英格兰和苏格兰 England and Scotland,
两个分裂的王国开始走向联合 two realms divided until now.
1603年 它们归于同一个王者统治 In 1603, they had come together in one person,
在苏格兰叫詹姆斯六世 James VI of Scotland,
在英格兰叫詹姆斯一世 and First of England.
他欲以"大不列颠之王"之名流芳百世 He wanted to be known as the king of Great Britain.
但大不列颠是什么 闻所未闻 But what was this new thing in the world, this Great Britain?
在十七世纪初期 In the first years of the 17th century,
只有地图绘制者才能解答这个问题 only the map makers could tell you.
其中一位 忙碌的前裁缝约翰·斯皮德 One of them, a busy ex-tailor called John Speed,
出版了一部含有67张图的地图册 published his atlas of 67 maps
名为《大不列颠王国全览》 called "The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain",
其中囊括苏格兰 威尔士 and covering every inch of Scotland, Wales
爱尔兰和英格兰的每一寸土地 Ireland and England.
斯皮斯地图集背后隐藏着乐观愿景 What lay behind Speed's atlas was an optimistic vision
整个大不列颠共戴一君 of happy, harmonious Britannia coming together under a king
结束几个世纪的战争和敌对 who was determined to bring unity
走向王国的联合 after centuries of war and hatred.
在沃里克郡的红马峡谷 And in the Vale of the Red Horse in Warwickshire,
约翰·斯皮德惊鸿一瞥 John Speed had a glimpse
仿佛看到了大不列颠的尘世仙境 of what this British heaven on earth might look like.
群山遍绿 Meadowing pastures with the green mantle
间有朵朵花开 so embroidered with flowers
边山仿佛另一个伊甸园 that from Edgehill we might behold another Eden.
凯恩顿
边山
1642年10月23日 On October 23rd, 1642,
国王查理一世 another man, King Charles I,
也在同一处山脊眺望这片原野 surveyed the same landscape from the same ridge.
那时没有绿草茵茵 The meadows were now full,
没有耕牛和蓝铃花 not with cows and harebells,
而是大炮 长矛和火枪手 but cannon, pikes and musketeers.
夜幕降临时 By nightfall,
三千不列颠士兵牺牲在了冰冷的大地上 there would be 3,000 British corpses lying in the freezing mud.
边山 从伊甸园成为殉难地 Here at Edgehill, Eden had become Golgotha.
在之后的漫长岁月中 Over the next long years,
分别指英格兰的詹姆斯一世和查理一世
詹姆斯一世和查理一世共同向往的联合王国 the nations that both James and Charles yearned to bring together
在杀气腾腾的内战中分崩离析 would tear each other apart in murderous civil wars.
成千上万的人丧命于 Hundreds of thousands of lives would be lost
战斗 围攻 传染病和饥荒 in battles, sieges, epidemics and famine.
粗略的死亡人数统计根本无法描述 A raw body count fails to measure the full enormity of a disaster
这一遍布大不列颠的灾难有多残酷 which reached into virtually every part of Britain,
从康沃尔[英格兰西南部郡] from Cornwall
到康瑙特[爱尔兰西部郡] to County Connaught,
从约克[英格兰东北部] from York
到赫布里底群岛[苏格兰以西] to the Hebrides.
教区与郡县 分崩离析 It tore apart communities of the parish and the county,
曾经历过改革骚乱的人们 which all through the turmoil of the Reformation
本已达成共识 had managed to agree
该让谁来统治 on how the country should be governed
以及如何统治 and who should do the governing.
曾经同甘共苦的人们 Men who had broken bread together
如今短兵相接 now tried to break each other's heads.
曾经携手裁决公断的人们 Men who had judged together
如今互相指责 now judged each other.
至尘埃落定时 At the end of it all,
斯图亚特王期许的联合大不列颠终于诞生 there would be a united Britain as the Stuarts had hoped,
但不是联合王国 but it would not be a united kingdom,
而是共和国 it would be a united republic.
内战
内战不仅仅是 The civil wars were not just
所谓保皇党和议会派之间 an unfortunate accident or an occasion
一场不幸的意外或是巧合 to dress up as Cavaliers and Roundheads.
这不是典型的英国战争 They were that most un-British event,
因为这是场理念之战 a war of ideas,
是人们根深蒂固的理念 引发的争端 ideas that mattered deeply to contemporaries
因为在人民内心深处 because at the heart of them
盘踞着民主与服从的争论 was an argument about liberty and obedience.
这一争论最终导致了边山的大战 That argument became lethal at Edgehill,
并将在大不列颠历史中一代代回响 and it would echo for generations down through British history,
事实上 and as a matter of fact,
这一争论再也没有销声匿迹 that argument has never really gone away.
幸存者回首过往 会发现内战原因很简单 To the survivors, looking back, the issue was simple.
是君权神授 国王至上 Whether the king should govern as a god by his will
将人民当野兽奴役 and the people governed by force as beasts,
还是由人民民主自治 or whether the people should be governed by their own consent.
没错 这是一位流亡中的共和党人的呐喊 Yes, that's the voice of a republican in exile,
他就是艾蒙德·勒德洛 Edmund Ludlow,
相同的声音 相同的记忆 but that same voice, that same memory,
还会在几个世纪以后 would be heard through the centuries
在远离不列颠的革命中听到 and in revolutions far beyond our shores -
在1776年的美国和1789年的法国 in America in 1776, in France in 1789.
世事往往背道而驰 不是吗 It goes against the grain, doesn't it?
不列颠被认为是革命的源泉 A bit embarrassing, not to say painful,
虽说不上痛苦 多少有些尴尬 to be thought of as the fountainhead of revolutions.
这可不是不列颠的风格 It's not very British.
所有的呐喊 挥舞圣经与杀戮 All that shouting, all that Bible waving, all that killing.
奥利弗·克伦威尔
这算不算一场错误呢 So was it all an aberration, then?
事实上 并非如此 Well, no, actually.
这些战争孕育了现代历史 These wars were the crucible of our modern history,
因为正是经过这些炮火的洗礼 for out of the fires of these wars
真正的议会制政体浴火而生 came eventually a genuinely parliamentary monarchy.
当然了 那个时候没有人意识到这一点 Of course, no one understood that at the time,
毕竟没有人有现成的剧本 no one was reading from a script
命令人们"向着民主前进吧" which commanded "Go forth and be democratic."
因此当24岁的查理一世加冕时 So when the 24-year-old Charles became king,
没有人能想象到 no one in their right mind could possibly have imagined
议会与王权会发生战争 a war between parliament and the Crown.
两个多世纪间 No succession in over two centuries
从未有君主受到讨伐和威胁 had been as settled or as unthreatened.
查理一世有可能 Charles may have been
身材瘦小 长脸 病态地拘谨 smaller than life, long faced, painfully formal,
孤僻到鬼祟的程度 private to the point of being secretive,
过于拘泥礼节 a stickler for decorum,
如大理石般苍白冰冷 沉默寡言 as cool, as still and as pallid as marble,
但对很多人来说 but to many
这和他先父詹姆斯一世形成了有趣的对比 this was rather a welcome contrast with his father, James,
詹姆斯一世声音洪亮 who'd been loud-mouthed,
顽固不化 粗暴无礼 pedantic and uncouth.
从一开始的加冕大典开始 From the beginning, for those paying attention,
稍加注意便会发现 there was something ominously distant
国王身躯矮小却要骑上大马 about this small man on a big horse,
这便隐隐预示了不祥 too lofty to bother with a coronation procession.
认为国王是上帝派到世间的最高权威 A man who believed that kings were little gods on earth.
查理一世视自己为国父 Charles saw himself as the father of the nation,
与十七世纪的其他普通父亲一样 and like any 17th-century father,
他认为自己担有家庭幸福的责任 he thought he was responsible for the well-being of his family,
作为回报 but in return
也希望子民无条件服从自己的统治 he expected to be strictly obeyed.
当然了 就和前任詹姆斯一世一样 Of course, like James before him,
他也通过议会 he would listen to the people
倾听民间疾苦 through their representatives in parliament,
但仅限他自选 but only when he chose
也仅限讨论他认为合适的事件 and only on matters he saw fit to be discussed.
然而下议院充斥着历史学家和律师 But the House of Commons was filled with historians and lawyers,
对他们而言 and for them
议会不仅是为方便皇室而存在的场所 parliament was not simply a matter of royal convenience.
听说过《大宪章》吗 Ever heard of Magna Carta?
对于这群人来说 For these men,
议会的历史 他们所闻所写的历史 parliamentary history, the history they were reading and writing,
就是民主前进过程中的一个章节 was an ongoing epic of liberty,
他们是光明的守护者 and they were the keepers of the flame.
内战已经步步紧趋 The countdown to the civil wars started now,
但还没人意识到 though nobody heard it.
内战的脚步本可以被半路阻止 It was a countdown that could have been stopped time and again,
但脚步声步步紧逼而来 but the ticking grew louder and louder.
到1642年时已经近在咫尺 Until by 1642 it would be deafening.
那是什么点燃了内战导火索 And what triggered that countdown?
金钱 Money.
年轻的国王 One of the first things
上任三把火之一便是向西班牙宣战 this young king did was declare war on Spain,
然而耗资最浩大的 莫过于对外战争 and nothing was more ruinously expensive than foreign war.
英格兰有个格外的复杂情况 There was the added complication that in England,
就算是天神下凡 even a little gods on earth
向议会伸手要钱时也得毕恭毕敬 had to go cap in hand to parliament for the money to fight.
而查理一世因私人恩怨开启战事 For Charles, the issue was personal.
宗教战争使欧洲分崩离析 Wars of religion were tearing Europe apart.
新教徒和天主教徒 Protestants and Catholics
北至瑞典南至匈牙利 相互厮杀 were killing each other from Sweden to Hungary
穷凶极恶 with unspeakable cruelty.
他们将查理一世的亲姐姐 They'd forced his own sister,
波西米亚王后流放出境 the Queen of Bohemia, into exile.
潜移默化地 And in his quiet way,
查理一世成为了基督教斗士 Charles burned to be a Christian warrior.
这也与他的兄长亨利有关 There was also the matter of his older brother, Henry.
亨利是马背上王者 A champion of the joust,
新教徒吟诗赞颂 视他为英雄 celebrated by the poets as a Protestant hero,
他本该加冕为王 Henry was supposed to have been king,
却在查理幼时英年早逝了 but he had died when Charles was a boy,
他的甲胄传入查理手中 and his armour had passed on to him.
这使命太厚重了 It was too big.
查理一世穷其一生试图配得上这副兵戈 All his life, Charles would try to fit the steel,
用英国随处可见的酒吧"英国橡树"指代英国
成为英国本土的查理曼大帝 try to become the gartered Charlemagne beneath the British Oak.
向西班牙开战正是他的大好时机 And this war against Spain would be his big chance.
议会自然是勉强才掏了腰包 Surely parliament would cough up the money
资助新教十字军出征 for the great Protestant crusade.
好的 议会如是说 Oh, yes, was the answer,
但是 语气急转直下 but -and it was a big but -
恕我们直言 you see with all due respect,
我们不喜欢您选中的指挥官 we don't much care for your choice of commander,
白金汉公爵 the Duke of Buckingham.
因此尽管我们愿意支付补贴 So while we're happy to fork over subsidies,
还是觉得应该订立短期协议为妙 we rather think we'll make it a short-term contract.
在证明他的可靠之后 再予续期 Renewable, to be sure, if he turns out all right.
但议会很清楚白金汉公爵并不可靠 But parliament knew perfectly well it wouldn't.
从一开始 议会就对他心中有数 From the start, parliament had Buckingham's number.
对他们而言 To them,
他不过是个自命不凡的小人物 he was an upstart nobody,
虚有其表的绣花枕头 a peacock with a pretty face
被提拔到如此高位着实令人吃惊 who'd been promoted outrageously above the great earls of the land.
他曾是詹姆斯的心腹 He'd been James' favourite -
事实上 远不止心腹 well, actually more than a favourite
如果宫廷流言可信的话 if the court scandal was to be believed -
如今他又钻营成了查理的心腹 and now he'd wormed his way into Charles's favour too.
两人曾微服同行到过西班牙 The pair of them had travelled together incognito to Spain
以帮助查理追求西班牙公主 in a bid to woo the Spanish Infanta for Charles.
那次冒险之行一无所获 They'd returned from their escapade empty-handed.
对于年轻又毫无自信的查理来说 But to the young, insecure Charles,
迷人又世故的白金汉成了他的偶像 glamorous, worldly Buckingham had become his idol.
而对朝野其他人而言 To the rest of the court however,
白金汉不过是寄生害虫 渔夫之蛇 Buckingham was a parasite, a pest, a viper.
他到底凭什么能一手遮天 Why, in God's name, would one give him a blank cheque?
钱的去处显而易见 也果不其然 It was obvious what would happen to the money and it did.
白金汉在一场拙劣的法国突袭战上 Buckingham blew a cool 240,000 pounds
挥霍了整整二十四万磅 in a raid on France
简直就像是一个破坏狂 so botched it seemed the act of a saboteur,
而绝无领袖风范 not a supremo.
因此若查理还想要钱 So if Charles wanted a penny more,
他的心肝儿必须走人 then his darling had to go.
议会胆敢向君主质疑 Presume to talk to the king
其所信任的将军和大臣 about his choice of trusted generals and ministers?
胆敢向君主直谏 胆敢制定法律 Presume to tell the king? Presume to lay down the law?
为什么 因为王权已经穷途末路 Why, that was an end of kingship itself.
所以在1626年 So in 1626,
查理做了一件 Charles did what he assumed
自认为以君王之名名正言顺的事情 kings worth the name were entitled to do.
解散了议会 He would dismiss parliament
然后自己通过摊派公债筹钱 and collect the money himself through a forced loan.
这真是最有礼貌的恃强凌弱了 It was the politest bullying.
查理总是这么彬彬有礼 Charles was always polite.
没有了议会的阻隔 The gloves were off.
反对公债者都被恐吓并起诉 Loan refusers were threatened, prosecuted.
他们中的两人 弗朗西斯·拜灵顿爵士 Two of them, Sir Francis Barrington
和埃德蒙·汉顿爵士都被迫害 and Sir Edmund Hampden died,
一人是在狱中被害 另一个随后也被杀死 either in prison or shortly afterwards.
很多人都交税了 Many did pay up,
但是他们的顺从多是由于害怕而不是忠诚 but their compliance spoke of fear as much as loyalty.
对于税收总有一些人对此大发牢骚 There had always been professional grumblers when it came to tax,
但是这些乡绅们 but these country gentlemen
有了更具威胁的怨言 were speaking a new and dangerous language.
没有下议院的同意 No tax could be lawful
税收是不合法的 他们如是说 without the consent of parliament, they said.
1628年 资金又无法周转了 The money ran out again in 1628,
查理不得不再次召开议会 and Charles was forced to call another parliament.
议员们一个一个争先恐后地 Speaker after speaker rose to the rostrum
为了英国的自由现身说法 in defence of the liberties of England.
他们在权利请愿书里 They drafted a formal list
附加了一份正式的申诉表格 of their grievances in a Petition of Right,
查理将此看作是 which Charles graciously conceded as
拯救他亲爱的白金汉所要付出的代价 the price for saving his beloved Buckingham.
只要有一线机会 Any slight chance of Charles honouring it,
查理就会不遗余力地去做 and it was slight enough to begin with,
机会最终还是消失了 1628年 went out of the window when later, in 1628,
白金汉被暗杀了 举国欢庆 Buckingham was assassinated to national cheering.
查理悲愤交加 Convulsed with grief and hardened by rage,
他解散了议会 Charles shut parliament down.
当议会的大门关闭时 As the doors were being closed,
一位议员 约翰·艾略特爵士站出来 怒吼道 one MP, Sir John Eliot, stood up and roared
如果有人未经议会同意强行征税 that anyone imposing a tax without parliament's consent
那么他将是这个国家和整个英帝国的敌人 would be a capital enemy to this kingdom and commonwealth.
查理否决了他 艾略特被定为叛国者 Charles disagreed, Eliot was the traitor,
所以在1632年 so off to the Tower of London he went,
他在伦敦塔的监狱中结束了生命 where he died in 1632.
但对于查理 满城的风雨 But for Charles, the rainstorm of words
终于慢慢平息下来 had now mercifully stopped.
在他们的世界 终于有点阳光了 In their place beamed sunlight from the heavens.
很愉悦 与西班牙的战争也结束了 Triumphantly too, the war with Spain was now over.
再也不用到处要钱 恶语相向了 So no more begging for money, no more of that aggravation.
在1630年 就查尔斯所关心的来说 So in 1630, as far as Charles was concerned,
英国上下一片和谐 peace had broken out in Britannia.
他的父亲詹姆斯一直看重和平 His father James had always preached peace,
而现在查理也在为此努力 and James was much on Charles's mind.
查理认为对他父亲应有些特殊的纪念 Charles decided his father's memory deserved something special,
而承蒙来自弗兰德斯的天主教画家 and courtesy of the Flemish Catholic painter,
彼得·保罗·鲁宾斯 他如愿以偿 Peter Paul Rubens, he would get it.
不是一幅 而是三件油画巨作 Not one, but three huge painted tributes.
斯图亚特王朝挥金如土的典范 A go-for-broke manifesto for the Stuart dynasty.
它们将高高地安放在天花板上 They would be placed way up high on the ceiling of the building
在詹姆斯传给他的 he had inherited from James,
依理高·琼斯的杰作 白厅国宴厅里 Inigo Jones's masterpiece, the Banqueting House in Whitehall.
在1636年 In 1636,
它们最终被吊到屋顶 迎接世界的注目 they were triumphantly hoist aloft for all the world to see.
三幅场景刻画了仁慈的詹姆斯 There are three visions here of James' benevolent rule.
其中一幅 In one panel,
詹姆斯化身为和平与繁荣的使者 James is depicted as the bringer of peace and prosperity.
而中央的那幅 In the central panel,
鲁宾斯刻画了詹姆士上天成神的景象 Rubens gives us James being carried to Heaven as a god.
第三幅画 In the third,
他是所罗门的化身 he is Solomon being offered
被授予英格兰和苏格兰的王冠 the two crowns of England and Scotland.
白厅国宴厅的华美令人瞠目 The Banqueting House in Whitehall simply takes your breath away
它的两侧恢弘 胜过英吉利海峡 by the sheer cheek with which it ignores the English Channel.
是移植了意大利风格的建筑 It's a piece of Italy transplanted into Britain.
经典的廊柱 高大的窗户 Classical columns, tall windows,
简直是一栋华美的灯箱 the ultimate architectural light box,
用来展示斯图亚特王朝的繁荣昌盛 designed to flood the Stuart monarchy with brilliance.
这也将所有质疑声 It was also meant to pin any unbelievers to the floor
以神灵之名平息 through the heavyweight power of its muscled allegories,
歌颂神一般的国王 singing the virtues of the godlike king.
当你走进这里 并且想起 So when you walked in here and you remembered that
斯图亚特王室奉国王为"天神下凡" when the Stuarts had described kings as 'little gods on earth',
你会了解到这并非儿戏 you realised they were not kidding.
白厅国宴厅是查理的梦想之地 The Banqueting House was Charles's absolutist dreamland.
正是在这 It was here that
他能够获得最大的满足感 Charles could act out the grandest of his fantasies,
他的三个王国 英格兰 苏格兰和爱尔兰 that his three kingdoms, England, Scotland and Ireland,
能够在贤明公正的统治者手中 were finally yoked together in harmony
最终合为一家 under the ruler who was firm but just.
还有什么 What better way
比得上给英国宫廷涂上欧洲的色彩 to give this new British court a European makeover,
使其变为一个巴洛克风格的典范呢 to turn it into a byword for Baroque gorgeousness?
这里将会坐拥全欧洲收集而来的 There would be a stunning new royal art collection
皇家收藏 gathered from all over Europe,
奢华的程度足以令教皇和帝王嫉妒不已 of a quality to make popes and emperors moan with envy -
曼特尼亚 提香和伦勃朗的作品 Mantegnas, Titians, Rembrandts.
查理不讨人喜欢的法国王后亨利埃塔·玛丽亚 Charles's unprepossessing French Queen, Henrietta Maria,
她蜡黄的皮肤和变色的牙齿 with her sallow skin and discoloured teeth,
变得明星般耀眼 was airbrushed into stardom
使其最为出众最为迷人 by the glossiest glamourist of them all,
这是安东尼·冯·戴克的大作 Anthony Van Dyke.
在这宫廷之外 And beyond the palace,
国王的意志得以贯彻 the king was satisfied to see his will being done,
凡是不同意的人都会被惩罚 people he disapproved of being made to desist.
我不喜欢这样 I like not this.
在各个郡中 税收一切正常 Out in the shires, his taxes were being collected,
他的正义也得到执行 his justice was being carried out,
天并没有塌下来 and the skies had not fallen in.
谁会想念那些演讲者和议会呢 Who missed the talkers, the parliament now?
显然没人会 Surely nobody.
迟早查理得走下神坛回归人间 Sooner or later, Charles was going to have to come down to earth,
到那时他会发现他的国家 and when he did he'd notice that his earthly kingdom
不是靠图画而是靠文字管理的 was ruled not by images but by words.
与鲁宾斯美丽奇幻王国景象所不同的是 Now, unlike the invitingly soft scenery of Rubens's fantasy kingdom,
文字是冷酷的 是黑白分明的 words were hard things, black and white things.
在作家 律师 牧师和印刷者的手中 And in the hands of wordsmiths, lawyers, preachers, printers,
这些语言大师如同手握利刃 they had a razor-sharp edge
能够一刀斩断 that would cut right through
所有斯图亚特王朝所谓的联合 all that Stuart mush about British union
并泼飘飘欲仙的统治者们一头冷水 and bring the playground of the gods crashing to the ground.
反对者们并没有销声匿迹 也没有封住嘴 The nay-sayers had not gone away, and they had not shut up.
那些在1625年认为 The men who had declared taxes
未经议会批准征税为非法的人 without parliamentary consent to be illegal in 1625,
在1635年仍然如此认为 still thought this in 1635.
诚然 他们不得已退让了 Yes, they reluctantly forked up,
但是武力却不能浇灭他们满腔的怒火 but it didn't stop them smouldering with rage.
其中的代表人物便是白金汉郡的地主 Typical was a Buckinghamshire landowner
一个叫约翰·汉顿的人 called John Hampden.
他并不是一个粗鄙且行事鲁莽的人 John Hampden was not some abrasive, unworldly hothead.
他受到周围人的敬重 He was a very well respected
并且是县社区非常重要的成员 and important member of the county community.
汉顿对于约翰·艾略特爵士 Hampden had been deeply moved
在监狱中的悲惨处境非常同情 by the plight of Sir John Eliot in prison.
他探望过他 并照顾他的孩子们 He'd visited him and looked after his teenage boys.
现在他将继承反税收者的衣钵 Now he would inherit the mantle of tax resister,
这次是反对航运税 this time against ship money,
这项税收用于海军的各项支出 the tax that paid for the upkeep of the navy.
为何没有海岸线的县郡要为此缴税呢 Why should counties with no coastlines pay this?
这是不公正的 It was iniquitous.
虽然只有几先令小钱 It may only have been a few shillings,
而最终汉顿失败了 and in the end Hampden lost his case,
但他赢得了人心 反抗之火又熊熊燃烧了 but he won the argument. The embers were hot again.
这边查理要面对议会中的律师们 And alongside the lawyers in parliament,
而另一方面他还要面对各方的批评 Charles now faced another group of intransigent critics
这些人的呼声甚至要比 who had something even more unanswerable
神圣文件大宪章更难回应 than Magna Carta, Holy Scripture -
而这些人正是清教徒 and they of course were the Puritans.
对新教徒的狂热升级版清教徒而言 For the hotter kind of Protestants, the Puritans,
斯图亚特王朝所推崇的和谐统一 the Stuart obsession with harmony and unity
说好听了就是个哗众取宠的笑话 was at best meaningless claptrap,
难听点就是一场蛊惑人心的阴谋 and at worst it was a plot to delude the gullible
让人们再次对罗马跪拜 into bending the knee to Rome again.
对于他们来说 现实是冲突的 For them, the reality was conflict,
这是被诅咒者和被护佑者不可调和的矛盾 the unbridgeable division between the saved and the damned.
冲突四起 There was an endless battle going on
圣者与恶魔军团的战争 between the saints and the legions of the Devil.
在欧洲 早已硝烟四起 The fires had already been lit in Europe,
宗教改革是一场战争 for the Reformation was a war,
而这场战争还远没有胜利 and that war had not yet been won.
清教徒们上下打量他们 The Puritans looked around them,
而他们从查理身上看见的 but all they could see from this king
只有对宗教改革的背叛 was a betrayal of the godly Reformation.
在外与天主教的西班牙握手言和 Peace with Catholic Spain abroad,
而在国内 情况则更糟 and at home, even worse,
大主教统治下的宗教与教皇统治半斤八两 a church ruled by bishops who were little better than Papists -
他们呵斥清教徒们 bishops who berated the puritans
对于宗教改革过于狂热 for having taken the Reformation too far.
在这场浩大的战争中 In the face of this cosmic battle,
坐以待毙 就是不可饶恕的罪恶 to stay still, to keep silent, was a sin and a crime.
对于清教徒们来说 For the Puritans,
查理一世本该是一个国王的典范 Charles I ought to have been a custom-built king,
严谨 儒雅而高尚的 austere, decorous and chaste.
但事实上 他的宗教信仰 The fact was, his religion
似乎需要新教的种种神力 still seemed to need Protestant mumbo-jumbo,
所有的符号和神话 all those signs and mysteries.
就算这些也能令人满意 Even this would have been palatable
如果他不欺骗他人 had he not wanted to foist it on everyone else,
强迫人们跪在他的圣坛前 to force everyone to kneel at its shrine.
清教徒们发起了战争 The Puritans declared war
反对教堂中任何耸人的天主教教义的标志 against any creeping signs of Romanism in the Church -
画作 雕像 十字架和圣坛的扶手 paintings and statues, crucifixes and altar rails.
而且众所周知 And it escaped nobody's notice that
查尔斯娶了一个天主教的妻子 Charles was married to a Catholic.
这些人诚然是少数派 These men were very much in a minority.
但是 作为被选中之人 But of course, being the elect,
他们希望他们是少数派的 救赎党 they expected to be in a minority - the party of redemption.
实际上 他们对于人数的稀少感到很自豪 In fact, they glorified in the slightness of their numbers,
他们是自净的军队 基甸的勇士 the self-purifying troop of Gideon's Army.
基甸 传说中古希伯来术士 带来300勇士击败了米甸人
像伦敦的木匠 尼哈迈尔·沃灵顿 Men like the London wood-turner, Nehemiah Wallington,
会冲在战斗的前线 would be in the front line of this battle,
宗教改革的猛士们 a storm trooper of the Reformation,
每时每刻准备着战斗 ready to fight every waking hour.
你们能窥见 You may see now
主的教堂如何受到了反基督者的蓄意攻击 how Antichrist doth plot against the poor church of God.
但是只要我们一心向主 But so long as we put our trust in the Lord,
让我们再一次接受主的救赎 let us once again take note of his great deliverances
使我们免受邪恶的教皇党教徒的迫害 from those great and devilish bloodsucking Papists.
当然 查理对于尼哈迈尔·沃灵顿之流 Of course, Charles was not going to lose any sleep
大可不必在意 over the Nehemiah Wallingtons of this world.
但是清教徒中可不是只有商人和手工艺者 But Puritanism was not just the faith of merchants and artisans.
还有许多上流人士和贵族都是清教徒 There were plenty among the gentry and the nobility too,
他们都笃信圣经中的字字句句 who believed just as passionately in the word of scripture,
对于他们来说 圣经是信仰 and for all of them it was an article of faith
没有人 不管是教皇还是国王 that nobody, neither pope nor king,
胆敢轻易蔑视主的世界 would ever be allowed to flout the word of God.
而他们要查理铭记于心 And Charles would never be allowed to forget it.
是的 他们始终是少数派 Yes, finally, they were a minority.
但是 这个拥护新教的国家 But it was one of Charles's most costly errors
开始把查理 而非清教徒的好战分子 to let so many in the Protestant middle of the country
当作教会更可怕的威胁 come to regard him as a greater threat
这成了查理最严重的错误之一 to their church than the Puritan militants.
而这个致命的错误 And for this fatal error,
查理得将此归功于威廉·罗德 Charles had one man to thank, William Laud,
正是他在1633年被任命为坎特伯雷大主教 whom he made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633.
可怜的罗德 Poor old Laud.
人们对于罗德和他所代表的原则 Is there anything good to be
会有任何溢美之词吗 said for Laud and the principles he stood for?
他是英国历史上最为 He's gone down as one of the most arrogant
傲慢且毫无建树的人之一 and destructive men in our history.
但设身处地地想想 结论也许会不同 But put yourself in his vestments and it looks different.
罗德认为清教徒 Far from being an elitist,
远非精英 而是真正的专断者 Laud thought it was the Puritans who were the authoritarians.
尔等应将其赶尽杀绝 不留余地 Thou shalt smite them and utterly destroy them,
尔等不得与其立誓 亦不能手下留情 Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them,
正是这些清教徒们 It was the Puritans,
怀着他们对阅读和传教的痴迷 with their obsession with reading and preaching,
怀着他们悲切的宿命论 their gloomy fatalism,
他们永不熄灭的战争之火 their endless battle cries,
剥夺了普罗大众 who deprived the ordinary people
对教会的所有需求 色彩 憧憬 of what they needed from the Church - colour, spectacle,
圣坛上救世主的十字架 a sight of the Saviour in the form of his cross upon the altar,
仪式 圣礼和典礼带来的宁静安详 the comforts of ritual, sacrament and ceremony,
防止狗接近圣餐盘的篱笆 还有最重要的 a fence to keep dogs off the communion tray, and most of all,
那些罪孽深重的灵魂 the consoling possibility that sinful souls might
最终得到圣主基督宽恕的可能性 at the end be received into Christ.
这一切为何就大错特错了呢 What was so very wrong with that?
这错就在于 Well, what was wrong was that
罗德并没有给予众人选择的权利 Laud was not presenting his programme as an option.
他把这一切作为命令 强制执行 He was presenting it as an order.
如此信仰 如此崇拜 如此祈祷 Believe this, worship like this, pray like this,
或者就承担一切严苛的后果 or take the consequences.
任何违抗他命令的人将接受特别法庭的审判 Anyone who defied him found himself before a special tribunal.
和他持不同政见的人 就像普林 Dissidents like Prynne,
伯顿和柏斯维克 Burton and Bastwick
最终都成为了罗德用来杀一儆百的受害者 became Laud's highest-profile victims.
他们的耳朵被割掉 They had their ears cut off.
罗德的铁腕政策一时大行其道 Laud's iron fist went unopposed for the time being.
等到了17世纪30年代中期 By the mid-1630s,
查理发现已经没有任何阻碍 Charles could see no obstacle
可以阻止他在三个王国同时推行 to consummating the great Stuart plan
伟大的斯图亚特王朝的和谐大大业 of harmony across the three kingdoms,
无论那里的人民接受与否 whether they wanted it or not.
英格兰被控制在他的铁血政策之下 England was under control,
而这里就不得不提他在爱尔兰的左右手 and thanks to the brutal tactics of his Lord Deputy in Ireland,
托马斯·温特沃斯 因为他的残暴统治 Charles's other right-hand hard man,
爱尔兰也尽在掌控之中 Thomas Wentworth, so too was Ireland.
这样就只剩下苏格兰亟待征服 That just left Scotland.
特别是苏格兰有着极其顽固 And in particular its obstinate,
且刚愎自用的长老会教廷 cantankerous Presbyterian Kirk.
他们定会从中作梗 而对于查理 It had a galling, and to Charles,
对至高无上的神权的蔑视是绝不能接受的 completely unacceptable, contempt for the authority of bishops.
查理心意已决 一定要攻下苏格兰 Charles was determined to break this.
之后整个国家便可以合而为一 Then the whole realm could pray and worship as one.
但是正是这种对于统一的执念 But the obsession with union
消耗了詹姆斯和查理过多精力 which so consumed both James and Charles
使他们最终不但未能完成统一大业 would in the end turn out to guarantee nothing
反而导致了民愤和分裂 but hatred and division.
出生于邓弗姆林的查理 自己就是苏格兰人 Charles, born in Dunfermline, was himself Scottish.
所以统一理应没有问题 So surely there could be no problem with this?
没错 问题还真不少 Well, yes, there could.
查理花了整整八年时间 It had taken Charles eight whole years
都没能来到爱丁堡 to even bother travelling to Edinburgh
加冕为苏格兰的国王 for his Scottish coronation.
他成为了史上第一位没在苏格兰加冕的国王 He'd become Scotland's very first absentee king,
决心让苏格兰为此付出惨重的代价 and there would be a price to pay.
查理完全不能接受 Charles was completely incapable of appreciating
加尔文教派对伟大的道德净化的诉求 Calvinism's call for a great moral purification.
在他看来 As far as he was concerned,
苏格兰和英格兰并没有如此地天壤之别 Scotland and England were not all that different.
如果通过一场善意和慈悲的作秀 If one kingdom had been bent to his royal will
能令一个国家俯首称臣 by a show of well-intentioned firmness,
那另一个国家也应如此 so would the other one.
当然 苏格兰的宗教改革 But of course, the Scottish Reformation
和英格兰的相比确实有着天壤之别 had been nothing like England's.
南部边境 South of the border,
教会中的变化正在按部就班地进行 changes had happened in the church at a slow and fitful pace.
在苏格兰本土 In Scotland,
加尔文主义充满魅力的改革 Calvinism had struck in great electrifying
掀起了一场悍然大波 bursts of charismatic conversion,
被诸多传教士 backed up by preachers,
教师和神父支持的加尔文教派 teachers and ministers,
在詹姆斯一世去世之后 and only forced into reluctant
又卷土重来 and periodic retreat by James I,
而查理则和他父亲不同 不识时务 who unlike his son, had known when to stop.
所以当查理宣布要将新的祈祷书 So when Charles announced the introduction
引进苏格兰时 into Scotland of the new prayer book,
他就已然发现 he would discover just
他对他出生的国家知之甚少 how little he understood of the kingdom of his birth.
枢密院要求强制执行 The royal council had very obligingly let it be known
将新祈祷书引进苏格兰的命令 that the prayer book had to be introduced,
最晚在1637年的复活节就必须执行完毕 at the latest, by Easter 1637.
之后出现了印刷延误 Then there was a printing delay.
这给了加尔文派的传教士和贵族充足的时间 This gave ample time for the Calvinist preachers and lords
使得他们能够精心筹划他们的大计 to organise exactly what they were going to do.
大主教罗德 国王 议会和主教们 Archbishop Laud, the king, the council, the bishops,
无一例外全都落入了圈套 everyone fell straight into the trap.
谁会料到一本小小的祈祷书 Whoever thought a little thing like this
能引发一场革命 would start a revolution?
1637年7月23日清晨 The British wars began here, in St Giles's Cathedral, Edinburgh,
英国内战正式在爱丁堡的圣吉尔大教堂打响 on the morning of July 23rd, 1637,
但第一波攻击并非是威力惊人的加农炮 and the first missiles that were launched were not cannonballs,
相反 仅仅是一些脚凳 they were footstools.
它们被直接扔进教堂中殿 They were launched straight down the nave,
而它们的目标则是教堂的主任牧师和主教 and their targets were the dean and bishop of the cathedral.
牧师和主教们正准备 The right reverends had just started to read
朗读新的皇家授权的祈祷书 from a royally authorised new prayer book,
就仅仅是准备朗读的仪式 and it was this attempt to read from the liturgy
就已经使教堂内民众发出了 which had triggered a deafening outburst
震聋发聩的哭喊与哀号 of shouting and wailing,
特别是激怒了聚集在教堂中的女性 especially from the many women gathered in the church.
但对祈祷书的反对浪潮 仅仅是一根导火索 The prayer book riots, though, were just the fuse.
而点燃这条导火索的人 目的在于 What those who lit it wanted was to blow up the bishops
撼动主教以及苏格兰皇家教会体系的根基 and the whole royal church establishment in Scotland.
1638年2月28日 On February 28th, 1638,
在长达四小时 伴随着布道和圣歌的仪式上 a national covenant was signed in a four-hour ceremony
勉励着虔诚的人创造新的乐园 along with sermons and psalms exhorting the godly
同时签署了公约 to be the new Israel.
第二天 他们将公约带至 The next day, the covenant was brought here
格雷弗赖斯的露天教堂墓地之中 to the open churchyard at Greyfriars,
在那里很多苏格兰人也共同签署了公约 where hordes of ordinary Scots added their signature.
很快 公约的副本 Copies were made and
就被分发到了苏格兰的大街小巷 distributed the length and breadth of Scotland.
而对于成千上万的苏格兰人而言 For countless thousands of Scots,
签署这份公约仅仅是他们 signing the covenant was just an extension
在教堂誓言的延伸 是常伴上帝左右的见证 of the vows they took in Kirk, banding them with God.
但好景不长 But very rapidly,
该文件也一肩扛起了爱国圣典的职能 the document assumed the status of a kind of patriotic scripture,
对真正的基督教徒给出了定义 determining who and who was not a real Christian,
当然也对真正的苏格兰人下了定义 who and who was not truly a Scot.
对于查理来说 根本没有协商的余地 For Charles, there was no question of negotiating.
他们都是反叛者 必须受到严厉惩罚 They were all rebels, they must all be punished.
但问题在于 There was just one snag.
查理的军队并非战无不克 It wasn't Charles who had the formidable army, but the Scots,
苏格兰人早已在欧洲宗教战争中身经百战 veterans of the wars of religion in Europe.
而查理 英国的查理曼大帝 Facing his first really crucial test,
面对的第一个严峻的考验就是 Charles, the British Charlemagne,
资金人手全都不足 found he couldn't raise money and he couldn't raise men.
查理直到付出了惨痛代价 It took one bruising skirmish for Charles
才认识到战争的愚蠢性 to see the folly of further fighting.
最终他还是草草地签署了停战协议 A truce was hastily signed.
但他并没有打算退让 But he wouldn't back off.
之后 查理为了筹集足够的资金和人马 By now, Charles was desperate enough
几欲绝望 for men and money
不得不硬着头皮做了一件事 to do what he must have hoped he'd never have to do again:
召开议会 Call a parliament.
下议院在大门紧闭了11年后 After eleven years of gathering dust,
终于又迎来了 the House of Commons would once again
充斥着激情的辩论的一天 be full of passionate argument and legal fury.
如果查理认为11年 If Charles thought that eleven years
就意味着所有过节都已经烟消云散 meant the old quarrels had been forgotten,
那他就是忽视了 he was ignoring a force
影响英国政治的新生力量 新闻 new to British politics - the news.
由于过去20年的政治事件 For the great political dramas of the last 20 years
全都因为公众对于纸媒的如痴如醉 had been hotly consumed by a reading public
而大白于天下 addicted to newspapers,
小册子 木版书以及所谓的六便士手抄书 pamphlets, woodcuts and the so-called sixpenny separates,
都记录了当时所有的辩论与争议 recording all the debates and controversies
并分发至每一个郡 and dispatched around the shires.
1640年 议会继续了 The 1640 parliament took up exactly
他们在1629年 where it had left off in 1629,
被查理叫停了的讨论 when Charles had closed it down.
新的议会非但没有 It must have come as an unpleasant surprise
既往不咎 when this new parliament,
而是变本加厉地追究过往 instead of laying imagined grievances aside,
这对他来说 必定是个没有喜的惊喜 immediately began to resurrect them.
新议会在查理再一次叫停之前 This parliament lasted only three short weeks
仅仅坚持了短短三周 before, once again, Charles suspended it.
他的选择范围日渐缩减 But his list of options was getting shorter by the day,
而且所有选项都行不通 and they were all bad.
他不打算向苏格兰屈服 He wasn't going to cave in to the Scots
他也不打算重开议会 and he wasn't going to re-open parliament.
但 还有第三种选择 But there was a third way,
和他爱尔兰的副手托马斯·温特沃斯合作 courtesy of his Lord Deputy in Ireland, Thomas Wentworth.
为什么不用爱尔兰天主教军队的矛 Why not use an Irish Catholic army
来攻苏格兰长老会的盾呢 to crush the Presbyterian Scots?
为了答谢他的合作 Grateful for his advice,
查理犹豫再三还是封托马斯·温特沃斯 Charles made Wentworth Earl of Strafford,
为斯特拉福德伯爵 but hesitated.
查理深知英格兰新教是不会允许 Charles knew that Protestant England was hardly likely to approve
他堂而皇之地指挥天主教军队 of a Catholic army
去攻打苏格兰兄弟的 attacking their brother Scots.
在1640年 接踵而来的 What followed in 1640
是大规模的令人恐慌的信任危机 was a breakdown of deference of frightening magnitude.
军官被自己手下的人所攻击 Officers were being attacked by their own men.
和苏格兰的最后一战异常惨烈 The latest round of fighting with the Scots was a disaster.
享有无数珍宝的纽卡斯尔被占领 Newcastle, with its priceless coal, was captured.
为了收复失地 为了将苏格兰人赶出英国 To get it back, to get the Scots out of England,
查理急需资金 Charles needed cash fast.
他已走投无路 只能重新召开议会 He had no choice now, he would have to re-open parliament.
这对于想要遏制王权的约翰·皮姆 There'd never be a better opportunity for John Pym
和他的议会同僚来说简直是天赐良机 and his fellow parliamentary leaders to rein in the king.
皮姆发现 Pym had discovered,
无论他是不是理解什么叫做"万能革命" whether he understood the word or not, the elixir of revolution.
昨日的真实"效忠国王" Yesterday's truism - obey the king
会变成明日蹩脚的笑话 is tomorrow's bad joke.
而昨日不可想象的"取缔教权" Yesterday's unthinkable - abolish all bishops -
看上去会变成明日的必然 seems to be tomorrow's necessity.
伦敦周边人声鼎沸 All around London were enormous seething crowds,
几乎变成了对威斯敏斯特的围攻 practically laying siege to Westminster.
约翰·皮姆的要求简单而直接 John Pym's demands were simple and blunt:
赋税征收必须获得议会许可 No taxes ever without parliament's say-so,
议会每三年选举一次 parliaments to be elected every three years,
其中直指查理的一项是 and most decisively of all, looking right into Charles's eyes,
所有议会 特别是本届议会 no parliament, especially not this one,
未经议会本身同意不得随意解散 could be dissolved without its own consent.
查理咬牙接受这些要求 When Charles, through gritted teeth, conceded,
意味着君主绝对权力的丧失 it was the destruction of the absolute monarchy.
是否还有转机呢 Or was it?
国王手中仍有最后一张牌 The king still had one card he could play -
斯特拉福德伯爵温特沃斯 that Catholic army that Wentworth,
在爱尔兰集结的天主教军队 the Earl of Strafford, had raised in Ireland.
皮姆明白消除威胁的唯一办法 Pym now knew he would have to annihilate Strafford
就是扳倒斯特拉福德本人 if he was to defend parliament from this threat.
因此1641年春 斯特拉福德遭到弹劾 So in the spring of 1641, Strafford was impeached.
病弱苍老的他 Sick and grey-haired,
因证据不足而无法被裁定为叛国罪 he proved frustratingly impossible to convict of treason,
于是皮姆转而诉诸褫夺公权法 so Pym resorted to an Act of Attainder instead.
该法案仅有些许嫌疑即可套用 This merely required a burden of suspicion.
斯特拉福德说利用爱尔兰军队吞噬其王国 When Strafford had spoken of an Irish army reducing the kingdom,
原句指苏格兰 皮姆断章取义
难道不是指英格兰吗 皮姆以此争辩 hadn't he meant England, argued Pym.
可此时仍欠东风 But there was one problem:
依褫夺公权法定罪需要国王签字 The Act of Attainder needed the signature of the king.
可怜的查理 Poor Charles.
对白金汉的记忆一定又回荡在他脑海中了 Memories of Buckingham must have flooded back into his mind.
作为一位如此看重忠诚的国王 For a king obsessed by loyalty,
他怎能背弃最忠实的同盟斯特拉福德 how could he abandon Strafford, his most faithful ally?
最终是斯特拉福德本人 It was Strafford himself
将查理从两难抉择中解脱出来 who spared Charles the agony of indecision.
他清楚看到只有他的牺牲 He knew that only his own death
才能阻止国王和国家陷入剧变 could save the king and the country from further upheaval.
在写给查理的绝笔信中 In a final letter written to Charles,
斯特拉福德请求国王做出必要的裁决 Strafford begged the king to do what had to be done.
尊敬的陛下 May it please your sacred majesty,
我知道 I understand that
民众对我的愤怒日益加深 the minds of men are more and more incensed against me,
请陛下不必为难和自责 and to set your majesty's conscience at liberty,
我恳请陛下以国家社稷为重 I do most humbly beseech your majesty, for preventing of evils
接受议会的提案 that may happen by your refusal, to pass the bill.
查理含泪签署了执行令 Weeping, Charles signed the warrant.
斯特拉福德被带上格林塔 Strafford was led out onto Tower Green,
在众人的嘲讽声中被砍了头 surrounded by jeering crowds, and beheaded.
查理因这次背叛抱憾终身 Charles never forgave himself for this act of betrayal.
但斯特拉福德未曾想到的是他的死 But it had never occurred to Strafford that his death
反而使得形势进一步恶化 would actually make things worse for Charles rather than better.
最糟糕的事情发生了 And what happened next was the worst that could happen.
爱尔兰宗教矛盾爆发 Ireland erupted.
斯特拉福德被处以极刑后 With Strafford executed,
爱尔兰天主教徒感到 Irish Catholics felt unprotected
来自新教徒复仇的威胁 against Protestant reprisals.
于是他们决定先发制人 In a pre-emptive strike, they attacked first.
1641年末 Late in 1641,
爱尔兰屠杀的消息传到了英格兰 news of Irish killings began filtering through England,
杀戮的惨状被绘制成图片四处流传 graphically illustrated by a campaign of atrocity prints.
惨案虽然确有发生 Now, bad things did happen,
但当时常见的刺死婴儿的虚构图片 but the usual fantasy pictures of impaled babies
勾起了英国新教徒的疑心病 tripped the wire of Anglo-Protestant paranoia.
更糟的是 有传言说天主教叛逆者 Even worse, it was rumoured that the Catholic rebels claimed
声称自己代表国王 to be acting on behalf of the king.
清教报纸上印满了"下一个就是我们" The Puritan press hit the streets screaming, "We're next".
查理痛苦地意识到 Charles was painfully aware
他统一不列颠的梦想代价之沉重 how costly his dream of a united Britain had become.
首先 苏格兰长老会削弱了他的王权 First, the Presbyterian Scots had brought down his personal rule,
而现在爱尔兰天主教引发的大骚动 now the mass panic triggered by the Catholic Irish
极可能将他的统治彻底终结 threatened to finish off his power altogether.
随着事件不断升级趋向失控 With events now spiralling out of control,
皮姆认为时机已到 Pym saw this was the moment
是时候剥夺国王的所有权力了 to try and strip the king of virtually all his authority.
查理的应对之策是企图逮捕皮姆 Charles's response was to try to arrest him.
但皮姆和另外四个议会领袖收到了风声 But Pym and four other parliamentary leaders had been tipped off
得知国王正带领全副武装的卫队前往议会 that the king was marching on parliament with an armed guard.
他们等到最后关头从后门溜走 They waited till the last moment and slipped out of the back.
让查理扑了个空 Charles was left empty-handed.
那全然是一场失败 It was an unmitigated fiasco.
除非有一网打尽的把握 The gamble had only been worthwhile
否则这场豪赌查理必输无疑 so long as Charles was sure of total success.
阴谋暴露了 正如皮姆希望的 Exposed now, just as Pym had wanted,
在这次惨重的失败之后 as a naked, abject failure,
查理的形象已不仅是残暴不仁 Charles appeared to be something worse than a despot,
更是愚蠢冒失 a blundering despot.
双方均无意和谈 Both sides were moving fast beyond any point of reconciliation.
皮姆明言议会现在需要保护自身和国家 Pym made it clear that parliament now needed to protect itself
不受国王迫害 and England from the king.
他们开始着手组建军队 It set about raising an army.
1642年7月 In July 1642,
布斯托得·怀特洛克不禁说出了 Bulstrode Whitelocke thought out loud
国家正面临的劫难 about the abyss facing the country.
我们不知不觉中竟卷入了 It is strange to note how insensibly we have slipped into this
一场内战 beginning of a civil war
预料之外的打击接连来袭 by one unexpected accident after another,
就如一波波的暗潮将我们推到这里 as waves of the sea would have brought us this far
而我们竟不知缘何落入这等境地 and which we scarce know how.
没人能说出未来将会如何 What the issue shall be, no man alive can tell.
也许我们之中没几个人能活着看到结局 Probably few of us here may live to see the end of it.
1642年春夏 What's truly amazing and
真正令人震惊和触动的是 very touching about the spring and summer of 1642
大量史料证明当时很多人 is the abundance of evidence
处在忠义难两全的窘境之中 we have about the agonies of allegiance:
人们向灵魂深处探寻 The real soul searching that people went through
试图做出他们一生中 when they were pondering the most
最痛苦最重大的抉择 painful and weightiest decision of their lives -
他们该加入哪个阵营 which side to join themselves to,
他们急切而坦诚地试图向 and how earnestly and how honestly
亲朋好友证明决定的正确性 they tried to justify that decision to their families,
更重要的是要向他们自己证明 their friends and not least, to themselves.
最残酷的是这场战争竟导致父子反目 Cruellest of all, it tore fathers away from sons.
白金汉郡一家人家的遭遇是这场悲剧的缩影 The sad history of one Buckinghamshire family says it all.
瓦内一家本来是 The Verneys had been the very model
和睦的模范家庭 of a loving, companionable gentry family,
但在这次危机中却四分五裂 but they were torn apart in this crisis.
在1640年那次伟大的议会上 Ralph had sat next to his father
拉尔夫就坐在他父亲身边 during the great parliaments of 1640,
当下他不仅表明要支持议会 but now he not only expressed support for the parliamentary cause
而且依照民兵条例 but actually swore the oath required of all members
对议会宣誓效忠 after the militia ordinance.
在十七世纪宣誓是很严肃的事情 Now, oaths were very serious things in the 17th century,
为了履行誓言拉尔夫不得不离开父亲 and taking this one split Ralph not only from his father,
拉尔夫的父亲和弟弟同名
离开他忠诚于保皇党的弟弟埃德蒙 but from his hothead younger Royalist brother Edmund,
弟弟显然不能理解 who absolutely failed to see
拉尔夫此刻选择 why Ralph should not be
违抗父命违抗王命的原因 honouring not only his father but the king.
尽管如此瓦内们仍然是一家人 And yet, and yet, the Verneys did remain a family.
拉尔夫宣誓效忠议会 Ralph had made his vow to parliament,
他父亲则觉得应该追随查理 but his father felt under no less obligation to Charles.
尽忠只是为了履行义务 It was a bond of personal loyalty which held,
事实上埃德蒙 despite Edmund having
对国王的所作所为毫无好感 little enthusiasm for what the king had done.
我不喜欢战争 I do not like the quarrel
并且衷心希望国王投降 and do heartily wish that the king would yield
接受他们的条件 and consent to what they desire,
跟随我主出征的唯一原因 so that my conscience is only concerned
只是为了表达尊敬和感激 in honour and gratitude to follow my master.
我蒙他恩惠为他服务差不多30年了 I have eaten his bread and served him near 30 years
绝不会在此刻卑鄙地弃他不顾 and will not do so base a thing as to forsake him.
1642年8月的第三个星期 In the third week of August, 1642,
查理举兵 Charles raised his standard.
他破釜沉舟决意一战 The Rubicon had been crossed.
为查理擎举王旗的光荣任务 The honour of holding Charles's personal flag in the battle
落在了埃德蒙·瓦内爵士肩上 fell to Sir Edmund Verney.
他誓死保卫这面王旗 He swore only death would prise it from his hands.
到保皇党军队抵达边山时 By the time the Royalist army arrived at Edgehill,
形势已大有改观 its prospects had been transformed.
他们现有精兵两万名 It was now about 20,000 strong,
其中一万四千人在10月22日下午 about 14,000 of whom took up position on the ridge
驻扎在了山脊之上 in the afternoon of October 22nd.
山顶站着国王和他的两个儿子 At the top of the hill were the king and his two sons,
查理 威尔士王子 Charles, the Prince of Wales,
以及九岁的詹姆斯 约克公爵 and the nine-year-old James, Duke of York,
和鲁珀特王子跟他的宠物狗波威 along with Prince Rupert and his toy poodle, Boy.
就在此地 查理一世竖起了王旗 It was here that Charles I planted his flag.
下午三点左右 In mid-afternoon,
议会军指挥官埃塞克斯伯爵下令 the commander of the parliamentary army, the Earl of Essex,
炮击保皇党步兵团 began to cannonade the Royalist infantry.
炮弹在草地上炸开弹片横飞 Balls thudded and hissed in the grass,
到处是尸体和残肢 taking a life here, a limb there.
随后鲁珀特王子率领骑兵冲下山坡 Then Prince Rupert led his cavalry forward down the hill.
议会军前线的士兵 For the men in the parliament lines,
眼看骑兵从远处一路冲锋到近前 watching a distant trot turn into a canter and then a charge,
而他们的火枪对那些 and seeing their own muskets have no effect
疾如闪电气势骇人的骑兵毫无作用 on the suddenly terrifyingly hurtling horsemen,
关键时刻来临了 the moment of truth had arrived.
战局急转直下 War slammed into them.
满眼是高大的战马和夺命的刀光剑影 Big dark horses, bright, deadly steel.
他们惊慌失措不堪一击 They panicked and broke,
鲁珀特的骑兵穷追不舍 Rupert's horsemen following
一直追到后方的辎重运输车驻地 fleeing troopers all the way to the baggage train.
鲁珀特一定认为胜利会来得轻而易举 Rupert must have thought this was going to be easy.
但此时议会军步兵正在缓缓前行 But by now the parliamentary infantry had crawled forward,
双方方阵中的长枪兵 the two great phalanxes of pikemen
在枪林弹雨中向着对方前进 heaving and pushing at each other amidst the musket fire
直到有人精疲力竭倒地不起 until they dropped of exhaustion.
埃德蒙·瓦内爵士就站在硝烟弥漫的战场中 Somewhere amidst the smoke, fire and steel was Sir Edmund Verney.
他紧握在手中的王旗 The royal standard clenched
使他成为了靶子 in his hand made him an obvious target.
人们最后连他的尸首也无法找到 They never even found his corpse.
牺牲的骑士横卧在地* *There lies a knight slain
身覆盾牌* *Under his shield, with a down
在随后的数月中 In the following months,
战争演变成了艰苦的局部冲突 the war broke down into grim, grinding local conflicts.
议会军据守伦敦 Parliament held on to London,
国王则试图依仗 the king tried to nail down
北方和西南地区的力量 bases of strength in the north and south-west.
西南部的战役格外惨烈 The south-western campaign was especially savage.
埃克塞特和汤顿等城镇几度易手 Towns like Exeter and Taunton changed hands.
当地的家庭兄弟阋墙手足相残 Local families were divided between brothers and cousins.
旧友反目成了敌人 Old friends became new enemies.
其中这样一对 Two such opponents, men in
惺惺相惜的朋友 every other respect virtually indistinguishable,
是议会军将领威廉·沃勒 were William Waller, a parliamentary general,
和保皇党人拉尔夫·霍普顿 and Ralph Hopton, a Royalist.
在短暂的休战期间 In a lull in the fighting,
霍普顿写信给沃勒请求会面 Hopton wrote to Waller asking for a meeting.
沃勒感到不得不拒绝 Waller felt he had to turn him down,
但回信中谈到了 but wrote back in terms which spoke of
友情泯灭带给他的深切痛楚 the deep sorrow he felt at their broken friendship.
为这场可怕的内战谱写了最经典的挽歌 It's the classic lament of this terrible civil war.
致我尊贵的朋友 拉尔夫爵士 To my noble friend, Sir Ralph.
阁下 我对您的感情矢志不渝 Sir, my affections to you are so unchangeable
战争本身 that hostility itself
远无法侵犯你我对你个人的情谊 cannot violate my friendship to your person.
但我必须忠于自己的事业 But I must be true to the cause wherein I serve.
伟大的上帝能探知我的心灵 That great God which is the searcher of my heart
他知道恪守职责于我意味着何等痛苦 knows with what a sad scene I go upon this service,
而我又何等憎恶 and with what a perfect hatred
这没有仇敌的战争 I detest this war without an enemy.
但我将其视作神的旨意 But I look upon it as an opus domini,
足以冷却我心中所有的爱 which is enough to silence all passion in me.
我们均已登上舞台 We are both upon the stage
必须在这场悲剧中扮好自己的角色 and must act parts that are assigned us in this tragedy.
无论结局会如何 Let us do it in a way of honour
让我们摒弃个人恩怨 以兵戎相见 and without personal animosities, whatsoever the issue be.
我永远不会抛弃这尊贵的称号 I shall never relinquish the dear title
您最亲密的朋友 最可靠的忠仆 of your most affectionated friend and faithful servant,
威廉·沃勒 William Waller.
死神的镰刀 永远不慌不忙地挥舞着 The scythe of mortality, always busy, never fussy,
王侯百姓 无一幸免 swept up all kinds and conditions of men -
军官 士兵 平民 officers and rank and file,
狙击兵 骑兵 慰安妇和军营小贩 musketeers and troopers, camp whores and sutlers,
初次披上战袍的年轻新兵 young apprentices who put on a helmet for the very first time,
和久经沙场 and hardened old mercenaries
与身上的盔甲一同经受磨砺的雇佣兵 who'd grown rusty along with their cuirasses,
连一双战靴都没有 soldiers who had no idea where to get a pair of boots
终日食不果腹的士兵 or anything to fill their bellies,
被搜光刮净 无以充饥的农民 and peasants who simply had absolutely nothing left to give them,
鼓手和号兵 上尉和炊事员 drummer boys and buglers, captains and cooks.
到了1643年的秋天 By the autumn of 1643,
议会派大势已去 parliament was utterly demoralised.
布里斯托已经被保皇派占领 Bristol had fallen to the Royalists,
国王在牛津 the king had established
设立了法庭和军政府 a court and a military government in Oxford.
许多议会成员厌倦了的贫困和杀戮 Many parliamentarians, weary of the poverty and slaughter,
转而为和平欢呼雀跃 were making noises about peace.
布斯托得·怀特洛克曾写道 Bulstrode Whitelocke wrote:
妇女们已经饱受痛失爱子 Women are weary of their being robbed of children,
痛失贞操 痛失父母的摧残 of their chastity and their parents.
难道我们还没有厌倦这些纷争 Is it not time for us to be weary of these discords
不应该尽最大努力停止这一切吗 and to use our utmost endeavours to put an end to them?
约翰·皮姆并不想听到这样的言论 This was not what John Pym wanted to hear.
尽管罹患肠癌 行将就木 Even as he was dying, tortured by cancer of the bowel,
仍不忘要粉碎和平运动 to squash a peace movement,
他以最后一击 扭转了战争局势 he pulled off a last coup which would transform the war.
1643年9月25日 On September 25th, 1643,
议会派与苏格兰人结成了联盟 an alliance was struck between parliament and the Scots:
神圣盟约 The Solemn League and Covenant.
1637年 In 1637,
苏格兰开始抵抗查理一世 Scotland had begun the resistance against Charles I.
七年后 这项盟约终于要了他的命 Seven years later, the Covenant would all but finish him off.
1644年一个阴湿的七月午后 At Marston Moor, outside York,
在约克城外的马斯顿荒原 on a wet afternoon in July 1644,
联盟派出全部兵力 the full force of the Anglo-Scots alliance
重创了保皇派军队 hammered the Royalist army.
这是开战以来伤亡最惨重的一役 It was the bloodiest battle of the war,
查理的精英部队全军覆灭 the cream of Charles's army was annihilated.
胜利者中有一位来自剑桥的议员 Among the victors was the MP for Cambridge,
一个内心刚毅的骑兵军官 a cavalry officer with iron in his soul.
他叫奥利弗·克伦威尔 His name was Oliver Cromwell,
他认为 自己在替天行道 and he was, he thought, doing the Lord's work.
克伦威尔本是东盎格鲁的一名乡绅 Cromwell was himself an East Anglian country gentleman,
但他知道这场战争需要的不是绅士 but he knew that gentility was no use in this war,
而是勇于作战的斗士 only effective fighting men.
边山一役之后 他曾对约翰·汉顿说 After Edgehill, he had told John Hampden:
我宁愿要一个虽不起眼却知为何而战 I had rather have a plain russet-coated captain
并珍爱他的经历的老上尉 that knows what he fights for and loves what he knows
也不愿要你所说的最纯粹的绅士 than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else.
1644至45年的冬天 In the winter of 1644-45,
克伦威尔与约克郡的一位将军 Cromwell and a Yorkshire general,
托马斯·费尔法克斯爵士 Sir Thomas Fairfax,
着手创建一支新型军队 set about to make a new kind of army,
准备接受磨练 prepared to accept discipline
来回馈他们得到的食物 皮靴与住所 in return for decent supplies of food, boots and shelter.
这支军队还要知道他们为何而战 And it would be an army that knew what it was fighting for.
我为保全我们的议会而战 I fight for the preservation of our parliament,
在上帝的指引下 in the being whereof, under God,
为王国的荣誉和昌盛而战 consists the glory and welfare of this kingdom.
1645年6月 At Naseby, in June 1645,
新模范军在纳斯比从两翼夹击了 the two wings of the New Model Army closed in
只有他们一半兵力的保皇派军队 on a Royalist force about half their size.
战争结束时 保皇派军队荡然无存 At the end of the fighting, nothing was left of the royal army
战场上惟有尸横遍野 except the dead left strewn across the fields.
保皇派的最后几个据点被逐一攻破 The last Royalist strongholds were taken one by one:
布里斯托 卡莱尔 Bristol, Carlisle.
在汉普郡的贝辛 At Basing, in Hampshire,
战争中数不清的攻城激战之一 one of the most vicious sieges in a war full of them
为这场血雨腥风画上了句号 came to a long drawn out bloody conclusion.
战争结束了 议会派获得了胜利 The war was over and parliament had won.
最终 主已然揭示了诏谕 So finally, God had spoken.
难道查理没能看透这一切吗 Surely even Charles could see that?
难道这还不能结束那段杀戮 Surely that would be an end to the bloodshed
让国家重新步入有序吗 and the country could return to reasonableness?
而议会中的许多人仍有一个眼中钉 And there were many in parliament aching for just this -
停战协议保留了查尔斯的王位 a settlement that would allow Charles to keep his throne,
这似乎又回到了1642年谈判前的局面 some kind of return to what had been on the table back in 1642.
难道经历了这些错误与伤亡 Surely, after all the blunders and bloodshed,
拙劣的政变和无谓的厮杀之后 the botched coups and the futile slaughters,
他还不愿意认清形势 交出部分权力吗 he would do the right thing, he would share power?
但查理本身决定了 But Charles was constitutionally incapable
他做不成立宪君主 of being a constitutional king.
他不愿做听命于上尉的君主 He gagged at the idea of being reduced to a subaltern monarch,
服从而不是发布命令 taking, not giving, orders.
也许战争已经告一段落 The war might be over, for now,
但对查尔斯来说 密谋仍在进行 but for Charles the plotting was not.
接下来的两年里 查尔斯企图扭转乾坤 For the next two years, in a bid to reverse his defeat,
他试图让议会与军队为敌 Charles tried to play off parliament against the army,
让军队与议会为敌 the army against parliament,
让苏格兰成为双方共同的敌人 and the Scots against both.
奥利弗·克伦威尔终于意识到 Oliver Cromwell finally realised
只要查理还在 that as long as Charles was around,
他就必将集结那些不安现状的人 he was always going to be a rallying point for the discontented,
而这类人不在少数 and there were bound to be a lot of them.
同时查理肆意违抗上帝的裁决 But Cromwell was also enraged by Charles's presumption
激怒了克伦威尔 at defying the verdict of God,
马斯顿荒原和纳斯比战役就是最好的证明 so clearly revealed at the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby.
很显然 查理必须离开 It was evident then that King Charles had to go.
无论如何他都要死 这又是一桩大事 Whether or not he had to die, that was another matter.
第二场内战爆发 克伦威尔再次要求 A second civil war flared up, once more requiring from Cromwell
他的军队必须残酷无情 all his military ruthlessness.
当1648年 With his annihilation of
保皇派的军队在普勒斯顿大败之后 the Royalist Scottish army in 1648 at Preston,
查理自知大势已去 Charles's final hope had gone.
至此 与国王妥协的想法变得愚蠢至极 Any thought of conciliation with the king was now purest folly.
那些坚持认为 Those MPs who persisted in
可以与查理理论的议员 the idea that Charles could be reasoned with
现在都听命于一个狂躁 图谋复仇的军队 now had a furious and vengeful army to answer to.
当托马斯·普莱德上校以武力铲除了 When Colonel Thomas Pride used his troops to weed out
对查理有恻隐之心的议员时 any MP suspected of going soft on Charles,
这个国家迎来了一个新的政权 the country realised there was a new power in the land.
现在是军人的天下了 This was the soldiers' show now.
不列颠听命于他们 而他们听命于上帝 Britain belonged to them, and they belonged to God.
他们不愿回到 They had no desire to go back
那个有王子 贵族和绅士的国家 to a country of princes, lords and gentlemen.
他们不再想听命于国王了 They wanted Jerusalem now.
他们想要那个万恶之源 那个残忍的人 And they wanted the biggest sinner of them all, the man of blood,
查理·斯图亚特 亲自领教上帝的愤怒 Charles Stuart, to feel the fire of God's wrath.
最后的问题浮出水面 The final question could be addressed
查理会有何等下场 what should happen to Charles?
克伦威尔挣扎过 祈祷过 伤感过 Cromwell agonised, prayed and wept,
恳求上帝予以指引 beseeched the Lord of Hosts to give him an answer.
最终 政治取代了宗教 帮他做了决定 In the end, politics, not prayer, decided it.
想要平息这场动乱 国王必须死 The king would have to die if the country was ever to heal.
但不能在黑暗的角落里执行 But not done away with in some dark corner.
不 查理要在公开接受审判 No, Charles was going to be tried in the open,
在众目睽睽之下走上断头台 then beheaded in public.
让他戴着皇冠被斩首 Cut his head off with the crown on it.
这会成为英国历史上一个重大的转折点 This would be THE great turning point in British history.
这场审判将 The trial would kill one
处决一个英国 迎接另一个英国 kind of Britain and give birth to another,
一个共和的 没有君主的上帝之国 a republic, a kingless state of God.
因此对查理和奥利弗·克伦威尔来说 So for both Charles and Oliver Cromwell,
最终的审判将成为一座剧场 the final act would become a theatre,
一间教室 一个辩论庭 a classroom, a debating chamber.
查理将扮演斯图亚特的传统角色 Charles will play the classic Stuart part,
神圣的殉道者 that of holy martyr,
正如他的祖母 苏格兰女王玛丽一样 as his grandmother, Mary, Queen of Scots, had done.
庄严 尊贵 悲情 Imposing, dignified, tragic.
但他和奥利弗·克伦威尔一样清楚 But he knew as well as Oliver Cromwell did
结果显而易见 that the outcome was never in doubt.
国王必须死 The king would die.
唯一的疑问是以什么名义 The only question was as what?
殉道者还是叛国者 他得到了什么教训吗 Martyr or traitor? What had he learned?
最终 答案是 毫无悔意 In the end, the answer was... nothing.
1649年1月30日 On January 30th, 1649,
他被人从宴会厅中带出来 he was led out through the Banqueting House
等待他的是耸立在白厅外的断头台 onto the scaffold erected right outside in Whitehall.
白厅的窗户被木条封死 The windows were all boarded up,
就这样 鲁宾斯对国王绝对权力的赞美图 so Rubens's great anthem to the god-like omnipotence of kings
消失在黑暗之中 失去了光芒 was invisible in the gloom, the light gone out of it.
但查理并不需要这些图像 But Charles didn't need the pictures,
这一切 他都了然于心 he had the script off by heart.
臣民与统治者 A subject and a sovereign
是截然不同的概念 are clean different things.
查理一世临终时的最后一句话 So the last words out of Charles I's mouth
道出了真相 were the truth.
他已经一无所有 With nothing left to lose for himself
但为了他的儿子 and everything to gain for his son,
他要让所有人 he was not about to confuse anyone
都认清王国与生俱来的本质 about the nature of the kingdom that God had ordained.
这仍然是鲁宾斯在天花板上描绘的那个王国 It was the same kingdom that Rubens had painted on that ceiling -
那个唯一听命于上帝旨意的君主 the anointed sovereign answerable only to the Almighty,
将制定出惠及子民的法律 laying down laws for the benefit of his subjects.
他提供一切准则 并期待万众归顺 He offered justice and he expected obedience.
如此而已 不容商榷 That was it. Take it or leave it.
这是条亘古不变的事实 It had always been about that really,
所有那些渴望将查理 and all the pious hopes of
变成议会君主的天真幻想 turning Charles into a parliamentary monarch
只不过是痴人说梦罢了 were just so many castles in the air.