纪录片之家倾情奉献
中国是一个全球性的超级大国
China, a global superpower,
她着眼于未来
eyes set on the future,
www.jlpzj.net
出现在世界舞台之上
its arrival on the world stage
如冉冉升起的明星般受到欢迎
greeted like the appearance of a new planet.
翻译 flankerjun
翻译 hareless
翻译 lsmlive
但这并非首次
But it is not the first time.
早在公元7世纪 当欧洲还处于黑暗的中世纪
In the seventh century, when Europe was in its Dark Age,
翻译 altajlp
翻译 样子
唐朝就已经是
Tang Dynasty China became
地球上最伟大的国家了
the greatest power on earth
直到西方崛起前 优势持续了整整千年
and would be for 1,000 years until the rise of the West.
校对&时间轴 lsmlive
校对&时间轴 样子
现在发生的这一切 以前就曾发生
What's happening now has happened before.
字幕特效&注释 家养骆驼
我在西安 它是唐朝的首都
I'm in Xi'an, the capital of the Tang,
早在1300年前
which 1,300 years ago was
长安就是地球上最繁荣的大都市
the greatest and most cosmopolitan city on earth.
压制 样子
唐朝的伟大之处
And what made it great
本字幕仅供学习交流 严禁用于商业用途
不仅在于她的经济和文化的实力
was not only its economic and cultural power,
她的身份认同感
its sense of its own identity,
而更在于对其它文化的开放态度
but its openness to other cultures.
这尊雕像
Standing over the square,
矗立在广场上 他是世界文明史上
the statue of one of the heroes of that time,
最伟大的人物之一
one of the great figures in the history of civilisation,
玄奘法师
the Buddhist monk Xuanzang,
他把印度的智慧带回了中国
who brought the wisdom of India back here to China.
这是一个时代的故事
This is the tale of a time
今天的中国人仍把它看做是黄金时代
which even now the Chinese see as a golden age.
在这集故事里 我们来到了唐朝
In the story of China we have reached the Tang Dynasty.
感谢 Weibo 和 Bilibili 网友对此系列译校的帮助
中国故事
丝路之魂
人们常说历史上的中国
It's often said that in history
是一个封闭的文明
China has been a closed civilisation,
是内向的 闭关锁国的
introverted, cutting itself off from the world.
主持人 迈克尔·伍德
有段时间里 中国看起来的确如此
And there have been times when it has looked that way,
但是自史前以来 中国从未被真正孤立过
but since prehistory China has never been isolated
对外交往曾非常频繁
and has thrived on contact.
唐朝更是一个国际交流的伟大时代
And the Tang Dynasty was a great age of international connection.
当时大量的外国人涌入了中国
That time, vast numbers of foreign peoples poured into China
带来了异国的货物 食品
with exotic goods, foods
思想 甚至是新的宗教
and ideas, and even new religions.
这条伟大的交流道路
And the great pathway of exchange
就是丝绸之路
was the Silk Road.
唐帝国的丝绸之路 公元618年-907年
今天我们称之为丝绸之路
We call it the Silk Road today,
但实际上它并不是一条路
but it wasn't really one road
印度
中亚
中国
而是一系列陆上通道
but a series of land routes
把地中海和印度同中国连接到了一起
connecting China with the Mediterranean and India.
丝绸之路使得中国
And the Silk Road turned China,
首次成了一个全球化的文明
for the first time, into a global civilisation.
沿着丝绸之路的 是许多的不同的民族和文化
Along it, just as today, were many cultures and peoples,
不同的宗教
different religions,
不同的世界观
different ways of seeing the world.
非常感谢
Thank you, thank you so much.
丝绸之路的魔力
The magic of the Silk Road.
中亚的魔力
The magic of Central Asia.
这里到处都有汉人和维吾尔人
There is Han Chinese, there's Uyghurs everywhere,
那是个吉尔吉斯斯坦人
there's a guy from Kyrgyzstan -
从帽子能看出来
you can tell by his hat.
正如古代一样
Just like it would have been in ancient times,
你可以看到阿拉伯人 波斯人
you would've seen Arabs and Persians,
或许是印度人 他们同汉人
probably Indians along with the Han Chinese
一起生活在唐朝的边境上
on this very edge of Tang Dynasty China.
希腊历史学家波利比奥斯
Greek historian Polybius
有一个非常有趣的评论
has a very interesting remark about this.
在公元前一个多世纪时
He is writing in the 100s BC.
他说古时候欧洲和亚洲的历史进程
He says that in ancient times the histories of Europe and Asia
是彻底独立的
were completely separate,
各自发展着
they ran their own way,
但是从我们这个时代起
but from our age onwards
欧洲的历史开始
the history of Europe began to
开始影响并交织进亚洲的历史
interact and engage with the history of Asia
亚洲历史对欧洲的历史也是一样
and the history of Asia with that of Europe.
你可以说这就是世界史的开端
You could say it is the beginning of universal history
它就开始于唐朝
and it is happening in the Tang Dynasty.
但是在历史上
But in history,
当两个文明首次开始接触
when two civilisations first come into contact,
并不总是和平或是有建设性的
it's not always peaceful and not always enriching.
向其它文化开放需要耐心与谦逊
To really open up to another culture needs patience and humility,
愿意放下自己的偏见
to be willing to shed your own preconceptions.
在公元7世纪
And in the seventh century
洛阳
中国是有足够的自信做到这些
the Chinese were confident enough to do that,
敢于被其它国家的经验改变
to be changed by the experience of the other.
这个故事开始于
The story begins
丝绸之路在中国的起点
at the Chinese end of the Silk Road
在古城洛阳
in the old city of Luoyang.
洛阳曾作为周朝的首都
Luoyang was the ancient capital of the Zhou Dynasty
长达500年
of 500 years
几个世纪以来
and for those centuries
许多诗人和学者都称赞洛阳
its poets and scholars had praised it
很有文化氛围
as a place of great culture.
注：洛阳被称为“天下之中”--出自左思《三都赋》
他们说洛阳是“中国真正的心脏”
"It was the real heart of China," they said,
“处在中国中原的中心点”
"in the middle of the middle plain of the Middle Kingdom."
这不仅仅是帝国和经济的故事
And this is not just a story about empires and economies
而是关于什么是文明的故事
but about what it is to be civilised.
-你好 -你好
-Ni hao. -Hello.
它讲的是中国文化中一种新的精神
It is about a new spirit in Chinese culture...
看这个 好神奇 都是好宝贝
Look at this. Magic world, Aladdin's cave.
这种精神诞生了中国诗歌最辉煌的年代
..a spirit that will give birth to the greatest age of Chinese poetry...
你好 你好
Ni hao. Ni hao.
那个时代诗歌从宫廷来到了街头巷尾
..a time when poetry came out of the court into the streets,
成为时代的见证者
a witness to the times,
前所未有地表达着人们的生活
expressing the human condition as never before...
这是唐诗
杜牧的唐诗
杜牧 唐朝著名诗人
So, Dumu. Famous poem of the Tang Dynasty.
反映着中国人一贯的那种对生活的不安全感
..knowing the insecurity of human life as the Chinese always have.
以冰底之水喻浮生 人生日日年年地过去了 好像什么事都没有发生 其实青春早已在不知不觉中流逝了 --出自唐杜牧《汴河阻冻》
浮生恰似冰底水
This floating life is just like the water under the ice,
日夜东流人不知
flowing eastwards day and night and no-one notices.
是不是很棒?
Isn't that great?
这个地方有丰富的文化
So it is a place rich in culture,
繁荣的商贸
rich in trade and merchants
还对外国人很感兴趣
and interested in foreigners.
如果你想知道有多么感兴趣
And if you want to see just how interested,
离开洛阳城几公里
go a few miles outside Luoyang
洛阳龙门石窟
那里纪念着有史以来最著名的印度人
where the most famous Indian of all time is commemorated.
释迦牟尼
The Buddha.
贯穿整个中国历史 释迦牟尼是让中国人
The foreigner who most fascinated the Chinese
最着迷的外国人
through the whole of their history.
对印度佛教的接纳
The adoption of this Indian religion
把它的印记留在了中国文化的骨髓里
would leave its mark on the very DNA of Chinese civilisation.
没有什么比这
What better symbol is there
更能代表佛教对唐朝中国的影响
of the impact of Buddhism on Tang Dynasty China,
这个峭壁就是对思想和文明交流的冲击
indeed a symbol of the impact of the exchange of ideas and civilisations,
再好不过的象征
than this great cliff
人们虔诚地凿出无数洞窟
pockmarked with devotion,
中央拱卫着佛陀释迦摩尼的巨像
and in the middle, that huge image of the Buddha himself
佛陀的箴言沿着这条路东传 中国人称之为
whose message had been carried along what the Chinese called
真理瑰宝之路
the Road Carrying the Jewel of Truth?
那是如何发生的?
How that happened,
中国是如何拥抱佛教的?
how China embraced Buddhism,
这是历史上最伟大的故事之一
is one of the great stories in history.
那本是段历险记 几代说书人
An adventure that generations of storytellers
把它变成了中国人最喜欢的神话传说
have turned into China's favourite fairytale.
注：此处用典为汉明帝夜梦金人
夜做一梦
梦见有个人从西方来
注：帝梦金人 身高丈六 项佩日轮 光芒四射 金色灿烂 飞行于殿 --出自《水镜回天录》
皇帝做了一个梦
The Emperor had a dream
身为一丈高
梦中一个人出现在他面前
and in the dream a strange man appeared to him
这个人有金色的皮肤
with his skin the colour of gold,
环绕着日月星辰
framed by the sun and moon and stars.
注：帝醒为奇 翌晨问太史傅毅曰 何兆也? 对曰 西方有神 其名曰佛 陛下所梦 即佛也 --出自《水镜回天录》
他就问大臣
大臣傅毅说：
“这是个佛子”
太卜为皇帝解读了这个梦
And the court astrologers and diviners interpreted the dream.
他的名字叫佛
这个人来自于西方
But this man had come from the West
一定就是佛陀本人
and it must be the Buddha himself.
于是派遣蔡愔等十八人西访 至大月氏国 遇迦叶摩腾及竺法兰二圣僧 --出自《水镜回天录》
皇帝对此非常着迷
The Emperor was fascinated
便组织了一个远征队
and organised an expedition.
18个大臣和学者与他们的侍从
18 courtiers and scholars with all their attendants
前往西部 去探索更多究竟
journeyed out to the West to find out more.
他们远到阿富汗 在那里的一个佛教寺庙
They got as far as Afghanistan and there in a Buddhist monastery
遇到了两个印度和尚
they met two Indian monks
和尚同意一起回到中国
who agreed to come back with them to China.
持佛像 舍利 贝叶经东来 迎至洛阳 帝悦之 建白马寺为二圣僧译经场 --出自《水镜回天录》
他们回到了这里 建立了这个寺院
They came back here and were established in this monastery,
白马寺
the White Horse Pagoda
以他们骑的白马命名
after the white horses that they rode,
他们翻译出了最早的
and they translated the first Buddhist scriptures
中文佛教经文
ever to be rendered into Chinese.
他们在这里圆寂 并葬在此处
And they died here and were buried here.
这是其中之一 迦叶摩腾的墓
This is the tomb of one of them, Kasyapa Matanga.
这并不是印度和中国的第一次交流
It's not the first exchange between India and China
但是从那时候起
but from that moment onwards
文明间的对话就不断持续下去了
the dialogue of civilisations will be continuous.
现在故事的时间到了公元600年
Now the story moves on in time to the year 600.
世界范围内 罗马帝国已经衰落
In the wider world the Roman Empire has fallen,
拜占庭帝国蒸蒸日上
Byzantium is flowering
而在中国天命已经
and in China the Mandate of Heaven
传递给了一个新的朝代 唐朝
has passed to a new dynasty, the Tang.
在洛阳城外的一个村庄里
In a village outside Luoyang,
一个男孩诞生了
a boy was born who would become
他将会成为中国历史中最著名的人物之一
one of the most famous people in Chinese history
他的名字
and his name
就是玄奘
was Xuanzang.
玄奘从童年开始就一定非常熟悉这个地方
Xuanzang must have known this place very well from childhood
熟知这里所有的故事
and known all the stories,
尤其是从印度来的那两个陌生人
especially about the two strangers who had come from India.
注：乃誓游西方以问所惑 并取十七地论以释众疑 当去之时以再三表奏 但诚愿微浅 不蒙允许 无任慕道之至 乃辄私行 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
他说：“我被这种热情的好奇心驱使
"I was inflamed by a passionate curiosity," he says,
“想探究关于佛陀和这种信仰的根源
"about the Buddha and about the origins of the faith
“但是多次申请去异国求经
"and I applied for a foreign travel permit several times to no avail.
“可能是因为我地位太低
"Perhaps because I was a nobody.
“都未获批准 所以最后我决定
"And in the end I took matters into my own hands
“私自出发去印度取经”
"and I left in secret for India."
他当时26岁
He was 26 years old
他的旅程将会改变中国的文明进程
and his journey would change the course of Chinese civilisation.
这些年来这个故事一直让我着迷
It is a story that has fascinated me over the years,
踏着他的足迹
travelling in his footsteps
我在中国和中亚之间旅行
between China and Central Asia,
穿越阿富汗 走进印度
across Afghanistan into India.
当时玄奘说：
At that time Xuanzang said,
注：时国政尚新 疆场未远 禁约百姓不许出蕃 自是不敢公出 乃昼伏夜行遂至瓜州 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“唐朝开国时间不久
"The Tang were new on the throne,
“疆域范围还没那么大
"China's frontiers didn't extend far.
“有禁令不让出国旅行
"There was a ban on foreign travel.
“开始时我只能夜晚行走以躲开边境守卫”
"At first I had to move by night to dodge the border guards."
从玄奘真实的冒险
The real-life adventures of Xuanzang
诞生了中国最受欢迎的
gave birth to some of China's best-loved
神话和人物
legends and characters.
唐僧和他疯狂的徒弟们
The Tang monk and his crazy companions...
贪吃好色的猪八戒 木讷的沙和尚
..the lustful Piggy, the dim-witted Sandy
还有最重要的
and above all
忠诚的孙悟空
the faithful Monkey.
他们都改编自丝绸之路上神奇的故事
All of them changed by their magical encounters along the Silk Road.
师父
五百年了 五百年了!
师父
在后续的小说和电影中 这个故事变成了
In later novels and films it turned into the kind of fantasy
中国人一直喜爱的魔幻故事
the Chinese have always loved -
既有好玩的冒险 也有精神上的寓意
both comic adventure and spiritual allegory.
在这场旅行中玄奘讲述了沙海
On the real journey, Xuanzang tells of oceans of sand
还有他经历的那些异域风土人情
and the exotic peoples whose lands he passed through.
注：于是结侣陈表有瞾不许 诸人咸退 唯法师不屈 为求大法发趣西方 若不至婆罗门国终不东归 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“其它的僧侣试图劝我
"My fellow Buddhists tried to persuade me
“不要继续冒生命危险
"not to risk my life further," he said,
“但我决心要到西方
"but I must reach the West.
“不到那里 回归就没有任何意义”
"If I don't there's no point in coming back."
久而久之 故事越来越丰富
Through time the story just grew and grew.
皮影戏演员仍然在村里表演这个故事
The travelling shadow puppet players still play it out in the villages.
城里的说书人说 讲完这个故事
And the city's storytellers say that to tell the tale in full
要花上110天
would take 110 days.
玄奘西行之路有火焰山阻拦
火焰山日夜喷火
孙悟空与牛魔王
斗智斗勇
终于从铁扇公主那里取来了芭蕉扇
熄灭了火焰
这样才使玄奘继续西行
前往印度
这是如今中国文化中最伟大的神话传说之一
So today it's one of the great myths of Chinese culture.
真正的唐僧在奇异美妙的故事中重生
A strange and wonderful afterlife for a real Tang monk.
玄奘是能够名垂青史的罕见人物之一
Xuanzang is one of those rare people who turn up in history.
有远见的伟大学者
Visionary, great scholar...
但肉体上也有着不可思议的坚韧
..and yet possessed of incredible physical toughness
勇气 以及体力
and bravery and stamina.
经过了三年 几乎八千公里的行程
After three years and nearly 5,000 miles, he says,
注：东南入大雪山 入梵衍那国 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“我们终于穿过雪山来到了印度”
"We crossed the great snowy mountains and came down into India."
他穿过印度河 进入了印度平原
He crossed the River Indus and entered the plains of India
那里有着众多的王国和城市
with their teaming kingdoms and cities.
他同佛教朝圣者一同
He travelled with Buddhist pilgrims
沿着大干道到了恒河
down the Grand Trunk Road to the River Ganges.
最终他到达了菩提伽耶
And finally he reached Bodh Gaya
那棵神圣的菩提树
and the sacred Bodhi Tree
一千年前释迦牟尼曾经坐在这棵树下冥想
where 1,000 years before the Buddha had sat in meditation
然后彻悟
and gained enlightenment.
注：至诚瞻仰讫五体投地 悲泪盈目 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
玄奘说：“我见到时 敬仰得五体投地
"And when I saw it," Xuanzang says, "I lay on the ground
“泪流不止”
"and shed many tears."
他在印度待了十年学习佛教教义
He stayed in India for ten years studying the Buddhist teachings,
他眼中人类社会的崇高真理
his noble truths about the human condition.
然后他启程回家 把这些带回给中国人
Then he set off home to take them back to the Chinese people,
他的故事自此以后
to fire their imaginations
点燃了他们的想象力
as his story has ever since.
四岁的肖云豪希望能够成为
Four-year-old Xiao Yunhao is hoping to be
下一代的西游说书人
one of the next generation of Monkey storytellers.
猴子们到水塘里洗澡
水池上边有个瀑布
...哗哗
就像天上银河落到地上呀
那猴子
纵身一跳到瀑布后边
石凳
中间还有块石板
上面写着
花果山福地 水帘洞洞天
猴子们一个个跳进水帘洞
大家欢天喜地地坐在地上
尊那猴子为王
公元643年 玄奘回到的那个中国
The China he came back to in 643
是那时地球上最大最强盛的国家
was the largest and strongest country on earth.
西安
首都长安 也就是今天的西安
Its capital Chang'an, today's Xi'an,
曾是世界上最伟大的文化中心之一
was one of the world's great centres of civilisation.
至于皇帝自己
And as for the Emperor himself,
唐太宗处于权力的制高点
Taizong was at the height of his powers
是很在意程序的人
and a stickler for protocol.
皇帝对玄奘说的第一句话就是：
The emperor's first words to Xuanzang were,
“欢迎回来
"Welcome back...
注：师去何不相报 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“但你从未获准去西方取经啊“
"..but you never asked permission to go."
玄奘回答道：
"Well," said Xuanzang,
注：玄奘当去之时 已再三表奏 但诚愿微浅 不蒙允许 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“我要去的时候已经多次申请
"I applied for a permit for foreign travel on several occasions
“但从没获得批准
"but it never worked.
“或许是因为我无足轻重吧”
"Perhaps because I was a nobody."
他现在可不再是无足轻重
He wasn't a nobody now.
人们为了一睹他的风采蜂拥而来
Crowds came just to look at him.
他应该是仪表堂堂
He was supposed to be very good looking
刘陶陶博士
牛津大学瓦德汉学院
这对他也大有好处
which stood him in good stead.
他长得很好看
He was a very good-looking man.
玄奘唤起了人们对他的兴趣
I think it is difficult to underestimate how much
我觉得这一点真是难以低估
Xuanzang really aroused people's interest in him.
很多人前来欢迎他
So many people came to welcome him,
很多人赶来就为了从门缝中看他一眼
so many people came to have a squint at him.
这样一来使得他
In fact he had to shut his doors
不得不闭门谢客
and say, "No more visitors, please,"
这样他才能够继续工作
so that he could get on with some work.
注：吾此生惟愿 能求得无上正法 导利后世 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
玄奘说：“这就是我一生的意愿
"It was my life's task," Xuanzang said,
“能够把佛陀的教诲
"to bring the Buddha's teachings
“造福中国的世世代代”
"to the people of China for the benefit of generations to come."
西安大雁塔就是为保存
The Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an was built to house
他带回来的经卷而修建的
the manuscripts he brought back.
除了几份珍贵的残片之外
Most were lost long ago in wars and revolutions
大多在战乱和革命中遗失殆尽
but for a few precious fragments.
-这些是巴利语 -对
-So these are in Pali. -Yeah.
是印度南部和斯里兰卡那边的语言
This is the language of South India and Sri Lanka.
当时他取回来的时候很多
但是现在仅存的只剩下这一些
所以它在佛教里有“佛教的熊猫”这种称呼
657本书
657 books
用了20匹驮马
in 520 packages
装了520袋
on 20 pack horses.
对 他翻译经典17年
其中在这里翻译了11年
你们在这里出家为僧肯定觉得很光荣
It must make you feel very proud to be monks here.
对 对
太宗皇帝现在下旨
The Emperor now commissioned Xuanzang
让玄奘将佛教经文翻译成中文
to translate the Buddhist scriptures into Chinese.
在文明史上可以与之相提并论的工程还有
In the history of civilisation it's a project comparable to
古希腊文献的阿拉伯转译
the Arabic translations out of Greek...
或是将圣经从希腊语译成拉丁语
..or the Bible from Greek into Latin.
有了皇帝的准许
With the permission of the Emperor
玄奘也有了像样的团队
he got quite a team together.
在他的佛教翻译团队里有12个证义
He had 12 people in his team of Buddhists
他们都以文笔见长
who knew about the literature
团队里还有8个人
and he had eight people also in the team
叫做缀文 主要责润色
who were phrase connectors, is what they're called.
他们要将内容用当时的古文表达出来
People who tried to put things into Chinese of the time.
这都是唐太宗无尽学习欲望的一部分
It was all part of Taizong's insatiable appetite for learning.
他是中国伟大的帝王之一
He was one of China's great rulers,
是儒家贤德的楷模
a model of the Confucian virtuous man.
他是位哲学家王子 诗人和理性主义者
He was a philosopher prince, poet and rationalist,
他认为统治与文化的支持
and he thought that ruling was inseparable
密不可分
from the patronage of culture.
现在太宗开始让玄奘应接不暇
And now Taizong wouldn't leave Xuanzang alone.
玄奘本应该进行这些翻译工作
Xuanzang was supposed to be doing all this translation work
但他没有时间
but he didn't have time.
他的全部时间都要用于朝堂
He had to spend all his time at court
以满足皇帝的对话需求
trying to fulfil the emperor's need for conversation.
太宗是一位好奇心极强的人
He was a man who was consumed by curiosity.
皇帝本人对佛教经文评价道：
The Emperor himself said the scriptures of Buddhism,
注：譬犹瞻天望海 莫测高深 其儒道九流之典比之 犹汀滢之池方溟渤耳 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“就像大海一样深邃
"are as unfathomable as the depths of the sea
“像天一样高远
"or the height of the sky.
“儒家 道家等各种经典与之相比
"In comparison, the teachings of Confucius and Laozi
“就如同广阔海洋中的一座小岛一样”
"and The Nine Schools are just a single island in a great ocean".
太宗皇帝对他的风度和学识
The Emperor was so impressed by his bearing
非常倾倒
and intelligence
以至于请他脱下僧袍还俗
that he asked him to hang up his Buddhist robe
注：堪公辅之寄 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
来做自己的宰相
and to become his prime minister.
“来帮我治理国家吧”
"Help me run the country."
玄奘拒绝了
And Xuanzang refused him.
他说：
He said,
注：无异乘流之舟使弃水而就陆 不唯无功 亦徒令腐败也 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“这就好像是船离开水到陆地
"It would be like taking a boat out of the water.
“不仅没有用
"Not only would it cease to be useful
“时间久了还会腐朽”
"but in time it would rot away."
玄奘于664年圆寂
Xuanzang Died in 664.
骨灰被葬于西安附近的一个小寺庙
His ashes are buried in the little monastery of Xingjiao Si
兴教寺
near Xi'an.
在60年代中因为周恩来总理亲自下令
Spared in the cultural revolution of the 1960s at
兴教寺在文革中免遭劫难
the command of Prime Minister Zhou Enlai himself,
这里是中国人们无比珍贵的群体记忆
too precious to the collective memory of the Chinese people.
多个世纪以来
Over the centuries
佛教深刻地触动过中国人的灵魂
Buddhism would profoundly touch the Chinese soul,
如今也是如此
as it still does.
而在当时 或许这个印度宗教
And back then, perhaps this Indian religion
带来了他们觉得自己文化中缺失的某些东西
brought something they felt their culture lacked.
一条基于个人良心
A spiritual path based on
和同情心的精神道路
personal conscience and compassion.
对我来说 这就像是对另一位旅者的敬意
For me it is almost a homage to a fellow traveller.
我走过他的大部分旅程 穿过新疆
I travelled most of his route through Xinjiang
还有巴基斯坦的西北边疆
and the northwest frontier of Pakistan
然后一路穿过印度来到巴特那
and all the way across India to Patna.
要知道 他当时大多要靠步行
And to think, he did most of that on foot.
这是玄奘 伟大的行者
Here is Xuanzang, the great traveller.
不敢相信他穿着草鞋翻过兴都库什山脉
I can't believe that he had sandals on the Hindu Kush!
背着巨大的竹制背包
Huge framed backpack here made out of bamboo.
你有看到那竹条吗
Can you see the bamboo strips?
里面装的都是经文卷轴
With all the scrolls of the manuscripts stored there.
不过当然
Of course, actually, he had
都装在盒子里
all that stuff in cases.
这是一副示意图
It is a symbolic picture.
最后看一下画中点睛的地方
And finally the lovely touch here -
一盏照亮夜路的灯
a lantern to illuminate his journey at night.
在他回到中国后
After he had returned from China,
玄奘跟他在印度的朋友们保持着书信联系
Indian friends by letter. Xuanzang kept in touch with his old
尽管西方人并不知道这些信件
And those letters, though unknown in the West,
但它们属于文明史上最动人的文字
are among the most moving documents in the history of civilisation.
其实在我看
In fact, in my opinion,
它们能告诉你到底什么是文明
they tell you what civilisation really is,
因为它们的作者有自己的文化
written by a member of one culture
又全身心地热爱
who had lovingly and totally
并融合进了另一个文化
immersed himself in another.
他写了一段消息：
He writes the news.
注：即日大唐天子 圣躬万福 率土安宁 以轮王之慈 敷法王之化 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“大唐朝的皇帝
"The great Emperor of the Tang," he says,
“在热情地支持着佛教
"is joyfully supporting Buddhism
“他的统治像轮王一样公正而慈悲”
"and ruling with justice and mercy like a compassionate Chakravartin,"
梵语的轮王遮迦越罗表示了不起的统治者
the old Sanskrit Indian word for a great ruler.
但是他给摩诃菩提寺三藏慧天法师的信
But it is his letter to the abbot of Bodh Gaya which is
最为感人
the most touching.
而且他们属于
Indeed all the more so
佛教的对立派别 这就更难能可贵了
because they belonged to opposed schools of Buddhism.
注：大唐国苾刍玄奘 谨修书中印度摩揭陀国三藏智光法师座前 目一辞违俄十余载 境域遐远 音徽莫闻 思恋之情 每增延结 彼苾刍法长至蒙问 并承起居康胜 --出自《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
大唐国苾刍玄奘 谨修书中...
“我们别后已经很久了”
"A great while has elapsed since we were parted,"
他写道：
he writes,
“我对您的仰慕却与日俱增”
"which has only increased my admiration for you.
境域遐远
音徽莫闻
“我送给你我最好的祝福
"I am sending you my very best wishes.
每增延结
注：已翻瑜伽师地论等大小三十余部 其俱舍顺正理 见译未周 今年必了 --《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“在我从印度带回来的经书里面
"Of the works that we brought back from India I have already
“已经翻译了30部 另2部今年肯定能翻完”
"translated 30 and two more will be finished by the end of the year.
等大小三十余部 其俱舍顺正理
注：伏愿照知 又前渡信渡河失经一驮 今录名如后 有信请为附来 并有片物供养 愿垂纳受 路远不得多 莫嫌鲜薄 玄奘和南 --《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》
“还有一件事
"And there's one more thing.
“我之前从印度归来渡印度河时
"On my way back from India I lost a horse-load of manuscripts
“丢失了一驮经卷
"fording the River Indus.
“我现在把丢失的经卷名录写给你
"I am sending you a list of the books in the hope that
“或许你能把这些经卷给我寄来
"perhaps you can get them translated and sent to me.
路远不得多
“路远没法多带
"This is all for now.
莫嫌鲜薄
“玄奘和尚敬祝”
"Best wishes, the monk Xuanzang."
7世纪的长安是全世界最大的城市
In the seventh century Xi'an was the greatest city in the world...
人口达50万 而当时最大的欧洲城市
..half a million people, where the biggest European city
才有几千人
had only a few thousand.
它是充满新风格 新时尚和新音乐的活力之城
It was a dynamic place of new styles, new fashions and new music.
据记载 这个城市布局如同巨大的棋盘
The city, it was said, was laid out like a vast chessboard.
大约13平方公里 我们现在就在这个角落上
About five miles square and we are just here at this corner.
唐长安城受到严格控制
Tang Xi'an was strictly regulated.
与中国城市历来的一样
That was the way Chinese cities had always been,
百姓通过巨大城门进入封闭皇城区受到控制
vast gated royal enclosures where public access was controlled.
长安城有108个里坊
Xi'an had 108 wards,
每一个都实行宵禁
all of them under curfew.
这里在唐朝的时候
So this was Anxing Ward
是安兴坊 位于宫殿区的宫城
in Tang Dynasty times, in between a palace area
和那边皇城行政区之间
and the great government area over there.
当时比较富裕漂亮
So it was quite posh, quite well-to-do.
那时有...
There was...
皇家乐师的别墅
..mansions of court musicians,
路那头住过一位公主
a princess lived down the road.
现在看来也还能买到一些花园饰物 对吧?
Looks like you can still buy some of their garden ornaments, doesn't it?
城市的高层建筑不多
The city was low-rise.
有宫殿 住宅区 花园
Palaces, residential quarters, gardens,
几乎每一个里坊都有佛寺和道观
almost every ward had Buddhist and Taoist temples.
你好 你好
Ni hao. Ni hao.
看 这里都是寺庙里用的东西
You see all the things for temples here.
香 这是因为这附近在唐朝的时候
Incense, that's because right back to the Tang Dynasty there was
有个很大的寺庙
a huge temple in this area.
如今它还是个道观
And it is still a Taoist temple today,
也就是八仙庵
the Temple of the Eight Immortals.
就是这里
There you go.
八仙庵
The Temple of the Eight Immortals.
这里有剧院区和红灯区
The theatre quarter and red light districts were here,
还有招待进京赶考举子的旅店
the hostels for candidates for the civil service exams,
各种需求都能得到满足
and all tastes were catered for.
算卦的 古代的中国工艺品
Fortune-tellers, ancient Chinese craft.
再说 再说
Later, later!
还有专门的殡葬街区
There were special funeral streets.
其中一条被写进了一本著名的唐朝小说
One of them features in a famous Tang novel.
我特喜欢这些朝圣似的小饰品
I love all these pilgrimage knick-knacks.
我总把这些带回伦敦去 家里人都受不了了
My family are really fed up with me bringing them back to London.
在一个外向型的时代似乎
It may seem hard to square all this control
很难实现严格控制
with an outward-looking age
但是唐王朝是个中央集权国家
but the Tang was a centralized state
每个人都需要在人口普查中登记
where everyone was registered in the censuses.
社会的和谐来自了解并保持自己的位置
Social harmony came from knowing and keeping your place.
这里是鼓楼
Here is the Drum Tower.
当然那是很久以后的明朝建的
Much later, of course, Ming Dynasty,
但是在唐朝中叶这里也曾经有过鼓楼
but there was a drum tower in the middle of Tang Dynasty Xi'an,
击鼓表示宵禁开始
beating the drum for the curfew.
一个控制很严密的城市
A very strictly-regulated city.
比如说 不允许
You couldn't be found
夜里出现在自己居住里坊以外的地方
outside your own ward at night, for example.
所以必须在击鼓600次的时间里赶回家
So the 600 beats of the drum, you had to be back home.
在7世纪时的西市
In the seventh century the West Market
曾经是中亚角
was the Central Asian quarter.
这里有丝路商人 维吾尔人和波斯人
Here were the Silk Road merchants, Uyghurs and Persians,
他们带来了各种异域的食物
and they brought all their exotic foods with them.
阿富汗传来的樱桃 枸杞 杏和桃子
Cherries, barbaries, apricots, peaches from Afghanistan.
谢谢
Xie xie.
哦 天哪!
Oh, my God!
我可得回来 真好吃 谢谢
I'm coming back there. Beautiful! Xie xie.
这个都城的热力四射
Fizzing with energy, the capital city
能媲美唐太宗自己的野心
matched the ambitions of the Emperor Taizong on himself.
这一阶段的中国从世袭制
In this period China changes from a feudal order
改变为官员的科举应试制
to a bureaucratic state with civil service exams.
国家也成了汉族文明的同义词
And the state becomes synonymous with Han Chinese civilisation.
这也是为什么现在人们把太宗年间称为
Which is why people today look on Taizong's reign
贞观之治
as a golden age.
我很崇拜唐太宗李世民
I'm a great admirer of Li Shimin, Tang Taizong.
他跟很多开国皇帝一样
He was like a lot of founding emperors -
有宏图大略 非常无情 行政能力强
he was very ambitious, very ruthless, excellent administrator
而且很可能有点儿控制狂
and probably a bit of a control freak.
他为了建立中国的统治地位做了很多
He did a lot to establish the rule of China.
正是唐太宗做出要把丝绸之路
It was Taizong who decided that the Silk Road should be
7世纪40年代的唐帝国
置于中国文明旗下的决定
brought under the umbrella of Chinese civilisation.
玄奘西行仅仅几年之后
Only a few years after Xuanzang made his journey west,
中国军队就沿着他的足迹进军
Chinese armies marched in his footsteps.
唐朝皇帝把他们的军队沿丝路派驻到了
The Tang emperors sent their armies up the Silk Route
中亚的这个地方
here into Central Asia
公元642年 他们占领了
and they captured the great city of
这里这座高昌古城
Gaochang here in 642.
囊括了所有这些领土的
And you could say that the modern idea of a greater China,
现代大中国概念
including all these territories,
可以说就起源于当时的此处
can be traced back to that time and this place.
此举本意是要保护中国向西方销售奢侈品
The goal was to protect China's luxury trade with the West
但同时也是政治行为
but it was also political -
即让中国成为亚洲大国
to make China the great power of Asia.
此时中国的幅员已达18世纪前的巅峰
China was now at its biggest extent before the 18th century.
公元715年的唐帝国
它已成为一支大陆文明
It had become a continental civilisation
并将以之自居到现代
and will see itself that way from then until now.
在经济繁荣和人口增长的推动下
Driven by a thriving economy and a rising population,
这时期有了对外殖民
this is the time of the colonization
而且南方发展了起来
and development of the south
成为了中国财富和贸易的中心
as China's centre of wealth and trade.
7到10世纪间 唐朝故事的主题
The big story of the Tang Dynasty between the 600s and the 900s
便是转向南方
is the shift to the south.
当时 有个中国的官员写道
At that time, a Chinese official writes,
注：弘舸巨舰 千轴万艘 交贸往还 昧旦永日 一朝失利 则万商废业 --出自《旧唐书·崔融传》
“帝国的每条河都载满了船
"Every stream in the Empire was full of ships.
“成千上万的大船
"Thousands, tens of thousands of great ships
“来来往往 川流不息 络绎不绝
moving constantly back and forth, always circulating,
“要是它们稍停一下
"and if they stop for a single moment
“那便会有一万家商户破产”
"10,000 merchants would be bankrupted."
这是中国消费型社会的开端
It's the beginning of China as a commercial society
也是大型商业城市的开端
and the beginning of great trading cities,
其中最为重要的是
and none of them was more important than the one that grew up
连接大运河南北
at the junction of the Grand Canal going north-south
和长江东西的枢纽
and the Yangtze River going from the west to the east,
即唐朝第一商业城市
the number one city of the Tang Dynasty in trade,
扬州
Yangzhou.
如果说西安是帝国政权的中心
If Xi'an was the centre of the imperial administration,
那么扬州便是中国的商业心脏
Yangzhou was China's commercial heart.
是南方工业崛起的开端
It is the beginning of the industrial south.
在老扬州城区 你依然可以感受到大唐气魄
You can still get a feel of the Tang in the core of old Yangzhou.
扬州成功和南方崛起的关键
And the key to the success of the city and to the rise of the south
在于中国最伟大的成就之一
was one of China's great practical achievements,
大运河
the Grand Canal.
建于7世纪之初的这条运河
Built at the start of the 600s
连接起了东西流向的河流
the canal connected the north and the south
大运河
黄河
从而沟通了南北
with the river routes east and west.
唐帝国的大运河
长江
且对现代经济仍举足轻重
And it is still crucial to today's economy.
邵伯闸建于一千五百年前
Originally built 1,500 years ago,
如今每年通船量达七千万吨
Shaobo Lock today handles over 70 million tonnes a year.
这真是惊人
It's an amazing scene.
贾鲁
扬州邵伯闸
它一整天都在运行吗
It goes on all through the day, does it?
是的 全天24小时
Yes, 24 hours a day.
-全天24小时 -是的
-24 hours a day! -Yeah.
公元605年 500万人参建运河第一部分
It took five million men to build the first section in 605,
修好后向北流通到一个小地方 北京
eventually running north to a small place called Beijing.
运河的修建比欧洲工业革命还要早一千年
And it was built 1,000 years before the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
上面的是三号
On the up is number three
中间的是二号
and in the middle is number two
后面的是一号
and behind is number one.
主要运载的是沉重货物
Mainly carrying heavy materials.
-煤炭 -是煤炭
-Coal. -Coal.
还有
And
-建筑材料 -建筑材料
-building materials. -Building materials.
中国到处都在建东西
China is building everywhere!
好厉害
Fantastic!
和今天一样 如此工程
Just as today, such projects
只有在举国经济下才可能完成
were only possible with a command economy.
有了大运河后 唐朝变革了中国
And with it, the Tang transformed China.
在7世纪 经济爆增
In the seventh century the economy boomed.
运河每年要输送16.5万吨粮食
The canal shipped 165,000 tonnes of grain each year
给南方的新驻军
just to feed the new garrisons in the south.
由于地处中国水路交汇点
And standing at the intersection of China's waterways,
扬州成为了一座新式城市
Yangzhou became a new kind of city.
这是现代开端的初兆
It's the first sign of the beginning of the modern.
这座城市从未眠息
The city never slept.
很可能这是史上第一座大规模
It is probably the first large city in history
采用人工照明的大城市
to employ artificial lighting on a grand scale.
这样就算在深夜中
Even the barge traffic on the Grand Canal
大运河上的驳船也能安然行驶
was able to keep moving through the city until well after midnight.
唐朝的扬州商贸往来不绝
So Tang Dynasty Yangzhou was always open for business.
娱乐业当然也同样车水马龙
And so too, of course, was the entertainment industry,
既有酒馆 也有乐坊
the taverns and music bars
还有青楼
and the brothels
唐诗就委婉细腻的描写道
described with delicate euphemisms in Tang Dynasty poetry
注：春风十里扬州路 卷上珠帘总不如 --出自唐杜牧《赠别·其一》
“春风十里扬州路”
as Yangzhou's "ten miles of summer breeze."
9世纪30年代
In the 830s
诗人杜牧给这座城市
it was all immortalized by the poet Du Mu
贴上了一个不朽的标签
in a tag which has hung around the city,
伴随着这座城市的沉浮直到今日
for all its ups and downs, from that day to this -
注：十年一觉扬州梦 赢得青楼薄幸名 --出自唐杜牧《遣怀》
“十年一觉扬州梦”
"the Yangzhou dream."
随着南方更加富庶
And as the south grew rich
他们开辟了国际贸易的新出口
they looked for new outlets for international trade,
除了陆路 还有海路
not only by land but by sea,
一直通到波斯湾
all the way to the Persian Gulf.
所以在唐朝的南方
So here in the south in the Tang Dynasty
我们可以说是有了
we've got the beginnings of what I suppose
海上丝绸之路的开端
we could call the maritime Silk Road.
远途国际贸易就是
Long-distance international trade
由商人们在泉州这样的城市里组织起来的
organized by merchants here in cities like Quanzhou.
他们销售的是非常高端的商品
And they're selling very top-end stuff -
丝绸 精美的服饰 异国情调的餐具
silks and fine cloths and exotic tableware.
他们卖的大批量生产的陶瓷
They are selling mass-produced ceramics designed with
按照西方消费者口味设计
the Western consumer in mind
他们也卖后来成为
and they are also selling what will become
全世界最流行的饮料
the most popular drink in the world -
茶
tea.
茶也来自南方
Tea had begun in the south
产于云南的亚热带丘陵
on the subtropical hillsides of Yunnan.
起初用作健康饮品
Originally drunk for health,
到了唐朝 它的效用传遍四方
by the Tang its use spread everywhere
第一批有关茶的书所写的也是其健康效用
and the first books had been published on its beneficial effects.
茶从此传遍天下
It has never looked back.
他们也出口丝绸
They exported silk, too,
西方人自罗马时代起就狂爱丝绸
coveted since Roman times by Westerners
他们出价不菲 令人瞠目
who were prepared to pay jaw-dropping prices
只为皇帝裁制新衣
for garments fit for an emperor.
这里有条龙 那是条龙
Here is a dragon, it's a dragon.
你可能会认为中国到现代
So you might think China's role today as a global mass producer
才成为了世界工厂的
is a new phenomenon in world history
其实不然
but it's not.
据估计 中国在唐朝就占世界GDP的55%了
It has been estimated that Tang China had 55% of the world's GDP
因为当时国内市场巨大
with its vast internal market,
下有乡村的工匠和妇女
from local village craftsmen and women
上有皇家工坊
to the Imperial factories,
小有日用的陶瓷器
and from everyday ceramics
大有华美的艺术品
to gorgeous works of art.
唐朝是经济增长的巨大引擎
Tang China was a giant engine of growth.
让我们以不同方式来看早期中世纪的世界
So let's view the early medieval world in a different way.
唐朝是超级大国
Tang China was the superpower.
唐朝中国
中亚
越南
朝鲜
日本
他们输出儒家思想 佛教精神
They exported Confucian ideas, Buddhist religion,
他们的文字和语言
their written script and their language,
被日本和东亚采用
adopted across East Asia and Japan.
日本奈良
日本甚至在他们首都奈良
The Japanese even imitated Tang Xi'an
模仿唐朝长安的建筑
in the architecture of their capital, Nara.
中国对东方的影响力
China's influence on the East
如罗马在西方拉丁语世界一样深刻
was as profound as Rome in the Latin West.
在7世纪的东方
In the East, in the seventh century,
条条大路通向长安
all roads led to Xi'an.
如果你需要那个时代的象征
And if you want a symbol of the age,
西安外面就有
just outside Xi'an
108国的大使雕像
stand the statues of 108 ambassadors
从中亚到日本
from Central Asia to Japan,
从越南到波斯
and Vietnam to Persia.
彰显着唐外交机构给各国的尊卑秩序
The diplomatic pecking order of the Tang foreign office.
在这一时期
This was the time
中国走向世界
when China went out to the world
世界来到中国
and the world came here to China.
伊斯兰教也在唐朝来到中国
And Islam also came to China in the Tang.
且相安无事
Peacefully,
这在历史上可不常见
which was not always the case in history.
我们认为 先知穆罕默德时期
We believe during the Prophet Muhammad's time,
愿他安息
peace be upon him,
鼓励我们先辈
encouraged our ancestors
白波
西安大清真寺
来中国探寻技术
to find technology developed in China.
远到中国学习知识
Seek knowledge as far as China.
玄奘抵达印度的那年
It had been the year Xuanzang arrived in India
先知在阿拉伯半岛已经去世
that the Prophet had died in Arabia,
他告诉追随者远去中国寻求知识
telling his followers to seek knowledge as far as China.
今天我们讲普通话和当地方言
Today we speak Chinese Mandarin and the local dialect
但历史上我们曾经说汉语
but in history we used to speak Chinese,
阿拉伯语 波斯语和蒙古语
Arabic, Farsi and Mongolian.
有些时期讲四种语言
Four languages, some time.
那个时候
And this time,
唐朝时 中国就是世界的中心
Tang Dynasty China was the centre of the world.
长安是世界中心
Xi'an was the centre of the world, I suppose.
-超级大国 -超级大国
-Superpower. -The superpower.
在现代以前
To welcome an alien religion
要西方或伊斯兰世界欢迎外来的宗教
would hardly have been possible in the West or the Islamic world
是几乎不可能的
before modern times.
这表明中国人相信
It shows that while the Chinese believed
他们文明的优势
in the superiority of their civilisation,
他们也知道启示有很多途经
they also knew there were many paths to enlightenment...
所有知识都可用来理解宇宙
..that all knowledge was useful in understanding the cosmos...
用来探索人性立场
..and the position of humanity in it.
这种理念体现在
And that idea is expressed
整个中国历史上
in one of the most astonishing monuments
最惊人的古迹之一
in the whole of Chinese history.
这是记录了
It's a stone inscription
基督教来华的石刻
recording the coming of Christianity to China
可追溯到7世纪30年代
as far back as the 630s.
这是中国的国宝之一
This is one of China's great national treasures,
列于永远禁止离境的
one of the select list of the A-list monuments
顶级文物名单里
that can never leave the country,
大秦景教流行中国碑
西安
它是文明相互作用的一个记录
and as an account of the interaction of civilisations
真是鲜有其匹
it's really hard to beat.
让我们从顶部开始
Let's start at the top.
这九个字的意思是：
Those nine characters say
注：唐朝时中国称罗马为大秦
“罗马光明教”
"a monument commemorating the propagation
“传播来华之纪念碑”
"of the luminous religion of the West."
那就是基督教
That is Christianity.
它说 在635年 西方一个智者
In 635, it says, a wise man from the West,
也许来自波斯 叫阿罗本
perhaps from Persia, called Raban,
决定把基督教圣经带到中国
decided to bring the Christian scriptures to China.
注：望风律以驰艰险 贞观九祀 至于长安 --出自《大秦景教流行中国碑》
“乘风破浪 不畏艰险”
Observing the path of the winds, through great perils
一路来到中国
he made his way all the way to China,
想必是通过丝绸之路
presumably on the Silk Route,
抵达长安这里
and arrived here in Chang'an.
皇帝在长安接见了他
The Emperor, it says, received him here in Chang'an
注：翻经书殿 问道禁闱 深知正真 --出自《大秦景教流行中国碑》
邀至皇帝藏书室 翻译经典
and the Christian scriptures were translated in the Imperial Library.
皇帝在禁宫内亲自问道
And then the Emperor considered them in his private apartments
深感此道之正义和真实
and was deeply convinced by their truthfulness
贞观十二年七月 皇帝诏令说：
and issued this proclamation in 638.
注：道无常名 圣无常体 随方设教 密济群生 详其教旨 玄妙无为 观其元宗 生成立要 词无繁说 理有忘筌 济物利人 宜行天下 --出自《大秦景教流行中国碑》
“圣道没有恒定
"The way for humanity, at different times, different places,
“不变的名字
"did not have the same name.
“圣人没有始终
"And the great Sage, at different times and different places,
“如一的身体
"was not in the same human body.
“历史上 教化
"Over history, heaven ordained that true religion
“随地域和时间而设
"would be established in different countries and different climates
“为使众生得益裨
"so that all of humanity could be saved.
“我们看到基督教旨 玄妙自然
"And we've considered the Christian scriptures
“言辞清晰 道理隽永
and have decided that, in all their essentials,
“救助别人 有益世事
"they are about the core values of humanity
“适合在全天下推行”
"and we have decreed that they be propagated throughout the Empire."
但中国的故事是创造与毁灭的循环
But the story of China is one of cycles of creation and destruction.
下个世纪 帝国面临一场危机风暴
And in the next century the Empire faced a perfect storm of crises.
它开始于西方
It began out in the West.
新疆
因穆斯林哈里发的扩张而起的
Battles against the expanding Muslim caliphate,
一场野蛮的内部叛乱
savage internal rebellions
唐代大诗人李白记载了此事
reported by one of the great Tang poets, Li Bai.
李白说：
"Last year," says Li Bai,
注：去年征战于桑干河源头 今年转战葱河河畔 曾经在条支海中洗过兵器上的污秽 也在天山草原上牧放过疲惫的战马 --出自唐李白《战城南》
“去年战桑干源
"we were fighting out to the north beyond the Great Wall
“今年战葱河道
"and this year we're fighting far out in the west on the Kashgar River.
“洗兵条支海上波
"We've washed our blades in the streams of Parthia
“放马天山雪中草”
"and grazed our horses amid the snows of Tian Shan."
在那里就是天山山脉
There it is. There's Tian Shan.
在交河城这个诗意的地方
What a place to imagine it, here in Jiaohe,
有着瞭望塔
Tang Dynasty-garrisoned town
和烽火台的唐代驻防军镇
with its watch tower and beacon platform.
注：烽火没有燃尽的时候 那么战争也就没有结束的时候 荒野上的战斗如此残酷 战争可不是什么好东西 有德的君主只有在不得已时才用到它 --出自唐李白《战城南》
李白说：“烽火燃不息
"But," says Li Bai, "the beacon fires are always burning.
“征战无已时
"The marching and the fighting never stops
“野战格斗死
"and nor does the dying.
“乃知兵者是凶器
"You should know that the sword is a cursed thing
“圣人不得已而用之”
"that the wise man uses only if he must."
唐帝国过度扩张至这片广袤的土地
Out in these vast expanses the Tang Empire was overstretched.
最终他们舍弃了西部
And in the end they abandoned the west.
中国到了18世纪才再次收回这片土地
China would only regain it in the 18th century.
这场危机发生于唐玄宗时期
The crisis came under the Emperor Xuanzong,
史上安禄山的八年之乱
the apocalyptic eight-year rebellion of General An Lushan
终结了唐朝成为更伟大帝国梦想
which saw the end of the Tang dream of a greater China.
西部沙漠的吐鲁番绿洲是唐朝时
The oasis of Turfan was one of the Tang garrison towns
一个卫戍边疆的城市
out in the western deserts.
李白写有一首关于西部战事的诗
So when Li Bai writes his poem about fighting in the west,
奥马尔·买买提
吐鲁番
他说的就是这个地方
it's this area he's talking about.
是的 没错
Mm, yes, I think so, yes.
大约公元755年
In about 755,
由于历史上的安史之乱
because of the rebellion of An Lushan and Shi Siming,
中央政府力不如前
the central government became much weaker
因此驻军被派回内地
so the stationed troops were returned to inland China
以对付安禄山和史思明的部队
to fight against the army of An Lushan and Shi Siming.
安禄山带来不小震动
An Lushan. So this was a very big shock.
对 他是个大军阀
Yeah, a big war lord.
安禄山 一条让长安人心惊胆寒的恶狼
An Lushan, a bogeyman who chilled hearts back in Xi'an.
他远在东北 集结部队
Far to the northeast he gathered armies to
欲报皇帝杀他儿子之仇
take revenge after the Emperor had killed his son.
西安乾陵博物馆
在国内 王朝已失去与人民的联系
At home, the Dynasty had lost touch with the people.
靠近西安的8世纪的皇家墓地
The tombs of the eighth-century royals near Xi'an
表明他们只顾消遣 娱乐 打球 捕猎
show their pastimes and pleasures, polo and hunting
以及宫廷聚会
and courtly parties,
完全不顾正在形成的暴风雨
oblivious to the gathering storm.
这些是墓室外的美妙景色
These are wonderful images outside the tomb chamber.
她们都是宫女 只是侍从
They're courtly ladies, just attendants.
她们的时尚可比19世纪末的巴黎
In their stylish fashions they could be fin de siecle, Paris,
对吧? 中亚的时尚
couldn't they? Central Asian fashions.
这些是8世纪初的时尚
These are the vogue in the early 700s.
脸庞非常有生气
The faces are so animated,
你几乎可以想象她们的对话
you can almost imagine their conversations.
可能在讨论八卦流言
The gossip, the rumours.
宫廷里满是焦虑
Courts that were seething with anxiety.
恐怕我们中国人都习惯了
I'm afraid we Chinese never manage to live more than 50 years
刘陶陶博士
牛津大学瓦德汉学院
不到50年就会有些大灾大难
without some terrible cataclysmic event.
-中国历史的轮回 -没错
-The cycles of Chinese history. -That's right.
那是一段特别长的稳定期
And it had been a particularly good period
直到这位皇帝 开明的皇帝
up until the Emperor -the brilliant Emperor -
据传 开始过分迷恋他的妃子 杨贵妃
began, allegedly, to love his concubine, Yang Guifei,
一个迷人的姬妾
the precious concubine, too much.
他把管理国家的许多工作
And he left quite a lot of the work of governing the country
让各种人 尤其是杨贵妃家人打理
to various people, especially to this concubine's family and so on,
这是灾难性的
which was absolutely disastrous.
据传这位皇帝曾派人去各地
The story goes that the Emperor sent his men over the land
寻找中国最美的女人
to find the most beautiful woman in China.
他们当然没找到
They failed, of course,
但这时
but then,
当他在这里温泉洗澡时候
when he was bathing here in the hot springs,
他看见一个高官的18岁女儿
he saw the 18-year-old daughter of a high official...
温泉水滑洗凝脂
..the warm water running down her glistening, jade-like body,
白居易诗中写了这个故事
as the poet Bai Juyi tells the story.
《长恨歌》 白居易
注：唐明皇好色 日夜想找个绝代佳人 杨玄瑛有个女儿才长成 十分娇艳 她回眸一笑时 千姿百态娇媚横生 君王深恋儿女情 从此再也不早朝 忽然渔阳战鼓响 惊天动地震宫阙 --出自唐白居易《长恨歌》
汉王重色思倾国
The Emperor had dreamed of a beauty who could topple an empire.
杨家有女初长成
Meanwhile, a girl in the Yang family came of age.
回眸一笑百媚生
And when she smiled she could melt the heart with a single glance.
从此君王不早朝
And from that day the Emperor missed every morning court.
渔阳鼙鼓动地来
But then one day the ground was shaken by the war drums of a revolt.
安禄山和他的族人直接来到长安
An Lushan came in with his Tibetans, went straight to Chang'an.
士兵们带着皇帝和他的最爱
Soldiers carried the Emperor and his favourites
连夜离开首都
out of the capital overnight,
如此地绝望而又紧急
it was so desperate an emergency.
但当他们进入山区
But when they got into the hills -
因为他在赶往四川
because he was making for Sichuan,
那里群山环绕 他认为会很安全
which was hilly, where he thought he would be safe -
他的卫兵们 一小批人
his bodyguards, a small group of people,
反叛了 说他们不会再走了
rebelled and said they were not going any further
因为皇帝还把爱妃们带在身边
as long as the Emperor had this favourite, and favourites with him.
他的爱妃必须被杀死
And the favourites had to be slaughtered.
明皇幸蜀图
其中便有杨贵妃
Among them was the Lady Yang,
被赐白绫 缢死树下
strung up on a tree on a silk cord.
安禄山之乱是中国
The great rebellion of the An Lushan period
极其困难时期
was extremely hard on China.
无数人被杀或无家可归
An enormous number of people were killed or displaced.
根据变乱前后的
And we know from the census that were taken
人口统计得知
before that happened and after it,
有三千五百万人失踪
35 million people were missing.
随着政府垮台 之后是恐怖的8年
As government broke down, eight years of horror unfolded.
这是全国性的灾难
It was a national catastrophe,
中国最伟大的诗人杜甫就曾经写过
described by China's greatest poet, Du Fu,
而中国人民每当困难时期
in lines remembered ever since by the Chinese people
《春望》 杜甫
便会想起他的诗
in times of trouble.
国破山河在
城春草木深
感时花溅泪
"国破" 只有二字
"Guo po." Just two words.
意为国家已被毁灭
It means the state has been demolished
不复存在
and it doesn't exist any more.
再无国家
There's no state left.
但 "山河在"
But "shan he zai" -
高山流水依旧在
the mountains and the river still remain.
在三千年来的中国诗歌里
In all the 3,000 years of Chinese poetry,
世界现存最悠久的诗派
the world's oldest living poetic tradition,
这位乱世诗人 杜甫
it's Du Fu, the poet of this terrible time,
最受人们爱戴
who is their most loved
因为他说出了人民的心声
because he spoke in the people's voice.
他依然是今天学校课程一部分
He's still part of the school syllabus today
偃师中学
因此中国儿童都知道唐朝覆亡的原因
so every Chinese child knows how the Tang fell...
嗨 你们好
Hi, hello.
不是历史课学的 而是从诗歌里知道的
..not from their history class but from poetry.
很高兴见到你
Nice to meet you.
啊 你说英语 太棒了
Ah, very good, you speak English. Wonderful!
这是在洛阳郊外的偃师中学
And here at the secondary school in Yanshi outside Luoyang,
他们有特别的原因了解这一切
they've an extra reason to know all about it.
-这里是他的墓地 -对
-This is the tomb here? -Yes.
因为杜甫墓地在学校里
Because Du Fu's grave is in the school grounds.
他死时还未出名 碑文说：
He wasn't famous when he died. The inscription says...
“唐工部拾遗少陵杜文贞公之墓”
"The tomb of Mr Du, government deputy irrigation inspector."
太好了 谢谢 真好 真好
Terrific, xie xie. Wonderful, wonderful.
击个掌
真不错 真棒
Fantastic! Fantastic.
随着唐帝国的分崩离析
As the Tang world collapsed,
杜甫的最后一首短诗
one last brief poem by Du Fu
叙述他如何在河之南再次见到
tells how he met again, south of the river,
曾受皇帝宠爱的一位著名音乐家
a famous musician once high in the king's favour.
请欣赏83班带来的节目
《江南逢李龟年》
杜甫
岐王宅里寻常见
崔九堂前几度闻
正是江南好风景
落花时节又逢君
岐王宅里寻常见
谁是岐王 有人知道吗?
Who is the prince of the Qi, Qiwang? Does anybody know?
他是个重要人物吗?
Is he a big, important person?
我知道岐王是唐玄宗的兄弟
I know Qiwang is the brother of the Emperor Tang Xuanzong.
-他是唐玄宗的兄弟 -是的
-He's the brother of the Emperor Xuanzong. -Yes.
很好 所以是个很重要的人物
Great. So a very important man, then.
杜甫在回忆
Du Fu is recalling...
岐王的宫殿
the palace of Qiwang's.
这一句
Now, this phrase here...
正是江南好风景
你读得好听 可以这么说 很美 很美
Which you read beautifully, if I may say so, it was very, very good.
这里一句非常奇妙 别笑我
And then this line here is so fantastic -don't laugh at me.
落花时节又逢君
“落花时节
"The falling flowers time, season,
“此时此地 我又见到你”
"is here again and in this time I meet you again."
中国诗歌里的落花
The falling flowers in Chinese poetry,
你能说说什么意思吗?
can you explain to me what this means?
有人吗?
Anybody?
我认为它指的是 花儿正在飘落
I think it means, you know, flowers are falling down
好的季节已然过去
and the period of the season is gone.
同时意味唐朝没落了
And it also means that Tang Dynasty is gone.
同时他遇见了故友
And at the same time he meets his old friend
过去的回忆 美好的回忆 又回来了
and the old memories -the beautiful memories -come back
他感到非常伤感
and he feels very sad.
因此落花不仅是花掉落
So falling flowers is not just blossom falling,
而且是一种内心的忧愁
it's a feeling of melancholy in the heart.
唐朝的衰落
And the Tang Dynasty is falling,
有一种秋天的伤感
there is a mood of Autumn and sadness
他遇到一位名噪一时的人
and he meets the man who was once this great figure.
就是这样一首简单的诗
Such a simple poem, isn't it?
只有四句 然而充满奇妙的思想
Just four lines and yet it's full of fantastic ideas.
谢谢你这么耐心
Thank you for being patient!
谢谢
Xie xie...
谢谢你们
..to you!
所以虽然国破
So the state was broken
但山河仍在
but the landscape survived
人民还在
and so did the people.
这段做社交媒体用很高端
It's a very high-class social media piece here.
9世纪是一个饥荒和更多暴乱时期
The ninth century was a time of famines and more rebellions.
最后唐朝变得胆怯 开始封闭自守
In the end, the Tang lose their nerve and start to look inwards.
注：此处所指为会昌年间的唐武宗灭佛
在840年 他们甚至发动一场迫害佛教运动
In the 840s they even launch a persecution of Buddhism,
如今这代表着非中国的观念
now a symbol of un-Chinese ideas.
因此天命已经丧失
And so the Mandate of Heaven was lost
但正如佛陀所说的
but as the Buddha had said,
也如中国人再清楚不过了的
and the Chinese have always known too well,
一切都会过去
all things must pass.
公元907年的6月1日
On the 1st of June, 907,
最后一位唐朝皇帝退位
the last Tang Emperor abdicated,
结束了一段惊人的创造性时代
bringing to end an age of amazing creativity.
一个中国人至今依然用以定义自身的时代
An age by which the Chinese still define themselves today.
长安一度辉煌
A time in which Xi'an here rivalled
超越了巴格达和君士但丁堡
and then surpassed Baghdad and Constantinople
成为了世界之城
as a city of the world.
中国一度陷入无政府状态
For a time, China will plunge into anarchy,
但一个新的伟大时代即将到来
but a new age of greatness will soon arise,
中国历来如此
as in China it always has.
剧本及主持 迈克尔·伍德