The Legacy 伯内斯的遗产 视频来自网络公共资源，仅作学术研究之用。 如有版权问题，请与微信人大公共传播微信号联系。
You can turn back now or learn the stuff they don’t want you to know. 了解那些他们不想让你知道之事。
Here are the facts. 本集提要
In earlier episodes, 在前几集中，
we covered the infamous father of public relations, Edward Bernays, 我们介绍了“臭名昭著”的公关之父：爱德华?伯内斯。
whether selling Americans bacon or swinging public opinion in favor of wars. 不论是送上餐桌的培根，还是战争民意的改变，
Bernays has left an indelible mark on the cultural consciousness 伯内斯对美国乃至世界的文化观念都留下了不可磨灭的印记。
of the United States and the world. 伯内斯对美国乃至世界的文化观念都留下了不可磨灭的印记。
Andalthough he has passed on, his legacy remains with us today. 尽管伯内斯已经逝世，但他的遗产长存。
But how? Here’s where it gets crazy. 为什么这样说？让我们来看看。
The methods pioneered by Bernays have become commonplace. 如今，伯内斯首创的公关方法已经成为业界常识，
Like Bernays, PR firms around the world worked to skew customer 全世界的公关公司都像他一样，
and civilianopinions in favor of one product, government action or another. 努力将消费者和公众的注意力吸引到某个产品、政府决策或其他东西上。
And like Bernays, some firms were to justify wars often 在另一件事上，他们也学习了伯内斯，
while remaining largely invisible to the public. 那就是向公众隐瞒自己为战争辩护的事实。
For example, have you ever heard of a firm called Hill+Knowlton? 比如，你知道伟达公关公司吗？
According to their website, 他们的网站上写着，
“Hill+Knowlton Strategies offers senior counsel, insightful research “伟达公关在全世界范围内提供高级咨询、
and strategic communications planning throughout the world.” 深入调查和制定传播策略等服务”。
In 1990, this firm led a propaganda campaign to 1990年，正是该公司策划了一场公关战，
build support for American intervention in Kuwait 为美国介入萨达姆?侯赛因领导的
as Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi forces invaded. 伊拉克入侵科威特事件争取民意。
Yet many American citizens were emotionally distant from 当时，很多美国公民在情感上
this conflict between two foreign countries hundreds of miles away. 对万里之外的两国冲突并不关心。
And sadly enough, many Americans couldn’t identify Kuwait on a map, 很多美国人根本无法在地图上找到科威特，
much less identified with its people.In an effort to build support, 更不用说去了解它的人民。为了赢得公众支持，
Hill+Knowlton didn’t just employ Bernays’ techniques. 伟达公关不仅利用了伯内斯的公关技巧，
They expanded them. 而且更加深入。
On Oct. 10th, 1990, a young woman using the pseudonymnurse Nayirah 1990年10月10日，一位年轻的女性，以“Nayirah护士”的名字
told the Congressional Human Rights Caucus a terrifying story. 向国会人权小组讲述了一个可怕的故事。
According to a testimony, Iraqi soldiers were killing hundreds of 根据Nayirah的证词，伊拉克士兵在科威特疯狂屠杀婴儿，
premature babies in Kuwait, raping them from their incubators. 蹂躏这些尚在保育箱中的婴儿们。
The story hit home, greatly affecting the legislators who heard it 这个故事深深打动了议员们，
and perhaps more importantly, influencing public opinion. 更重要的是，影响了民意。
President George. H. W. Bush repeated the story several times 老布什总统在为美国援助科威特辩护时，
while justifying an intervention in Kuwait 多次重复了这个故事。
As the story grew in popularity, more rumors emerged, that 随着故事越传越广，流言也越来越多，
Iraqi forces were digging mass graves for Kuwaiti children, for example, 比如，伊拉克士兵挖了很多大坑用以掩埋科威特儿童。
The United Nations held a public forum to follow up on this news. 联合国甚至建立了一个公众论坛来跟进这些消息。
And this meeting led to a UN vote approving the use of force against Iraq. 最终，对伊拉克武力干预的决议在联合会会议上获得投票通过。
As the 1992 documentaries To Sell A War points out, 1992年，纪录片《推销战争》指出，
the actions of the Hussein’s regime were brutal enough 即使没有Nayirah护士讲述的悲剧，
even without the tremendous influence of nurse Nayirah’s story. 侯赛因政权在战争中的作为也相当残酷。
But here’s the thing. That’s all it was: a story, a cleverly crafted piece 但实际上，这一切都是为了
of fiction designed to manipulate the masses into bankrollinga war. 让人民支持战争而精心编造的故事。
The young woman calling herself nurse Nayirah was actually Nayirah al-Sabah, 这位自称Nayirah护士的年轻女性，真名Nayirah al-Sabah，
the daughter of Kuwait’s Ambassador to the United States. 是科威特驻美国大使的女儿。
And she had been coached by Hill+Knowlton. 而她正是受到了伟达公关公司的培训。
Members of congress did not know her real identity. 国会成员并不知道她的真实身份。
As the facts emerged, Amnesty International recanted 当一切被揭开时，国际特赦组织宣布撤回
their original support of the claims. 之前对战争的支持宣言。
And according to Andrew Whitley of Middle East Watch, 根据Andrew Whitley在《中东观察》中所言，
within 2 weeks of the liberation of Kuwait, 在解放科威特两周之后，
it became apparent that the “incubators story” was false. 人们就发现“保育箱故事”明显是假的。
Hill+Knowltonwas paid over $10,000,000 by a group 自由科威特公民组织（CFK）为此向伟达公关
called Citizens for a Free Kuwait (CFK), composed of 支付了一千万美元的费用，
Kuwaiti citizens and government officials. 该组织成员有科威特公民，也有政府官员。
The Kuwaiti Ambassador to the United States maintains that 科威特驻美国大使坚持认为，
there was no disinformation campaign, 尽管伟达公司曾私下与他商议，
though Hill+Knowlton consulted with him personally. 但他们并没有弄虚作假。
This is only one example of how PR firms can affect public opinion. 这仅仅是公关公司影响民意的一个案例。
Today, over 100 years since the birth of Edward Bernays, the techniques 在伯内斯出生一百多年后的今天，
he refined have become both profoundly affective and widespread. 由他提炼的公关技巧更加感染人心，并且被广泛使用。
So what does this teach us? 这教会了我们什么？
Of course, this doesn’t mean that all PR is bad or 当然，这不意味着所有的公关都是可憎的，
that all information about war is propaganda. 或者所有关于战争的信息都是鼓吹式宣传。
It does, however, mean that we must remain vigilant and 但是，当有人试图说服我们时，
inquisitive when presented with persuasive information. 必须保持警惕、好奇和怀疑。
We must question our sources. 你必须核实一下信源
The next time you hear a politician arguing for another war, 下次你听到政治家为另一场战争辩护时，
remember to ask questions to check the sources of the claims. 记住一定要核实他的话,
Don’t be taken in by well-written appeals to emotion. 别被那些写好的故事带跑了，
Instead, remember to ask yourself, 记得问问自己：
is there something they don’t want you to know? 有什么事情是对方不想让你知道的吗？
“在这即时通讯和公民理直气壮刨根问底的时代，
公共关系已成为任何活动中都不可或缺的要素。”
阿尔文·亚当斯 1804年7月16日至1877年9月2日