Hi,我是John Green。你正在收看的是世界历史碰撞课程， Hi there. I'm John Green; you're watching Crash Course World History, and today we're
今天我们来谈谈伊拉克。不，你这个所谓的智能地球仪。咱们要谈的是美索不达米亚。 going to talk about "Iraq" No, you purportedly smart globe. We're going to talk about Mesopotamia.
我爱美索不达米亚因为它创造了我的两样最爱：文字和赋税 I love Mesopotamia because it helped create two of my favorite things: Writing and taxes.
为啥我会喜欢赋税？因为在赋税之前唯一确定到来的是死亡。 Why do I like taxes? Because before taxes, the only certainty was death.
Mr. Green。 Mr. Green,你知道你正在引用马克吐温的名言吗？ Mr. Green. Mr. Green, did you know that you're referencing Mark Twain?
我没引用马克吐温，比之更早，我引用自本杰明.富兰克林， I'm not referencing Mark Twain, me from the past, I'm referencing Benjamin Franklin,
他很可能又是引用自有个糟糕名字的剧作家克里斯托弗·布洛克。听着， who was probably himself referencing the unfortunately named playwright Christopher Bullock. Listen.
你可能挺聪明的，孩子，可我聪明得比你久。顺便说下，今天图上说的 You may be smart, kid, but I've been smart longer. By the way, today's illustration
是：冤冤相报何时了。 points out that an eye for an eye leaves the whole world monocular.
5000年前在美索不达米亚这片土地上，在底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间， So 5,000 years ago in the land meso, or between the Tigris and Euphrates potomoi, or rivers,
就像我们的老朋友印度河流域一样，城市开始出现 cities started popping up much like they had in our old friend the Indus River valley.
这些早期的美索不达米亚城市实行的是原始社会主义， These early Mesopotamian cities engaged in a form of socialism, where farmers contributed
农民们把收成交给公共仓库，冶金工人、建筑工人、男模等等人的劳动都 their crops to public storehouses out of which workers, like metalworkers or builders or
用仓库里的粮食来统一支付。所以，基本上， male models or whatever would be paid uniform "wages" in grain. So, basically
Mr Green, Mr Green, 那时真有男模吗？你能摆个BLUE STEEL造型（一种拍照姿势）吗？ MR GREEN MR GREEN WERE THERE REALLY MALE MODELS? CAN YOU DO BLUE STEEL?
Oh, 年轻的我，我真恨你。 Oh younger version of myself, how I hate you.
Oh~我为你们出的丑...这是我最好的Blue Steel造型啦。 Oh the humiliation I suffer for you people... that was my best Blue Steel.
没法再好啦。 That was as close as I can get.
总之，如果你生活在城市中，你什么都能做就是不能当守护者。 So anyway, if you lived in a city, you could be something other than a shepherd, and thanks
感谢这种原始社会主义，确信让你有饭吃 to this proto-socialism you could be reasonably sure that you'd eat
Stan，能再弄个地球仪吗？我觉得这个球不够圆。 STAN, Is there any way we could get another globe in here? I feel like this shot is inadequately
对，好多了。 globed. Yes, much better.
知道吗，你可以通过一个历史学家拥有地球仪的数量来判断他的水平。 You know you can tell the quality of the historian by the number of his or her globes.
但是尽管你能放弃牧群，很多人可不想这么做。 But even though you could give up your flock, a lot of people didn't want to.
美索不达米亚的遗产之一就是乡村和城市之间持久的冲突。 One of the legacies of Mesopotamia is the enduring conflict between country and city.
很多最伟大的艺术作品都探索了这个主题，比如 You see this explored a lot in some of our greatest art such as
《贝佛利山》和《激流四勇士》，还有《吉尔伽美什史诗》中恩奇都和吉尔伽美什之间的决战 The Beverly Hillbillies and Deliverance, and the showdown between Enkidu and Gilgamesh
《吉尔伽美什》是已知最古老的文学作品之一 in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is one of the oldest known works of literature and
我不想破坏你——视频资料里有这首诗的链接 I'm not gonna spoil it for you there's a link to the poem in the video
——但是只要说在乡村和城市的决战中，城市赢了就够了。 info but suffice it to say that in the showdown between country and city, the city wins.
这些城邦啥样子？让我们来看看其中之一， So what were these city states like? Well, let's take a look at one such city-state,
吉尔伽美什的家乡乌鲁克，进入“思想泡泡”环节： Gilgamesh's home town of Uruk, in the Thought Bubble:
乌鲁克是一个城墙环绕的城市，有着广阔的运河系统和宏伟的神庙， Uruk was a walled city with an extensive canal system and several monumental temples, called
被称为金字形神庙 ziggurats.
最初这些神庙里的祭司拥有一切权利，因为他们能够直接 The priests of these temples initially had all the power, because they were able to communicate
和神灵交流。 directly with the gods.
这是非常有用的天赋，因为美索不达米亚神既喜怒无常又卑鄙刻薄。 That was a useful talent, because Mesopotamian gods were moody and frankly pretty mean like,
根据《吉尔伽米什》记载，有一次神灵大发雷霆，就因为我们人类太吵了 according to Gilgamesh they once got mad at us because we were making too much noise while
打扰了他们睡觉，于是他们决定用洪水来摧毁人类。 they were trying to sleep so they decided to destroy all of humanity with a flood.
底格里斯河和幼发拉底河算是不错的河流，但是美索不达米亚却不像印度河流域 The Tigris and Euphrates are decent as rivers go, but Mesopotamia is no Indus Valley, with
那样定期泛滥，适于灌溉。 its on-schedule flooding and easy irrigation.
要使两河利于农业灌溉，需要大量奴工。 A lot of slave labor was needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates useful for irrigation;
两河难于驾驭，洪水既不可捉摸又很凶猛。凶猛、不可捉摸、 they're difficult to navigate and flood unpredictably and violently. Violent, unpredictable,
难以驾驭：噢，两河啊，你使我想起了大学时代的 and difficult to navigate: Oh, Tigris and Euphrates, how you remind me of my college
女朋友。 girlfriend.
所以我的意思是考虑到这个地区摇摆于泛滥的洪水和可怕的干旱之间， So I mean given that the region tends to yo-yo between devastating flood and horrible drought,
人们自然会相信神灵是随意和变幻莫测的， it follows that one would believe that the gods are kind of random and capricious, and
任何能主持祭典来安抚神灵的祭司都是非常 that any priests who might be able to lead rituals that placate those gods would be very
有用的人。 useful individuals.
但在我们于乌鲁克发现首个神庙的大约1000年之后，一种可与之竞争的建筑 But about 1000 years after the first temples we find in cities like Uruk, a rival structure
开始出现——宫殿。这就告诉我们国王们——都是些公子哥—— begins to show up, the palace. This tells us that kings and they were all dudes are
在美索不达米亚开始像祭司一样重要了。 starting to be as important as priests in Mesopotamia.
维持良好和成功的社会秩序的责任开始从 The responsibility for the well-being and success of the social order was shifting from
神灵转向人，权利转移贯穿人类历史，直到...大概 gods to people, a power shift that will seesaw throughout human history until um, probably
永远。 forever actually.
但是在另一种我们将再次看到的发展模式中，这些出身于军队 But in another development we'll see again, these kings, who probably started out as military
领袖或富裕地主的国王，扮演了一种准宗教角色。 leaders or really rich landowners, took on a quasi-religious role.
如何做到呢？通常通过“神圣的婚姻”—具体说就是跟 How? Often by engaging in "sacred marriage" - specifically skoodilypooping with the
神庙里的高级女祭司联姻 high priestess of the city's temple.
于是祭司被国王取代了，祭司们很快宣布他们只是祭司了。 So the priests were overtaken by kings, who soon declared themselves priests.
谢谢，思想泡泡。我们是从何得知这些国王跟 Thanks, Thought Bubble. So how do we know that these kings were skoodilypooping with
女祭司联姻的？因为他们拍了联姻录像传到网上了。不，因为 lady priests? BECAUSE THEY MADE A SKOODILYPOOPING TAPE AND PUT IT ON THE INTERNET. No, because
有文字记载。美索不达米亚人发明了文字，一种特别的文字形式， there's a written record. Mesopotamia gave us writing, specifically a form of writing
被称为楔形文字，它的创造可不是为了求爱或别的啥目的， called cuneiform, which was initially created not to like woo lovers or whatever but to
而是为了记录交易，比如多少小麦可以换多少山羊。 record transactions like how many bushels of wheat were exchanged for how many goats.
没开玩笑，顺便说下，大量楔形文字都是关于小麦和山羊的。 I'm not kidding, by the way; a lot of cuneiform is about wheat and goats.
我不认为你们会过高估计文字的重要性，但在这里让我们指出 I don't think you can overestimate the importance of writing but let's just make three points
三点： here:
１.书写和阅读不是所有人都会的。于是有了阶级区分 1. Writing and reading are things that not everyone can do. So they create a class distinction,
这种区分事实上存在至今日。觅食型的社会秩序是相对平等的。 one that in fact survives to this day. Foraging social orders were relatively egalitarian;
但是美索不达米亚人有奴隶。他们玩一种充满隐喻感的 but the Mesopotamians had slaves and they played this metaphorically resonant sport
类似马球的运动，不过骑的不是马，而是人。 that was like polo except instead of riding on horses you rode on other people.
书面语在扩大阶级差距上扮演了重要角色。 And written language played an important role in widening the gap between classes.
２.一旦图画中有了文字，才有了真正的历史，而不只是猜想 2. Once writing enters the picture, you have actual history instead of just a lot of guesswork
和考古。 and archaeology.
３.没有文字我就没有工作，所以我个人特别感谢美索不达米亚人， 3. Without writing, I would not have a job, so I'd like to personally thank Mesopotamia
感谢他们使我能够一边靠在懒人沙发一边也能工作。 for making it possible for me to work while reclining in my lay-z-boy.
为什么这种文字出现在美索不达米亚？新月沃土尽管土地肥沃 So why did this writing happen in Mesopotamia? Well the fertile crescent, while it is fertile,
但缺少别的东西。为了获得制造工具的金属、 is lacking the pretty much everything else. In order to get metal for tools or stone for
雕刻用的石头和烧火用的木头，美索不达米亚人必须进行交易。这种交易最终 sculptures or wood for burning, Mesopotamia had to trade. This trading eventually led
使美索不达米亚发展成为世界上第一个领土王国，它将变得非常 Mesopotamia to develop the world's first territorial kingdom, which will become very
重要并最终在近亲交配的哈布斯堡王朝时达到顶点。 important and will eventually culminate in some extraordinarily inbred Hapsburgs.
美索不达米亚的城邦时代结束于公元前2000年左右，可能是由于干旱 So the city state period in Mesopotamia ended around 2,000 BCE, probably because drought
和河道变化引来游牧部族入侵和征服了这些 and a shift in the course of rivers led to pastoral nomads coming in and conquering the
因环境恶化而衰败的城市。而后游牧部族定居于此， environmentally weakened cities. And then the nomads settled into cities of their own
就像大多数游牧民族一样，除非——等下—— as nomads almost always will unless wait for it
...你是蒙古人。 ...You are the Mongols.
这些新的美索不达米亚城邦跟它们的前辈相似，有神庙、 These new Mesopotamian city states were similar to their predecessors in that they had temples
文字和自我吹嘘的故事，但是他们在很多重要方面 and writing and their own self-glorifying stories but they were different in some important
不尽相同。 ways.
第一，早期的原始社会主义被某种很像私人企业的东西取代， First, that early proto-socialism was replaced by something that looked a lot like private
人们可以按自己意愿尽可能多地生产，只要他们交掉 enterprise, where people could produce as much as they would like as long as they gave
一部分，即向政府纳税。我们总是非议税收，但是 a cut, also known as taxes to the government. We talk a lot of smack about taxes but it
税收对于建立稳定的社会秩序是非常重要的。 turns out they're pretty important to creating stable social orders.
政治上也开始有了变化，因为过去是部族头领的那些人 Things were also different politically because the dudes who'd been the tribal chiefs became
成为真正的国王，他努力把权力扩大到城市之外，并试图 like full-blown kings, who tried to extend their power outside of cities and also tried
把权力传承给自己的儿子。 to pass on their power to their sons.
早期君王中最有名的就是汉谟拉比，我高中 The most famous of these early monarchs is Hammurabi or as I remember him from my high
历史课上把他称为“拉比的锤子”。汉谟拉比统治着新的巴比伦王国 school history class, "The Hammer of Abi". Hammurabi ruled the new kingdom of Babylon
从公元前1792年至公元前1750年。 from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE.
汉谟拉比的声望主要来自于他的著名法典，该法典无所不包， Hammurabi's main claim to fame is his famous law code which established everything from
从放牛人的工钱多少到以牙还牙 like the wages of ox drivers to the fact that the punishment for taking an eye should be
以眼还眼的惩处方式 having an eye taken.
汉谟拉比法典严厉得近乎疯狂。比如，如果劣质建筑倒塌导致 Hammurabi's law code could be pretty insanely harsh. Like if a builder builds a shoddy building
屋主儿子死亡，建造者的儿子会被判死刑。 and then the owner's son dies in a collapse, the punishment for that is the execution of
这孩子可能会说，这不公平！我不过是个小孩，我啥也没干呀？ the builder's son. The kid's like, that's not fair! I'm just a kid. What did I do?
应该被处死的人是我爹。 You should kill my dad.
这些都说明汉谟拉比法典严厉打击犯罪带来了新意义 All of which is to say that Hammurabi's law code gives a new meaning to the phrase
但是它确实也引入了无罪推定。 tough on crime, but it did introduce the presumption of innocence.
在这部法典中汉谟拉比试图把自己刻画成两种为人熟知的角色： In the law code Hammurabi tried to portray himself in two roles that might sound familiar:
守护者和父亲。 shepherd and father.
“（我是）带来和平的守护者。我仁慈的光辉遍布整个城市， "[I am] the shepherd who brings peace. My benevolent shade was spread over the city,
我使苏美尔和阿卡德的人们安宁。 I held the peoples of Sumer and Akkad safely on my lap."
我们又一次看到保护社会秩序的权威转移到了人，而不是神灵。 So again we see the authority for protection of the social order shifting to men, not gods,
这很重要，但是别急，还会转移回去的。 which is important, but don't worry, it'll shift back.
尽管巴比伦这样的领土王国比过去的任何城市更强大， Even though the territorial kingdoms like Babylon were more powerful than any cities
尽管汉谟拉比统治下的巴比伦可能是当时世界人口最稠密的城市 that had come before, and even though Babylon was probably the world's most populous city
但它实际上还不够强大，遵循规律 during Hammurabi's rule, it wasn't actually that powerful, and keeping with the pattern
很快它就被游牧部族加喜特人占领。 it was soon taken over by the formerly-nomadic Kassites.
事实是，领土王国依赖于最穷的人交税， The thing about Territorial kingdoms is that they relied on the poorest people to pay taxes,
给军队提供人员和服务，但没人会喜欢这样的国王， and provide labor and serve in the army, all of which made you not like your king very
如果有游牧民族入侵，你可能会说“你好，游牧入侵者！ much so if you saw any nomadic invaders coming by you might just be like "Hey nomadic invaders!
来吧，你看上去比原来的国王好多了。” Come on in; you seem better than the last guy."
直到亚述人来之前情况就是如此。亚述人以 Well, that was the case until the Assyrians came along, anyway. The Assyrians have a deserved
残酷欺凌美索不达米亚的名声著称。亚述人给我们 reputation for being the brutal bullies of Mesopotamia. The Assyrians did give us an
展示了其可能是世界史，也是星战史上 early example of probably the most important and durable form of political organization
最重要最持久的政治结构，帝国。 in world history, and also Star Wars history, the Empire.
让我们把帝国定义为通过征服 Let's define empire as the extension by conquest of control over people who do not
异族人而扩展的国家。帝国的最大问题是 belong to the same group as the conquerors. The biggest problem with empires is that by
它的多样性和多种族性，这就使帝国难于统一。 definition they're diverse and multi-ethnic, which makes them hard to unify.
所以在公元前911年左右，新亚述帝国从他们的故乡阿舒尔和 So beginning around 911 BCE, the neo-Assyrian Empire grew from its hometowns of Ashur and
尼尼微发展到整个美索不达米亚和地中海东岸 Nineveh to include the whole of Mesopotamia, the Eastern Coast of the Mediterranean and
至公元前680年甚至到了埃及！这都有赖于世界上最残酷、最可怕 even, by 680 BCE, Egypt! (INSERT MAP)They did this thanks to the most brutal, terrifying
和最高效的军队。更多的形容词可以用来描绘我的大学女友。 and efficient army the world had ever seen. More adjectives describing my college girlfriend.
这支军队还是知识精英。将军的选拔不是拼爹 For one thing the army was a meritocracy. Generals weren't chosen based on who their
而是基于他们的实力. dads were, they were chosen based on if they were good at Generalling.
Stan, 有generalling这个词吗？有！ Stan, is generalling a word? - It is!
军队使用铁制武器和战车，它们体积宠大。新亚述 Stan, is generalling a word? - It is!
帝国可以安置120,000人 他们超级坏，比如他们会驱赶成千上万的人 Empire could field 120,000 men.Also, they were super MEAN. Like they would deport hundreds of thousands of people to
背井离乡，转移熟练工人到 separate them from their history and their familes and also moved skilled workers around
最需要的地方。新亚述人喜欢找出想要造反的人，砍掉 where they were most needed.Also the neo-Assyrians loved to find would-be rebels and lop off
他们的肢体，特别喜欢挖掉他们的鼻子。 their appendages. Particularly their noses for some reason. And there was your standard
奸淫掠夺和拷打折磨都是以伟大神灵亚述之名而为， raping and pillaging and torture, all of which was done in the name of Ashur, the great god
新亚述帝国的神圣代言人就是国王。 of the neo-Assyrians whose divine regent was the King.
通过国王亚述维持着世界的运行，只要征服在继续，世界 Ashur, through the King, kept the world going, and as long as conquest continued the world
就不会终结。一旦停止征服，世界就到了末日，就会河流 would not end. But if conquest ever stopped, the world would end and there would be rivers
泛滥，哀泣遍野。你知道世界末日来了。 of blood and weeping and gnashing of teeth. You know how apocalypses go.
亚述人通过建造不朽的建筑和 The Assyrians spread this world view with propaganda like monumental architecture and
在公共节日阅读国王如何威武来宣传这种世界观。这些被用来 readings about how awesome the king was at public festivals, all of which were designed
激发民众对帝王统治的敬畏。 to inspire awe in the Empire's subjects.
噢，这又提醒了我，到公开信时间了。 Oh that reminds me, ITS TIME FOR THE OPEN LETTER.
给“令人敬畏”一词的公开信： An Open Letter to the Word Awesome:
首先让我们看看今天密室里是什么。Oh, Stan But first lets see what's in the Secret Compartment today. [opens door] Oh, Stan is
这黄饼一样的东西是铀吗？美索不达米亚可没这玩意... this yellow cake uranium? You never find that in Mesopotamia...
亲爱的“令人敬畏”先生， Dear Awesome,
我爱你。正如大多数当代英语人士一样，我可能有点 I love you. Like most contemporary English speakers in fact, I probably love you a little
太爱你了。 too much.
至于你，令人敬畏先生，令人敬畏是如此极端地令人敬畏地致力于令人敬畏。 The thing about you, awesome, is that awesome is just so awesomely awesome at being awesome.
我们都忘记了你真正的含意。令人敬畏：你不但很酷，而且 So we lose track of what you really mean, awesome: You're not just cool, you're
可怕绝妙。你令人膝盖的僵胸膛发紧，惴惴地邂逅那些 terrifying and wonderful. You're knees-buckling, chest-tightening, fearful encounters with
既能毁灭也会保佑我们的事物。那 something radically other- something that we know could both crush and bless us. That
就是敬畏，我为恭维水平不够而向你道歉。 is awe, and I apologize for having watered you down.
说真的，你真令人敬畏。 But seriously, you're awesome.
最好的祝愿John Green Best wishes, John Green
那么亚述人后来发生了什么？首先，他们的帝国扩张超过了能力范围， So what happened to the Assyrians? Well, first they extended their empire beyond their roads,
无法管理。 making administration impossible.
更重要的是，当整个世界观都基于这样的观点： But maybe even more importantly, when your whole world view is based on the idea that
打一次败仗世界末日就来临，那么当你真打了一场败仗时， the apocalypse will come if you ever lose a battle, and then you lose one battle, the
整个世界观就会轰塌了。最终在公元前612年，尼尼微 whole world view just blows up. That eventually happened and in 612 BCE, the city of Nineveh
最终被攻克，新亚述帝国终结了。 was finally conquered, and the neo-Assyrian Empire had come to its end.
但是帝国的概念才刚刚开始。下周我们将谈谈木乃伊。 But the idea of Empire was just getting started. Next week we'll talk about mummies oh,
我还得谈点别的事情吗?Crap,反正我只想谈谈木乃伊。 I have to talk about other things too? Crap, I only want to talk about mummies. Anyway,
我们将讨论...（苏丹） 不！ we'll be talking about [tapping stylus to talking globe replying Sudan] No! Dangit!
其实我们要谈的是（埃及） 谢谢你，智能地球仪。. We'll actually be talking about [taps globe to reply Egypt] Thank you, Smart Globe.
下周见。 See you next week.
碰撞课程由Stan Muller监制并导演。脚本Danica Crash Course was produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our Script supervisor is Danica
Johnson. 编剧是我的高中历史老师Raoul Meyer和Johnson我自己。 Johnson. The show is written by Raoul Meyer my high school history teacher and myself
图像团队是思想泡泡 and our graphics team is ThoughtBubble.
上周的关键词是“好男友”。如果你想猜猜 Last week's phrase of the week was "Better Boyfriend." If you want to take a guess
这周的关键词，你可以在评论栏里做，在那里你也可以提出 at this week's phrase of the week, you can do so in Comments where you can also suggest
新关键词的建议 new phrases of the week.
如果你对今天的节目有任何问题，在评论栏留言，我们的 And if you have any questions about today's show, leave them in Comments and our team
半专业准历史学家团队将会尽力回答您的问题。 of semi-professional quasi-historians will endeavor to answer them.
感谢观看，正如我们在家乡所说的：别忘了令人敬畏。 Thanks for watching and as we say in my hometown: Don't forget to be awesome.