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Hello, I'm John Greene, and you are watching a series Crash Course World History,
- and we'll talk about today ... - Iraq.
Both O earth allegedly smart, we will talk about Mesopotamia or Mesopotamia.
I love Mesopotamia because it helped invent two things from my stuff favorite: writing and taxes.
I did not like taxes? Because before taxes, the only sure thing is death.
Mr. Greene, you learn that you are quoting Mark Twain?
I'm not Mark Twain quote Hey I'm from the past, I quote Benjamin Franklin,
Which was mostly quotes playwright Christopher Bullock.
Hear, you may be smart, young man, but you're smart for a longer period.
By the way, the painting today indicate that the eye for an eye makes the whole world Aoura.
"Start Music"
So, about five thousand years ago on the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers,
Cities began to emerge completely as it appeared in the Indus Valley.
This was the ancient Mesopotamian cities practiced a form of socialist forms
Where farmers have donated their crops to the government stores, which will pay them for the workers,
Such as metals or builders or fashion models male workers, wages uniform grain. So, actually ...
Mr Green, was there really male models, and? Can you perform the status of Blue Steel.
How much I hate you, O the younger version of me.
How much I suffer from humiliation for you, O people, this was the best position Blue Steel can be performed.
This is the best I can do.
After all, if you Tqtnon in the city, you can do your profession is grazing,
Thanks to this first socialism, you can be sure you will be very much that you will find food ...
Stan, Can we bring the ball to other ground here?
I feel that ground balls for this shot is not enough. Yes, this is much better.
Knowing the quality of the existing number has ground balls.
But although it was possible that one abandons his flock, but by many people did not want it.
It is the heritage of Mesopotamia is the chronic conflict between the countryside and the city.
You can see that this has been examined much of our greatest artistic
Such as the series The Beverly Hillbillies film Deliverance.
The crucial confrontation between Enkidu and Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Gilgamesh is one of the oldest literary works known
I will not be marred, there is a link to the poem in the section of video information,
But suffice it to say that in the decisive confrontation between the countryside and the city, the city wins.
So, how it was this city states? To look at the state of the city of similar
The birthplace of Gilgamesh, a Warka, in a bubble of imagination.
Warka was a walled city and has an extensive system of canals and several temples of enormous size called ziggurats.
The priests of these temples have full power at the beginning,
Because they were able to communicate directly with the gods,
This was the gift of useful, because the gods of Mesopotamia was a volatile mood and very cynical, frankly.
For example, according to what he said Gilgamesh, angry gods of us once
Because we export many voices as they try to sleep
So I decided to destroy the entire human flood.
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers compared with two large rivers in general,
But Mesopotamia is not like the Indus Valley, there is no specific date flood plain Lori.
Was a lot of forced labor needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for watering are valid,
It is difficult to sail in them and overflowing violently and unexpectedly.
Violent and unexpected and difficult sailing,
How Tzkranna University Bhabibta O Tigris and Euphrates.
So, given that the region tends to swing between a devastating flood and a terrible drought,
It follows that one will ensure that the random and capricious gods of some thing,
And that any priest may be able to perform rituals to appease the gods,
Individuals will be very useful.
But after about a thousand years of building the first temples,
We see the structure of a competitor begins to emerge in cities such as Warka, a palace.
The responsibility for the well-being and the success of the social system moves from the gods to humans,
This power transmission hover over the history of mankind to ...
Probably forever in the truth.
But in another development we'll see again, these kings
Who began their march military or land owners as leaders of the super-rich, assumed quasi-religious role.
How? Often by entering into a "sacred marriage",
Specifically, through sex with a priestess of the Temple of the upper city.
The superiority of the kings of priests, then quickly self-appointed priests.
Thank you bubble imagination. How do we know that these kings were having sex with priestesses?
Because they filmed a clip pornographic and publishing it on the Internet. No, because there is a written record.
Mesopotamia gave us writing,
Specifically, a form of writing called cuneiform writing,
Who initially invented not for lovers to courtship or something like that,
But to record business transactions, such as how much bushels of wheat Kwid you goat.
I'm not kidding by the way, most of cuneiform writing is about wheat and goats.
I do not think it can overestimate the importance of writing, but to remind them three points:
First, the writing and reading are two things everyone can not do them,
So they occur class discrimination still exists to this day.
Social systems formed by groups seeking food were relatively fair,
But the people of Mesopotamia, they had slaves and practicing sport-like Balbolo
But instead of riding horses they were riding other people.
The language was written an important role in widening the gap between the classes.
Second, as soon as the book begins, it becomes our real history, rather than relying on guesswork and archeology.
Third, I do not write what I had a job,
So, I would like to thank Mesopotamia personally to enable me to work while I lay down in a comfortable chair.
Why invented this writing in Mesopotamia?
Fertile Crescent, although fertile, lacks almost everything else.
For metals industry tools or stones for carving or wood for heating
Was Mesopotamia practicing trade,
This trade eventually led to the development of Mesopotamia for the first regional kingdom in the world,
This will become the kingdom is very important
It will sum eventually the birth of exceptional individuals to the family of the Habsburgs.
The city state in Mesopotamia ended in the year two thousand BC,
The reason is most likely is that drier and a change in the rivers led to the advent of Bedouin pastoralists
The conquest of cities weakened by the environment, then the Bedouins themselves settled in cities
As Bedouins almost always do, but ... wait ...
If you were the Mongols.
This was the new city-states in Mesopotamia, similar to the one that preceded it
So that they were containing temples, writing stories and glorify them themselves,
But it was different from a few aspects of the task.
First, the switch was the first socialist primitive that something very much like entrepreneurship,
Where people can produce as much as they want
As long as they give a share, known as taxes also, to the government.
As bad as we are talking a lot about taxes, but it turned out to be very important to create a stable social systems.
Things were different politically also because tribal leaders who have become prosperous kings,
And they tried to extend their power outside the cities, and also tried to bequeath their power to their children.
Most famous of these kings Allbeckran is Hammurabi,
Or, as I recall from history class in high school: "Dad red."
The rule of the new kingdom of Babylon Hammurabi from 1792 BC to 1750 BC.
The main reason for fame Hammurabi is the famous Sharia
Which approved the various provisions of the politicians bulls wage
Up to the punishment of uprooting eye uprooting another eye in return.
The Code of Hammurabi is sometimes very harsh,
For example, if built building shoddy building and then died in the collapse of the son of the owner,
The punishment is the son's execution of construction.
The boy will say: "This is an injustice, I'm just a boy. What sin I? Should kill my father."
If this indicates that nothing For the Code of Hammurabi was very strict in dealing with crime,
But it presented to the world the idea of ​​the presumption of innocence.
In his law Hammurabi tried to portray himself in the two floors should seem familiar to you:
Shepherd and father.
"I am the shepherd who brings peace and remained camped ATAI throughout the city,
Sommer was granted my people and I almost safety in Ohoudani. "
We see again the social order to protect the power transmitted to humans and not gods,
This is important, but do not worry, will come back to the gods.
With the regional kingdoms such as Babylon it was stronger than any city preceded it,
Although Babylon was probably the most populous city in the era of Hammurabi,
But they were not strong to that degree, in fact,
And to preserve the style, they quickly conquered Alkixion who looked previously.
Regional Kingdoms problem is that they relied on the poorest people to pay taxes
And the provision of labor and service in the military force,
All this made people do not like a lot of their kings,
So if they saw any Bedouin invaders are coming may say: "O Bedouin invaders!
Come, they appear better than the former king. "
This was the case that came to the Assyrians.
The reputation of the Assyrians deserved deservedly because they are dictators of the brutal Mesopotamia.
But he gave us an early example of the Assyrians
The most important form of political organization in the history of the world's most stable and most likely,
As well as in the history of Star Wars, any empire.
The biggest problem in the empires that they are diverse and multi-ethnic by definition,
This makes it difficult to unify.
Starting the year 911 BC,
Modern Assyrian empire grew from Assyria and the parent Bldtaha Nanevi
Mesopotamia to include the entire east coast of the Mediterranean Sea
Even Egypt by the year 680 BC.
This is achieved thanks to the army more brutal and terrifying and effectively the world has witnessed.
This university and other epithets describe my love.
First, the army was a system based on merit,
Where they are not chosen based on the generals and the curse of their lineage,
But based on their excellence in leadership.
Stan, do "leadership" correct word? It is well!
They were also very Iaman also, for example, were leaving hundreds of thousands of people
To Evslohm about their history and their families
They were transported skilled workers to where they needed them.
The Assyrians love to find a novice and future leaders rebels amputated limb,
Especially their noses for some reason.
There were cases of rape, looting and the usual torture, and all that was carried out on behalf of Assyria,
It is the great god of the Assyrians moderns, who was the king and the guardian on the ground.
Keep Assyria, by the king, on the progress of the world, as long as the constant invasion, will not perish the world.
But the invasion stopped days, the world will end up already,
There will be rivers of blood and the weeping and gnashing of teeth. You know how to conduct the ends of the world.
Published their vision of the Assyrians world by using this propaganda, such as the construction of huge buildings
Read ads magnificence of the king in public celebrations,
Were all designed to receive awe in the hearts of the citizens of the empire.
It reminds me, it's open letter time.
Open Letter to the word "terrible".
But first, to see what there is inside the secret room today.
Stan, is this yellow cake uranium? It is impossible to find them in Mesopotamia.
Dear word "terrible", I love you.
Like most English speakers Almasarin, I probably love you too much.
What sets you apart O "terrible", is that the word "terrible" terrible terribly in being awesome,
So we lose a sense of real Bmanak O "terrible", you do not mean by just gorgeous, but also terrifying and wondrous.
You are scary encounters with something different from us totally makes knees quivering breasts and narrow,
We know something that he can Ashakna and bless us both.
This is the awe, and I apologize because we underestimated the value of Manak.
But in all seriousness, you're awesome.
With best wishes, John Greene.
So, what happened to the Assyrians? First, they expanded their empire so that crossed their roads paved,
Making management impossible.
But more importantly, when your vision for the whole world to be based on the idea
The end of the world will be resolved if you lose the battle of days, and then you lose one battle,
You will break down that vision.
It happened in the end, and in the year 612 BC, was invaded Niniver City Finally,
The collapse of modern Assyrian Empire.
But the idea of ​​the empire was still in its infancy. Next week we will talk about Mummies ...
I must talk about other things, too? Heck, I want to talk about Mummies only.
- After all, we will talk about ... - Sudan.
- No, damn it! We'll talk about the truth ... - Egypt.
Thank you, O earth smart. See you next week.
Today's episode of Crash Course is directing and producing Stan Muller,
The text is an honorable Danica Johnson,
The program writes the texts of history teacher in my high school program Raoul Meyer helped me,
The graphics team is the Thought Bubble.
The last week is a "best lover."
If you want to guess the words this week, you can write them in the comments section,
Where you can also suggest new week phrases,
If you have any questions about today's episode, we Leave it in the comments section,
And we will try our team of semi-professional semiconductor historians to answer.
Thank you for watching, and as we say in my hometown: "Do not forget that you will be wonderful." Subtitles End: mo.dbxdb.com