卡洛登一战 Culloden.
给苏格兰蒙上了最长的阴影 In Scotland, no other name casts such a long shadow.
1746年 詹姆斯党人扶持邦尼王子查理重登英国王位失败了 The Jacobites' failure to restore Bonnie Prince Charlie
其结果可谓是相当惨烈 to the British throne in 1746 was a catastrophe.
此后 英国其它地方的人都视苏格兰人为遭人恨的卖国贼 While the rest of Britain now saw Scots as hated traitors,
这次的失利使得苏格兰四分五裂 支离破碎 the defeat had left Scotland divided and bankrupt.
但其实还有另一场较不为人知的卡洛登战役 But there was another, less well-known Culloden,
发生在牙买加这里 here in Jamaica.
这个美丽的地方曾经是个糖料种植园 This beautiful place was once a sugar plantation.
这附近大部分土地都为詹姆斯党人所有 Many of them round here were owned by Jacobites
他们在最终溃败之后就离开了苏格兰 who'd fled Scotland after their final defeat.
而他们为何决定了要离开故土 喜迎新生 But why travel all this way to re-invent yourself in a new life,
还与过去斩不断理还乱? while carrying with you all the baggage of the old one?
这是因为卡洛登这个血淋淋的名字提醒着苏格兰人民 Because the very name Culloden was to be a bloody reminder
绝不允许自己再次受辱 that they must never again allow themselves to be so humiliated.
流亡的詹姆斯党人没有留在不列颠 沉浸在失败中无法自拔 But rather than dwell on defeat, on the Britain that might have been,
相反 他们一切从头开始 the exiled Jacobites started afresh.
牙买加这片资源丰富的土地正等待着被开采 Jamaica was a land rich in resources, waiting to be exploited.
从半个地球之遥的地方助苏格兰重建 From halfway across the world they helped rebuild Scotland,
为苏格兰注入了财富与新的机遇 injecting it with wealth and new possibilities.
新时代伊始 苏格兰在世界上崭露头角 It was the dawn of a new era, when Scotland made her mark on the world
对外传输了她最值钱的商品 即她的人民和思想 by exporting her most valuable commodities - her people and ideas,
助于发起革命的思想 ideas that would help start a revolution.
卡洛登战役之后的局面可谓是混乱不堪 After Culloden, there was chaos.
17岁的詹姆士党人约翰·韦德伯恩 17-year-old Jacobite John Wedderburn
幸免于此次的战役 had been lucky to escape the battle with his life,
但是他的父亲被俘 土地被掠夺 并且被判处以绞刑 but his father had been captured, his land seized and sentenced to hang.
此时年轻的韦德伯恩四处逃亡 Now young Wedderburn was on the run.
他需要钱 需要让自己赶快消失于世 He needed money and he needed to disappear, fast.
躲避追踪 风餐露宿 Dodging spies, sleeping in hedges, half-starved,
韦德伯恩踏上了去格拉斯哥的路 Wedderburn found his way to Glasgow.
在那里 他登上了驶向殖民地的船 There, he boarded a ship, destined for the Colonies.
年轻小伙子约翰·韦德伯恩的世界观完全颠覆了 Young John Wedderburn's world had been turned upside down.
毕竟 类似这样的旅行会吓坏这个 A trip like this would've been terrifying for a boy who, after all,
一直没离开过苏格兰生活的小伙子 had spent his whole life living in Scotland.
就算是他熬过了这次艰苦的旅程 And even supposing he survived the harsh voyage,
天知道他又会终归何处? who knew where he would end up?
在海上航行数月后 约翰·韦德伯恩到达了牙买加这里 After months at sea, John Wedderburn arrived here, in Jamaica.
对于韦德伯恩来说 这里真是既陌生又凶残 To Wedderburn, it must have seemed fierce and strange.
和土地一样黑的人在长满大型作物的田地里耕作 Men as black as the earth working in fields filled with giant plants,
田里真是热爆了 the place splitting with heat.
尽管牙买加是个世外桃源 但它毕竟还是英殖民地 In spite of its otherworldliness, it was a British colony,
是一个拥有活力和进取心的年轻人可以开创自己一片新天地的地方 a place where a young man with energy and enterprise could re-invent himself.
但是如何开创呢? But what as?
当约翰·韦德伯恩在国外打拼未来的同时 As John Wedderburn was searching for his future abroad,
另一个苏格兰人在国内也在寻找着自己的未来 another young Scot was hoping to find it at home.
亚当·斯密一直在英格兰求学 Adam Smith had been studying in England
没有经历詹姆士党人的叛乱风波 and missed the upheaval of the Jacobite rebellion.
硝烟平息之后 他回到了这个站在命运分叉路口的国家 As the dust settled, he returned to a country at a crossroads.
对于许多苏格兰人来说 往事不堪回首 To many Scots, the past was a dark place.
是时候该重新开始了 It was time to start again.
这是现代的曙光 This was the dawn of a modern age,
一个准备好迎接新思想和新观念的时代 an age that was ready to embrace new ideas and a new philosophy.
亚当·斯密从孩童时期开始就质疑他周围的一切事物 From childhood, Adam Smith had questioned everything around him,
甚至是上帝的存在 even the existence of God.
现在 他决定要在全新的苏格兰崭露锋芒 Now he was determined to make his mark in this new Scotland,
以一个学者的身份 as an academic.
作为一名牛津学子 亚当·斯密拒绝接受基督教义 Rejecting Christianity as a student at Oxford,
他想要更好地了解人类行为 Smith set out to better understand human behaviour
以及人类行为是如何影响统治社会的法律法规的 and how it impacted upon the codes and laws that governed society.
这在当时是十分激进且近乎禁忌的行为 At the time, it was radical, almost taboo.
亚当·斯密认为 如果在我们认识世界的时候忽略上帝的因素 Smith argued that if God was removed from our understanding of the world,
我们就会发现人类真正的本性了 man's true nature would be revealed.
他说人的根本动力并非取悦上帝 He said that man's fundamental drive was not to please God,
而是取悦人类自己 but to please himself,
颇有争议的是 正是这只利己主义的手 and, controversially, that this invisible hand of self-interest
创造了这个富庶多产的社会 was what made for a healthy, productive society.
他演讲中包含的思想颠覆了 The ideas contained in his lectures threatened to blow apart a world
以上帝为主宰的世界观 that had always been dominated by God.
然而正当亚当·斯密开始声名大振时 But just as Smith's reputation began to spread,
亚当·斯密和苏格兰的未来被永远地改变了 something happened that would change both Smith's and Scotland's future forever.
欧洲的首次世界性战争 Europe's first world war.
1756年 世界性的贸易战争爆发了 In 1756, a global war broke out, over trade.
直到那时 与美国 加拿大和加勒比海地区殖民地的贸易 Until then, trading with colonies in America, Canada and the Caribbean
已经全面开放了 had been a free-for-all,
但却让许多宝贵的资源危如累卵 but with so many valuable resources at stake,
欧洲的领导力量为了获得资源控制权而战 Europe's leading powers fought to take control.
战争持续了7年 有百万人丧生 The war lasted seven years and a million lives were lost,
但最终不列颠获得胜利 确保了它 but eventually, Britain prevailed, securing a trading empire
横跨大洋两岸近百年的贸易帝国地位 that stretched across the Atlantic for a century to come.
不列颠的胜利极大地影响了苏格兰社会的一部分人 The British victory made a huge impact on one element of Scottish society -
即格拉斯哥的烟草商 Glasgow's tobacco merchants.
突然间 殖民地开放了 Suddenly the Colonies had opened up
克莱德河就是他们通往西方的关口 and the River Clyde was their gateway to the West.
格拉斯哥的商人 The Glasgow merchants
很快变成了不列颠最富有 最成功的商人 rapidly became the wealthiest and most successful businessmen in Britain,
胜过了他们在伦敦和布里斯托的对手 outstripping their rivals in London and Bristol
他们掌控了世界一半的烟草贸易 and gaining 50% of the world trade in tobacco.
他们有统一的金头手杖和绯红色双排扣大衣 With their uniform of gold-topped canes and scarlet frock coats,
他们称自己是国家最先自力更生的人 they announced their presence as the country's first self-made men.
这些烟草主很崇拜亚当·斯密 These Tobacco Lords fascinated Adam Smith.
他们实践了他的思想 They seemed to embody his ideas.
他们就是亚当·斯密认为自私自利 They were the selfish, self-interested men
惠及社会的那类人 he believed would benefit society.
这些人创造的财富 It seemed that the wealth created by these men
是社会取得进步与发展的关键 was the key to generating improvement and progress in society.
但亚当·斯密想要了解得更细 But Smith wanted to get closer.
他想要确切了解 He wanted to learn
这些人是如何赚钱的 又是如何花的 precisely how these men made their money and how they spent it.
你可以想象一下亚当·史密斯在这里下到码头 You can imagine Adam Smith down here at the docks,
看着一切喧嚣噪乱的活动 watching all the frenzied activity.
这是他第一次亲眼看到大宗贸易 This was his first real experience of big business -
一大群劳动力聚在这里卸货 a huge labour force pulling together to unload the ships,
举起木桶 搬运新鲜的物资 heaving barrels, hauling on fresh supplies.
与大学校园的静谧相比 After the secluded cloisters of the university,
这里显得十分喧闹不堪 the atmosphere here must have been overwhelming.
史密斯对这个场景倒是有所共鸣 For Smith, there would have been a resonance to this scene,
因为他不是第一次见航海承包商了 because it wasn't his first experience of seeing seafaring entrepreneurs.
亚当·斯密生长于法夫的柯科迪 那个地方走私猖獗 Smith had grown up in Kirkcaldy in Fife, where smuggling was rampant.
他父亲是当地的海关官员 His father was the local Customs officer
在对抗走私贩的斗争中 并没有很成功 and had fought a losing battle against the smugglers
走私贩找到了十分巧妙的方法逃脱法律的制裁 who found ever more ingenious ways to evade the law.
因此 亚当·斯密总感觉 Adam Smith was left with the feeling
他父亲的干预措施是完全没意义的 that his father's interventions had been pointless,
没什么能阻碍利己之心 that nothing can stand in the way of self-interest.
赚钱并不是人类的天性 Making money was man's natural instinct.
亲眼看到格拉斯哥商人的贸易帝国后 After observing the Glasgow merchants' trading empires at first hand,
亚当·斯密认为推动他们追求贸易成功的动力 Smith concluded that what drove their ambition to succeed in business
就是贪得无厌 毫无顾忌地追求利润 was an insatiable, stop-at-nothing desire to turn a profit.
对于这一点 亚当·斯密很佩服他们 And he admired them for it.
在世界的另一端 牙买加 On the other side of the world, in Jamaica,
苏格兰的企业家逐渐富有起来 约翰·韦德伯恩就是其中一位 Scottish entrepreneurs were also getting rich, John Wedderburn amongst them.
逃亡的詹姆士党人没多久就找到了他的踪迹 It didn't take long for the Jacobite runaway to find his way.
他定居于牙买加西部的蒙特哥湾附近 He settled here in the west of Jamaica near Montego Bay,
并且很快找到了 and quickly set about finding the occupation
可以致富的职业 - 糖 that would make him his fortune - sugar.
胆小的是经营不了糖料种植园的 Running a sugar plantation was not a job for the faint-hearted,
但是不久 韦德伯恩就扩大了他的财产 but before long, Wedderburn was expanding his estates
并且累积了巨大的利润 and amassing huge profits.
约翰·韦德伯恩的房产离卡洛登就几英里远 John Wedderburn's estate lay just a few miles from the town of Culloden
所以他经常走这条路 so he would regularly have passed this way.
短短几十年间 一个总让人想起失败和分裂的名字 Within a couple of decades, a name synonymous with defeat and division
在牙买加对苏格兰人来说有了不同的意义 had come to mean something quite different for the Scots in Jamaica.
钱财开始治愈伤口 Money was beginning to heal the wounds
对于许多像韦德伯恩一样的流犯来说 for many exiles like Wedderburn.
跑了大半个地球 Having fled halfway across the globe,
他开始过他在苏格兰的时候想要过的生活 he was starting to live the life he once hoped to inherit in Scotland.
约翰·韦德伯恩变成了拥有土地的乡绅 活得很舒适 John Wedderburn was becoming a comfortable landed gentleman.
我们说的是哪种钱? 你能变得多富有? Just what kind of money are we talking about? How rich could you get?
约翰·韦德伯恩拥有10处地产 Well, John Wedderburn got to own ten...ten properties,
总共有超过1万7千英亩的土地 all totalling over 17,000 acres of land.
归还的16万8千英亩的土地中... Of the 168,000 acres of land which was returned...
-他有10%的 -他有10%的土地 -He had 10% of... -He had 10% of the land
在那个地方 他是最大的地主 and he was the largest land-holder in that part of the world
在这个国家里 他是前五大地主之一 and could be seen as ranking as among the top five landowners in this country.
这是他的遗嘱 We have his will here.
他的遗嘱经过法律认证 一份复印件存在了岛上的档案室中 His will was probated and we have a copy at the Island Records Office.
他的全部财产价值在30万磅 All his entire estate was valued at 300,000 pounds,
牙买加币 Jamaican currency.
换成今天的货币就是2千2百万英镑 In today's money, you are talking about 22 million sterling.
这就是他们全部的财产 That would be the value of their entire estate.
不管怎么看 他都是个富翁啊 By any stretch of the imagination, he was a top dog.
他真的是个富翁 He was. He was.
当苏格兰移居者入侵加勒比海地区时 As Scottish settlers were making inroads into the Caribbean,
格拉斯哥烟草商在美国为自己的成功而打拼 Glasgow tobacco merchants were building on their success in America.
他们的跨洋经营受到了 Their transatlantic operation was tightly controlled
三个黑手党般家族的严密控制 即格拉斯弗德家 斯皮尔家 卡宁汉姆家 by three mafia-like families - the Glassfords, Spiers and Cunninghames.
他们的轻型船队 Their fleets of lightweight ships
横渡大西洋能比之前任何船都快 could cross the Atlantic faster than any vessel had done before.
年轻的威廉·卡宁汉姆是格拉斯哥一家大公司的子嗣 Young William Cunninghame was heir to one of the big Glasgow firms.
他的工作就是监视他父亲船只的急速转向 His job was to supervise the speedy turnaround of his father's ships.
时间就是金钱 因此货船在弗吉尼亚这里一卸完货 Time was money, so as soon as the cargo was unloaded here in Virginia,
就满载着烟草木桶开回苏格兰了 the ship was sent back to Scotland packed with barrels of tobacco.
1750到1770年间 在切萨皮克湾这里 Here in Chesapeake Bay, between 1750 and 1770,
卡宁汉姆家的船一年停靠两次 满载着售给种植园主的货物 The Cunninghame docked twice a year, full of goods to sell to the planters.
年轻威廉的工作就是把与从商店卖出去的皮底椅 It was young William's job to get rid of as many leather-bottomed chairs,
高尔夫球杆 银茶壶 golf clubs, silver teapots,
奶油壶和瓷碟一样多的商品扔掉 cream jugs and china plates as he could sell from the company store.
商店的目的不仅仅是多赚钱 The purpose of the stores was not just to make more money -
还是控制烟草供应和价格的一种手段 they were a means to control the supply and price of tobacco.
卡宁汉姆想找到并说服 Cunninghame was expected to find and persuade
最小最偏远的烟农卖他们的烟草 even the smallest and most far-flung growers to sell their tobacco.
欧洲对烟草的需求超过了供给 Demand for tobacco in Europe was outstripping the supply,
苏格兰商人试图找到每片烟草叶 and Scots traders were out to find every last leaf.
像威廉这样的年轻人是由格拉斯哥的长者精心挑选出来的 Young men like William were hand-picked by the elders back in Glasgow,
因为他们有特殊的品行或资历 because they had specific qualities or qualifications.
他们不能有家室 They had to be single,
这样才能全身心投入到工作中 so they could devote all of their energies to the business.
他们得招人喜欢且值得信赖 They had to be likeable and trustworthy
这样他们才能融入当地的圈子 so they could ingratiate themselves with the local community.
他们永远都背负着扩大生意和赚取利润的压力 They were under constant pressure to expand the business and to raise profits.
因此 他们首先得要冷酷无情 So, above all else, they had to be ruthless.
当地烟草的价格每年都在同一天决定 On the same day every year, the local price of tobacco was decided,
通常是由县法庭决定的 usually at the county courthouse.
那是一年当中最重要的一天 It was the most important day of the year.
当地所有的烟农都会到 然后红红火火地进行交易 All the local growers turned up, and a heated exchange ensued.
市场价是又收成好坏 A market price was set depending on how good the harvest had been
还有欧洲的需求决定的 and what the demand was from Europe.
这是一个君子协议 It was a gentleman's agreement
每个人无论如何都要遵守这个定价 that everyone should stick to this price, no matter what.
但是威廉·卡宁汉姆的公司按规矩来时无法致富的 But William Cunninghame's company didn't get get rich playing by the rules.
他们玩儿阴的 They played dirty.
卡宁汉姆不顾市场价格 Cunninghame was instructed to ignore the market price
直接与农民打交道 and to deal with the farmers directly.
在格拉斯哥的公司怂恿他给农民放贷 The firm back in Glasgow encouraged him to offer credit to farmers
要不然农民每年只在收获时节拿一次钱 who were otherwise paid only once a year, at harvest time.
如今 信贷可以采取借款的形式 Now, the credit could take the form of a loan,
或者也可以选择刚刚从苏格兰进的货 or it could be a choice of the goods just brought in from Scotland.
但是这是霸王条款 But it was a deal with the devil.
借了贷或货物 Having taken the loan or the goods,
农民就被商人套牢了 在收获时节 the farmers were shackled to the merchants, and at harvest time,
那些商人对烟草的价格想要多高要多高 those merchants could demand whatever price they wanted for the tobacco.
简直就黑心交易 It was commerce without conscience.
卡宁汉姆和他的公司干得很不错 Cunninghame and company did well.
他们设法把价格杀到比市价低20% They managed to beat the farmers down to 20% less than the market price,
以信贷为诱饵 using the lure of credit.
但终究还是要还的 But there would be a price to pay in the long run.
当地的经济开始衰退 The local economy began to falter
由于烟农在债务过高的泥沼中越陷越深 as the tobacco growers sank further and further into unsustainable levels of debt.
到了18世纪70年代 弗吉尼亚和马里兰州的农民 By the 1770s, the farmers of Virginia and Maryland
欠苏格兰商人超过1百万英镑的钱 owed Scottish merchants over 1 million pounds.
苏格兰的商业蓬勃发展 美国农民却被榨干了 Scottish business was booming, but it was sucking America dry.
一个美国农民这样形容苏格兰贸易商 "卑贱的野草 The Scots traders were described by one American farmer as, "Vile weeds,
"被剪了以后 长势反而更凶猛了" "which if cut down, grow more fiercely".
事实上 他们很抱团 像是黑手党 追逐利润 把道德抛诸脑后 In truth they were clannish, mafia-like, and they put profit before ethics.
亚当·斯密认为他们是 Adam Smith considered them perfect examples
利己主义资本家的典范 of the kind of self-interested capitalists
他认为他们对于致富和发展是至关重要的 he believed were vital to bring forth wealth and progress.
亚当·斯密觉得贪婪没什么不好 Smith thought greed was good,
这些人要不是因为那么那么贪婪会一事无成 and these men were nothing if not very, very greedy.
到了18世纪60年代 格拉斯哥对于一些人来说已经看起来不一样了 By the 1760s, Glasgow was beginning to look very different... for some.
亚当·斯密看着商人致富住大宅 Adam Smith watched as the merchants ploughed fortunes into great houses,
商人区变成了 and the Merchant Quarter became an exclusive community
城市边缘独立的一个社区 on the edge of the city.
他们对自己的豪宅 Not content that their mansions
城里面有史以来最贵的房子还不满意 他们还建别的 were the most expensive houses ever to be built in the city, they went further.
他们帮助当地的自治市修建了圣安德鲁斯教堂 They helped the local burgh to build this church, St Andrew's,
这是仿效伦敦圣马丁教堂而建的 which was modelled on St Martin-in-the-Fields in London.
它完美阐释了他们炫耀卖弄自己的财富 It perfectly sums up their showiness, their conspicuous wealth,
和他们的一己私欲 and their self-serving aspirations.
阳台是用他们从洪都拉斯海运来的桃花心木做的 The balconies were mahogany, imported from Honduras on one of their ships.
在弗吉尼亚仅仅待了6年 After just six years in Virginia,
威廉·卡宁汉姆就从从美国回到了英国 William Cunninghame returned from the New World to the Old.
在他短暂的海外时光里 In his short time overseas,
他就被提拔到掌管整个弗吉尼亚的运营 he'd been promoted to running the entire Virginia operation.
他在那个残酷的世界证明了自己 He'd proved himself in that ruthless world
现在 他回到格拉斯哥 加入了老商人的队伍 and now he returned to Glasgow to join the ranks of older merchants
在家里舒舒服服地监管家族企业 and to oversee the family firm in considerably more comfort, from home.
苏格兰贸易帝国不断壮大的同时 As Scotland's trading empire grew,
苏格兰的启蒙运动也声名鹊起 so did the reputation of the Scottish Enlightenment.
苏格兰教会严酷的压迫管制逐渐失去效力 The control of the harsh and repressive Scottish Kirk was waning
现在一代知识分子 and now a generation of intellectuals
把对人性 而不是对上帝的研究作为他们的新信仰 made the study of human nature, not God, their new religion.
他们引起的轰动横扫整个大西洋直到彼岸的美国 They made waves which rippled all the way across the Atlantic to America.
殖民地的重要人物之一就是本杰明·富兰克林 One of the Colonies' leading lights, Benjamin Franklin,
他很想见见这些进步青年们 was keen to meet these radical young thinkers.
在去苏格兰的一次旅途中 他如愿以偿了 During a trip to Scotland, he got the chance.
富兰克林的父亲是个英国人 他在英美两国都住过 Franklin's father was English and he had lived on both sides of the Atlantic,
所以他对两国的政治文化 so he was familiar with the politics and the culture
英国的和美国的都很熟 of both Britain and America.
他才华出众 能够用自己的双手创造任何东西 He had a brilliant mind, he could turn his hand to anything.
他是出版商 音乐家 科学家 还是作家 He was a publisher, a musician, a scientist, a writer,
他在苏格兰取得了荣誉法学士学位 and he was in Scotland to collect an honorary degree in law
由圣安德鲁斯大学授予 from the University of St Andrews.
作为殖民地的代理和代表 As both an agent and representative of the Colonies,
富兰克林很想知道英格兰和苏格兰合并之后是什么样的 Franklin was keen to discover how the Anglo-Scottish union worked,
它给这个新兴的超级大国带来了怎样的团结力量 what unity and strength it brought this emerging superpower.
但这次去苏格兰的旅行 But after touring Scotland,
颠覆了富兰克林对大不列颠的印象 Franklin gained quite a different impression of Great Britain.
在1759年的一天晚上 他对苏格兰的精英之才说 He told Scotland's finest minds one evening in 1759
他看到的全是不公与贫困 how all he'd seen was inequality and poverty.
亚当·斯密也是受邀英才之一 Among the guests was Adam Smith.
后来 他把自己的想法写到了给朋友的一封信中 Later, he put his thoughts in a letter to a friend.
"我后来游遍了爱尔兰和苏格兰 "I have lately made a tour through Ireland and Scotland.
"在这些国家里 社会上一小撮人是地主 "In these countries, a small part of the society are landlords,
"大贵族和乡绅 "great noblemen and gentlemen,
"十分富裕 过着最奢华富裕的生活 "extremely opulent, living in the highest affluence and magnificence.
"大多数人是佃农 极其贫困 "The bulk of the people, tenants, extremely poor,
"过着悲惨鄙陋的生活 "living in the most sordid wretchedness
"风餐露宿 衣衫褴褛 "in dirty hovels of mud and straw, and clothed only in rags.
"这样的公民社会造成的影响只会是 "And the effect of this kind of civil society seems only to be,
"被压迫的大部分人仍处于蒙昧未开化的状态 "the depressing multitudes below the savage state
"只有一小部分人是开明的" "that a few may be raised above it."
这次的旅行对富兰克林的影响深远 This trip was to have a profound effect on Franklin.
他的所见所闻令他的幻想破灭了 He was disillusioned by what he saw in Scotland.
苏格兰在和英格兰合并以后 并没有成为一个繁荣昌盛的国家 Its union with England had not made it a thriving country.
人们无法获得平等 Men had no chance of being equal.
人们在美国至少可以通过自己的努力收获成功 At least America was a place where a man could succeed through his own efforts.
美国挣脱阶级分化和腐败的枷锁已经几个世纪了 America was unfettered by centuries of class division and corruption.
这个地方是个新的开始 It was a place of new beginnings,
一个真的能创造文明平等社会的地方 where there was real potential to create a civilised and fair society.
苏格兰的贫富两极分化现象愈演愈烈 Scotland was becoming more polarised than ever.
像威廉·卡宁汉姆这样的烟草巨头是富了 Tobacco Lords like William Cunninghame were getting rich,
然而普通劳动人民却依然贫困 but ordinary working people were not.
约翰·威瑟斯彭博士是佩斯利教堂的牧师 Dr John Witherspoon was the minister of a church in Paisley
他担心现在的苏格兰 and he worried that Scotland was now a place where his congregation
在物质和精神上都不适合他教会的生存 struggled both materially and spiritually.
作为他们的道德领袖 他别无选择 一定要展示出所有 As their moral guide, he was hard-pressed to show them anything
他们所生活的社会中的美好与平等 that was good or fair about the society they lived in.
他不仅仅是位牧师 But he was more than just a minister.
威瑟斯彭还是民众党的领袖之一 Witherspoon was also one of the leaders of the Popular Party,
一个教堂内部的党派 a movement within the Church
反对苏格兰精英阶层的专横势力 opposed to the imperious influence of Scotland's elite classes.
尽管他也受过教育 Although he was an educated man,
他痛恨苏格兰知识分子的道德败坏和趋炎附势 he hated what he regarded as the louche, soft world of the Edinburgh intellectuals,
他们是由同一拨富赞助人精心挑选出来的 who were hand-picked by the same rich patrons
他们以一只无形的手操控着这个国家 who controlled the country with an unseen hand.
他因为写了一部讽刺文学而声名大噪 He had become well-known for writing a satire
鞭挞知识分子中存在的赞助制度 lampooning the system of patronage amongst intellectuals.
对于威瑟斯彭来说 亚当·斯密 For Witherspoon, the ideas of Adam Smith
以及启蒙运动其他代表人物的思想 and other leading lights of the Enlightenment
只是少数特权阶级的思想 were the ideas of the privileged few.
他们玩得起智力游戏 They could afford to intellectual game-play
争论像是上帝重要性这种高深的问题 and debate concepts as profound as the significance of God.
威瑟斯彭在他的书中提出了一个令人不安的问题 In writing it, Witherspoon raised an uncomfortable question.
我们将会迎来怎样的社会呢? But what kind of society will we have
如果我们的责任是人定而非天定 if our responsibilities are set by man, and not by God?
就是这样的一个社会在牙买加这里扎根了 Out in Jamaica, just such a society had put down roots.
不仅没有上帝的存在 简直是坠入了人间地狱 Not only had it lost God, but it was fast descending into hell.
这就是苏格兰现代化进程的阴暗面 This was the dark side of Scotland's progress to the modern age,
因为驱使烟草和糖料业发展的正是奴隶制 because the engine driving both the tobacco and sugar industries was slavery.
约翰·韦德伯恩虽然是个基督徒 John Wedderburn, although a Christian man,
但他知道要是没有奴隶他就无法栽种 除草 照料甘蔗 knew that he could not plant, weed and tend his sugar canes
或是管好他几英亩的种植园 and manage his acres of plantation without slaves.
18世纪 牙买加的每个口岸都有"抢夺大战" Every port in Jamaica in the 18th century had something called a "scramble".
当船只停泊在码头 带来从非洲新进的奴隶 When ships docked bringing the newly enslaved from Africa,
大家就争抢着去挑 there was a rush to inspect them
为自己的种植园挑选最好最强壮的奴隶 and pick the best and strongest for your plantation.
很像是农民在农业拍卖会上挑最好的动物 It was much like farmers sizing up the best animals at an agricultural auction.
约翰·韦德伯恩难以面对这种争抢 John Wedderburn found such scrambles hard to face.
人类像牛一样被摆出来 Human beings were on display like cattle.
一半的奴隶已经死在了途中 Half had already died during the journey and many others,
其他好多人在狭小的船舱中感染了疾病 in the tight confines of the ship, had contracted diseases.
但这些跟他们将要迎来的生活相比都不算什么 But all of that was as nothing compared to the lives they were about to face,
他们将会干极苦的体力活 受到惨无人道的监禁 of backbreaking physical labour and soul-destroying confinement.
在韦德伯恩作为糖料种植园主的整个生涯中 他试图对此不闻不问 For all of his career as a sugar planter, Wedderburn had tried to turn a blind eye.
但他在1762年参加了一次抢夺大战 But he did attend one scramble, in the spring of 1762.
在这群可怜的奴隶中 And in amongst the sorry crowd,
他看到一个年仅十二三岁的男孩 他无法装作没看到 he saw a young boy, only 12 or 13, that he found he couldn't ignore.
他叫约瑟夫·奈特 以船长的名字命名的 He was called Joseph Knight, after the captain of the ship
这艘船三个月前从几内亚起航 简直就是他的监狱 that had been his prison on the three-month journey from Guinea.
他现在就是个商品 谁出价高就归谁 He was now a commodity, for sale to the highest bidder.
约瑟夫变成了韦德伯恩的私人奴隶 Joseph became Wedderburn's personal servant.
他的某些特质吸引了韦德伯恩 Something about him appealed to Wedderburn.
因此他赦免了约瑟夫在田间干苦力 So, he spared Joseph the hard labour in the fields
让他进屋来 把他训练成男仆 and had him brought inside instead, to be trained up as a houseboy.
他学习说 读 写英语 He learned to speak English, to read and write.
韦德伯恩甚至让他皈依基督教 Wedderburn even allowed him to be baptised.
奈特是韦德伯恩个人对抗奴隶制的焦点 Knight became the focus for Wedderburn's personal struggle with slavery.
或许让一个奴隶登堂入室并以礼相待 Perhaps having one indoors that he treated well, almost humanly,
可以让韦德伯恩忽视他甘蔗田里几百 allowed Wedderburn to ignore the hundreds
猪狗不如 受鞭打 戴着手链脚铐的奴隶 that were no better than animals, whipped and chained in his cane fields.
当韦德伯恩终于有钱了 可以回他最爱的苏格兰的时候 When Wedderburn was finally rich enough to return to his beloved Scotland,
他把约瑟夫一起带上了 he took Joseph with him.
他长成了一个俊俏的基督徒小伙 He'd grown into a fine-looking man, and was a Christian by then as well,
在上帝眼中和其他人一样 equal to any man in the eyes of God.
但他还是韦德伯恩的奴隶 But he was still Wedderburn's slave.
虽然约翰·韦德伯恩是回到了他一直深爱的祖国 Although John Wedderburn had returned to a country he had never stopped loving,
约瑟夫·奈特却到了一个新地方 Joseph Knight was arriving in yet another place
一个时刻让他有背井离乡之感的地方 that reminded him how far he was from home.
在韦德伯恩佩斯郡的宅邸里 奈特在房子周围打零工 In Wedderburn's Perthshire mansion, Knight did odd jobs around the house.
他和其他家仆一起吃住在地下室 He took his meals and slept below stairs along with the domestic staff.
但除了肤色外 他还有一个致命的不同 But apart from his colour, there was one other crucial difference
使得他和其他的仆人不一样 that separated him from the rest of the servants.
其他人是有薪水的 They were paid.
奈特很沮丧 Knight felt lost.
他和一个叫安妮·汤姆森的女仆成为了朋友 他们的友谊给予了奈特一些安慰 He drew some comfort from a friendship with a housemaid called Annie Thomson,
但这就是他唯一的慰藉 but it was his only consolation.
他现在24岁了 受过教育又坐不住 He was now 24, educated and restless.
他问主人能不能学门手艺 He asked his master if he could learn a trade,
像是刮胡子或者剪头发之类的 韦德伯恩同意了 perhaps shaving and cutting hair, and Wedderburn agreed.
奈特在当地的小镇一周培训几个小时 Knight was released for a few hours a week for training in the local town.
在一次培训途中 他偶然看到一份报纸 It was probably on one of those trips that he came across a newspaper
是一个很好看的戏剧 讲伦敦的 headlining a fascinating drama that was the talk of London.
一个叫萨默赛特的非洲奴隶把他的主人告上法庭 An African slave named Somerset had taken his master to court
为了获得自由 in a bid to gain his freedom.
他认为住在英格兰的任何一个人都是英国人 He had argued that anyone living in England was British,
所有的英国公民都应该享有自由之身 and that all British citizens should be free men.
王座法庭的议员恼羞成怒 The Lords of the King's Bench were up in arms
奈特仔细阅读着 他能读懂也是主人教的 and Knight, reading carefully as he'd been taught to by his master,
他惊讶地发现萨默赛特胜诉了 would have been amazed to discover that Somerset had won.
当奈特梦想拥有自由身 开始新生活时 As Knight dreamt of a new life as a free man,
约翰·韦德斯彭教士放弃了他在苏格兰的旧生活 the Reverend John Witherspoon gave up his old life in Scotland.
他有机会可以在美国开始新的生活 He'd been offered a fresh start in America,
在新泽西州的普林斯顿学院教书 teaching at Princeton College, New Jersey.
但他的妻子认为他是失去理智了 But his wife thought he'd lost his mind.
对她而言 这根本不是新生活 For her, this wasn't a new life.
在海上航行11周就跟要了她命差不多 11 weeks at sea was more like a death sentence.
但是威瑟斯彭认为是时候该走了 But Witherspoon knew it was time to go.
苏格兰的宗教大势已去 Scotland had gone soft on religion.
教堂的势力逐渐减小 The influence of the Church was waning here,
苏格兰将会一落千丈 and Scotland was going to hell in a handcart.
它将会变成一个 It was becoming a country
商业比基督教义更重要的国家 where commerce seemed to matter more than Christianity.
这个地方已经失去它的道德准则了 The place had lost its moral compass.
他说的有道理 He had a point.
除了威瑟斯彭之外还有很多人都开始了新的生活 Witherspoon wasn't alone in starting a new life.
苏格兰的农村社会进行了集体大搬家 Scotland's rural communities were leaving en masse,
在好几年的贫穷与困苦之后 after years of hardship and poverty.
著名的文坛巨匠波斯维尔和约翰逊 The famous literary figures Boswell and Johnson
写了一本关于苏格兰高地旅行的日记 wrote a diary of their Highland travels.
他们说曾看到整个村庄都在庆祝 They remarked on seeing a whole village celebrating
在他们要搬离的前夕 跳着名为"美国"的吉格舞 on the eve of their emigration, dancing a jig they called "America".
约翰逊后来又描写了空荡荡的村庄和破烂烂的社区 Johnson was later to describe the empty villages and broken communities
就像是对流行性移民发出怒吼 as "an epidemical fury of migration".
虽然殖民地对于威瑟斯彭 While the Colonies represented a new beginning for Witherspoon
还有其他千千万的苏格兰农民来说代表着一个新的开始 and thousands of other rural Scots,
将美国捆绑于英国之上的纽带开始变成桎梏 the bonds that tied America to Britain were beginning to look like shackles.
美国看她的英国统治者越来越不爽 America viewed her British master with growing frustration.
在议会没有席位 Lack of representation at Westminster,
对烟草和进口物品征的税越来越高 coupled with increasing taxes on tobacco and imported goods,
这些都令厌恶和反抗情绪高涨 fuelled resentment and talk of rebellion,
威瑟斯彭很快就会发现了 as Witherspoon would soon find out.
尽管美国人民整体来说情绪低落 In spite of the darkening mood across America,
但在普林斯顿的圣地 in the hallowed community of Princeton,
威瑟斯彭受到极其热烈的欢迎 Dr Witherspoon could not have received a warmer welcome.
所有学生都出动点亮拿骚楼 All the students turned out to light up Nassau Hall,
学院的主楼 the college's central building.
这是他职业生涯的辉煌开始 It was a glorious beginning to his career.
从那时起 他爱上了这个地方 爱上了它的严肃 In that moment, he fell in love with the place, with its seriousness,
它的群体意识还有它的美 its sense of community and its beauty.
这是可以建成一个新世界的地方 It was a place where the New World could be shaped.
如果有什么是可以指望威瑟斯彭做的 If there was one thing Witherspoon could be relied on to do,
那就是将他无限的能量与热情投入到工作中去 it was to bring his boundless energy and enthusiasm to the job.
他没有辜负学生们对他的热烈欢迎 He lived up to his magnificent welcome,
马上就开始着手整顿这个地方 and straight away set about spring-cleaning the place,
让这里透进新鲜空气 迎接新思想 airing it and opening it up to new ideas.
他最大的问题就是钱 His big obstacle was money.
他来的时候 学校还陷于债务危机 When he arrived, the college was in debt,
想让学校独立不受赞助商的干预 and, keen to keep the place independent and away from the meddling of patrons,
他开始自己一个人筹措资金 he set out as a one-man band to raise the funds himself.
他竭尽自身魅力 Using all the charismatic charms he could muster,
开始进行露天的布道之旅 he set out on an open-air preaching tour.
威瑟斯彭的风格独树一帜 Witherspoon's style was unusual -
他讲演都是动之以情而非照本宣科 he spoke from the heart rather than the page
他的吸引力来自于他的情感 情理以及卓越的演讲技巧 这是不多见的 and he drew people in with a rare mix of emotion, common sense and great oratory.
在弗吉尼亚州的威廉斯堡 In Williamsburg, Virginia,
威瑟斯彭一次布道就集资5千5百磅 Witherspoon raised the equivalent of 5,500 with just one sermon.
很快 普林斯顿就注定了会有大好未来 因为他扩建图书馆 He quickly secured Princeton's future by expanding the library
投资扩建以增加学生数量 and by funding new places for increasing numbers of students.
在筹措资金的同时 他也无意中提升了自身的威望 As well as raising money, he also unintentionally raised his own profile.
普林斯顿在扩建 他的声望也在增长 Beyond Princeton, his reputation grew,
它不仅是人民之子 还是口才卓越的未来领导人 both as a man of the people and as an eloquent future leader.
威瑟斯彭对与普林斯顿有两个期望 Witherspoon had two ambitions for Princeton.
第一是让它成为求学的顶尖学府 The first was to be a cutting-edge centre of learning.
他带来了 He brought with him
苏格兰启蒙运动中对知识和理解的渴望 the Scottish Enlightenment's thirst for knowledge and understanding,
他开创了一门课程 学生们可以广泛阅读 and he created a curriculum where students would read widely
对各学各派的观点 畅所欲言 and open their minds to all points of view.
第二就是除去他学生对于权利的错觉 The second was to rid his students of any false sense of entitlement.
他一周开放这个地方一次 作开会用 Once a week he opened the place up for meetings,
邀请市民和学生一起开生动的辩论会 inviting townsfolk to mix with students for lively debating sessions
激发友情与民主 祛除杰出人物统治论的思想 that inspired camaraderie and democracy, and blew away the cobwebs of elitism.
在威瑟斯彭的新美国 教育 In Witherspoon's new America, it would be education,
而非社会地位 使人变得伟大 not social standing, that elevated men to great things.
在佩斯郡 In Perthshire,
约翰·韦德伯恩惟一的理想就是过上贵族的生活 John Wedderburn's only ambition was to live the life of an aristocrat.
他的糖作物贸易已经让他住上了Ballandean庄园 His sugar fortune had brought him Ballandean House
并且确保他退休后衣食无忧 and had ensured him a comfortable retirement.
在所有的家仆中 他尤其中意约瑟夫·奈特 Of all his staff, he was particularly pleased with Joseph Knight.
他觉得救了这个男孩是一大善举 He felt that it had been an act of charity to rescue the boy.
但地下室里面的情况并非他所想 But below stairs, all was not well.
地下室可容不下约瑟夫·奈特 Joseph Knight could not settle.
他不想后半辈子一还作家仆 He didn't want to spend the rest of his life in domestic service.
实际上 一个不一样的未来早已是板上钉钉了 In fact, he had already staked his claim to a different future.
安妮·汤普森怀了他的孩子 Annie Thomson was pregnant with his child.
他想获得自由 和她结婚并组建家庭 He wanted to be free to marry her and have a family.
奈特把这件事告诉了他的主人 Knight broke the news to his master.
他心里总是想着另一个非洲奴隶萨默赛特的案例 Uppermost in his mind was the case of Somerset, another African slave.
他想着韦德伯恩至少会考虑一下还他自由 He was hopeful that Wedderburn would at least consider his liberty,
或许就直接让他自由 perhaps even give him his freedom.
但是韦德伯恩被吓到了 But Wedderburn was horrified.
尽管这些年来 他给了奈特特权与帮助 Despite all the privileges and help he'd given Knight over the years,
还有让他拥有独立思想与精神的能力 all the skills that had endowed him with his independence of mind and spirit,
韦德伯恩不同意让他走 Wedderburn refused to let him go.
萨默赛特是在伦敦被给予的自由 Somerset had been freed in London,
但是奈特不知道苏格兰法律是不一样的 but Knight didn't know that the law was different in Scotland.
在苏格兰这里从没释放过奴隶 No slave had ever been freed here.
韦德伯恩的拒绝令他震怒 But he was so enraged by Wedderburn's refusal
他下定决心要离开 that he made his mind up to leave.
他想和女仆安妮·汤普森私奔 He would elope with Annie Thomson, the housemaid,
由于和奈特之间的关系 她已经被解雇了 who had already been dismissed over her relationship with Knight.
韦德伯恩发现奈特在收拾行李 就召见了地方法官 Wedderburn found Knight packing his bags and summoned the magistrate.
他被抓了起来 带到了珀斯监狱 He was arrested and taken to Perth Gaol,
无疑被戴上手镣脚铐 监禁了起来 and no doubt the chains and confinement
这令奈特想起了早期被奴役的日子 reminded Knight of the earliest days of his slavery.
约翰·韦德伯恩在被逼急的情况下证明还是个 John Wedderburn, when pushed, had proved to be the kind of man
更乐于享受私人财富与自由 who was more interested in enjoying his own wealth and liberty
而非将其给予他人的人 than offering it to others.
他有自己的不足 约瑟夫·奈特触了他的底线 He had his limits, and Joseph Knight had pushed him to the very edge.
约瑟夫·奈特一没钱二没势 拿什么赢得自由 Joseph Knight had no money, no influence, nothing to win him his freedom.
或者说 凭什么有这种想法 Or so he thought.
苏格兰检察总长 亨利·邓达斯 But the Lord Advocate of Scotland, Henry Dundas,
对他这个案子很气愤 提出要帮他辩护 was outraged by his case and offered to represent him.
这件案子转由爱丁堡的最高民事法院审理 The case went to the Court of Session in Edinburgh,
即苏格兰的最高法庭 the highest court in Scotland.
对于邓达斯来说是这是个世纪大案 For Dundas, it was the case of the century.
英国国民的权利与自由 The rights and liberties of the British subject-
是那个时代最有争议的事情 it was the most controversial issue of the day.
英格兰已经释放了她的第一个奴隶 England had just freed her first slave.
殖民地正吵着要脱离他们的英国统治者 The Colonies were agitating for release from their British master.
在苏格兰 基本人权越来越得到认同 Increasingly in Scotland, fundamental human rights were being acknowledged.
然而令自由主义哲学家和思想家困扰的是 But what haunted liberal philosophers and thinkers
苏格兰的成功与财富是建立在奴隶制之上的 was the knowledge that Scotland's success and wealth depended on slavery.
这件案子的文档还保存着 The documents of the case have survived.
约翰·韦德伯恩和约瑟夫·奈特都记下了长长的纪录 Both John Wedderburn and Joseph Knight recorded lengthy memorials,
用他们自己的话抱着不平 stating their grievances in their own words,
将被代讼人以及法官用作呈堂证供 to be used by the advocates and judges as evidence in court.
这份档案记载着怎样的细节和见解? What details, what insights come out of this record?
关于案子的大量事实细节 A great amount of detail about the facts of the case.
不仅如此 Not only that,
还有其中夹杂的感情 but the feelings that were involved
我觉得是约翰·韦德伯恩受伤的感觉 and I think John Wedderburn's hurt feelings.
他视自己为一个好主人 He sees himself as a good master
认为约翰·奈特辜负了 and that Joseph Knight is somehow betraying
他所给予的良好待遇 the good treatment that he was given.
但另一方面 On the other hand,
奈特自己想要摆脱目前处境的强烈情感 Knight's own strong feelings of wanting to be emancipated from his status.
从我们21世纪的角度来看 这可真是够讽刺的 That's an amazing irony from our 21st-century perspective,
奴隶主会因自己的行为被质疑就愤愤不平 that the slave owner would be indignant about his behaviour being questioned.
对 没错 显然在此次案子中他认为自己很有理 Yes, that's right. He obviously felt he had strong rights in the case
他的做法真的得体 and that he'd done the decent thing, if you like.
从这个文书里我们能看出哪些方面呢? What aspects of that could you show me in the paperwork?
我们从这里可以看到 Well, I think one thing that we can pick out here
韦德伯恩谈到 is where Wedderburn talks about the time
约瑟夫·奈特看了报纸上 when Joseph Knight had read in the newspapers
关于1772年曼斯菲尔德法官判决的案子 about the famous case decided by Lord Mansfield in England in 1772,
这个案子在报纸上登了 which had appeared in the newspapers
并且向他传达了现在他自由了的想法 and it gave him an idea that he was now free,
韦德伯恩说 自此之后奈特变得愤愤不满 so Wedderburn claims that after this time, Knight becomes discontented and sullen,
想要收拾行囊离开 and is wishing to pack up and leave.
-愤愤不满? -没错 应该没说出来 -Discontented and sullen? -That's right. Presumably not speaking.
也许怒火中烧 Taking the huff, if you like.
有胆子提出想要自由 For having the temerity to want to be free.
是的 正是如此 你说得没错 That's right, exactly. Exactly.
我们选其他语句看看 There are other parts we can perhaps pick out here.
韦德伯恩提到奈特关于他自己衣服的论断 This is Wedderburn referring to Knight's claim about his clothing
"他和约翰先生其他的仆人穿得一样好" and that, "He was clothed as well as the rest of Sir John's servants,
"但是他的袜子比较粗制滥造 除了四双 "but his stockings were generally coarse, except four pairs,
他没有定期的零用钱 "and that he got no regular pocket money."
-零用钱!给一个成年人 -是的 没错 没有工资 -Pocket money! For a grown man. -Yes. Yes. Nothing for wages.
这还真是有趣 It's quite interesting in a way, isn't it,
当时社会还接受奴隶制呢 that given that it was a society that still accepted slavery at that time,
他所说的话被详详细细地记录下来 and yet his words are recorded in just as much detail
跟韦德伯恩没两样 as Wedderburn's.
这也就证明了法庭已经承认了他 There's a demonstration that the court was recognising him already.
是的 作为一个独立的个体 出庭申诉 Yes, as an individual with perfect rights to come before the court and make a claim.
就在这里 剧情展开了 This is where the drama unfolded.
案子从那扇窗户传送出来 The case was called from that little window.
法官坐在壁龛里面 The judges sat in the alcoves.
代讼人起立发言 其他人站着看 The advocates took the floor and everybody else stood and watched,
包括韦德伯恩和奈特 Wedderburn and Knight included.
如我们所料 这个案子引起了激烈的辩论 The case, as predicted, provoked passionate debate.
奈特的法律顾问表示首先他不同意 Counsel for Knight argued that he did not consent
放弃他的自由 to give up his liberty in the first place
并表示 踏在英国这片土地上 and that stepping on to British soil
他就应享有宪法赋予的自由 should give him the constitutional right to liberty
在自由的国度 每个人都享有自由 that is offered to every man in any free country.
为了迎合苏格兰上层的金钱利益 Pandering to the pockets of Scotland's elite,
韦德伯恩的律师团提出了一个他们认为没人能抗拒的问题 Wedderburn's lawyers made an argument they believed few could reject.
他们说 "选吧 自由还是金钱" "Make a choice," they said. "Choose between liberty and money."
他们认为苏格兰是"世界上第一个商业大国" They asserted that Scotland was "the first commercial nation in the world"
"我们的利益 and that we had "interwoven our interests
"与美国殖民地的利益息息相关" "with those of our settlements in the New World",
因此"奴隶制是绝对必要的" and that therefore "the institution of slavery is absolutely necessary".
但是法官们的审判震惊了所有人 But the judges' decision took everyone by surprise.
即使韦德伯恩想激起大家的贪心 In spite of Wedderburn's appeal to collective greed,
苏格兰的最高法官为自由而审判 Scotland's top judges ruled for freedom.
奈特这个案子传达的强烈信息横跨大西洋 The Knight case sent a strong message across the Atlantic.
英国判决释放一个卑贱的奴隶 Britain had ruled to free a lowly slave,
但却一直都不承认美国 yet it continued to deny America
和它殖民统治者享有平等的关系 an equal relationship with its colonial master.
本杰明·富兰克林形容说 暴风雨就要来临 Benjamin Franklin described the storm that was coming
如果美国的不满得不到解决的话 if America's grievances weren't recognised.
他写道 "每个压迫行为都会让他们的脾气变得更坏 He wrote, "Every act of oppression will sour their tempers,
"如果你带给他们的商业利润不止 他们脾气会好些 "lessen, if not annihilate the profits of your commerce with them,
"并加速他们最终的反叛 "and hasten their final revolt.
"因为自由的种子在全世界撒播 "For the seeds of liberty are universally sown there,
"没有什么能根除它们" "and nothing can eradicate them."
这是警钟 This was the warning bell.
美国受够了 America had had enough.
在普林斯顿 In Princeton,
威瑟斯彭博士控制不住自己 卷入到动荡之中 Dr Witherspoon couldn't help himself but get involved in the increasing unrest.
他认为这件事是个深刻的宗教道德问题 He saw the matter as a deeply moral and religious one,
他相信 让美国脱离英国取得自由 and was convinced that it was in God's plan to free America from Britain.
他写了封公开信 He wrote a public letter
给殖民地所有的长老会教堂 to all the Presbyterian churches in the Colonies,
鼓动所有的老百姓都集合起来抵抗英国的枷锁 urging ordinary people to come together to reject Britain's shackles,
它的剥削性税收制和控制 with its crippling regime of taxation and control.
每个从乔治亚州到缅因州的教区居民都在教堂听到了这封读出来的信 Every parishioner from Georgia to Maine would have heard it read out in church.
他力劝每个美国基督徒都认真听 He urged all of Christian America to listen carefully.
他说 "我们必须把美国看作是一个国家 并维护国家应有的权利" "We must think of America as a nation," he said, "and assert our rights as such."
他知道不打一仗的话一切都是浮云 He knew that this wouldn't happen without a fight,
但他说战争甚至是屠杀虽然很可怕 but he argued that he preferred "war, with all its horrors, even extermination,
"但也胜过奴隶制 它刻到了我们和后代的骨子里" "to slavery, riveted on us and on our posterity."
在1775年的4月份 英国军队驶进马赛诸塞州的莱克星顿 In April 1775, British troops marched in to Lexington, Massachusetts,
来镇压反抗英国统治的示威抗议 to control crowds demonstrating against British rule.
枪声打响了 8个人被杀害 Shots were fired and eight men were killed.
这是美国独立战争的开始 It was the start of the American Revolution.
威瑟斯彭想要的战争发生了 Witherspoon had got the war he wanted.
这也是威廉·卡宁汉姆想要的 And so had William Cunninghame.
在格拉斯哥本土 许多苏格兰商人 Back in Glasgow, many Scottish merchants
借给美国烟农的债再也讨回来了 would never recover the debts owed to them by the American tobacco planters,
然而和殖民地的战争却令卡宁汉姆更富了 but war with the Colonies just made Cunninghame wealthier.
在冲突的酝酿期 In the build-up to the conflict,
卡宁汉姆囤积了所有他能弄到的烟草 Cunninghame had stockpiled as much tobacco as he could lay his hands on.
战争切断了供给链 Now fighting had cut off the supply,
他以天价卖这些烟草 he started selling it at an astronomical price.
卡宁汉姆成为商绅俱乐部谈论的话题 Cunninghame might have been the talk of the merchant gentleman's club,
但这对于亚当·斯密来说 这是无耻的谋取战争暴利 but to Adam Smith, this was shameless war-profiteering.
美国独立战争爆发以后 As the American Revolution broke out,
亚当·斯密开始写一本关于商业的书 Smith was working on a book about commerce.
这是他对于苏格兰和美国贸易的观察汇总 It was the sum of all his observations on Scotland's trade with America.
这场战争对他来说是个转折点 But the war proved to be a turning point for him.
商人的贪欲和卡宁汉姆的暴利 The merchants' greed and William Cunninghame's profiteering
开始在亚当·斯密心中埋下疑惑 began to sow doubts in Smith's mind.
卡宁汉姆的行为吸引了亚当·斯密 Cunninghame's behaviour appalled Smith.
尽管他们是朋友 Despite his friendship with them,
他开始毫无遮拦地描绘格拉斯哥商人 he began to paint an unflattering picture of the Glasgow merchants
和他们不道德的行为 and their questionable moral practices.
他抨击了他们搞垄断的态度 这么说都是好听的 He attacked their monopolising spirit and even went so far as to say
如果政府里面全是商人 that if the government were composed entirely of merchants,
"那将是世界史上最烂的政府" "it would be the worst of all governments for any country whatsoever".
社会上其他人可不像亚当·斯密想的那样受到惠及 The rest of society had not benefited as much as Smith had hoped.
钱都用到大宅的砖瓦中了 The money had gone into the bricks and mortar of great houses.
贪婪与虚荣心蒙蔽了商人的心 Greed and vanity had blinded the merchants
让他们忽略任何的自律或社会责任感 to any real self-regulation or social responsibility.
或许政府征税不是唯一 Maybe it was more than just government taxation
引发美国独立战争的原因 that provoked the American War of Independence.
如果商人没有对利润有如此的贪欲 If the merchants hadn't displayed such rapacious greed for profit,
如果他们没逼烟农欠下大笔的债 if they hadn't pushed the tobacco growers into such huge debt,
美国或许还委屈到发动战争 then perhaps America wouldn't have felt aggrieved enough to go to war.
在普林斯顿 In Princeton,
约翰·韦德伯恩认为美国进行的这次战争不仅是正义的 John Witherspoon believed that America was waging not only a just war,
还是顺从了天意的 but a war that had God's providence.
他撼动人心的见解以及愈加受欢迎的布道 His stirring views and increasingly popular sermons
引起了英国人的注意 drew the attention of the British.
这个学院被称作是"战争的温床" The college became known as "the seedbed of revolution"
因此英国军队就攻击了普林斯顿 还毁了沿途的一切 and British forces stormed Princeton, destroying everything in their path.
威瑟斯彭及时撤离了全院师生 无一人受伤 Witherspoon evacuated the university just in time, and no-one was hurt.
炮火毁了许多的建筑 Cannon-fire wrecked many of the buildings.
但令他惊恐万分的是 But to his horror,
英国军队毁了他最在意的图书馆 British troops damaged the one thing he cared most about-his library.
但这个打击只是让威瑟斯彭更坚定了他的宗教信仰 But this setback only served to strengthen Witherspoon's religious faith
他下决心要为自由而战 让美国实现民主 and his resolve to fight for liberty and bring democracy to America.
威瑟斯彭一直在做的所有事情 Everything Witherspoon had been working for
都将以一个写得密密麻麻的文档告终 was to culminate in one tightly-worded document
宣告了这个新生国家一系列新的自由 that declared a new set of liberties for this new nation.
它被称为独立宣言 It was called the Declaration of Independence.
经过讨论措辞十分精准 The wording was argued over to the finest detail.
这将成为一个国家 This was going to be a country
它始于民主与平等 whose very beginning was based on democracy and equality.
并非所有相关人士都同意其中的革命思想 Not everyone involved could agree to the revolutionary ideas held in it.
威瑟斯彭偷偷地助革命进程的一臂之力 But Witherspoon was there, behind the scenes, urging the process along.
威瑟斯彭不仅支持独立和民主自由 Witherspoon didn't just argue for independence and democratic freedom,
他布道布到国会去了 he brought the pulpit onto the floor of Congress.
唯一出席的牧师 The only clergyman present,
威瑟斯彭说 好多美国人犹豫要不要加入革命 Witherspoon argued that many Americans would hesitate to join the revolution
除非他们的事业在上帝眼里是正义的 unless their cause was seen to be just in the eyes of God.
上帝一定会保佑美国 God must bless America.
威瑟斯彭肯定是赞同 It was almost certainly Witherspoon who championed the line
文件中的最后一句话 即 that forms the very last sentence in the document, which states,
"为了支持这个宣言 "And for the support of this declaration,
"我们要依靠神谕的保护 "with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence,
"我们彼此为互相的人生而祈祷 "we mutually pledge to each other our lives,
"我们的财富和我们神圣的荣誉 "our fortunes and our sacred honour."
独立宣言不仅宣告了独立 Now the Declaration not only proclaimed independence,
对美国人民来说 他还是个摆在眼前的证明 it was a visible demonstration to the American people
证明是上帝下旨支持革命 that it was God's will to back the revolution
将美国从英国残暴的魔爪中解救出来 and free America from British tyranny.
威瑟斯彭劝服了其他残余的怀疑者 并开始签署独立宣言 Witherspoon persuaded any remaining doubters to sign the Declaration,
说 "在人类事业的浪潮中 时间的裂痕 saying, "There is a tide in the affairs of men, a nick of time.
"我们认识到了眼前的事情" "We perceive it now before us.
犹豫就意味着对我们奴隶制的认同 "To hesitate is to consent to our own slavery."
战争又持续了7年 The fighting continued for another seven years,
但到了最后 but in the end,
还是英国宣告失败 the British conceded defeat.
对于威瑟斯彭来说 是神的旨意力挽了狂澜 To Witherspoon, it seemed that divine providence had turned the tide.
1783年 两国签订了和约 美国保卫了国家的自由 In 1783, a peace treaty was signed and America secured her independence.
约翰·威瑟斯彭和亚当·斯密的思想 The ideas of John Witherspoon and Adam Smith
点燃了革命之火 had lit the fires of revolution.
两个人都是苏格兰启蒙运动的产物 Both men were products of the Scottish Enlightenment
都给予了世界人民赖以生存的新道德哲学 and both had given the world a new moral philosophy by which to live.
约翰·威瑟斯彭结合了宗教与政治 John Witherspoon had combined religion and politics
让美国获得精神与宪法自由 to help bring intellectual and constitutional freedom to America.
在普林斯顿任职期间 In his tenure at Princeton,
他还招了印第安人和黑人学生入学 he had introduced to his campus Native American and black students.
他教育了许多下一代美国领导人选 He educated many of the next generation of American leaders.
他们之中包括一位未来的总统 They included one future president,
一位副总统 39名国会议员 3位最高法院的法官 one vice-president, 39 congressmen and three Supreme Court judges.
这里长眠着一个选择了普林斯顿而非佩斯利的男人 And here lies the man who chose Princeton over Paisley.
他选择了美国为 He decided on America
为自由和民主原则而奋斗的最佳地点 as the best place to fight for the principles of liberty and democracy,
支持他认为最有可能传播自由和民主的国家 backing the country he believed had the best chance of delivering them.
美国独立后 他继续担任了十年的校长 He continued as head of the college for another decade after independence,
他埋在普林斯顿公墓这里 and he's buried here, in the cemetery at Princeton.
约翰·韦德伯恩是一个综合矛盾体 John Wedderburn was a bundle of contradictions.
一个基督教徒 以前他被教导要 A Christian man, whose past had taught him to look at the world
以受压迫者的姿态看世界 from the position of the underdog,
却不能以这种姿态给予奈特自由 and yet he could not find it in his heart to give Knight his freedom.
韦德伯恩在佩斯郡度过了余生 Wedderburn spent the rest of his life in Perthshire,
花着从其他人身上剥夺的钱财 living on the fortune that he built on the exploitation of others.
他还实现了埋藏他长期保有的詹姆士党人身份遗留下的抱负 He also achieved the long-held ambition of laying his Jacobite past to rest
重振韦德伯恩家族的好名声 and restoring the good name of the Wedderburn family.
他恢复了自己第六任黑人准男爵的身份 He reinstated himself as the sixth baronet of Blackness.
但这个头衔只会让我们想起十分不耻的过去 But it's a title that serves only to remind us of a much more shameful past,
即韦德伯恩的黑人奴隶 namely the blackness of Wedderburn's slaves
特别是一个奴隶小伙子 约瑟夫·奈特 and one slave boy in particular-Joseph Knight.
奈特再也没有见过韦德伯恩 Knight never saw Wedderburn again.
拥有自由之身后 他和他的心上人安妮·汤普森结了婚 As a free man, he married his sweetheart, Annie Thomson,
然后就消失了 and then simply disappeared.
在审判之后 就没有关于他的记载了 There's no record of him after the trial.
担忧很多人推测他去当矿工了 But there's some speculation that he became a miner,
在到处都蒙着煤粉矿井里 where, amidst the coal dust that clung to everything,
他的肤色和别人一样 the colour of his skin no longer marked him out as different.
在1778年 威廉·卡宁汉姆建成了他梦想中的房屋 In 1778, William Cunninghame got to build the house of his dreams,
这是他财富和虚荣心的最终象征 the ultimate symbol of his wealth and vanity,
用战争和奴隶制的战利品买的 and paid for with the spoils of war and slavery.
At ?10,000, this was the most expensive house ever built in Glasgow,
格拉斯哥美术 and now lives on as Glasgow's Gallery of Modern Art.
在美国独立的同一年 In the same year as American independence,
亚当·斯密最终完成了他的著作 Adam Smith finally finished his book.
他写道 In writing it,
他关于利己主义是积极推动力的理论已经站不住脚了 his theories about self-interest as a force of good had fallen apart.
威廉·卡宁汉姆的谋取暴利 William Cunninghame's profiteering
使亚当·斯密明白了经济学不仅是关于如何赚钱 taught Smith that economics isn't just about making money,
社会责任 it's about the social responsibility that comes with it.
在国富论中 亚当·斯密 In The Wealth Of Nations, Smith gave the world its first study
of the moral and political dimensions of a country's economy.
成功亚当·斯密 Its success was to mark Adam Smith
启蒙运动中最有影响力的思想家之一 as one of the Enlightenment's most influential thinkers,
现代经济之父 and the father of modern economics.
在这本书的最后一页 他写道 On the last page of the book, he wrote,
大不列颠自由 "It is surely time that Great Britain should free herself
"from the expense of defending those provinces in time of war
"and of supporting any part of their establishments in time of peace."
他当然是对的 是该让美国走的时候了 He was right, of course. It was time to let America go.
美国独立战争日记 It reads like a diary of the build-up to the American Revolution,
and it's every bit as muchabout a country's struggle
经济 for self-determination as it is about economics.
最终没有谁输谁赢 In the end, there were no winners or losers.
新的美国宪法 The new American Constitution
made good its promises of rights and freedom for all,
开国元勋们从没有想过 but it never occurred to the founding fathers
让奴隶也享有同样的自由 to extend those same freedoms to slaves.
美国经过内战才废除了奴隶制 It took a civil war< to rid America of slavery,
and it's struggled with the legacy ever since.
不列颠 自由 And while Britain's vision of liberty
未来几十年失去民主原则 remained bereft of democratic principle for decades to come,
废除了奴隶制 供其他欧洲国家效仿 it abolished slavery and paved the way for other European nations to follow.
那苏格兰呢? And what of Scotland?
美国独立 In the wake of American independence,
虎头蛇尾的感觉 令人不满 there was a feeling in the air of anticlimax, of dissatisfaction.
美国和苏格兰之间 Parallels were drawn between America and Scotland.
这看起来就好像 It seemed as though
苏格兰启蒙运动 all the best intellectual efforts of the Scottish Enlightenment
美国自由 had gone to providing America with the blueprint for liberty.
虽然想出和提出这些想法的是苏格兰 But while Scotland thought and talked,
将他们付诸于实践的却是美国 it was America that had put those ideas into action.
事实上 美国改变 In truth, America had changed everything for Scotland.
She had helped to lay the foundation stones
为世界上民主国家打下最夯实的基础 for one of the first and most influential democracies in the world.
作为英国的一部分 As part of Great Britain,
她已迈出了世界的第一步 she had taken her first faltering steps on to the world stage,
并且绝不会回头 and she would never look back.