLE BECAME MORE IMPORTANT 1106 00:56:32,833 --> 00:56:34,199 THAN CATTLE, BUT REALLY, 1107 00:56:34,268 --> 00:56:36,868 IT WAS ALMOST LIKE A POWER-HUNGRY ERA 1108 00:56:36,937 --> 00:56:39,971 OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN HISTORY. 1109 00:56:40,040 --> 00:56:42,507 GATES, VOICE-OVER: AS THE POWER OF THE ZULU KINGDOM GREW, 1110 00:56:42,576 --> 00:56:45,210 SHAKA BUILT A MILITARY MACHINE 1111 00:56:45,279 --> 00:56:48,013 TO EXPAND THE BORDERS OF HIS EMPIRE. 1112 00:56:48,081 --> 00:56:49,915 [CHANTING] 1113 00:56:52,553 --> 00:56:55,854 MAN, VOICE-OVER: AND WHAT SHAKA DID BRILLIANTLY WAS UNDERSTAND 1114 00:56:55,923 --> 00:56:59,124 HOW RANDOM TERROR PRODUCES POWER. 1115 00:56:59,192 --> 00:57:04,129 BEFORE NOW, IT'S REALLY A VERY LIMITED EXCHANGE OF VIOLENCE, 1116 00:57:04,197 --> 00:57:07,666 USUALLY EVENTUATING IN SOME CATTLE CAPTURE. 1117 00:57:07,734 --> 00:57:12,837 WHAT SHAKA BROUGHT WAS A KIND OF MILITARY GENIUS. 1118 00:57:12,906 --> 00:57:16,141 MAN, VOICE-OVER: SHAKA TOOK THE FIGHTING TACTICS 1119 00:57:16,209 --> 00:57:19,511 AND THE IDEAS, THE DISCIPLINE THAT HAD BEEN USED BEFORE, 1120 00:57:19,580 --> 00:57:21,146 AND HE BOUGHT IT TO A NEW LEVEL. 1121 00:57:21,214 --> 00:57:24,649 GATES, VOICE-OVER: SHAKA CREATED FIGHTING UNITS CALLED AMABUTHO. 1122 00:57:24,718 --> 00:57:29,087 EVERY ASPECT OF THE SOLDIERS' LIVES WAS TIGHTLY REGIMENTED. 1123 00:57:29,156 --> 00:57:32,490 SEGREGATED BY AGE AND BY SEX, EACH ARMY REGIMENT 1124 00:57:32,559 --> 00:57:35,860 BOASTED ITS OWN SONG AND ITS OWN BATTLE CRY... 1125 00:57:35,929 --> 00:57:37,529 [SINGING] 1126 00:57:37,598 --> 00:57:39,564 GATES, VOICE-OVER: CREATING EXTRAORDINARILY TIGHT BONDS 1127 00:57:39,633 --> 00:57:41,199 ON THE BATTLEFIELD. 1128 00:57:41,268 --> 00:57:43,001 COMAROFF, VOICE-OVER: HIS WARRIORS DIDN'T MARRY 1129 00:57:43,070 --> 00:57:45,937 BEFORE THEY'D ACCOMPLISHED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS, 1130 00:57:46,006 --> 00:57:48,673 SO, IN EFFECT, CONTROLLING YOUTH 1131 00:57:48,742 --> 00:57:53,144 MEANT CONTROLLING THE CAPACITIES FOR VIOLENCE IN YOUTH. 1132 00:57:53,213 --> 00:57:55,347 MOKOENA: SO THAT IS WHAT SORT OF 1133 00:57:55,415 --> 00:57:58,183 ALMOST SEXUALIZED THE AMABUTHO SYSTEM 1134 00:57:58,251 --> 00:58:00,952 AND--QUOTE, UNQUOTE-- "EXPLAINS" WHY 1135 00:58:01,021 --> 00:58:02,687 THEY WERE SO VICIOUS, BECAUSE, OBVIOUSLY, 1136 00:58:02,756 --> 00:58:04,556 THESE WERE MEN WHO WERE NOT HAVING SEX, 1137 00:58:04,625 --> 00:58:08,760 UM, WHOSE ENTIRE DIET WAS WAR. 1138 00:58:08,829 --> 00:58:11,062 GATES, VOICE-OVER: SHAKA REVOLUTIONIZED THE NATURE 1139 00:58:11,131 --> 00:58:13,632 AND FUNCTIONING OF HIS ARMY. 1140 00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:16,501 REDESIGNING THE SHAPE AND THE FUNCTION OF THE SPEAR, 1141 00:58:16,570 --> 00:58:20,805 THE ASSEGAI, AND DEVELOPING FORMIDABLE BATTLE TECHNIQUES, 1142 00:58:20,874 --> 00:58:23,308 SHAKA CREATED ONE OF THE MOST UNIFIED 1143 00:58:23,377 --> 00:58:26,745 AND EFFECTIVE FIGHTING MACHINES IN HISTORY. 1144 00:58:28,081 --> 00:58:33,685 SHAKA'S SHORTER, HEAVIER SPEAR TRANSFORMED WARFARE. 1145 00:58:33,754 --> 00:58:35,820 A SHORT SPEAR IS VERY, VERY IMPORTANT 1146 00:58:35,889 --> 00:58:38,790 BECAUSE IT WAS INTRODUCED BY THE KING SHAKA. 1147 00:58:38,859 --> 00:58:41,026 HE SAYS THAT THE LONG SPEAR'S NO GOOD 1148 00:58:41,094 --> 00:58:43,261 BECAUSE YOU THROW YOUR-- YOUR--YOUR WEAPON. 1149 00:58:43,330 --> 00:58:44,829 YOU'RE TRYING TO STAB YOUR ENEMY 1150 00:58:44,898 --> 00:58:46,264 AND NOTHING LEFT IN YOUR HAND, 1151 00:58:46,333 --> 00:58:47,699 SO, IN OTHER WORDS, YOU LOSE YOUR WEAPON, 1152 00:58:47,768 --> 00:58:50,068 BUT WHEN YOU GOT THE SHORT SPEAR-- 1153 00:58:50,137 --> 00:58:51,936 YOU GOT A SHORT SPEAR, IT'S VERY SHORT, 1154 00:58:52,005 --> 00:58:53,605 AND YOU COME CLOSE IN TO YOUR ENEMY. 1155 00:58:53,674 --> 00:58:55,173 WHEN YOU COME CLOSE, YOU PUSH WITH YOUR SHIELD 1156 00:58:55,242 --> 00:58:58,109 AND USE THE SPEAR INSTEAD, BUT STILL YOU SAVE THE SPEAR. 1157 00:58:58,178 --> 00:59:00,278 [CHANTING] 1158 00:59:00,347 --> 00:59:02,614 NLEKHO, VOICE-OVER: FIRST THING I NOTICE FROM YOU AS YOU STEP, 1159 00:59:02,683 --> 00:59:04,215 YOU SAY, "EEH!" AND YOU TURN IT. 1160 00:59:04,284 --> 00:59:06,017 WHEN YOU PULL IT OUT, KHHH! 1161 00:59:06,086 --> 00:59:07,619 [SINGING] 1162 00:59:07,688 --> 00:59:09,721 GATES, VOICE-OVER: BACKED BY HIS FORMIDABLE FIGHTING FORCE, 1163 00:59:09,790 --> 00:59:15,427 SHAKA EXPANDED HIS EMPIRE ACROSS A HUGE SWATH OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 1164 00:59:15,495 --> 00:59:18,063 SHAKA'S EXPANSION UNFOLDED DURING A PERIOD 1165 00:59:18,131 --> 00:59:21,299 OF ENORMOUS INSTABILITY IN THIS REGION, 1166 00:59:21,368 --> 00:59:24,536 A PERIOD KNOWN AS THE MFECANE. 1167 00:59:24,604 --> 00:59:26,438 TELL ME ABOUT THE MFECANE. 1168 00:59:26,506 --> 00:59:29,140 THE MFECANE WAS REALLY A SERIES OF CONFLICTS 1169 00:59:29,209 --> 00:59:31,910 THAT WERE ABOUT THESE AMBITIOUS LEADERS 1170 00:59:31,978 --> 00:59:33,778 WHO WERE EACH REALLY TRYING TO CARVE OUT 1171 00:59:33,847 --> 00:59:35,780 THEIR OWN EMPIRE AND KINGDOM. 1172 00:59:35,849 --> 00:59:37,415 SO MANY THINGS WERE MOVING 1173 00:59:37,484 --> 00:59:39,384 ON THE CHECKERBOARD OF SOUTHERN AFRICA 1174 00:59:39,453 --> 00:59:41,653 THAT IT WAS A VERY VOLATILE TIME 1175 00:59:41,722 --> 00:59:44,122 AND ALSO A TIME OF REALLY AMBITIOUS MEN. 1176 00:59:44,191 --> 00:59:45,590 PRIME TIME FOR THE EMERGENCE 1177 00:59:45,659 --> 00:59:46,891 OF GREAT, UNIQUE PERSONALITIES. 1178 00:59:46,960 --> 00:59:49,627 EXACTLY. IF THE ZULUS HAD NOT HAD SHAKA, 1179 00:59:49,696 --> 00:59:51,663 THEN THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN JUST SWALLOWED UP 1180 00:59:51,732 --> 00:59:53,364 INTO THE OTHER AMBITIOUS GROUPS 1181 00:59:53,433 --> 00:59:56,034 THAT WERE EMERGING, UM, IN THE REGION. 1182 00:59:56,103 --> 00:59:58,169 GATES, VOICE-OVER: CONQUERED PEOPLES BECAME ZULU. 1183 00:59:58,238 --> 01:00:00,105 CAPTIVE MALES SWELLED THE NUMBERS 1184 01:00:00,173 --> 01:00:05,176 OF SHAKA'S ARMY TENFOLD TO 20,000 WARRIORS. 1185 01:00:05,245 --> 01:00:07,612 SHAKA'S AMBITIOUS EMPIRE BUILDING 1186 01:00:07,681 --> 01:00:09,948 LEFT MANY VILLAGES AND KINGDOMS DEVASTATED 1187 01:00:10,016 --> 01:00:12,751 ACROSS SOUTHERN AFRICA. 1188 01:00:12,819 --> 01:00:15,687 COMAROFF, VOICE-OVER: IT WAS A PERIOD OF REAL DESTABILIZATION. 1189 01:00:15,756 --> 01:00:18,356 THERE WAS AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF EXILE, OF REFUGEES, 1190 01:00:18,425 --> 01:00:20,191 OF--OF MIGRATIONS, 1191 01:00:20,260 --> 01:00:23,061 OF IMPOVERISHMENT IN THE WAKE OF--OF THE EMPIRE. 1192 01:00:23,130 --> 01:00:25,663 [THUNDER] 1193 01:00:25,732 --> 01:00:27,866 EHRET, VOICE-OVER: AND IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS, 1194 01:00:27,934 --> 01:00:31,603 HE CONQUERED THE WHOLE AREA OF WHAT'S TODAY 1195 01:00:31,671 --> 01:00:34,572 THE NORTHERN HALF OF KWAZULU-NATAL, 1196 01:00:34,641 --> 01:00:36,307 A PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 1197 01:00:36,376 --> 01:00:39,177 GATES, VOICE-OVER: SHAKA'S CAMPAIGN OF EXPANSION 1198 01:00:39,246 --> 01:00:43,214 HAD RESHAPED THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 1199 01:00:43,283 --> 01:00:47,752 HIS EMPIRE NOW COVERED OVER 11,000 SQUARE MILES, 1200 01:00:47,821 --> 01:00:50,855 AND HIS SUBJECTS NUMBERED A QUARTER OF A MILLION PEOPLE, 1201 01:00:50,924 --> 01:00:53,158 BUT AFTER A DECADE OF FIGHTING, 1202 01:00:53,226 --> 01:00:56,227 THE ZULU PEOPLE GREW TIRED OF WAR. 1203 01:00:56,296 --> 01:01:00,598 SEPTEMBER 1828, TWO OF SHAKA'S BROTHERS RETURNED 1204 01:01:00,667 --> 01:01:04,402 WITH THEIR REGIMENTS AFTER MONTHS OF FIERCE FIGHTING. 1205 01:01:04,471 --> 01:01:06,871 SHAKA INSISTED THAT THEY GO OUT ON YET MORE RAIDS 1206 01:01:06,940 --> 01:01:11,209 RATHER THAN TAKE A BREAK FOR THE WINTER AS WAS CUSTOMARY. 1207 01:01:11,278 --> 01:01:15,580 IN AN END AS BRUTAL AND AS TRAGIC AS THAT OF JULIUS CAESAR, 1208 01:01:15,649 --> 01:01:21,085 HIS BROTHERS AND AN ACCOMPLICE KNIFED SHAKA TO DEATH. 1209 01:01:21,154 --> 01:01:23,388 [CHANTING] 1210 01:01:25,392 --> 01:01:26,991 GATES, VOICE-OVER: HIS DYING WORDS, SHAKA CURSED 1211 01:01:27,060 --> 01:01:31,629 HIS ATTACKERS, "ARE YOU STABBING ME, KINGS OF THE EARTH? 1212 01:01:31,698 --> 01:01:35,567 YOU WILL COME TO AN END BY KILLING ONE ANOTHER." 1213 01:01:35,635 --> 01:01:38,269 SHAKA HAD DONE MORE THAN ENSURE THE SURVIVAL 1214 01:01:38,338 --> 01:01:42,307 OF HIS IMPERILED PEOPLE IN A TIME OF TURMOIL. 1215 01:01:42,375 --> 01:01:44,576 COMAROFF, VOICE-OVER: WELL, THERE WAS AN EXTRAORDINARY 1216 01:01:44,644 --> 01:01:46,811 RECONSTRUCTION OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 1217 01:01:46,880 --> 01:01:51,149 UM, POPULATIONS THAT HE, IN FACT, SET IN MOTION LANDED UP 1218 01:01:51,218 --> 01:01:55,086 IN WHAT IS CONTEMPORARY ZAMBIA AND ZIMBABWE. 1219 01:01:55,155 --> 01:01:58,156 GATES, VOICE-OVER: SHAKA, THE UNCOMPROMISING MILITARY LEADER, 1220 01:01:58,225 --> 01:02:01,693 LIVES ON AS A FORMIDABLE MYTH AND METAPHOR, 1221 01:02:01,761 --> 01:02:03,761 A HERO TO INSPIRE COURAGE 1222 01:02:03,830 --> 01:02:07,131 AND DEFIANCE THROUGHOUT THE AFRICAN DIASPORA. 1223 01:02:07,200 --> 01:02:11,402 FOR THE--FOR THE--THE CAPACITY OF AN AFRICAN WARRIOR KING 1224 01:02:11,471 --> 01:02:14,505 TO CHANGE A SUBCONTINENT AND, IN FACT, TO-- 1225 01:02:14,574 --> 01:02:18,409 TO, UH, INDUCE TERROR, 1226 01:02:18,478 --> 01:02:20,712 THIS IS THE WORK OF GODS. 1227 01:02:20,780 --> 01:02:24,782 THE DIVINE HAS THE CAPACITY TO-- TO WREAK, UH, RANDOM VIOLENCE, 1228 01:02:24,851 --> 01:02:29,520 AND SHAKA HAD A--A DEEP VERNACULAR UNDERSTANDING 1229 01:02:29,589 --> 01:02:34,058 OF THAT POWER, AND SO, AHEM, EVEN LONG AFTER HIS FALL, 1230 01:02:34,127 --> 01:02:39,397 THE--THE--THE TERROR AND ADMIRATION AND AWE 1231 01:02:39,466 --> 01:02:42,600 AND NUMINOUSNESS OF THE IMAGE LIVES LONG AFTER. 1232 01:02:42,669 --> 01:02:45,770 SO THAT YOU COULD IMAGINE, "IF ONLY WE HAD SHAKA, 1233 01:02:45,839 --> 01:02:48,006 "WE--WE COULD EXPEL THE COLONIZER. 1234 01:02:48,074 --> 01:02:49,574 "IF ONLY HAD WE HAD SHAKA, 1235 01:02:49,643 --> 01:02:52,143 WE COULD REVERSE THE IGNOMINIES OF OUR LATER HISTORY." 1236 01:02:52,212 --> 01:02:53,945 [SINGING] 1237 01:02:59,085 --> 01:03:00,952 GATES, VOICE-OVER: WHILE STRUGGLES TO CONTROL 1238 01:03:01,021 --> 01:03:04,122 THE REGION'S FERTILE LANDS WERE RESHAPING SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1239 01:03:04,190 --> 01:03:07,358 LONG-PRIZED TREASURES WOULD AROUSE THE APPETITE 1240 01:03:07,427 --> 01:03:10,194 OF FOREIGN POWERS FOR CONTROL OF TRADE 1241 01:03:10,263 --> 01:03:13,197 ALONG THE CONTINENT'S INDIAN OCEAN COAST 1242 01:03:13,266 --> 01:03:17,402 AND LINK KINGDOMS IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN INTERIOR, 1243 01:03:17,470 --> 01:03:21,072 AND AT THE HEART OF THIS FRENZY WAS THE ISLAND OF ZANZIBAR. 1244 01:03:22,709 --> 01:03:26,110 ZANZIBAR IS KNOWN THE WORLD OVER AS THE SPICE ISLAND. 1245 01:03:26,179 --> 01:03:28,947 I REMEMBER WAKING UP THE FIRST TIME I VISITED HERE 1246 01:03:29,015 --> 01:03:32,016 AND BEING SHOCKED TO DISCOVER THAT ALL OF THE SIDEWALKS 1247 01:03:32,085 --> 01:03:36,154 WERE COVERED WITH CLOVES, CLOVES DRYING IN THE SUN. 1248 01:03:36,222 --> 01:03:39,023 THE WHOLE ISLAND SMELLED LIKE CLOVES. 1249 01:03:39,092 --> 01:03:41,793 WHENEVER I SMELL CLOVES, EVEN TO THIS DAY, 1250 01:03:41,861 --> 01:03:45,930 I'M SENT BACK TO THAT FIRST MORNING ON THIS LOVELY ISLAND. 1251 01:03:47,033 --> 01:03:50,902 FOR ALMOST 1,000 YEARS, POWERFUL CITY STATES 1252 01:03:50,971 --> 01:03:54,005 ALONG THE EAST AFRICAN COAST HAD TRADED COMMODITIES 1253 01:03:54,074 --> 01:03:59,010 SUCH AS SPICES, IVORY, AND GOLD ACROSS THE INDIAN OCEAN 1254 01:03:59,079 --> 01:04:02,780 WITH ARABIA, PERSIA, INDIA, AND CHINA. 1255 01:04:02,849 --> 01:04:07,118 A RICH, DISTINCT, AND HIGHLY LITERATE CIVILIZATION 1256 01:04:07,187 --> 01:04:12,123 EMERGED HERE, STILL KNOWN TODAY AS THE SWAHILI COAST. 1257 01:04:12,192 --> 01:04:15,259 IN THE 19th CENTURY, THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET 1258 01:04:15,328 --> 01:04:18,529 FOR ITS LUXURY COMMODITIES CAUSED THE SCALE OF TRADE 1259 01:04:18,598 --> 01:04:22,100 TO RISE EXPONENTIALLY. 1260 01:04:22,168 --> 01:04:25,503 SINCE THE LATE 17th CENTURY, THE KINGDOM OF OMAN 1261 01:04:25,572 --> 01:04:28,239 ON THE ARABIAN PENINSULA HAD DOMINATED 1262 01:04:28,308 --> 01:04:31,542 MUCH OF ZANZIBAR'S TRADE, BUT SUCH WAS THE POTENTIAL 1263 01:04:31,611 --> 01:04:35,013 FOR PROFIT THAT IN 1840, THE OMANI RULER, 1264 01:04:35,081 --> 01:04:38,316 SULTAN SEYYID SAID, RELOCATED HIS COURT 1265 01:04:38,385 --> 01:04:43,321 SOME 2,000 MILES FROM MUSCAT TO ZANZIBAR'S STONE TOWN, 1266 01:04:43,390 --> 01:04:45,857 MAKING IT HIS NEW CAPITAL. 1267 01:04:45,925 --> 01:04:47,725 EHRET, VOICE-OVER: OMANI PERIOD IS THE BEGINNING 1268 01:04:47,794 --> 01:04:50,228 OF A-A REAL COLONIAL ESTABLISHMENT. 1269 01:04:50,296 --> 01:04:53,431 THIS WAS A COLONY THAT EXTENDED TO THE EAST AFRICAN COAST, 1270 01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:56,901 NOT JUST TO THE ISLANDS OF ZANZIBAR AND PEMBA. 1271 01:04:56,970 --> 01:04:59,070 ONCE THE OMANI PRESENCE IS THERE, 1272 01:04:59,139 --> 01:05:02,507 THEN IT BECOMES THE FOCUS OF COMMERCE, 1273 01:05:02,575 --> 01:05:04,876 THAT'S WHY YOU HAVE THE BUILDING 1274 01:05:04,944 --> 01:05:08,179 OF--OF A REALLY SIGNIFICANT CITY OF ZANZIBAR. 1275 01:05:08,248 --> 01:05:11,015 GATES, VOICE-OVER: BY THE LATE 19th CENTURY UNDER OMANI RULE, 1276 01:05:11,084 --> 01:05:13,384 ZANZIBAR BECAME THE MOST PROSPEROUS PORT 1277 01:05:13,453 --> 01:05:16,988 ON THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA, WITH AN ANNUAL TRADE 1278 01:05:17,057 --> 01:05:22,160 EQUIVALENT TODAY TO $100 MILLION. 1279 01:05:22,228 --> 01:05:25,763 THE SULTAN'S RESIDENCE AND THE MAJESTIC CEREMONIAL PALACE, 1280 01:05:25,832 --> 01:05:29,934 THE HOUSE OF WONDERS, STILL STAND TODAY. 1281 01:05:30,003 --> 01:05:31,969 BEHIND BEAUTIFULLY CRAFTED DOORS 1282 01:05:32,038 --> 01:05:34,505 INSPIRED BY ARAB AND INDIAN DESIGNS 1283 01:05:34,574 --> 01:05:38,209 SIT LAVISH MANSIONS BUILT FOR THE MERCHANTS 1284 01:05:38,278 --> 01:05:40,845 GROWING RICH FROM THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE 1285 01:05:40,914 --> 01:05:43,314 OF AFRICA'S RICHES. 1286 01:05:43,383 --> 01:05:45,650 CLOVES WERE EXPORTED IN HUGE QUANTITIES, 1287 01:05:45,718 --> 01:05:48,352 AND THEY WERE OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY, 1288 01:05:48,421 --> 01:05:50,588 BUT ANOTHER COMMODITY CONTRIBUTED 1289 01:05:50,657 --> 01:05:53,391 TO THE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY OF THIS ISLAND, 1290 01:05:53,460 --> 01:05:56,060 AND THAT WAS IVORY. 1291 01:05:56,129 --> 01:05:59,163 THE LURE OF AFRICAN IVORY IS MILLENNIA OLD. 1292 01:05:59,232 --> 01:06:02,567 THE 19th CENTURY WITNESSED A DRAMATIC INCREASE 1293 01:06:02,635 --> 01:06:05,103 IN THE DEMAND FOR IVORY. 1294 01:06:05,171 --> 01:06:08,406 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS MEANT IVORY COULD NOW BE WORKED 1295 01:06:08,475 --> 01:06:10,808 ALMOST LIKE PLASTIC. 1296 01:06:10,877 --> 01:06:13,644 FACTORIES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA BEGAN MASS-PRODUCING 1297 01:06:13,713 --> 01:06:17,482 DOZENS OF EVERYDAY ITEMS, LIKE BUTTONS AND COMBS, 1298 01:06:17,550 --> 01:06:20,718 PIANO KEYS AND EVEN BILLIARD BALLS. 1299 01:06:20,787 --> 01:06:24,755 DEMAND THREATENED TO OUTPACE SUPPLY. 1300 01:06:26,426 --> 01:06:29,560 THIS ONCE-PALATIAL STONE TOWN MANSION BELONGED 1301 01:06:29,629 --> 01:06:34,098 TO THE NOTORIOUS MAN WHO MONOPOLIZED THAT TRADE. 1302 01:06:34,167 --> 01:06:35,700 HE WAS CALLED TIPPU TIP, 1303 01:06:35,768 --> 01:06:39,137 BUT HIS NAME WAS HAMAD BIN MUHAMMAD AL MURJEBI, 1304 01:06:39,205 --> 01:06:41,739 AND AT THE HEIGHT OF HIS POWER, HE CONTROLLED AN EMPIRE 1305 01:06:41,808 --> 01:06:46,477 TOTALING 250,000 SQUARE MILES, 1306 01:06:46,546 --> 01:06:49,313 AN EMPIRE THAT HE RULED ON BEHALF OF THE SULTAN. 1307 01:06:49,382 --> 01:06:52,183 BORN IN ZANZIBAR IN 1837, 1308 01:06:52,252 --> 01:06:56,721 TIPPU TIP DISPLAYED COMMERCIAL ACUMEN FROM AN EARLY AGE. 1309 01:06:56,789 --> 01:06:59,991 WHEN STILL A YOUNG MAN, HE LED 100 MEN ON AN EXPEDITION 1310 01:07:00,059 --> 01:07:02,927 INTO CENTRAL AFRICA TO ACQUIRE IVORY. 1311 01:07:02,996 --> 01:07:05,396 IT WAS THE FIRST FORAY IN WHAT WOULD BECOME 1312 01:07:05,465 --> 01:07:09,567 A CAMPAIGN TO BUILD AN ENORMOUS TRADING EMPIRE. 1313 01:07:09,636 --> 01:07:14,438 MAN: AND HE ROSE AND BECAME, UH, A TRADER AND ENTREPRENEUR 1314 01:07:14,507 --> 01:07:18,876 WHO WENT TO THE MAINLAND TO GET GOODS, 1315 01:07:18,945 --> 01:07:25,249 BUT HE HAD A NETWORK OF HIS CORE TRADERS ON THE MAINLAND. 1316 01:07:25,318 --> 01:07:27,518 GATES, VOICE-OVER: AT THE HEIGHT OF THE 19th CENTURY IVORY TRADE, 1317 01:07:27,587 --> 01:07:30,354 IT'S ESTIMATED THAT EVERY YEAR, TRADERS SLAUGHTERED 1318 01:07:30,423 --> 01:07:34,692 SOME 17,000 ELEPHANTS FOR THEIR TUSKS. 1319 01:07:34,761 --> 01:07:38,329 TIPPU TIP BOUGHT IVORY FROM SUPPLIERS IN THE INTERIOR, 1320 01:07:38,398 --> 01:07:41,799 THEN HAD TO TRANSPORT THAT IVORY IN AN ARDUOUS JOURNEY 1321 01:07:41,868 --> 01:07:43,834 TO THE COASTAL TRADE PORTS, 1322 01:07:43,903 --> 01:07:47,238 WHERE HE SOLD IT FOR A HANDSOME PROFIT. 1323 01:07:48,408 --> 01:07:52,310 SINCE THE EARLY 1600s, VARIOUS AFRICAN PEOPLES 1324 01:07:52,378 --> 01:07:54,979 HAD CREATED EXTENSIVE TRADE NETWORKS 1325 01:07:55,048 --> 01:07:58,282 ACROSS THE CONTINENT'S VAST EXPANSES, 1326 01:07:58,351 --> 01:08:02,787 ENABLING TRADE FROM ONE SIDE OF THE CONTINENT TO THE OTHER. 1327 01:08:02,855 --> 01:08:07,525 KINGDOMS IN AFRICA'S INTERIOR, LIKE THE LUBA AND LUNDA EMPIRES, 1328 01:08:07,594 --> 01:08:10,294 WERE AT THE HEART OF THIS TRADING WORLD. 1329 01:08:10,363 --> 01:08:13,798 BY 1750, THE LUNDA EMPIRE HAD CREATED 1330 01:08:13,866 --> 01:08:17,368 A LARGE AND SECURE TRADING ZONE THAT STRETCHED 1331 01:08:17,437 --> 01:08:19,804 FROM THE PRESENT-DAY BORDERS OF ANGOLA 1332 01:08:19,872 --> 01:08:23,140 TO ZAMBIA AND THE BORDER OF TANZANIA. 1333 01:08:23,209 --> 01:08:26,911 EHRET: THE LUBA EMPIRE WERE SORT OF PROFESSIONAL MERCHANTS 1334 01:08:26,980 --> 01:08:29,247 AT TRANSCONTINENTAL CONNECTIONS. 1335 01:08:29,315 --> 01:08:32,917 THERE HAD LONG BEEN TRADE, UH, OF PRODUCTS 1336 01:08:32,986 --> 01:08:34,852 OVER CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE. 1337 01:08:34,921 --> 01:08:38,089 GOODS LIKE COPPER AND RAFFIA CLOTH 1338 01:08:38,157 --> 01:08:40,591 WERE TRADED SOUTH TO-- 1339 01:08:40,660 --> 01:08:44,061 UH, AS FAR AS THE OVIMBUNDU PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN ANGOLA. 1340 01:08:44,130 --> 01:08:46,764 GATES: THE OVIMBUNDU SPECIALIZED IN, 1341 01:08:46,833 --> 01:08:51,135 AND PROFITED FROM, THE LONG-HAUL INTERIOR TRADE. 1342 01:08:51,204 --> 01:08:53,638 BECAUSE OF DISEASE, THESE TRADERS COULDN'T RELY 1343 01:08:53,706 --> 01:08:57,875 ON PACK ANIMALS, SO THEY CONDUCTED THEIR TRADE ON FOOT. 1344 01:08:57,944 --> 01:09:02,313 THEY WERE THE ONES WHO CONNECTED MARKETS IN AFRICA. 1345 01:09:02,382 --> 01:09:04,448 THEY BOUGHT OUT IVORY. 1346 01:09:04,517 --> 01:09:09,720 SOME OF THE CARAVANS WERE 5,000 OR MORE INDIVIDUALS. 1347 01:09:09,789 --> 01:09:13,024 THIS STIMULATED AN EXPLOITATION OF THE ELEPHANTS. 1348 01:09:13,092 --> 01:09:16,093 GATES: TIPPU TIP DREW UPON THIS COMPLEX 1349 01:09:16,162 --> 01:09:19,130 AND LONG-ESTABLISHED TRADING NETWORK TO TRANSPORT 1350 01:09:19,198 --> 01:09:23,267 HIS HUGE STOCKPILES OF IVORY TO TRADERS ALONG THE COAST. 1351 01:09:23,336 --> 01:09:28,205 HE WAS NOT JUST AN ENTREPRENEUR WHO TRADED. 1352 01:09:28,274 --> 01:09:30,675 HE WAS ALSO SOMEONE WHO MADE HISTORY 1353 01:09:30,743 --> 01:09:34,945 IN THE SENSE THAT HE WOULD GO AND HE WOULD FIGHT. 1354 01:09:35,014 --> 01:09:38,449 GATES: BY THE 1880s, TIPPU TIP CONTROLLED A TERRITORY 1355 01:09:38,518 --> 01:09:42,753 THE SIZE OF CALIFORNIA, AND HE USED HIS GROWING WEALTH 1356 01:09:42,822 --> 01:09:46,757 TO FORM HIS OWN WELL-EQUIPPED ARMY OF MERCENARIES, 1357 01:09:46,826 --> 01:09:48,726 NUMBERING THOUSANDS. 1358 01:09:48,795 --> 01:09:52,296 WHILE HUNTING ELEPHANTS, TIPPU TIP'S MEN ALSO WAGED WAR 1359 01:09:52,365 --> 01:09:54,632 WITH TOWNSHIPS AND VILLAGES, 1360 01:09:54,701 --> 01:09:57,902 PILLAGING THEM FOR SUPPLIES AND PEOPLE. 1361 01:09:57,970 --> 01:10:00,338 TIPPU TIP'S IVORY EMPIRE WAS POWERED 1362 01:10:00,406 --> 01:10:03,808 BY THE ENERGY OF ENSLAVED HUMAN BEINGS. 1363 01:10:03,876 --> 01:10:08,012 THEY BENEFITED FROM THE WARS, UNFORTUNATE KIND OF BENEFIT, 1364 01:10:08,081 --> 01:10:10,414 BY, UH, BUYING CAPTIVE PEOPLE 1365 01:10:10,483 --> 01:10:12,850 AND TAKING THOSE BACK TO THE COAST, 1366 01:10:12,919 --> 01:10:17,455 AND WHAT TIPPU TIP BEHAVES LIKE IS, IN A WAY, LIKE A WARLORD. 1367 01:10:17,523 --> 01:10:19,290 GATES: THE WOMEN AND MEN TIPPU TIP CAPTURED 1368 01:10:19,359 --> 01:10:22,360 CARRIED THE ENORMOUS TUSKS TO THE COAST 1369 01:10:22,428 --> 01:10:24,695 AND THEN BY DHOW TO ZANZIBAR. 1370 01:10:24,764 --> 01:10:28,766 ONCE THERE, THEY WERE THEMSELVES SOLD AS SLAVES. 1371 01:10:28,835 --> 01:10:32,069 TIPPU TIP ONCE MUSED THAT SLAVES COST NOTHING. 1372 01:10:32,138 --> 01:10:35,272 THEY ONLY REQUIRE TO BE GATHERED. 1373 01:10:35,341 --> 01:10:42,446 HE WAS AS NOTORIOUSLY BRUTAL AND EVIL AS ANY WHITE SLAVE TRADER. 1374 01:10:42,515 --> 01:10:46,384 I HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO DOUBT THAT IF THERE'S A HELL, 1375 01:10:46,452 --> 01:10:49,353 TIPPU TIP IS IN IT. 1376 01:10:49,422 --> 01:10:51,956 AT THE PEAK OF THE TRADE IN THE 19th CENTURY, 1377 01:10:52,024 --> 01:10:56,193 AS MANY AS 70,000 SLAVES A YEAR 1378 01:10:56,262 --> 01:11:00,898 WERE BOUGHT TO ZANZIBAR, MANY ENSLAVED BY TIPPU TIP. 1379 01:11:00,967 --> 01:11:03,634 TODAY, ZANZIBAR'S ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL 1380 01:11:03,703 --> 01:11:05,736 STANDS ON THE SITE OF WHAT WAS ONCE 1381 01:11:05,805 --> 01:11:08,539 THE ISLAND'S NOTORIOUS SLAVE MARKET, 1382 01:11:08,608 --> 01:11:13,344 BUILT AS A MEMORIAL TO THOSE WHO SUFFERED HERE. 1383 01:11:33,332 --> 01:11:37,334 IN THE 19th CENTURY, 1.6 MILLION SLAVES 1384 01:11:37,403 --> 01:11:40,037 WERE SHIPPED OUT OF THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA. 1385 01:11:40,106 --> 01:11:43,040 THAT'S 4 TIMES THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SLAVES 1386 01:11:43,109 --> 01:11:46,477 SHIPPED DIRECTLY FROM AFRICA TO THE UNITED STATES, 1387 01:11:46,546 --> 01:11:49,780 4 TIMES, AND MANY OF THOSE SLAVES 1388 01:11:49,849 --> 01:11:52,950 WERE SHIPPED HERE TO ZANZIBAR. 1389 01:11:53,019 --> 01:11:56,320 IN FACT, THAT ALTAR IS BUILT 1390 01:11:56,389 --> 01:12:00,224 ON THE WHIPPING POST OF THE SLAVE MARKET. 1391 01:12:00,293 --> 01:12:03,427 AN EXPONENTIAL INCREASE IN THE GLOBAL DEMAND FOR IVORY 1392 01:12:03,496 --> 01:12:07,064 AND SLAVES RESHAPED EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA 1393 01:12:07,133 --> 01:12:10,000 IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY. 1394 01:12:10,069 --> 01:12:11,902 AT THE SAME TIME IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1395 01:12:11,971 --> 01:12:14,705 A REVOLUTION WAS ABOUT TO ERUPT THAT WOULD RADICALLY 1396 01:12:14,774 --> 01:12:17,141 AND BRUTALLY TRANSFORM THE FORTUNES 1397 01:12:17,210 --> 01:12:20,811 OF THE PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 1398 01:12:20,880 --> 01:12:24,715 ACCORDING TO POPULAR MYTH, IN 1869, 1399 01:12:24,784 --> 01:12:28,385 A YOUNG BOY WALKING ALONG THE BANKS OF THE ORANGE RIVER 1400 01:12:28,454 --> 01:12:30,855 PICKED UP A SHINY STONE. 1401 01:12:30,923 --> 01:12:36,060 HE'D FOUND A DIAMOND WITH AN UNCUT WEIGHT OF OVER 83 CARATS. 1402 01:12:36,128 --> 01:12:39,296 THE GEM WAS CHRISTENED THE STAR OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1403 01:12:39,365 --> 01:12:42,299 AND IT WOULD LEAD PROSPECTORS TO UNEARTH THE RICHEST DEPOSITS 1404 01:12:42,368 --> 01:12:46,670 OF DIAMONDS EVER DISCOVERED ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. 1405 01:12:46,739 --> 01:12:48,806 COMAROFF: THE FIRST DIAMONDS WERE DISCOVERED AT KIMBERLEY, 1406 01:12:48,875 --> 01:12:50,274 THEN KIMBERLEY, 1407 01:12:50,343 --> 01:12:52,810 WHICH, OF COURSE, REPRODUCES THIS HUGE EXPLOSION. 1408 01:12:52,879 --> 01:12:54,845 THIS CHANGES THINGS OVERNIGHT. 1409 01:12:54,914 --> 01:12:57,581 FOR A START, BRITAIN BECOMES IMMEDIATELY INTERESTED. 1410 01:12:57,650 --> 01:13:00,784 GATES, VOICE-OVER: SINCE THE 17th CENTURY, 1411 01:13:00,853 --> 01:13:03,254 EUROPEANS HAD SETTLED IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1412 01:13:03,322 --> 01:13:06,090 FIRST THE DUTCH, THEN THE BRITISH. 1413 01:13:06,158 --> 01:13:08,959 INITIALLY THEY SETTLED AT WHAT WOULD BECOME CAPE TOWN. 1414 01:13:09,028 --> 01:13:10,761 WHEN THE BRITISH TOOK CONTROL OF THE CAPE 1415 01:13:10,830 --> 01:13:12,596 AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19th CENTURY, 1416 01:13:12,665 --> 01:13:15,966 MANY OF THE DUTCH BEGAN A TREK INLAND, 1417 01:13:16,035 --> 01:13:20,037 WHERE THEY ESTABLISHED FARMS IN DIRECT CONFLICT WITH THE ZULU, 1418 01:13:20,106 --> 01:13:25,776 MOST NOTABLY AT THE BATTLE OF BLOOD RIVER IN 1838, 1419 01:13:25,845 --> 01:13:29,313 BUT THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS IGNITED THE BRITISH DESIRE 1420 01:13:29,382 --> 01:13:32,182 TO CONTROL THIS ENORMOUS SOURCE OF WEALTH 1421 01:13:32,251 --> 01:13:34,485 IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN INTERIOR. 1422 01:13:34,554 --> 01:13:37,421 PLANS WERE QUICKLY MADE TO BUILD A RAILWAY 1423 01:13:37,490 --> 01:13:40,758 FROM CAPE TOWN TO KIMBERLEY. 1424 01:13:40,826 --> 01:13:43,627 PROSPECTORS, MINERS, GEOLOGISTS, AND FORTUNE HUNTERS 1425 01:13:43,696 --> 01:13:45,996 MADE THEIR WAY INLAND. 1426 01:13:46,065 --> 01:13:48,198 AMONG THEM WAS A MAN WHO WOULD BECOME 1427 01:13:48,267 --> 01:13:51,368 ONE OF THE MOST DIVISIVE FIGURES IN AFRICAN HISTORY-- 1428 01:13:51,437 --> 01:13:54,471 CECIL JOHN RHODES. 1429 01:13:54,540 --> 01:13:57,675 RHODES WOULD FOUND ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL MINING COMPANIES 1430 01:13:57,743 --> 01:13:59,176 IN THE WORLD. 1431 01:13:59,245 --> 01:14:01,779 WITHIN 20 YEARS, ALL OF THE DIAMONDS 1432 01:14:01,847 --> 01:14:04,181 MINED AT KIMBERLEY WERE UNDER THE BANNER 1433 01:14:04,250 --> 01:14:09,019 OF ONE SINGLE CORPORATION-- DE BEERS CONSOLIDATED MINES, 1434 01:14:09,088 --> 01:14:11,589 WHICH CONTROLLED NOT ONLY PRODUCTION IN THE MINES, 1435 01:14:11,657 --> 01:14:15,092 BUT, IN EFFECT, EVERY OTHER COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 1436 01:14:15,161 --> 01:14:17,161 CONNECTED TO THE MINES. 1437 01:14:17,229 --> 01:14:20,364 BY 1873, DIAMONDS HAD TURNED KIMBERLEY 1438 01:14:20,433 --> 01:14:23,067 INTO THE SECOND LARGEST CITY IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1439 01:14:23,135 --> 01:14:27,771 AND CECIL RHODES BECAME FABULOUSLY RICH AND POWERFUL, 1440 01:14:27,840 --> 01:14:32,176 YET THE FORTUNES HE AMASSED WEREN'T PROFITING AFRICANS. 1441 01:14:32,244 --> 01:14:35,179 MAN: IN THIS PERIOD BEFORE 1900, THE BENEFICIARIES 1442 01:14:35,247 --> 01:14:39,216 ARE MAINLY THE--THE BIG MONEY HOUSES AND THE BANKS, 1443 01:14:39,285 --> 01:14:42,519 SO IT'S--IT'S PEOPLE LIKE CECIL RHODES. 1444 01:14:42,588 --> 01:14:45,656 THE BENEFICIARIES ARE ALMOST ALL, UH, PEOPLE WHO'VE COME 1445 01:14:45,725 --> 01:14:49,593 TO SOUTH AFRICA AS DIAMOND MERCHANTS IN THE 1860s. 1446 01:14:49,662 --> 01:14:52,830 MINING WAS PROSPEROUS BEC-- PARTLY BECAUSE YOU COULD 1447 01:14:52,898 --> 01:14:57,534 PERSUADE PEOPLE IN PARIS AND BERLIN AND NEW YORK AND LONDON 1448 01:14:57,603 --> 01:15:00,537 TO BUY MINING COMPANY SHARES. 1449 01:15:00,606 --> 01:15:02,272 GATES: HOW DOES SOMEONE LIKE CECIL RHODES 1450 01:15:02,341 --> 01:15:04,141 SYMBOLIZE THE COLONIAL 1451 01:15:04,210 --> 01:15:07,311 AND IMPERIAL MOMENT OF CAPITALISM? 1452 01:15:07,380 --> 01:15:08,812 OF COURSE, ONE HAS TO START 1453 01:15:08,881 --> 01:15:11,048 WITH, UM, THE-- THE MINING INDUSTRY. 1454 01:15:11,117 --> 01:15:14,752 THE EXPLOITATION OF THE MINERALS THEMSELVES, 1455 01:15:14,820 --> 01:15:16,553 UH, THE EXPLOITATION OF LABOR, 1456 01:15:16,622 --> 01:15:18,188 AFRICAN COMMUNITIES, 1457 01:15:18,257 --> 01:15:19,723 AND THEY WERE SUPPOSED TO PROVIDE, UM, LABOR 1458 01:15:19,792 --> 01:15:21,558 TO THE, UH-- TO THE MINING INDUSTRY. 1459 01:15:21,627 --> 01:15:23,527 HOW DID THE DISCOVERY OF THESE VALUABLE MINERALS 1460 01:15:23,596 --> 01:15:24,828 CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS 1461 01:15:24,897 --> 01:15:26,330 BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS 1462 01:15:26,399 --> 01:15:29,066 AND THE--THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED HERE? 1463 01:15:29,135 --> 01:15:31,068 IT CHANGED, UH, THE RELATIONSHIP 1464 01:15:31,137 --> 01:15:32,903 IN MAJOR WAYS. 1465 01:15:32,972 --> 01:15:37,775 IN THE FIRST INSTANCE, UH, IT, UM, UH, CREATED 1466 01:15:37,843 --> 01:15:40,678 CONDITIONS FOR THE EXPANSION OF BRITISH COLONIES. 1467 01:15:40,746 --> 01:15:44,281 THE AREA WHERE DIAMONDS ARE DISCOVERED 1468 01:15:44,350 --> 01:15:45,783 BECOMES A BRITISH COLONY. 1469 01:15:45,851 --> 01:15:48,052 IF WE FOUND DIAMONDS HERE AND GOLD HERE, 1470 01:15:48,120 --> 01:15:50,154 THERE MUST BE MORE, SO WE WANT TO EXERCISE 1471 01:15:50,222 --> 01:15:51,989 CONTROL OVER THIS AND THEN, OF COURSE, 1472 01:15:52,058 --> 01:15:54,191 THE INCREASE IN WHITE-- WHITE SETTLEMENT 1473 01:15:54,260 --> 01:15:56,860 AND MORE LAND TAKEN OVER. 1474 01:15:56,929 --> 01:15:59,263 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THESE DRAMATIC CHANGES 1475 01:15:59,331 --> 01:16:01,632 ON THE AFRICAN KINGDOMS THAT ARE HERE? 1476 01:16:01,701 --> 01:16:03,434 THEY BECOME A STUMBLING BLOCK. 1477 01:16:03,502 --> 01:16:06,203 THEY COULD NOT REMAIN AS INDEPENDENT ENTITIES. 1478 01:16:06,272 --> 01:16:08,172 THEY HAD TO BE INCORPORATED 1479 01:16:08,240 --> 01:16:12,042 INTO THE EXPANDING COLONIAL AREAS. 1480 01:16:12,111 --> 01:16:14,211 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THE PROMISE OF UNTOLD RICHES 1481 01:16:14,280 --> 01:16:16,980 BROUGHT PROFOUND CHANGE TO THE AFRICAN KINGDOMS 1482 01:16:17,049 --> 01:16:20,984 NOW INVOLVED IN A STRUGGLE WITH POWERFUL ECONOMIC FORCES 1483 01:16:21,053 --> 01:16:23,287 TO PRESERVE THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES 1484 01:16:23,355 --> 01:16:27,157 AND THEIR INDEPENDENCE, BOTH INEXTRICABLY LINKED 1485 01:16:27,226 --> 01:16:29,593 TO THE INTEGRITY OF THEIR BORDERS. 1486 01:16:29,662 --> 01:16:32,396 PEOPLE GRAZED ANIMALS ON THE LAND. 1487 01:16:32,465 --> 01:16:34,198 PEOPLE CULTIVATED LAND. 1488 01:16:34,266 --> 01:16:36,500 PEOPLE SETTLED THE LAND. 1489 01:16:36,569 --> 01:16:42,039 THE NOTION THAT THE LAND WAS THERE TO BE DUG UP AND OWNED 1490 01:16:42,108 --> 01:16:46,076 AND DIVIDENDS GENERATED FROM THE EXTRACTION OF MINERALS 1491 01:16:46,145 --> 01:16:49,880 UNDER THE GROUND WAS A VERY NEW CONCEPT. 1492 01:16:49,949 --> 01:16:53,016 IT WAS ALL ABOUT EFFICIENT PRODUCTION. 1493 01:16:53,085 --> 01:16:55,619 IT WAS VERY COMPETITIVE. 1494 01:16:55,688 --> 01:16:59,156 IT WAS VERY MATERIALISTIC, AND IT CREATED 1495 01:16:59,225 --> 01:17:03,293 ALL KINDS OF NEW DYNAMICS BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE. 1496 01:17:03,362 --> 01:17:06,964 THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE MINERAL REVOLUTION 1497 01:17:07,032 --> 01:17:09,533 CANNOT BE UNDERESTIMATED AND EXISTS 1498 01:17:09,602 --> 01:17:12,302 RIGHT UP UNTIL THIS MOMENT. 1499 01:17:12,371 --> 01:17:14,538 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THE LARGE-SCALE MINING OF DIAMONDS 1500 01:17:14,607 --> 01:17:17,908 IGNITED AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVOLUTION, 1501 01:17:17,977 --> 01:17:20,544 BUT AN EVEN MORE SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERY 1502 01:17:20,613 --> 01:17:24,548 WOULD OVERSHADOW DIAMONDS SOME 20 YEARS LATER. 1503 01:17:24,617 --> 01:17:27,551 WHAT COULD POSSIBLY BE BETTER 1504 01:17:27,620 --> 01:17:31,455 THAN DISCOVERING DIAMONDS ON YOUR LAND? 1505 01:17:31,524 --> 01:17:33,557 DISCOVERING GOLD. 1506 01:17:33,626 --> 01:17:37,928 JOHANNESBURG, THE LARGEST CITY IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1507 01:17:37,997 --> 01:17:41,098 BUILT ON TOP OF A FOUNDATION OF GOLD. 1508 01:17:41,167 --> 01:17:43,934 THE PURSUIT OF AFRICAN GOLD HAS BEEN A DRIVING FORCE 1509 01:17:44,003 --> 01:17:46,904 OF WORLD HISTORY FOR MILLENNIA. 1510 01:17:46,972 --> 01:17:51,809 ITS DISCOVERY HERE IN SOUTH AFRICA IN THE YEAR 1886 1511 01:17:51,877 --> 01:17:54,578 WOULD RESHAPE NOT ONLY THE ECONOMY, 1512 01:17:54,647 --> 01:17:57,848 BUT THE POLITICAL FACE OF THIS REGION FOREVER. 1513 01:17:57,917 --> 01:18:00,951 THE PROSPECTORS HAD FOUND GOLD DEPOSITS 1514 01:18:01,020 --> 01:18:04,788 STRETCHING FOR NEARLY 60 MILES. 1515 01:18:04,857 --> 01:18:09,860 HALF OF THE WORLD'S GOLD EVER EXTRACTED HAS COME FROM HERE. 1516 01:18:09,929 --> 01:18:13,664 THIS DISCOVERY TRIGGERED THE WORLD'S LARGEST GOLD RUSH 1517 01:18:13,732 --> 01:18:17,835 AND GAVE RISE TO ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT CITIES. 1518 01:18:17,903 --> 01:18:21,038 IN THE 1880s AND 1890s, JOHANNESBURG WAS LIKE NEW YORK. 1519 01:18:21,106 --> 01:18:24,374 IT IS THE SITE OF A GLOBALLY RENOWNED, 1520 01:18:24,443 --> 01:18:26,410 KIND OF FAMOUS BOOM, 1521 01:18:26,478 --> 01:18:28,779 UM, AND IT ATTRACTS SCOUNDRELS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. 1522 01:18:28,848 --> 01:18:31,915 SO THERE'S MASS MIGRATION INTO THIS REGION, 1523 01:18:31,984 --> 01:18:34,718 UH, PEOPLE LOOKING FOR WORK BUT ALSO LOOKING FOR, 1524 01:18:34,787 --> 01:18:36,153 ESSENTIALLY, TO GET SOME OF THE WEALTH, 1525 01:18:36,222 --> 01:18:38,822 THE RICHES THAT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED BY THIS INDUSTRY. 1526 01:18:38,891 --> 01:18:41,091 IN THE 1880s, EVERYBODY COMES HERE. 1527 01:18:41,160 --> 01:18:43,894 MARK TWAIN IS IN JOHANNESBURG FOR A VERY SHORT WHILE. 1528 01:18:43,963 --> 01:18:46,530 FOR A DECADE, IT'S THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE. 1529 01:18:46,599 --> 01:18:49,466 GATES: THE CITY OF GOLD. 1530 01:18:49,535 --> 01:18:51,568 GIVEN ALL THE WEALTH THAT WAS DISCOVERED HERE, 1531 01:18:51,637 --> 01:18:54,371 IT'S NOT AN ACCIDENT 1532 01:18:54,440 --> 01:18:57,174 THAT A SYSTEM WOULD BE INVENTED 1533 01:18:57,243 --> 01:18:59,943 TO MONOPOLIZE IT. 1534 01:19:00,012 --> 01:19:02,079 MONOPOLIZING THIS WEALTH REQUIRED CONTROL 1535 01:19:02,147 --> 01:19:05,015 OVER THE GOLD DEPOSITS, BUT ALSO CONTROL 1536 01:19:05,084 --> 01:19:07,651 OVER THE PEOPLE AND THEIR LAND. 1537 01:19:07,720 --> 01:19:10,787 OF COURSE, ANYBODY WHOSE LAND, 1538 01:19:10,856 --> 01:19:14,157 WHO--WHOSE--WHOSE INHABITED LANDSCAPE 1539 01:19:14,226 --> 01:19:16,360 HAPPENED TO CONTAIN MINERALS 1540 01:19:16,428 --> 01:19:19,196 WAS ALL OF A SUDDEN IN A DIFFERENT SITUATION 1541 01:19:19,265 --> 01:19:20,898 THAN THEY HAD BEEN BEFORE. 1542 01:19:20,966 --> 01:19:23,133 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THESE MASSIVE INDUSTRIES WERE LABOR-INTENSIVE 1543 01:19:23,202 --> 01:19:28,071 AND NEEDED A CHEAP AND READILY AVAILABLE WORKFORCE. 1544 01:19:28,140 --> 01:19:31,608 AFRICAN KINGDOMS WEREN'T KEEN. 1545 01:19:31,677 --> 01:19:33,577 BLACK SOUTH AFRICANS DIDN'T WANT TO GO DOWN THE GOLD MINES 1546 01:19:33,646 --> 01:19:36,747 THE FIRST INSTANCE, UM, WHICH MEANT MAKING THEM GET THERE. 1547 01:19:36,815 --> 01:19:40,050 SOCIAL ENGINEERING WAS ABOUT ESTABLISHING A PROLETARIAT, 1548 01:19:40,119 --> 01:19:44,221 AND THAT MEANT FORCING BLACK SOUTH AFRICANS OFF THE LAND, 1549 01:19:44,290 --> 01:19:46,490 WHICH MEANT, IN EFFECT, TAXING THEM 1550 01:19:46,558 --> 01:19:48,859 AND, UH, IMPOSING THAT TAX IN CASH, 1551 01:19:48,928 --> 01:19:51,128 SO TAXATION WAS ONE OF THE INSTRUMENTS 1552 01:19:51,196 --> 01:19:52,996 THAT FORCED BLACK SOUTH AFRICANS 1553 01:19:53,065 --> 01:19:55,766 INTO THE--THE MINERAL ECONOMY. 1554 01:19:57,636 --> 01:20:00,237 GATES, VOICE-OVER: SOME, SUCH AS THE PEDI AND THE HLUBI, 1555 01:20:00,306 --> 01:20:02,706 READILY SENT THEIR YOUNG MEN TO WORK IN THE MINES 1556 01:20:02,775 --> 01:20:05,042 FOR CASH TO BUY FIREARMS, 1557 01:20:05,110 --> 01:20:07,978 BETTER TO DEFEND THEIR TERRITORIES. 1558 01:20:08,047 --> 01:20:11,515 THE WORKING CONDITIONS ENDURED BY THE MIGRANT LABORERS 1559 01:20:11,583 --> 01:20:15,419 INSIDE THIS MINERAL ECONOMY WERE A BLEAK FOREBODING 1560 01:20:15,487 --> 01:20:19,189 OF THE FUTURE OF THIS PART OF AFRICA. 1561 01:20:19,258 --> 01:20:22,993 BRECKENRIDGE: THERE ARE CLEAR INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS 1562 01:20:23,062 --> 01:20:26,830 THAT EXIST ALREADY IN THE 1860s, AND THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE 1563 01:20:26,899 --> 01:20:29,833 ARE THE CLOSED COMPOUND, WHICH COMES FROM KIMBERLEY, 1564 01:20:29,902 --> 01:20:32,536 AND THE PASS LAW, WHICH IS USED BASICALLY TO CONTROL WORKERS 1565 01:20:32,604 --> 01:20:34,705 WHO ARE WORKING IN WHAT WE CALL A LABOR DISTRICT, 1566 01:20:34,773 --> 01:20:36,540 ANYWHERE NEAR A MINE. 1567 01:20:36,608 --> 01:20:39,242 THE PASS LAW WAS USED TO BASICALLY BIND THOSE WORKERS 1568 01:20:39,311 --> 01:20:41,878 TO THE CONTRACTS THAT THEY'D SIGNED IN ORDER TO TAKE UP WORK. 1569 01:20:41,947 --> 01:20:44,181 [BRAKES SQUEALING] 1570 01:20:46,285 --> 01:20:48,952 GATES, VOICE-OVER: BY AND LARGE, BLACK PEOPLE DIDN'T ENJOY 1571 01:20:49,021 --> 01:20:52,022 THE PROFITS OF THE GOLD MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1572 01:20:52,091 --> 01:20:56,460 BUT MERCHANT PRINCES IN KEY AREAS OF WEST AFRICA GREW RICH 1573 01:20:56,528 --> 01:20:59,262 CULTIVATING A MUCH HUMBLER RESOURCE, 1574 01:20:59,331 --> 01:21:02,666 AND THAT RESOURCE WAS PALM OIL. 1575 01:21:02,735 --> 01:21:04,334 MAN, VOICE-OVER: AFRICANS HAD BEEN PRODUCING PALM OIL 1576 01:21:04,403 --> 01:21:06,203 FOR A VERY LONG TIME. 1577 01:21:06,271 --> 01:21:09,740 IT WAS USED LOCALLY IN--IN-- IN FOOD PREPARATION, 1578 01:21:09,808 --> 01:21:14,011 IT WAS USED LOCALLY IN--IN--IN LIGHTING AND HOUSES. 1579 01:21:14,079 --> 01:21:17,781 IT WAS USED LOCALLY IN, UM-- IN ALL KINDS OF THINGS. 1580 01:21:17,850 --> 01:21:19,816 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THE TRADE IN PALM OIL WOULD UNDERGO 1581 01:21:19,885 --> 01:21:22,652 ENORMOUS CHANGE THROUGHOUT THE 19th CENTURY 1582 01:21:22,721 --> 01:21:25,322 BECAUSE PALM OIL WOULD GREASE THE WHEELS 1583 01:21:25,391 --> 01:21:28,358 OF A FAST, INDUSTRIALIZING WORLD, 1584 01:21:28,427 --> 01:21:32,329 AND THE PRODUCTION, CULTIVATION, AND EXPLOITATION OF PALM OIL 1585 01:21:32,398 --> 01:21:35,699 WOULD BECOME A PREDOMINANTLY AFRICAN ENTERPRISE 1586 01:21:35,768 --> 01:21:38,635 AFTER THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE BY BRITAIN 1587 01:21:38,704 --> 01:21:42,639 AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE EARLY 19th CENTURY. 1588 01:21:42,708 --> 01:21:46,043 ONE OF THE IMPORTANT TRANSITIONS IN THE ABOLISHING 1589 01:21:46,111 --> 01:21:50,881 OF THE SLAVE TRADE WAS THAT IT RECENTERED AGRICULTURE, 1590 01:21:50,949 --> 01:21:54,818 AND IT MEANT THAT EVERYONE WHO HAD ACCESS TO LAND 1591 01:21:54,887 --> 01:21:58,955 COULD POTENTIALLY BE A PRODUCER OF WEALTH. 1592 01:21:59,024 --> 01:22:01,458 GATES, VOICE-OVER: FARMERS AND ENTREPRENEURS WERE EAGER 1593 01:22:01,527 --> 01:22:03,794 TO EXPLOIT THE COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES 1594 01:22:03,862 --> 01:22:06,563 THAT PALM OIL PRESENTED. 1595 01:22:06,632 --> 01:22:08,432 MANY OF THE ENTREPRENEURS WERE INDIGENOUS, 1596 01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:10,200 AND--AND THIS IS FASCINATING 1597 01:22:10,269 --> 01:22:12,836 BECAUSE IT INVOLVED CREDIT CREATION, 1598 01:22:12,905 --> 01:22:15,372 LARGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY. 1599 01:22:15,441 --> 01:22:18,175 IT INVOLVED ROTATING CREDIT. IT INVOLVED PRICING. 1600 01:22:18,243 --> 01:22:21,278 IT INVOLVED, UH, MARKET EXCHANGES, 1601 01:22:21,346 --> 01:22:23,814 AND AFRICANS WERE MOVING THESE COMMODITIES 1602 01:22:23,882 --> 01:22:27,517 FROM POINT "A" TO POINT "B," EMPLOYING PEOPLE TO WORK, 1603 01:22:27,586 --> 01:22:31,121 AND USING PEOPLE TO EXCHANGE THESE COMMODITIES, 1604 01:22:31,190 --> 01:22:33,590 UH, RIGHT ACROSS ECOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES, 1605 01:22:33,659 --> 01:22:36,827 RIGHT ACROSS DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL ZONES. 1606 01:22:36,895 --> 01:22:39,096 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THROUGH ABUNDANT PALM OIL PLANTATIONS 1607 01:22:39,164 --> 01:22:42,599 CLUSTERED AROUND THE NIGER DELTA AND THE RIVER VOLTA, 1608 01:22:42,668 --> 01:22:46,169 AFRICAN ENTREPRENEURS BUILT VIBRANT EMPIRES 1609 01:22:46,238 --> 01:22:49,372 TRADING THIS EXTREMELY VALUABLE RESOURCE. 1610 01:22:49,441 --> 01:22:52,142 PALM OIL WOULD SOON BE EXPORTED 1611 01:22:52,211 --> 01:22:54,711 TO EVERY CORNER OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD. 1612 01:22:54,780 --> 01:22:57,914 ABACA, VOICE-OVER: PALM OIL BECAME AN IMPORTANT INGREDIENT 1613 01:22:57,983 --> 01:23:00,650 FOR LUBRICATION OF MACHINES. 1614 01:23:00,719 --> 01:23:04,087 IT BECAME VERY IMPORTANT IN THE PRODUCTION OF CANDLES, 1615 01:23:04,156 --> 01:23:08,625 OF--OF SOAP, OF MARGARINE, AND, THEREFORE, BECAUSE IT WAS NEEDED 1616 01:23:08,694 --> 01:23:11,628 IN THESE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES IN EUROPE AND IN THE PERIOD 1617 01:23:11,697 --> 01:23:14,865 AFTER THE SLAVE TRADE, THAT BECAME ONE OF THE MAJOR 1618 01:23:14,933 --> 01:23:20,570 ECONOMIC EXCHANGES BETWEEN WEST AFRICA AND--AND ENGLAND. 1619 01:23:20,639 --> 01:23:23,140 GATES, VOICE-OVER: AFFLUENT AFRICAN PALM OIL TRADERS 1620 01:23:23,208 --> 01:23:26,076 BEGAN TO DEAL DIRECTLY ON AN EQUAL FOOTING 1621 01:23:26,145 --> 01:23:28,178 WITH EUROPEAN BUSINESSES. 1622 01:23:28,247 --> 01:23:30,247 AKYEAMPONG, VOICE-OVER: FROM THE 19th CENTURY, SO THERE'S A SENSE 1623 01:23:30,315 --> 01:23:34,151 IN WHICH POWER BECOMES ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CROP EXPORTS 1624 01:23:34,219 --> 01:23:35,685 FOR WEST AFRICA. 1625 01:23:35,754 --> 01:23:37,954 GATES: THE TRADERS' SUCCESS WAS FURTHER BOOSTED 1626 01:23:38,023 --> 01:23:42,159 BY A REVOLUTION IN TRANSPORT-- THE STEAMSHIP. 1627 01:23:42,227 --> 01:23:45,462 AKYEAMPONG: ONCE STEAMSHIPS BECOME AVAILABLE, 1628 01:23:45,531 --> 01:23:49,032 EVERYBODY COULD PUT THEIR FREIGHT ON THE STEAMSHIP, 1629 01:23:49,101 --> 01:23:53,503 AND IT WOULD LEAD TO AN EXPANSION OF TRADERS 1630 01:23:53,572 --> 01:23:56,373 WITHIN WEST AFRICA. 1631 01:23:57,776 --> 01:24:00,477 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THE INTERNATIONAL PALM OIL TRADE 1632 01:24:00,546 --> 01:24:03,547 WAS CHANGING THE NATURE OF THE MARKET IN WEST AFRICA. 1633 01:24:03,615 --> 01:24:06,616 WHERE ONCE CHIEFS CONTROLLED THE TRADE WITH FOREIGNERS, 1634 01:24:06,685 --> 01:24:10,320 NOW A NEW BREED OF ENTREPRENEURS DEALT DIRECTLY 1635 01:24:10,389 --> 01:24:14,524 WITH THE EUROPEANS, MAKING HUGE FORTUNES IN THE PROCESS. 1636 01:24:14,593 --> 01:24:16,693 ABACA, VOICE-OVER: IN GHANA, YOU KNOW, A GROUP OF PEOPLE 1637 01:24:16,762 --> 01:24:19,763 WOULD BECOME KNOWN AS THE MERCHANT PRINCES. 1638 01:24:19,831 --> 01:24:23,833 BETWEEN, SAY, 1860, '65 ALL THE WAY THROUGH 1900, 1639 01:24:23,902 --> 01:24:27,504 THESE PEOPLE WERE VERY, VERY PROMINENT IN--IN GHANA. 1640 01:24:27,573 --> 01:24:31,675 THERE WERE ABOUT 25 OR 30 OF SUCH MERCHANT PRINCES. 1641 01:24:31,743 --> 01:24:33,276 GATES, VOICE-OVER: ONE OF THE MOST PROSPEROUS 1642 01:24:33,345 --> 01:24:35,645 OF THOSE MERCHANT PRINCES WAS WILLIAM OCANSEY. 1643 01:24:35,714 --> 01:24:37,914 HIS BUSINESS, OCANSEY & SONS, 1644 01:24:37,983 --> 01:24:41,318 WAS A HUGE AND SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE. 1645 01:24:41,386 --> 01:24:44,387 OCANSEY HAD ABOUT 12 TRADING STATIONS. 1646 01:24:44,456 --> 01:24:48,692 IT'S LIKE HAVING 12 MALLS TODAY. HE WAS VERY ENTERPRISING. 1647 01:24:48,760 --> 01:24:51,595 HE WAS EXPORTING PALM OIL 1648 01:24:51,663 --> 01:24:53,797 TO ENGLAND AND TO EUROPE, 1649 01:24:53,865 --> 01:24:57,467 AND IN RETURN, HE IMPORTED, UH, TEXTILES. 1650 01:24:57,536 --> 01:24:59,669 HE IMPORTED LIQUOR, 1651 01:24:59,738 --> 01:25:03,540 UH, WHICH HE DISTRIBUTED THROUGH, UH, UH, HIS NETWORKS. 1652 01:25:03,609 --> 01:25:07,410 GATES, VOICE-OVER: BY THE 1880s, PLANTATIONS IN THE NIGER DELTA 1653 01:25:07,479 --> 01:25:12,682 WERE EXPORTING NEARLY 20,000 TONS OF PALM OIL A YEAR. 1654 01:25:12,751 --> 01:25:14,084 HEYWOOD, VOICE-OVER: THIS IS THE PERIOD 1655 01:25:14,152 --> 01:25:16,219 OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR AFRICA. 1656 01:25:16,288 --> 01:25:20,624 THEN IT'S THE PERIOD OF COMMODITY TRADE OR FREE TRADE, 1657 01:25:20,692 --> 01:25:26,029 STIMULATING SOCIAL AND AN ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION. 1658 01:25:26,098 --> 01:25:28,598 GATES, VOICE-OVER: IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY, 1659 01:25:28,667 --> 01:25:33,637 AFRICAN KINGDOMS WERE KEEN TO EMBRACE INDUSTRIALIZATION. 1660 01:25:33,705 --> 01:25:38,875 EGYPT WAS SECOND ONLY TO BRITAIN IN HAVING ITS OWN RAIL NETWORK. 1661 01:25:38,944 --> 01:25:43,113 IN WEST AFRICA, THE RULER OF THE POWERFUL ASANTE KINGDOM, 1662 01:25:43,181 --> 01:25:48,184 PREMPEH I, WANTED TO KICK-START HIS OWN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 1663 01:25:48,253 --> 01:25:50,887 WOMAN: HE WANTED TO MODERNIZE THE ASANTE 1664 01:25:50,956 --> 01:25:55,425 BY ENGAGING EUROPEAN EXPERTISE, YOU KNOW, 1665 01:25:55,494 --> 01:25:57,727 TO CONSTRUCT A RAILWAY LINE, 1666 01:25:57,796 --> 01:26:02,832 TO BUILD A MINING INDUSTRY, AND SO ON. 1667 01:26:02,901 --> 01:26:04,934 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THE ASANTE EMPIRE REACHED ITS HEIGHT 1668 01:26:05,003 --> 01:26:06,903 IN THE 19th CENTURY. 1669 01:26:06,972 --> 01:26:09,306 AT ITS CAPITAL, KUMASI, THE ASANTE RULERS 1670 01:26:09,374 --> 01:26:12,309 LIVED IN PALACES, AND A SYSTEM OF GREAT ROADS 1671 01:26:12,377 --> 01:26:16,479 LINKED THE CAPITAL CITY TO EVERY TERRITORY UNDER ITS CONTROL. 1672 01:26:16,548 --> 01:26:19,916 THE EMPIRE COVERED MOST OF MODERN-DAY GHANA. 1673 01:26:19,985 --> 01:26:22,452 BEFORE THE FINDS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1674 01:26:22,521 --> 01:26:25,689 ASANTE WAS THE GREATEST GOLD PRODUCER ON THE CONTINENT 1675 01:26:25,757 --> 01:26:29,793 AND WAS EXTREMELY WELL-PREPARED TO DEFEND ITS SOVEREIGNTY. 1676 01:26:29,861 --> 01:26:31,895 AKYEAMPONG, VOICE-OVER: ASANTE BASED ITS MILITARY POWER 1677 01:26:31,963 --> 01:26:33,330 ON FIREARMS. 1678 01:26:33,398 --> 01:26:34,964 THE FIREARMS CAME FROM THE COAST, 1679 01:26:35,033 --> 01:26:37,667 THE FIREARMS THAT ARE NEEDED TO CONSOLIDATE 1680 01:26:37,736 --> 01:26:40,170 AND MAINTAIN ITS MILITARY POWER. 1681 01:26:40,238 --> 01:26:42,205 GATES, VOICE-OVER: IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY, 1682 01:26:42,274 --> 01:26:45,575 ASANTE FORCES TWICE DEFEATED THE ENCROACHMENTS 1683 01:26:45,644 --> 01:26:47,577 OF THE BRITISH ARMY. 1684 01:26:47,646 --> 01:26:51,448 THE BRITISH, WHO HAD LONG BEFORE ESTABLISHED A COASTAL PRESENCE, 1685 01:26:51,516 --> 01:26:54,351 WERE WARY BOTH OF THE POWER OF THE ASANTE 1686 01:26:54,419 --> 01:26:58,555 AND THEIR POSSIBLE ALLIANCE WITH A RIVAL EUROPEAN POWER. 1687 01:26:58,623 --> 01:27:01,224 HOW DID THINGS FALL APART 1688 01:27:01,293 --> 01:27:03,360 BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND THE ASANTE? 1689 01:27:03,428 --> 01:27:05,061 WITH THE BRITISH EMERGING 1690 01:27:05,130 --> 01:27:07,597 AS THE MOST DOMINANT EUROPEAN POWER, 1691 01:27:07,666 --> 01:27:10,533 ASANTE CLAIMS ON THE COASTAL AREAS 1692 01:27:10,602 --> 01:27:14,204 WAS A MAJOR SOURCE OF THE CONFLICTS 1693 01:27:14,272 --> 01:27:16,339 THAT WERE GOING ON. 1694 01:27:16,408 --> 01:27:17,941 AND THE BRITISH WANTED TO CONTROL THE COASTS. 1695 01:27:18,009 --> 01:27:19,376 YES. HA HA HA! 1696 01:27:19,444 --> 01:27:22,645 SO I ALWAYS SAY THAT THE--BOTH ASANTE 1697 01:27:22,714 --> 01:27:26,516 AND THE BRITISH WERE VERY MUCH ALIKE 1698 01:27:26,585 --> 01:27:29,652 BECAUSE THEY ALL WANTED THE SAME THING-- 1699 01:27:29,721 --> 01:27:34,257 CONTROL OF RESOURCES, OF TRADE, OF ACCESS, POWER. 1700 01:27:34,326 --> 01:27:36,326 THEY BOTH WANTED THAT. 1701 01:27:36,395 --> 01:27:39,429 GATES: BUT THE DETERMINATION OF AFRICAN RULERS LIKE PREMPEH 1702 01:27:39,498 --> 01:27:42,065 TO PROTECT THEIR INDEPENDENCE WAS ABOUT TO COME UP 1703 01:27:42,134 --> 01:27:46,269 AGAINST A RUTHLESS AND SEEMINGLY UNSTOPPABLE FORCE. 1704 01:27:46,338 --> 01:27:49,773 1884, BERLIN, GERMANY, 1705 01:27:49,841 --> 01:27:52,275 THE LEADERS OF 14 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 1706 01:27:52,344 --> 01:27:55,678 AND THE UNITED STATES MET AT A CONFERENCE. 1707 01:27:55,747 --> 01:27:58,248 THE AIM OF THE CONFERENCE WAS FOR WESTERN COUNTRIES 1708 01:27:58,316 --> 01:28:02,118 TO AVOID WARRING AMONGST THEMSELVES OVER AFRICA. 1709 01:28:02,187 --> 01:28:05,288 THE SUPERPOWERS WANTED TO ENSURE MAXIMUM CONTROL 1710 01:28:05,357 --> 01:28:08,958 OVER AFRICA'S RESOURCES BY ESTABLISHING RULES 1711 01:28:09,027 --> 01:28:11,327 BY WHICH TO DIVIDE THE SPOILS 1712 01:28:11,396 --> 01:28:15,365 AT THE EXPENSE OF THE AFRICAN'S WHO RIGHTLY OWNED THEM. 1713 01:28:15,434 --> 01:28:21,438 NO EUROPEAN NATION STATE COULD BE GREAT WITHOUT A COLONY. 1714 01:28:21,506 --> 01:28:26,009 THAT MADE MANY EUROPEAN STATES COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER, 1715 01:28:26,077 --> 01:28:28,611 VIE WITH EACH OTHER 1716 01:28:28,680 --> 01:28:32,182 TO ACCUMULATE COLONIES IN ORDER TO MAKE THEM GREAT. 1717 01:28:32,250 --> 01:28:35,285 GATES: THE BERLIN CONFERENCE WOULD LAY DOWN TERMS 1718 01:28:35,353 --> 01:28:37,687 FOR AN ORDERLY CARVE-UP OF AFRICA. 1719 01:28:37,756 --> 01:28:42,125 BINEY, VOICE-OVER: SO THEY SAT AROUND A TABLE AMICABLY-- 1720 01:28:42,194 --> 01:28:44,727 WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF ANY AFRICAN, 1721 01:28:44,796 --> 01:28:46,529 IT MUST BE POINTED OUT-- 1722 01:28:46,598 --> 01:28:48,898 AND THEY CONSULTED AMONGST THEMSELVES 1723 01:28:48,967 --> 01:28:51,568 IN ORDER TO DECIDE 1724 01:28:51,636 --> 01:28:54,604 ON THE RULES FOR OCCUPATION. 1725 01:28:54,673 --> 01:28:57,073 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THEY AGREED THAT NO AFRICAN TERRITORY 1726 01:28:57,142 --> 01:28:58,775 COULD BE FORMERLY CLAIMED 1727 01:28:58,844 --> 01:29:01,911 UNTIL IT HAD BEEN EFFECTIVELY OCCUPIED. 1728 01:29:01,980 --> 01:29:05,315 THE BRITISH CROWN OFFERED ASANTE A DEAL. 1729 01:29:05,383 --> 01:29:08,218 WHEN THE KINGDOM OF ASANTE WAS OFFERED PROTECTORATE STATUS 1730 01:29:08,286 --> 01:29:10,620 BY THE BRITISH IN 1891, 1731 01:29:10,689 --> 01:29:14,123 THEIR KING, PREMPEH I, FLATLY REFUSED. 1732 01:29:14,192 --> 01:29:16,226 "MY KINGDOM OF ASANTE WILL NEVER COMMIT ITSELF 1733 01:29:16,294 --> 01:29:18,561 TO ANY SUCH POLICY," HE SAID. 1734 01:29:18,630 --> 01:29:21,431 "ASANTE MUST REMAIN INDEPENDENT AS OF OLD 1735 01:29:21,500 --> 01:29:26,135 BUT AT THE SAME TIME REMAIN FRIE WITH ALL WHITE MEN." 1736 01:29:26,204 --> 01:29:28,705 DESPITE HIS DEFIANCE, 1737 01:29:28,773 --> 01:29:31,641 PREMPEH'S KINGDOM WOULD BE WRENCHED AWAY FROM HIM. 1738 01:29:31,710 --> 01:29:35,512 IN 1895, THE BRITISH SENT AN INVASION FORCE INLAND 1739 01:29:35,580 --> 01:29:38,181 ARMED WITH THE LATEST MAXIM MACHINE GUNS 1740 01:29:38,250 --> 01:29:40,884 AND FIELD ARTILLERY. 1741 01:29:40,952 --> 01:29:43,520 KING PREMPEH KNEW HE WAS OUTGUNNED. 1742 01:29:43,588 --> 01:29:46,589 HE FLED WITHOUT A SINGLE SHOT BEING FIRED. 1743 01:29:46,658 --> 01:29:50,260 PREMPEH'S DREAM OF MODERNIZING AND INDUSTRIALIZING HIS EMPIRE 1744 01:29:50,328 --> 01:29:52,094 ABRUPTLY CAME TO AN END. 1745 01:29:52,097 --> 01:29:54,264 THE BRITISH TOOK THE ASANTE-- 1746 01:29:54,332 --> 01:29:56,266 HIS CLOSE RELATIVES, FATHER, MOTHER, 1747 01:29:56,334 --> 01:29:59,669 UH, BROTHER, CHIEF ADVISERS, 1748 01:29:59,738 --> 01:30:02,105 AND EVERYBODY--AWAY. 1749 01:30:02,173 --> 01:30:03,273 SO THEY CAPTURED THE ASANTE 1750 01:30:03,341 --> 01:30:04,474 AND SENT THEM INTO EXILE. 1751 01:30:04,543 --> 01:30:06,109 YES. YES. 1752 01:30:06,177 --> 01:30:08,144 GATES: ACROSS THE CONTINENT, AFRICAN PEOPLES 1753 01:30:08,213 --> 01:30:11,114 WAGED FIERCE WARS IN DEFENSE OF THEIR KINGDOMS 1754 01:30:11,182 --> 01:30:14,250 AGAINST EUROPEAN ENCROACHMENT. 1755 01:30:14,319 --> 01:30:16,319 DIPLOMATS, TROOPS, AND OPPORTUNISTS 1756 01:30:16,388 --> 01:30:19,088 ROAMED THE CONTINENT, OFFERING TRUCES 1757 01:30:19,157 --> 01:30:23,026 AND OFTEN ILLEGAL TREATIES TO RULERS OF KINGDOMS WHOM THEY 1758 01:30:23,094 --> 01:30:27,597 COULD INTIMIDATE OR PERSUADE TO RELINQUISH THEIR CONTROL. 1759 01:30:27,666 --> 01:30:31,434 VIOLENCE SHOULD BE SEEN ON A SPECTRUM, 1760 01:30:31,503 --> 01:30:35,939 ON A CONTINUUM OF PLUNDER, PILLAGE, AND RAPE 1761 01:30:36,007 --> 01:30:39,108 THAT ALL THE EUROPEAN POWERS ENGAGED IN, 1762 01:30:39,177 --> 01:30:43,313 BUT THEY ENGAGED IN AT VARYING DEGREES AND AT VARYING LEVELS, 1763 01:30:43,381 --> 01:30:46,916 AND THE MOST HORRIFIC EXEMPLAR 1764 01:30:46,985 --> 01:30:50,320 OF THE--THE VIOLENCE 1765 01:30:50,388 --> 01:30:53,856 OF COLONIALISM IS CONGO. 1766 01:30:53,925 --> 01:30:57,894 GATES: THE HUGE BASIN OF THE CONGO RIVER IN CENTRAL AFRICA 1767 01:30:57,963 --> 01:31:02,365 IS EXTRAORDINARILY ENDOWED WITH VAST RESOURCES. 1768 01:31:02,434 --> 01:31:06,569 THIS LAND, 2.5 MILLION SQUARE KILOMETERS 1769 01:31:06,638 --> 01:31:09,639 CRISSCROSSED BY NAVIGABLE WATERWAYS, 1770 01:31:09,708 --> 01:31:13,042 WAS EXTRAORDINARILY RICH IN NATURAL RESOURCES, 1771 01:31:13,111 --> 01:31:15,845 BRIMMING WITH COVETED COMMODITIES LIKE IVORY, 1772 01:31:15,914 --> 01:31:19,248 PALM OIL, TIMBER, AND COPPER. 1773 01:31:19,317 --> 01:31:22,118 THIS REGION WAS ALSO BLESSED WITH HUGE QUANTITIES 1774 01:31:22,187 --> 01:31:26,289 OF ANOTHER HIGHLY VALUABLE SUBSTANCE--RUBBER. 1775 01:31:26,358 --> 01:31:28,358 ADVANCES IN THE VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER 1776 01:31:28,426 --> 01:31:30,793 MADE IT MORE DURABLE AND LESS BRITTLE, 1777 01:31:30,862 --> 01:31:33,863 FACILITATING THE INVENTION OF THE PNEUMATIC TIRE. 1778 01:31:33,932 --> 01:31:35,865 SOON, RUBBER WOULD BECOME 1779 01:31:35,934 --> 01:31:38,735 ONE OF THE MOST SOUGHT-AFTER RESOURCES ON THE PLANET. 1780 01:31:38,803 --> 01:31:41,270 THE ANCIENT RUBBER VINES THAT GREW WILD 1781 01:31:41,339 --> 01:31:43,706 OVER THE EQUATORIAL RAINFORESTS OF CONGO 1782 01:31:43,775 --> 01:31:47,577 HAD LONG BEEN EXPLOITED BY THE CUSTODIANS OF THIS LAND, 1783 01:31:47,646 --> 01:31:51,881 BUT NOW OUTSIDERS WERE INTENT ON PLUNDERING THEM. 1784 01:31:51,950 --> 01:31:55,985 FOLLOWING THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, THE CONGO BASIN WAS RECOGNIZED 1785 01:31:56,054 --> 01:31:58,688 AS THE POSSESSION OF ITS SOLE OWNER-- 1786 01:31:58,757 --> 01:32:01,791 THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, LEOPOLD II. 1787 01:32:01,860 --> 01:32:04,060 RENAMING IT THE CONGO FREE STATE, 1788 01:32:04,129 --> 01:32:07,697 LEOPOLD NOW PERSONALLY CONTROLLED A TERRITORY 1789 01:32:07,766 --> 01:32:12,101 76 TIMES THE SIZE OF HIS HOME COUNTRY. 1790 01:32:12,170 --> 01:32:14,337 SINCE CHILDHOOD, ONE OF THE THINGS HE HAD CRAVED 1791 01:32:14,406 --> 01:32:18,508 WAS A COLONY, AND SO HE CREATED ONE FOR HIMSELF, 1792 01:32:18,576 --> 01:32:22,645 AND HE DID IT BY CONVINCING OTHER EUROPEAN, UH, LEADERS 1793 01:32:22,714 --> 01:32:25,415 THAT HE WAS GOING TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY 1794 01:32:25,483 --> 01:32:28,785 AND BRING IN--QUOTE, UNQUOTE-- CIVILIZATION TO THE PEOPLE. 1795 01:32:28,853 --> 01:32:34,090 BINEY, VOICE-OVER: KING LEOPOLD II's, UM, INTERESTS 1796 01:32:34,159 --> 01:32:39,896 IN THE CONGO WERE LARGELY UNDERPINNED 1797 01:32:39,964 --> 01:32:42,465 BY ENORMOUS GREED, 1798 01:32:42,534 --> 01:32:45,468 UM, AND, AS A RESULT OF THAT GREED, 1799 01:32:45,537 --> 01:32:50,440 THE BELGIAN CONGO BECAME THE PERSONAL PRIVATE PROPERTY 1800 01:32:50,508 --> 01:32:54,110 OF THE KING OF BELGIUM, 1801 01:32:54,179 --> 01:32:57,747 AND THE DISCOVERY OF RUBBER, 1802 01:32:57,816 --> 01:33:02,251 UH, BECAME A GODSEND TO KING LEOPOLD II. 1803 01:33:02,320 --> 01:33:03,920 GATES, VOICE-OVER: LEOPOLD ORDERED THE RUBBER 1804 01:33:03,988 --> 01:33:06,489 TO BE COLLECTED AS FAST AS POSSIBLE. 1805 01:33:06,558 --> 01:33:10,693 SOON, VAST AREAS WERE STRIPPED OF EVERY SINGLE RUBBER VINE. 1806 01:33:10,762 --> 01:33:13,429 THE MINDLESS PLUNDERING OF THE LAND FOR ITS RESOURCES 1807 01:33:13,498 --> 01:33:15,998 WAS REPEATED ALL ACROSS CONGO FREE STATE, 1808 01:33:16,067 --> 01:33:18,901 THE PROFITS GOING INTO THE POCKETS OF ONE MAN-- 1809 01:33:18,970 --> 01:33:21,003 LEOPOLD II. 1810 01:33:21,072 --> 01:33:24,307 THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE WAS ONLY A TINY PART OF THE STORY, 1811 01:33:24,375 --> 01:33:28,177 AND IT PALES INTO INSIGNIFICANCE AGAINST THE WIDER PICTURE 1812 01:33:28,246 --> 01:33:31,748 OF CORRUPTION, CRIME, AND INHUMANITY. 1813 01:33:31,816 --> 01:33:35,318 IN 1890 AFTER TOURING THE CONGO FREE STATE, 1814 01:33:35,386 --> 01:33:39,455 THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN JOURNALIST, LAWYER, AND HISTORIAN 1815 01:33:39,524 --> 01:33:44,193 GEORGE WASHINGTON WILLIAMS WROTE AN OPEN LETTER TO KING LEOPOLD. 1816 01:33:44,262 --> 01:33:46,929 PUBLISHED IN NEWSPAPERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, 1817 01:33:46,998 --> 01:33:49,499 IT HIGHLIGHTED THE HORRORS PRACTICED 1818 01:33:49,567 --> 01:33:52,835 AGAINST THE BLACK PEOPLE THERE. 1819 01:33:52,904 --> 01:33:56,038 ABACA: A LARGE DEMAND FOR THE RAW MATERIALS 1820 01:33:56,107 --> 01:33:59,976 WOULD NECESSITATE CHANGING THE--THE METHOD OF PRODUCING IT 1821 01:34:00,044 --> 01:34:03,112 BECAUSE THE EUROPEANS NEEDED THESE, UH, COMMODITIES 1822 01:34:03,181 --> 01:34:05,014 IN LARGE QUANTITIES. 1823 01:34:05,083 --> 01:34:07,416 IN THE CASE OF, UM--OF LEOPOLD, HE WOULD ENFORCE 1824 01:34:07,485 --> 01:34:11,521 A VERY BRUTAL WAY OF--OF EXTRACTING THE RUBBER. 1825 01:34:11,589 --> 01:34:13,790 GATES: VILLAGERS WERE GIVEN STRICT TARGETS 1826 01:34:13,858 --> 01:34:16,425 FOR THE AMOUNT OF RUBBER THEY WERE FORCED TO COLLECT. 1827 01:34:16,494 --> 01:34:20,596 PUNISHMENT FOR FAILURE WAS BRUTAL AND DRASTIC. 1828 01:34:20,665 --> 01:34:23,132 ABACA: QUOTAS WOULD BE ESTABLISHED FOR THE-- 1829 01:34:23,201 --> 01:34:26,469 THE AFRICANS TO--TO PROVIDE, AND IF THEY COULDN'T 1830 01:34:26,538 --> 01:34:28,905 PROVIDE THE QUOTAS, YOU KNOW, LIMBS WERE AMPUTATED. 1831 01:34:28,973 --> 01:34:31,841 PEOPLE'S HANDS AND LEGS WERE CHOPPED OFF. 1832 01:34:31,910 --> 01:34:36,045 UM, WIVES WERE SEIZED, FOR EXAMPLE, TO FORCE MEN 1833 01:34:36,114 --> 01:34:38,614 TO PROVIDE MORE AND MORE OF THE RUBBER. 1834 01:34:38,683 --> 01:34:41,517 GATES: LEOPOLD'S PRIVATE ARMY OF MERCENARIES, 1835 01:34:41,586 --> 01:34:45,521 COMPRISED OF CONGOLESE SOLDIERS COMMANDED BY BELGIAN OFFICERS, 1836 01:34:45,590 --> 01:34:48,024 POLICED THE OPERATION. 1837 01:34:48,092 --> 01:34:50,726 ANYONE WHO RESISTED WAS SHOT. 1838 01:34:50,795 --> 01:34:52,795 BECAUSE AMMUNITION WAS SO EXPENSIVE, 1839 01:34:52,864 --> 01:34:54,797 SEVERED HANDS SERVED AS PROOF 1840 01:34:54,866 --> 01:34:58,367 THAT A CORPSE HAD BEEN HARVESTED FOR EVERY BULLET. 1841 01:34:58,436 --> 01:35:01,771 WHEN SOLDIERS HAD FIRED MORE BULLETS THAN CORPSES, 1842 01:35:01,840 --> 01:35:04,407 THEY SEVERED THE HANDS OF THE LIVING-- 1843 01:35:04,475 --> 01:35:08,211 MEN, WOMEN, EVEN CHILDREN. 1844 01:35:08,279 --> 01:35:10,112 VISUAL EVIDENCE OF THE BRUTALITY 1845 01:35:10,181 --> 01:35:14,116 WAS CAPTURED BY THE ENGLISH MISSIONARY ALICE SEELEY HARRIS. 1846 01:35:14,185 --> 01:35:16,752 HER PHOTOGRAPHS APPEARED IN ANTISLAVERY PAMPHLETS 1847 01:35:16,821 --> 01:35:19,622 AROUND THE WORLD. 1848 01:35:19,691 --> 01:35:21,624 DESPITE LEOPOLD'S CLAIMS THAT THE PUNISHMENTS 1849 01:35:21,693 --> 01:35:23,659 WERE PART OF CONGOLESE CULTURE 1850 01:35:23,728 --> 01:35:26,495 OR THAT LIMBS HAD BEEN SEVERED BY WILD ANIMALS, 1851 01:35:26,564 --> 01:35:29,432 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE WAS UNDENIABLE. 1852 01:35:29,500 --> 01:35:32,101 PUBLIC OUTRAGE SHAMED THE BELGIAN GOVERNMENT 1853 01:35:32,170 --> 01:35:35,204 INTO FORCING LEOPOLD TO RELINQUISH PERSONAL CONTROL 1854 01:35:35,273 --> 01:35:38,307 OF THE COLONY IN 1908. 1855 01:35:38,376 --> 01:35:40,443 IT'S ESTIMATED THAT 10 MILLION PEOPLE, 1856 01:35:40,511 --> 01:35:42,545 HALF OF CONGO'S POPULATION, 1857 01:35:42,614 --> 01:35:46,249 PERISHED DURING LEOPOLD'S INHUMANE RULE. 1858 01:35:46,317 --> 01:35:47,884 BELGIAN BRUTALITIES DISRUPTED 1859 01:35:47,952 --> 01:35:51,454 MUCH OF THE ESTABLISHED SOCIAL ORDER IN CENTRAL AFRICA. 1860 01:35:51,522 --> 01:35:53,456 A DIRECT RESPONSE WAS THE EMERGENCE 1861 01:35:53,524 --> 01:35:56,225 OF IMPORTANT RELIGIOUS FIGURES WHOSE POWER 1862 01:35:56,294 --> 01:35:58,461 COULD HELP RESTORE BALANCE. 1863 01:35:58,529 --> 01:36:00,496 CALLED NKISI MANGAAKA, 1864 01:36:00,565 --> 01:36:03,599 ONLY 20 ARE THOUGHT TO REMAIN IN THE WORLD. 1865 01:36:03,668 --> 01:36:06,068 ALISA, WHAT WAS THE FUNCTION OF THE MANGAAKA? 1866 01:36:06,137 --> 01:36:11,440 ALISA: MANGAAKA IS A FORCE OF LAW AND ORDER. 1867 01:36:11,509 --> 01:36:14,377 IT'S AN ABSTRACT METAPHYSICAL FORCE 1868 01:36:14,445 --> 01:36:18,547 THAT REGIONAL CONGO LEADERS CALLED UPON 1869 01:36:18,616 --> 01:36:20,917 TO REINFORCE THEIR AUTHORITY. 1870 01:36:20,985 --> 01:36:22,685 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THESE SCULPTURES CONTAINED SPACES 1871 01:36:22,754 --> 01:36:26,088 FOR CYLINDERS IN WHICH PRIESTS WOULD HAVE INSERTED MEDICINES 1872 01:36:26,157 --> 01:36:29,258 AND CONSECRATED PLANT AND ANIMAL MATTER TO INVOKE 1873 01:36:29,327 --> 01:36:32,128 AND HOUSE THE PRESENCE OF MANGAAKA, 1874 01:36:32,196 --> 01:36:34,196 THE PRE-EMINENT FORCE OF JURISPRUDENCE. 1875 01:36:34,265 --> 01:36:36,866 THIS IS A LITERALIZATION OF THE POWER OF THE STATE. 1876 01:36:36,935 --> 01:36:41,537 YES, IT IS, AND THE-- 1877 01:36:41,606 --> 01:36:46,676 THE VERY DENSE FOREST OF METALWARE, OF HARDWARE 1878 01:36:46,744 --> 01:36:50,713 THAT COVERS THE TORSO OF THIS MANGAAKA SCULPTURE 1879 01:36:50,782 --> 01:36:53,950 IS A RECORD OF ALL OF THE CONFLICTS 1880 01:36:54,018 --> 01:36:56,786 THAT HAVE BEEN RESOLVED IN HIS PRESENCE. 1881 01:36:56,854 --> 01:36:58,688 GATES, VOICE-OVER: THESE FIGURES HELPED BUTTRESS 1882 01:36:58,756 --> 01:37:01,123 THE AILING AUTHORITY OF THE LOANGO KINGDOM 1883 01:37:01,192 --> 01:37:04,460 IN THE FACE OF COLONIAL ONSLAUGHT, 1884 01:37:04,529 --> 01:37:07,563 SO IT'S NOT SURPRISING THAT THEY WERE SEEN BY EUROPEANS 1885 01:37:07,632 --> 01:37:10,666 AS VITAL TO EXTINGUISH. 1886 01:37:10,735 --> 01:37:14,670 LaGAMMA: THE PORTUGUESE TARGETED AND DESTROYED THEM 1887 01:37:14,739 --> 01:37:20,343 TO ELIMINATE THEM AS A THREAT TO THEIR AUTHORITY. 1888 01:37:20,411 --> 01:37:22,378 THEY REMOVED THE SYMBOLS OF AUTHORITY 1889 01:37:22,447 --> 01:37:24,380 SO THEY COULD SUBSTITUTE THEIR OWN. 1890 01:37:24,449 --> 01:37:29,051 IN 1870, ONLY 10% OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT 1891 01:37:29,120 --> 01:37:32,054 WAS UNDER EUROPEAN COLONIAL CONTROL, 1892 01:37:32,123 --> 01:37:34,924 BUT AS THE 19th CENTURY DREW TO A CLOSE-- 1893 01:37:34,993 --> 01:37:38,327 DESPITE THE VALIANT ATTEMPTS OF KINGDOMS SUCH AS ASANTE, 1894 01:37:38,396 --> 01:37:43,099 KING BEHANZIN OF DAHOMEY, SAMORI TOURE'S MANDINKA EMPIRE, 1895 01:37:43,167 --> 01:37:46,969 AND THE MAHDI IN SUDAN-- ALMOST 90% OF THE CONTINENT 1896 01:37:47,038 --> 01:37:50,806 HAD FALLEN UNDER FOREIGN RULE, 1897 01:37:50,875 --> 01:37:55,978 BUT ONE KINGDOM STOOD FIRM IN THE FACE OF FOREIGN ONSLAUGHT. 1898 01:37:56,047 --> 01:38:00,816 FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS IN WHAT IS TODAY ETHIOPIA, 1899 01:38:00,885 --> 01:38:03,452 THERE HAD NEVER BEEN FOREIGN RULE. 1900 01:38:03,521 --> 01:38:05,921 THIS PART OF AFRICA HAD DEFENDED ITSELF 1901 01:38:05,990 --> 01:38:09,358 FROM THE FORCES OF ISLAM IN THE EARLY 16th CENTURY 1902 01:38:09,427 --> 01:38:12,895 AND FROM THE PORTUGUESE IN THE 17th CENTURY. 1903 01:38:12,964 --> 01:38:15,664 AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY, IT FACED 1904 01:38:15,733 --> 01:38:20,569 A SEEMINGLY IRRESISTIBLE FORCE OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISM. 1905 01:38:20,638 --> 01:38:26,942 IN 1889, ETHIOPIA HAD A NEW EMPEROR--MENELIK II. 1906 01:38:27,011 --> 01:38:30,413 MENELIK II WAS A MEMBER OF THE SOLOMONIC DYNASTY 1907 01:38:30,481 --> 01:38:33,749 THAT HAD RULED ETHIOPIA SINCE THE 13th CENTURY, 1908 01:38:33,818 --> 01:38:36,752 CLAIMING DIRECT LINAGE FROM KING SOLOMON 1909 01:38:36,821 --> 01:38:38,954 AND THE QUEEN OF SHEBA. 1910 01:38:39,023 --> 01:38:41,023 DESPITE THIS CLAIM OF A DIRECT LINK 1911 01:38:41,092 --> 01:38:43,359 TO THE BIBLE'S OLD TESTAMENT, 1912 01:38:43,428 --> 01:38:47,163 MENELIK WAS A REMARKABLY MODERN MONARCH. 1913 01:38:47,231 --> 01:38:50,833 IN 1884, HE HAD COMMISSIONED A RAILWAY THAT WOULD LINK 1914 01:38:50,902 --> 01:38:54,737 HIS NOW-LANDLOCKED KINGDOM TO THE RED SEA. 1915 01:38:54,806 --> 01:38:58,274 HE HAD ALSO ENTERED INTO AN INFORMAL ALLIANCE WITH RUSSIA, 1916 01:38:58,342 --> 01:39:02,411 BUT NOW HIS AMBITIONS TO PROTECT AND MODERNIZE HIS EMPIRE 1917 01:39:02,480 --> 01:39:05,648 SQUARED OFF AGAINST HIS MOST PRESSING THREAT-- 1918 01:39:05,716 --> 01:39:09,985 THE COLONIZING DESIRES OF THE ITALIANS. 1919 01:39:10,054 --> 01:39:13,856 FOLLOWING THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, ITALY HAD BEEN ALLOCATED, 1920 01:39:13,925 --> 01:39:16,559 ACCORDING TO AREAS WITHIN CERTAIN LINES OF LATITUDE 1921 01:39:16,627 --> 01:39:20,796 AND LONGITUDE, THE TERRITORIES OF ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA. 1922 01:39:20,865 --> 01:39:25,501 ON MARCH 1, 1896, ETHIOPIANS FACED AN ITALIAN ARMY 1923 01:39:25,570 --> 01:39:28,571 NEAR THE TOWN OF ADWA ON THEIR NORTHERN BORDER. 1924 01:39:28,639 --> 01:39:31,407 TO GIVE HIMSELF THE BEST CHANCE OF DEFEATING THE ITALIANS, 1925 01:39:31,476 --> 01:39:33,342 A STRATEGIC BATTLE OF WITS, 1926 01:39:33,411 --> 01:39:36,178 BLUFF, AND COUNTERBLUFF COMMENCED. 1927 01:39:36,247 --> 01:39:38,247 TO KEEP THE--THE ITALIANS-- 1928 01:39:38,316 --> 01:39:39,748 TO KEEP TALKING TO THE ITALIANS, 1929 01:39:39,817 --> 01:39:41,717 HE KNEW THAT IT WOULD BE SOME TIME 1930 01:39:41,786 --> 01:39:46,789 BEFORE THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO MOBILIZE, UH, YOU KNOW, 1931 01:39:46,858 --> 01:39:50,426 UH, THESE RESOURCES TO, UH, WHAT MIGHT 1932 01:39:50,495 --> 01:39:52,795 EVENTUATE INTO A CONFRONTATION. 1933 01:39:52,864 --> 01:39:53,929 HE'S BUYING TIME. 1934 01:39:53,998 --> 01:39:55,364 HE WAS MOBILIZING NOT ONLY RESOURCES, 1935 01:39:55,433 --> 01:39:57,700 BUT ALSO POLITICALLY. 1936 01:39:57,768 --> 01:39:59,034 BECAUSE HE NEEDED SUPPORT THAT SUPPORT. 1937 01:39:59,103 --> 01:40:00,035 AGAINST THE COMMON ENEMY. 1938 01:40:00,104 --> 01:40:01,504 INDEED. 1939 01:40:01,572 --> 01:40:03,272 GATES, VOICE-OVER: MENELIK APPEALED TO HIS FEUDAL LORDS 1940 01:40:03,341 --> 01:40:06,075 TO UNITE AGAINST THIS COMMON ENEMY. 1941 01:40:06,144 --> 01:40:07,977 WITH THEIR SUPPORT, THE ETHIOPIAN ARMY 1942 01:40:08,045 --> 01:40:11,747 SWELLED TO 100,000 WELL-ARMED TROOPS, 1943 01:40:11,816 --> 01:40:14,984 BUT EVEN THOUGH THE ARMY WAS 5 TIMES THE SIZE OF ITALY'S, 1944 01:40:15,052 --> 01:40:17,353 THE INVADERS' FORTIFIED STRONGHOLDS 1945 01:40:17,421 --> 01:40:20,623 GAVE THEM THE UPPER HAND. 1946 01:40:20,691 --> 01:40:23,325 THE CORE ELEMENTS OF ETHIOPIAN STRATEGY 1947 01:40:23,394 --> 01:40:25,828 WAS NOT TO ATTACK THE ITALIANS 1948 01:40:25,897 --> 01:40:28,797 IN THEIR FORTS BECAUSE THAT WOULD BE SUICIDAL, 1949 01:40:28,866 --> 01:40:30,966 YEAH. RIGHT. AND SO 1950 01:40:31,035 --> 01:40:35,404 TH--THEY HAD TO LURE THE-- THE ENEMY OUT INTO THE OPEN, 1951 01:40:35,473 --> 01:40:37,406 UH, WHERE THEY WOULD, OF COURSE, 1952 01:40:37,475 --> 01:40:40,809 UH, HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF, UH, SUPERIOR NUMBERS, 1953 01:40:40,878 --> 01:40:42,978 AND THE ITALIANS ALSO KNEW THAT THAT WAS-- 1954 01:40:43,047 --> 01:40:47,316 THAT WAS DANGEROUS AND, THEREFORE, UM, WOULD-- 1955 01:40:47,385 --> 01:40:50,786 WOULD WANT TO-- TO WAIT OUT THE ENEMY. 1956 01:40:50,855 --> 01:40:52,788 IT WAS A RESPONSIBLE STRATEGY 1957 01:40:52,857 --> 01:40:54,023 ON THE ITALIANS' PART. YES. 1958 01:40:54,091 --> 01:40:57,560 TO BREAK THIS, IT WAS NECESSARY 1959 01:40:57,628 --> 01:41:00,396 FOR--FOR THE--THE ETHIOPIANS TO CONDUCT 1960 01:41:00,464 --> 01:41:02,898 NOT ONLY ESPIONAGE ABOUT ITALIAN PLANS 1961 01:41:02,967 --> 01:41:04,900 AND THEIR MOVEMENTS AND THE LIKE, 1962 01:41:04,969 --> 01:41:07,636 BUT ALSO, UH, HAVE 1963 01:41:07,705 --> 01:41:10,406 DOUBLE AGENTS PLANTED AMONG THE ITALIANS. 1964 01:41:10,474 --> 01:41:12,374 GATES, VOICE-OVER: SPIES SET OUT TO TRICK THE ITALIANS 1965 01:41:12,443 --> 01:41:14,977 INTO BELIEVING THAT THE ETHIOPIAN ARMY 1966 01:41:15,046 --> 01:41:17,479 HAD RUN OUT OF PROVISIONS. 1967 01:41:17,548 --> 01:41:20,649 MENELIK ASKED HIS MEN TO PRETEND TO BE DECAMPING. 1968 01:41:20,718 --> 01:41:23,185 SO THE ITALIANS THINK THAT MENELIK IS WEAK, 1969 01:41:23,254 --> 01:41:24,286 AND THEY SAY, "WELL, WE COULD ATTACK. 1970 01:41:24,355 --> 01:41:25,287 RIGHT. 1971 01:41:25,356 --> 01:41:26,755 WE CAN LEAVE THE FORTRESS." 1972 01:41:26,824 --> 01:41:30,259 CORRECT. THE ITALIANS HAVE PUT THEMSELVES INTO A TRAP. 1973 01:41:30,328 --> 01:41:32,394 GATES: WITH THE ITALIANS DRAWN INTO THE OPEN, 1974 01:41:32,463 --> 01:41:35,698 THE ETHIOPIAN ARMY LAUNCHED ITS ATTACK. 1975 01:41:35,766 --> 01:41:38,367 THIS TIME, IT WASN'T JUST THE EUROPEANS 1976 01:41:38,436 --> 01:41:42,004 WHOSE TROOPS POSSESSED THE MAXIM GUN. 1977 01:41:42,073 --> 01:41:44,740 THE ITALIANS WERE SOUNDLY DEFEATED 1978 01:41:44,809 --> 01:41:49,411 AND ANY HOPE THEY HAD OF SETTLING ETHIOPIA CRUSHED. 1979 01:41:49,480 --> 01:41:54,183 OVER 4,000 ITALIAN SOLDIERS WERE DEAD OR MISSING. 1980 01:41:54,252 --> 01:41:58,320 ANOTHER 2,000 HAD BEEN TAKEN PRISONER BY MENELIK. 1981 01:41:58,389 --> 01:42:01,457 THE TATTERED REMAINS OF THE ITALIAN FORCES 1982 01:42:01,525 --> 01:42:05,027 FLED BACK NORTH, NEVER TO RETURN. 1983 01:42:05,096 --> 01:42:07,730 IS THIS THE GREATEST VICTORY OF BLACK AFRICA 1984 01:42:07,798 --> 01:42:11,300 AGAINST EUROPE, IN-- IN YOUR OPINION? 1985 01:42:11,369 --> 01:42:14,470 WHAT MAKES ADWA SIGNIFICANT IS THE FACT THAT, 1986 01:42:14,538 --> 01:42:18,007 NOT--BESIDES ITS-- ITS--ITS VOLUME 1987 01:42:18,075 --> 01:42:20,909 AND THEN ITS, UH-- ITS BRILLIANCE, 1988 01:42:20,978 --> 01:42:22,878 UH, ITS DECISIVENESS, 1989 01:42:22,947 --> 01:42:25,714 IS THE FACT THAT IT WAS PROBABLY 1990 01:42:25,783 --> 01:42:27,149 THE MOST SUCCESSFUL AND UNREVERSED... 1991 01:42:27,218 --> 01:42:28,884 MM-HMM. UNREVERSED. 1992 01:42:28,953 --> 01:42:31,620 UNREVERSED MILITARY VICTORIES 1993 01:42:31,689 --> 01:42:34,256 OF AFRICANS RESISTING EUROPEAN COLONIALISM. 1994 01:42:34,325 --> 01:42:35,658 BECAUSE ETHIOPIA REMAINED INDEPENDENT. 1995 01:42:35,726 --> 01:42:37,326 YES. 1996 01:42:37,395 --> 01:42:39,828 MENELIK HAD FIRED THE SHOT HEARD AROUND THE CONTINENT. 1997 01:42:39,897 --> 01:42:43,165 HE AND THE KINGDOM OF ETHIOPIA BECAME SYMBOLS OF HOPE 1998 01:42:43,234 --> 01:42:46,602 FOR AFRICANS EVERYWHERE, PROOF THAT VALOR AND RESISTANCE 1999 01:42:46,671 --> 01:42:49,305 COULD TRIUMPH AGAINST COLONIAL SUBJUGATION, 2000 01:42:49,373 --> 01:42:52,141 AND IT WASN'T JUST AFRICANS WHO WOULD FIND INSPIRATION 2001 01:42:52,209 --> 01:42:54,977 IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE ETHIOPIANS. 2002 01:42:55,046 --> 01:43:00,582 THROUGHOUT THE AFRICAN DIASPORA, ETHIOPIA ACQUIRED MYTHIC STATUS. 2003 01:43:00,651 --> 01:43:03,519 IT WAS A CALL TO ARMS TO BEGIN A NEW FIGHT, 2004 01:43:03,587 --> 01:43:07,189 A FIGHT FOR TRUE INDEPENDENCE AGAINST THE SUBJUGATION 2005 01:43:07,258 --> 01:43:09,558 OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISM. 2006 01:43:09,627 --> 01:43:11,126 FOR THE VAST MAJORITY OF THEIR HISTORY, 2007 01:43:11,195 --> 01:43:14,263 AFRICAN KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES HAVE BEEN INDEPENDENT 2008 01:43:14,332 --> 01:43:17,833 AND POWERFUL IN THEIR OWN RIGHT. 2009 01:43:17,902 --> 01:43:20,736 IN ADDITION, THE AFRICAN CONTRIBUTION 2010 01:43:20,805 --> 01:43:23,605 TO ART AND ARCHITECTURE, MUSIC AND DANCE, 2011 01:43:23,674 --> 01:43:27,476 PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION CANNOT BE GAINSAID. 2012 01:43:27,545 --> 01:43:31,113 FROM THE 1950s ONWARDS, NEW AFRICAN NATIONS 2013 01:43:31,182 --> 01:43:33,949 BORN FROM RESISTANCE AND STRUGGLE 2014 01:43:34,018 --> 01:43:37,453 AGAINST EUROPEAN COLONIALISM WOULD BRING INDEPENDENCE 2015 01:43:37,521 --> 01:43:40,689 TO THE AFRICAN CONTINENT ONCE MORE. 2016 01:43:40,758 --> 01:43:45,094 TODAY THESE NATIONS, NEW COUNTRIES ON THE CONTINENT 2017 01:43:45,162 --> 01:43:47,529 WHERE HUMAN BEINGS WERE BORN, 2018 01:43:47,598 --> 01:43:51,266 ARE STRIVING TO OVERCOME THE LEGACY OF COLONIAL OCCUPATION 2019 01:43:51,335 --> 01:43:54,503 AND THEIR OWN INTERNAL DIVISIONS AND CONFLICTS. 2020 01:43:54,572 --> 01:43:58,307 AS NEW DEMOCRACIES TAKE ROOT THROUGHOUT THE CONTINENT 2021 01:43:58,376 --> 01:44:02,311 AND LOOK TO THE FUTURE, PERHAPS AFRICA'S TRUE MAJESTY 2022 01:44:02,380 --> 01:44:04,947 AND ITS PROUD AND NOBLE HISTORY 2023 01:44:05,015 --> 01:44:09,618 WILL ONCE AGAIN BE VALUED BY THE WORLD. 2024 01:44:18,027 --> 01:44:22,164 AFRICA'S GREAT CIVILIZATIONS IS AVAILABLE ON BLU-RAY AND DVD. 2025 01:44:22,233 --> 01:44:27,403 TO ORDER VISIT shopPBS.org OR CALL 1-800-PLAY-PBS. 2026 01:44:27,471 --> 01:44:31,240 THIS SERIES IS ALSO AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD FROM ITUNES.