旁白：在第二次世界大战中，各国的命运被决定了 VOICEOVER: In the Second World War, the fate of nations was decided
通过他们的武器库的力量。 by the strength of their arsenals.
每种武器都是为了满足特定需求而制造的， Every weapon was made to fill a specific need,
为单一目的而设计的 designed for a single purpose -
赢得技术优势的竞赛 to win the race for technological supremacy
越过敌人。 over the enemy.
第二次世界大战是一场争夺火力优势的史诗般的战斗。 World War II is this epic battle for fire superiority.
所以双方都需要赢得这场战斗 So each side needs to win that battle
在前线投入更多的火力 and put more firepower on the front line
比他们的对手。 than their opponent.
从手枪的工艺到坦克的力量， From the craft of handguns to the strength of tanks,
飞机的精度和航程，再到巨型船只的绝对力量， the precision and range of aircraft, to the sheer power of mega ships,
在战火中锻造的武器 weapons forged in the fires of a world at war
和以前见过的不一样。 were unlike those ever seen before.
最新的 The latest
武器上最具创造性的进步推动了战斗策略的发展 and most inventive advances in weaponry fuelled battle strategies
和确定的胜利和失败。 and determined victories and losses.
第二次世界大战的结果是完全不确定的 The outcome of World War II was completely dependent
关于战时物资的生产。 on production of wartime materials.
这些战争机器被设计成走得更远更快 These machines of war were designed to go further, faster
更精确地执行， and perform with greater precision,
带更多的东西，得到更好的保护 to carry more, and to be better protected
通过更强大的武器。 by stronger armaments.
赌注从未如此之大，一个国家获胜的能力至关重要 The stakes were never greater, and a nation's ability to win hinged
获得巨大而无与伦比的原材料 on access to vast and unparalleled raw materials
依靠人民坚定不移的意志。 and on the unwavering will of its people.
这是: This is:
随着第二次世界大战的威胁笼罩在20世纪30年代，大多数人 As the threat of World War II loomed over the 1930s, most
各国没有应对即将到来的战争所需的海军力量。 nations did not have the naval power needed for the coming war.
他们需要建造数量空前的船只。 They would need to build ships in unparalleled numbers.
造船业有一个独特的规模问题， Shipbuilding presented a unique scale problem,
不同于二战中任何其他形式的大规模生产。 different to any other form of World War II mass production.
建造一艘船需要几个月甚至几年的时间， A ship takes months, even years to build,
但可以在几小时内沉没。 but can be sunk in a matter of hours.
时间、物力、人力和财力的巨大投入 A huge investment of time, materials, manpower and money
必须以前所未有的数量进行复制。 that had to be replicated at a quantity never before seen.
海上战争是一个巨大的战场 The war at sea was a vast theatre
这需要有动力、力量和航程的船只。 that required ships with power, strength and range.
在全球冲突的压力下， Under the pressure of global conflict,
一个巨大的技术和战略飞跃 a massive technological and strategic leap
也在进行中。 was also underway.
各国奋起迎接挑战。 And nations rose to the challenge.
在20世纪早期， In the early years of the 20th century,
HMS无畏号 the HMS Dreadnought
建立了一种新型的涡轮动力大炮战舰 established a new type of turbine-powered big-gun battleship
这将主导海战数十年。 that would dominate naval warfare for decades.
它的影响力如此之大，以至于产生了自己的战列舰 So influential, it would give rise to its own class of battleship
被称为无畏舰。 known as dreadnoughts.
男：所以战舰，全是大炮的战舰， MAN: So the battleship, the all-big gun ship,
是衡量海军的晴雨表。 was the barometer in which you measured navies.
战舰的数量， The number of battleships,
战列舰的大小 the size of the battleships -
这就是决定海军实力的方法。 that's how you determine your naval power.
第一次世界大战之前，一场军备竞赛开始了 Before World War I, an arms race played out
各国都在努力建造自己的无畏舰队， between countries all trying to build their dreadnought fleet,
主要是跑步的比赛 a race primarily run
英国和德国之间的战争 between Britain and Germany.
尽管这场争夺霸权的竞赛 Despite this race for supremacy,
一战期间，只有一次直接交战 during World War I, only one direct engagement
德国和英国无畏舰之间的战争 between German and British dreadnoughts took place,
在1916年的日德兰战役中。 at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.
当然，实际的战列舰交战经验 Of course, the actual experience of battleship engagements
在第一次世界大战中，尤其是日德兰战役， in World War I, notably the Battle of Jutland,
表明了这些战争 showed that these battles
很少能决定战争的结果。 rarely decided the outcome of the war.
无畏舰是如此庞大和昂贵， Dreadnoughts were so massive and expensive,
谁也不能失去他们。 neither could afford to lose them.
作为威慑，它们的价值更高。 Their value was higher as a deterrent.
每艘战舰所需的投资都很高， The investment needed for each battleship was high,
然而，各国仍在继续竞争 and yet, countries continued to compete
建造更大的战舰直到第二次世界大战 to build ever larger battleships well into World War II,
追求规模，权力， seeking size, power,
科技进步在海洋上占据了至高无上的地位， and technological advancement to reign supreme on the seas,
尽管有多个海军条约 despite multiple naval treaties
这对军舰的规模和生产设定了限制。 that set limits on size and production of warships.
第一个这样的协议是《凡尔赛条约》 The first such agreement was the Treaty of Versailles,
签署于1919年。 signed in 1919.
它认定德国对第一次世界大战负有责任 It established Germany as responsible for World War I
并对这个国家设置了严格的限制 and set heavy limitations on the country -
为了阻止他们 a bid to prevent them
无法恢复他们的经济和军事实力。 from ever regaining their economic and military strength.
根据条约，德国的海军舰艇 Under the treaty, Germany's naval vessels
肯定是在…… had to be under...
他们是被禁止的 And they were forbidden
从拥有潜艇。 from having submarines.
第一次世界大战后， After World War I,
德国和英国之间的海军军备竞赛 the naval arms race between Germany and Great Britain
已被确定为主要原因之一， had been determined to be one of the chief causes,
人们担心五大国 and there was fear that the five major powers
会让他们卷入另一场海军军备竞赛。 would get themselves involved in another naval arms race.
然后，几年后， Then, a few years later,
1922年华盛顿海军条约 the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty
是由美国、英国、日本、意大利和法国签署的。 was signed by the US, UK, Japan, Italy and France.
1922年的条约被证明是成功的。 The 1922 treaty proved successful.
它限制了船只的建造。 It limited the building of ships.
它阻止了海军军备竞赛。 It prevented a naval arms race.
世界各国可以废弃船只 The nations of the world could scrap vessels
正在建设中， that were under construction,
他们可以维持现有的血管。 and they could maintain the vessels they had.
美国和英国得到了分配 The US and UK were allotted
一个更高的极限 a far higher limit
比其他任何国家， than any other nation,
基于论证 based on the argument
他们拥有舰队 that they maintained fleets
横跨太平洋 across both the Pacific
和大西洋。 and Atlantic Oceans.
这些条约还满足了一种战略需求 The treaties also satisfied a strategic demand
减少海军对抗 to reduce naval rivalries
美国人和英国人之间的战争 between the Americans and the British
通过使两国的船队大致相当， by making their fleets roughly equivalent,
同时也限制 and also to limit
战列舰尺寸的昂贵增长。 the costly size growth of battleships.
日本一直排在第三位，这引起了极大的不满。 Japan was kept in third place, which caused enormous resentment.
但这些限制最终导致了一场竞赛 But these limitations ultimately just led to a race
为了装备其他类型的船只，建造更多的巡洋舰， to heavily arm other vessel types and build more cruisers,
利用华盛顿条约的漏洞 exploiting loopholes in the Washington Treaty.
所以在1930年，伦敦海军条约带来了更多类型的船只 So in 1930, the London Naval Treaty brought more types of vessels
在早先的华盛顿条约的限制下 under the limits of the earlier Washington Treaty.
总统先生，我荣幸地向您呈递《伦敦海军条约》。 President, I have the honour of handing you the London Naval Treaty.
根据条约的条款， Under the terms of the treaty,
超过规定吨位的船只 vessels that exceeded a specified tonnage
都被要求报废。 were required to be scrapped.
值得注意的是1922年的华盛顿海军条约 It's important to note that both the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922
以及1930年的《伦敦海军条约》都是政治协议。 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930 were political agreements.
两者都旨在解决许多国家的国内压力 Both were aimed at addressing domestic pressures in many countries
通过限制海军规模来削减军费开支。 to cut military spending by limiting the size of the navies.
由于已有多项条约， With multiple treaties already in place,
1935年，英国还与德国签订了另一项协议。 in 1935, Britain also entered into another agreement with Germany.
这就是英德协议。 This was the Anglo-German agreement.
男子：因为希特勒公开宣布重整军备…… MAN: Because Hitler had openly announced rearmament...
．．英国尤其担心 ..Britain in particular was worried
所以他们达成了一个协议 about the German Navy, so they made an agreement
德国人允许他们这样做 with the Germans whereby they were allowed
一定百分比的强度- 35%的皇家海军的力量。 a certain percentage strength - 35% the strength of the Royal Navy.
一项导致英法两国关系破裂的决定 A decision that drove a wedge between Britain and France at
当时两国的团结至关重要。 a time when unity between the two nations was crucial.
更糟糕的是，通过签署这份协议， Even worse, by entering into this agreement,
英国实际上使其中一些条款无效 Britain was effectively invalidating some of the terms
凡尔赛条约 of the Treaty of Versailles,
现在把德国当作一个有权建立海军的国家来对待 now dealing with Germany as a nation with rights to build a naval force
以相对于他们自己的速度。 at relative pace to their own.
这件事没有征求法国人的意见， The French weren't consulted about this,
因此，他们理所当然地感到恼火。 so they felt rightfully miffed.
希特勒在某种程度上 Hitler, in some ways,
可能把它看作是开始 possibly viewed it as the beginning
与英国结盟的可能性 of a potential alliance with Britain
在不可避免的决战中使用 for use in the inevitable showdown
俄罗斯一直是他的头号敌人。 with Russia, which was always his big bogeyman.
英国人可不这么看。 The British did not see it that way.
他们只是看到了 They simply saw it
作为控制德国海军的一种方式 as a way of keeping the Kriegsmarine under control.
可以说，希特勒从未打算坚持 Arguably, Hitler never intended to adhere
35%的海军限制。 to the 35% naval restriction.
一旦它被用于建造潜艇， Once it was reached for submarine construction,
德国要求100%的比例，然后谴责该协议。 Germany demanded a 100% ratio and then denounced the agreement.
一系列海军条约导致了数量的下降 The series of naval treaties led to a decline in the number
现役战舰的质量， and quality of battleships in service,
从1919年的82个下降到1935年的50个。 down from 82 in 1919 to 50 in 1935.
在条约期间，新战列舰的生产速度较慢 Slower production of new battleships during the treaty years
这也意味着那些在服役的人更老更慢。 also meant that those in service were older and slower.
所以有了限制海军规模的条约， So with the treaties limiting the size of navies,
这些国家必须决定如何处理他们拥有的船只， the countries had to decide what to do with the ships they had,
这导致了战列舰的修改和现代化。 and that led to modifications and modernising of battleships.
在两次世界大战之间舰队数量减少的同时， While fleets were diminished between the World Wars,
这艘战舰的故事还没有结束。 the story of the battleship was not over yet.
在第二次世界大战期间，生产将完成 During World War II, production would be completed
在一些最大的，最强大的 on some of the largest, most powerful
还有臭名昭著的战列舰。 and notorious battleships ever to take to the sea.
对德国来说，这将是俾斯麦号和提尔皮茨号， For Germany, this would be the Bismarck and the Tirpitz,
为权力和恐吓而建。 built for power and intimidation.
俾斯麦号是德国最大的主力舰。 The Bismarck class was Germany's largest capital ships.
它们是在30年代设计的， They were designed in the '30s,
它们被设计成战列舰 and they were designed as battleships,
本质上，是为了和其他战舰战斗。 essentially, to fight other battleships.
俾斯麦号的龙骨是在Blohm & Voss造船厂铺设的 The keel of the Bismarck was laid at the Blohm & Voss Shipyard
1936年7月在汉堡 in Hamburg in July 1936,
仅在德国签署英德海军协定一年后 only a year after Germany signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement,
它将花费三年时间完成。 It would take three years to be finished.
当它完成后， When it was complete,
它远远超出了任何海军条约的限制， it far outstripped the limits of any naval treaty,
排水量41700吨。 with a 41,700 ton displacement.
Blohm & Voss是两家造船厂之一 Blohm & Voss was one of the two shipyards
承包建造这艘新型战舰， contracted to build this new class of battleship,
另一个是位于威廉港的Kriegsmarinewerft， the other was Kriegsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven,
只有两家造船厂有能力承担 the only two shipyards able to take on
建造那种大小的船。 the build of a ship of that size.
提尔皮茨号紧跟着俾斯麦号， The Tirpitz followed quickly on the heels of the Bismarck,
1936年10月开工，1940年完工。 laid down in October 1936 and completed in 1940.
排水量为42600吨， At 42,600 tons displacement,
提尔皮茨号甚至比俾斯麦号还要重。 Tirpitz was even heavier than the Bismarck.
俾斯麦号和提尔皮茨号就是这一类的两艘船， The Bismarck, and the Tirpitz are the two craft in that class,
它们是漂亮的船。 and they are beautiful ships.
我是说，制作得非常好。 I mean, exceedingly well made.
如果你觉得战舰很吸引人，那就非常吸引人。 If you find battleships attractive, they're very attractive.
两艘船都是为速度而设计的， Both ships were designed for speed,
能够到达的 capable of reaching
刚刚超过30节。 just over 30 knots.
它们每个都超过800英尺长 They were each over 800 feet long
装有8把15英寸口径的枪。 and mounted with eight 15-inch guns.
为了减轻重量，船的战略要地的装甲最厚 To save weight, armour was thickest at strategic points on the vessel
而不是均匀分布。 rather than distributed evenly.
炮塔上的装甲最厚，有320毫米厚。 The thickest armour was on the gun turrets, at 320mm,
保护防御能力。越长越好。 to protect defensive capabilities. as long as possible.
俾斯麦号船体周围的装甲 The Bismarck's armour, around the hull,
它在吃水线上方有一条装甲带， it had an armoured belt above the waterline,
这反映了你将成为什么样的人 and that reflects the idea that you're going to be
和其他战舰决一死战 slugging it out with other battleships
在炮弹射击的范围内 at a range whereby shellfire
几乎是水平向你袭来。 will come at you virtually horizontally.
船甲板上的水平装甲 Horizontal armour over parts of the ship's deck
防止空袭也是首要任务吗 was also a priority to protect against aerial attack
增加了敌人的射程。 and increased enemy gun range.
俾斯麦号的内部装甲是他们所说的龟甲。 The internal armour of the Bismarck was what they call turtleback.
这艘船的上层建筑在你上面。 The superstructure of the ship is above you.
它像这样，然后在侧面向下倾斜。 It goes like this, and then it slopes down at the side.
这是龟背曲线 It's the turtleback curve
它被偏转了 and it's deflected away
从战舰的机器上。 from the machinery of the battleship.
在俾斯麦之前，布洛姆和沃斯已经完成了建造 Before Bismarck, Blohm & Voss had completed construction
在第一艘商船上 on one of the first merchant vessels
完全用焊接而不是铆钉建造， to be built entirely with welding instead of rivets,
这种方法节省了大约600吨钢材。 an approach which had saved around 600 tons of steel.
但他们一直难以找到经验丰富的焊工。 But they had struggled to find experienced welders.
他们会从这个过程中吸取教训 They would take the lessons learned from that process
并将其应用于俾斯麦号的建造 and apply it to the building of the Bismarck.
第二次世界大战期间， At the time of World War II,
大多数船只都是用铆接法建造的。 most ships were being built by riveting.
铆接是一个容易进行的过程。 Riveting was a process that was easy to undertake.
培训人员很容易， It was easy to train personnel,
这是行之有效的方法。 and it had been the tried and true method.
但是电焊改变了这一切。 But electric welding changed all that.
电焊允许你 Electric welding allowed you
为了更快地建造船只 to build ships faster
更有效率的是， and more efficiently,
但这需要一点时间 but it took a little bit of time
训练船员。 to train the crews.
提尔皮茨也是用焊接而不是铆钉建造的， Tirpitz was also constructed using welding instead of rivets,
节省的重量可以用来增厚装甲。 saving weight that could be used to thicken armour instead.
俾斯麦号终于服役了 The Bismarck was finally commissioned
1940年8月。 in August 1940.
第二年二月，提尔皮茨号。 The Tirpitz, the following February.
俾斯麦号将成为最好的战舰 The Bismarck was going to be the best battleship
在当时的欧洲， of any in Europe at this time,
但俾斯麦号的设计存在缺陷 but there were flaws in the design of the Bismarck.
它有限的航程意味着它不能远离家乡航行。 Its limited range meant that it could not sail far from home.
决定建造一艘船 The decision to build a ship
只用三个螺旋桨和螺丝 with just three propellers and screws
意味着几乎没有后援 meant there was very little backup
如果其中一个螺旋桨或方向舵损坏。 should one of the propellers or the rudder be damaged.
在投入使用9个月后， Nine months after it went into commission,
俾斯麦号沉没了。 the Bismarck was sunk.
俾斯麦号试图突入大西洋 The Bismarck tried to break into the Atlantic
和欧根亲王一起。 with the Prinz Eugen.
皇家海军显然是 The Royal Navy were obviously
被这些大船迷住了。 rightfully obsessed by these large ships.
他们不想让它们在北大西洋肆虐， They didn't want them wreaking havoc in the North Atlantic,
所以他们追赶它。 so they chased it.
俾斯麦号击沉了胡德号，然后被摧毁。 The Bismarck sunk the HMS Hood, and then it was destroyed.
它刚被打成浆糊 It was just beaten into a pulp
由皇家海军和剑鱼飞机。 by the Royal Navy and Swordfish aircraft.
提尔皮茨号将继续威胁盟军的航运 The Tirpitz would continue to threaten Allied shipping
海军作战， and naval operations,
从温斯顿·丘吉尔那里获得了“野兽”的绰号， earning the nickname 'the Beast' from Winston Churchill,
尽管它几乎没有看到任何直接行动。 despite the fact that it barely saw any direct action.
它花了大半辈子的时间 It spent most of its life
在德国的挪威峡湾来回跋涉。 plodding up and down Norwegian fjords in Germany.
它愤怒地开了一次枪， It fired its guns in anger once,
这实际上是对着一个海岸目标。 and that was actually against a shore target.
它从未与皇家海军作战。 It never went into action against the Royal Navy.
直到1944年11月， Until finally, in November 1944,
它是在特罗姆瑟海岸沉没的 it was sunk off the coast of Tromso
一群兰开斯特人 by a group of Lancasters
装备了12000磅的高脚男孩炸弹 armed with 12,000-pound Tallboy bombs.
提尔皮茨号将成为最后一艘战列舰 The Tirpitz would end up being the last battleship
是德国人建造的。 built by the Germans.
但德国并不是唯一这样做的国家 But Germany wasn't the only country
想把他们的战舰变大。 trying to supersize their battleships.
俾斯麦级将被超越 The Bismarck class would be outstripped
另外两艘船。 by two other class of ships.
对美国来说，这是爱荷华的班级。 For America, this was the Iowa class.
为速度而生， Built for speed,
爱荷华级的船只可以追上同级别的大多数船只， Iowa-class ships could chase down most other ships in their class,
最高时速超过30节 with a top speed of over 30 knots
范围为： and a range of over:
他们也是装备最精良的军队之一 They were also among the most well armed
以及战争中最大的战舰。 and largest battleships of the war.
每艘爱荷华级战列舰都配备了强大的火力。 Each Iowa-class battleship was equipped with enormous firepower.
每艘船上安装了9门16英寸炮 Nine 16-inch guns mounted to each ship
能发射一系列炮弹吗 were capable of firing a range of shells
每只重达2700磅。 up to 2,700 pounds each.
支持这一点的有： This was supported by:
爱荷华级战列舰的设计 The design of the Iowa-class battleships
从1938年开始， began in 1938,
当很明显下一场战争 when it was evident that the next war
将环绕太平洋 would encompass the Pacific Ocean.
爱荷华号是以以前的战列舰设计为基础的， The Iowas were based on previous battleship designs,
但速度要快得多，超过了新型的日本战列舰。 but were much faster, to outrun a new breed of Japanese battleships.
它是基于 It was based on
现有的南达科他州级战列舰 the existing South-Dakota class battleship,
但一切都变大了， but everything was larger,
包括推进系统。 including the propulsion system.
为了抵消额外的重量， To offset the extra weight,
爱荷华采用较轻的炮塔设计 the Iowa used a lighter turret design
取代了重型装甲和结构钢 and replaced heavy armour and structural steel
在某些领域使用更轻的高强度钢。 with a lighter high-tensile steel in some areas.
在努力减肥的同时， While efforts were made to reduce weight,
这艘新的，更大的战舰仍然有 this new, larger battleship would still have
标准排水量45000吨。 a 45,000-ton standard displacement.
爱荷华级战列舰， The Iowa-class battleship,
以及几乎所有其他美国战舰 along with almost all the other American battleships,
有一些独特的安排， featured some unique arrangements,
特别是在容器内部。 particularly inside the vessel.
它们是蜂窝状的隔间， They were honeycombed with compartments,
也就是说，即使你能 which meant that even if you were able
为了穿透12英寸厚的腰带甲， to penetrate through the 12-inch belt armour,
你所做的只是把几个隔间淹了。 all you are doing is flooding several compartments.
几个月前，这个设计会让爱荷华 Months earlier, this design would have put the Iowa
超出了1936年第二次伦敦海军条约的条款。 outside the terms of the 1936 Second London Naval Treaty.
但这些条款刚刚被重新谈判， But those terms had just been renegotiated,
爱荷华是专门为满足新的限制而设计的。 and the Iowa was designed specifically to meet the new limit.
它们也能很快地伴随航空母舰， And they were also fast to accompany aircraft carriers,
美国海军早就知道这在太平洋战争中至关重要。 which the US Navy already knew would be vital in a Pacific war.
设计和建造爱荷华号的每一步 Every step of the process to design and build the Iowa
是一项史诗般的事业。 was an epic undertaking.
单是设计就需要一个总数 The design alone needed a total
要完成340万个工作小时， of 3.4 million working hours to complete,
完成的平面图重达175吨。 and the completed plans weighed 175 tons.
最终，只建造了四艘爱荷华级战舰。 Ultimately, only four Iowa-class ships were built.
每艘船大约花了两年零八个月的时间建造 Each ship took around two years and eight months to build
耗资相当于今天的20亿美元。 and cost the equivalent of around $2 billion today.
数千名工人参与其中 Thousands of workers were involved
在建造这些巨型船只的过程中， in the production of these massive ships,
日夜轮班工作。 working shifts day and night.
获得爱荷华级战舰的旅程 The journey to get the Iowa-class battleship
委托是一项巨大的事业。 into commission was a huge enterprise.
但即使是这艘也不是最大的战舰 But even this wasn't the largest battleship
在第二次世界大战期间被带到水里。 to take to the water during World War II.
虽然爱荷华号的规模超过了俾斯麦号， While the Iowa exceeded the size of the Bismarck,
它也完全被超越了 it too was well and truly surpassed
被日本帝国海军的庞然大物击中 by a behemoth of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
爱荷华号的排水量约为45000吨， Where the Iowa sat around 45,000 tons displacement,
大和号的重量远远超过65000吨 the Yamato was well over 65,000 tons -
一艘巨大的新战舰超出了条款 a massive new battleship built beyond the terms
日本曾经签署的海军条约， of the naval treaties to which Japan had once been a signatory,
这是他们退出那个体系的象征。 a symbol of their withdrawal from that system.
因此，日本是最早做出决定的国家之一 So, Japan was one of the first to decide
不续费 not to renew
1930年的伦敦条约 the London Treaty of 1930.
计划已经在进行中 Plans had been afoot
为了在1936年签署新条约， for a new treaty to be signed in 1936,
但日本意识到太平洋战争的可能性 but Japan realised the potential of war in the Pacific
需要开始建造船只 and needed to start building ships
比如大和号。 like the Yamato.
日本可以自由地开始建造巨大的战舰。 WOMAN: Japan was free to start building huge battleships.
1935年后，美国和日本之间的海军竞争重新开始。 Naval competition between US and Japan resumed after 1935.
新船的设计于1937年完成， Designs for the new ship were completed in 1937,
但在第一个船体铺设之前， but before the first hull could be laid,
他们需要有能力建造它们的造船厂。 they needed shipyards capable of building them.
日本的大和级战列舰 The Yamato-class battleships of Japan,
是二战中爱的东西。 are the things of lore in World War II.
这是迄今为止建造的最大的战舰。 These are the largest warships ever built up to this point.
日本最终只会建设 Japan would ultimately only build
四艘大和级战列舰中的两艘 two of the four Yamato-class battleships
他们原来的计划 that they had originally planned -
大和号和武藏号都是在极度保密的情况下建造的。 the Yamato and Musashi, both built under utmost secrecy.
日本秘密开始建设 Japan clandestinely began construction
大和号和它的姊妹船武藏号 of both Yamato and its sister-ship Musashi.
他们煞费苦心地把船只伪装起来。 They went to great lengths to disguise the vessels.
在大和号的建造地库尔海军造船厂， At the Kure Naval Yard, where the Yamato was built,
干船坞进行了扩建，并在一端增加了新的屋顶， the drydock was extended and a new roof was added at one end,
试图从附近的山上遮挡视线， an attempt to shield the view from a nearby hill,
将这艘新战舰的生产秘密地掩盖起来。 literally shrouding the production of this new battleship in secret.
武藏号是在长崎的一个造船厂建造的， The Musashi was built at a shipyard in Nagasaki,
船台周围有一个巨大的绳帘。 where a huge rope curtain was built around the slipway.
它横跨2.7公里，重达400多吨。 It spanned over 2.7km and weighed more than 400 tons.
大和级战列舰可能很大， The Yamato-class battleship may have been huge,
但这也是一个巧妙的设计。 but it was also an ingenious design.
宽阔的船体意味着这艘船可以停在相当高的水面上， The broad hull meant the ship could sit fairly high in the water,
允许它使用现有的海军和港口基础设施 allowing it to use existing navy and port infrastructure
并减少达到高速所需的功率。 and reduce the power needed to reach high speeds.
装甲被安装在车体上，而不是仅仅被包裹起来， Armour was built into the hull, rather than just plated over,
尽可能地减轻重量。 to reduce the weight as much as possible.
即使有了这些效率， Even with these efficiencies,
大和级的装甲 the armour built into the Yamato-class
重达近23吨。 weighed nearly 23 tons.
它占该船排水量的30%以上。 It accounted for over 30% of the ship's displacement.
大和号和武藏号 Both the Yamato and Musashi
花了四年多的时间才完成， took more than four years to complete,
但它们在水面上都是一道壮观的风景线。 but they each made an imposing sight on the water.
一共有九门18英寸的45口径火炮 A total of nine 18-inch 45 calibre guns
安装在三个主塔楼上。 were mounted across three main turrets.
能够发射重达3000磅子弹的大型火炮 Huge guns capable of firing rounds weighing more than 3,000 pounds
射程可达25英里 with a firing range of up to 25 miles
而且间隔只有40秒。 and firing only 40 seconds apart.
大和号还配备了24门副炮， The Yamato was also mounted with 24 secondary guns,
最高时速可达27节。 and was capable of reaching a top speed of over 27 knots.
日本的目标是建造一艘战舰 Japan's goal was to build a battleship
它能跑得比敌人更快， that could outrun and outgun its enemies,
但大和号和武藏号永远无法实现这一承诺。 but the Yamato and Musashi would never truly meet that promise.
大和号随舰队驶往中途岛， Yamato sailed with the fleet to Midway,
但从未参与， but never participated,
大和和武藏几乎没有参与战争 and both Yamato and Musashi kind of sat out most of the war.
它们是大型战舰，消耗了大量的石油， They were large battleships, consumed huge amounts of oil,
这是日本所缺乏的资源。 which was a resource Japan was short of.
大和级军舰最终被击落 The Yamato-class ships were ultimately taken down
一个新的对手， by a new adversary,
这是海军舰队转变的标志 a sign of the shift among naval fleets
这种情况在整个战争期间一直在发生。 that had been taking place throughout the war.
两艘船都不是被其他战舰击沉的， Both ships were sunk not by other battleships,
而是乘飞机。 but by aircraft.
武藏在第二次世界大战中最大的战役中遭遇了命运， Musashi met her fate at the biggest battle of World War II,
莱特湾战役 the Battle of Leyte Gulf,
一次大规模的空袭，投下了几十枚炸弹 a massive air assault, that put dozens of bombs
并向船体发射鱼雷，武藏说 and torpedoes into the hull, sent Musashi
沉入了菲律宾西布延海的海底 to the bottom of the Sibuyan Sea off the Philippines
1944年10月。 in October of 1944.
第二次世界大战标志着 World War II would mark
这是战舰末日的开始。 the beginning of the end for the battleship.
60多人参加了这场战争。 More than 60 took part in the war.
其中许多是有史以来最大的， Many were the largest ever built,
但两艘战列舰之间几乎没有交战。 but there was little battleship-to-battleship engagement.
传统的日本海军战略 Traditional Japanese naval strategy
就是要打一场决战。 was to have a decisive battle.
他们相信大型战列舰参与战斗 They believed in large battleships engaging in fighting
然后打败对手。 and then defeat the opponent.
他们并没有改变这种想法， They did not move away from that thinking,
甚至在第二次世界大战期间。 even during World War II.
虽然战列舰可能仍在发挥作用 While battleships may have still played
战争中的一个重要角色， an important role in the war,
有一个新的选手在水上称霸。 there was a new player who took supremacy on the water.
在两次世界大战之间的岁月里， In the years between the World Wars,
海军条约限制新的或改装的航空母舰。 naval treaties restricted new or converted aircraft carriers.
1922年的华盛顿条约只允许国家 The 1922 Washington Treaty only allowed nations
要把两艘船改装成航空母舰， to convert two ships into aircraft carriers,
最大排水量33000吨。 with a maximum 33,000-ton displacement.
新的航母必须更小， New carriers had to be even smaller,
任何人都不允许携带超过8英寸的枪支。 and none were allowed to be armed with guns larger than eight inches.
随着战争的进行， As the war progressed,
航空母舰作为一种主要的战斗力量而留下了印记。 aircraft carriers made their mark as a dominant fighting force.
一艘战舰可以在大约20英里的范围内进行攻击。 A battleship could attack over a range of around 20 miles.
航空母舰可以起飞飞机 An aircraft carrier could launch planes
射程是它的十倍以上。 capable of more than 10 times that range.
第二次世界大战开始时， At the beginning of World War II,
大多数国家——日本、英国、美国—— most nations - Japan, Great Britain, the United States -
已部署的航空母舰； fielded aircraft carriers,
而航空母舰，一开始， and aircraft carriers, at the very beginning,
扮演了一个非常积极的角色。 took a very active role.
在战争期间率先使用航空母舰 Leading the charge on the use of aircraft carriers during the war
是美国和日本。 were the US and Japan.
在20世纪30年代早期， In the early 1930s,
美国海军的能力正在下降。 the capacity of the US Navy was dwindling.
努力转向建造新船 Efforts turned to building new ships
在罗斯福总统计划的帮助下 with help from President Roosevelt's plans
为了国家的经济复苏。 for the economic recovery of the nation.
来自1933年国家工业复兴法案的资金 Funds from the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
着手设计和建造一艘新的航空母舰。 went towards designing and building a new aircraft carrier.
这是约克镇班。 This was the Yorktown class.
“约克镇”号有 The Yorktown had
标准排水量25,600吨 a standard displacement of 25,600 tons
并且可以到达： and could reach:
虽然这艘船最多可以搭载96架飞机， While the ship could carry up to 96 planes,
更现实的情况是，它的载重量在80左右。 it more realistically carried around 80.
大多数是18架飞机中队，要么是俯冲轰炸机， Most were 18-plane squadrons of either dive bombers,
鱼雷轰炸机或鱼雷战斗机 torpedo bombers or fighters.
这艘船最引人注目的是三个电梯， What really stood out for this ship was three elevators,
一个在船前，一个在船中，一个在船尾。 one forward, one amidships, one aft.
它允许船 It allowed the ship
为了让飞机快速降落到甲板上， to stage aircraft quickly to the deck,
为了发射和回收它们， to launch and recover them,
独特的开放式机库设计， and with a unique open-hangar design,
这让他们可以在机库甲板上操纵飞机，让它们热身， it allowed them to run the aircraft in the hangar deck, warm them up,
武装飞机，真正让飞机掉头 arm the planes, and really turn around aircraft
以一种非常有效的方式。 in a very efficient manner.
设计如此复杂的航母是一项昂贵的努力， Design of a carrier this complex was an expensive endeavour,
成本相当于每吨近1000美元。 costing the equivalent of nearly $1,000 per ton.
建造前两艘约克镇级航母 Construction of the first two Yorktown-class carriers
开始于1934年5月和7月。 started in May and July of 1934.
这是约克镇号和进取号。 These were the Yorktown and the Enterprise.
两者都是在同一时间在同一造船厂建造的。 Both were built in the same shipyard at the same time.
“约克镇”号是第一艘服役的 The Yorktown was the first to be commissioned into service
1937年9月， in September 1937,
紧接着是1938年7月的企业号。 followed soon after by the Enterprise in July 1938.
“约克镇”级航母将继续升级 The Yorktown-class carriers would continue to be upgraded
在整个战争期间。 throughout the war.
1940年，他们安装了新的雷达技术 In 1940, they were fitted with new radar technology
它可以探测到100英里外的飞机。 that could detect aircraft up to 100 miles away.
美国可以在航母游戏中提供帮助， The US could help with the aircraft carrier game,
美国现在正在建造大型航空母舰 and the US now was building large aircraft carriers
去轰炸日本的大型战舰 to bomb the big Japanese battleships.
企业号也将得到升级 The Enterprise would also get an upgrade
1943年和1945年的高射炮。 to its anti-aircraft battery guns in 1943, and again in 1945.
企业号，也就是大E号， The Enterprise, or the big E,
参加了几乎所有的主要海战 participated in almost every major naval battle
获得了20颗战斗星， of the Second World War, earning 20 battle stars,
比美国海军的任何一艘船都多。 more than any other ship in the US Navy.
当人们想到太平洋第二次世界大战时 When people think of World War II in the Pacific
他们想到航空母舰， and they think of aircraft carriers,
我想到的是进取号。 it is the Enterprise that comes to mind.
在飞机和大炮之间， Between its planes and mounted guns,
企业号击落了900多架敌机 the Enterprise took down more than 900 enemy aircraft
它的轰炸机击沉了71艘船。 and its bombers sunk 71 ships.
昭角级航空母舰诞生 The Shokaku-class aircraft carrier was created
作为日本1937年舰队补给计划的一部分… as part of Japan's 1937 Fleet Replenishment Program...
．．一个程序也负责 ..a program also responsible
大和号和武藏号战列舰的建造 for the creation of the Yamato and Musashi battleships.
1937年日本在中国发动战争时， When Japan started the war in China in 1937,
日本是最早使用战略轰炸的国家之一 Japan was one of the first to use strategic bombing
上海的城市。 of the city of Shanghai.
日本海军 Japanese Navy
提出机动战略轰炸的概念。 developed the concept of mobile strategic bombing campaign.
从那时起，日本人开始建造大型航空母舰 From that, Japanese started to build large aircraft carriers
比如Shokaku和Zuikaku like Shokaku and Zuikaku,
可以搭载30多架飞机。 which can carry over 30 some planes on board.
Shokaku是为速度、航程和空气动力学设计的 The Shokaku was designed for speed, range, aerodynamics
和一个大的飞机容量。 and a large aircraft capacity.
它的最高速度超过34节 Its top speed was over 34 knots,
比美国的约克镇级航母还要快。 faster than America's Yorktown-class carriers.
最初设计承载96架飞机， Originally designed to carry 96 planes,
随后降级为72， this was downgraded to 72,
加: plus:
这样就可以迅速做好战斗准备 that could be quickly readied for battle -
相似的数字 similar numbers
约克镇号的作战能力 to the operational capacity of the Yorktown.
日本海军在整个30年代， The Japanese Navy had, throughout the 1930s,
将航空母舰视为进攻性武器， seen aircraft carriers as an offensive weapon,
能自行攻击敌人的。 capable of striking at enemies in its own right.
航母的设计反映了这一点， Carrier designs reflected this,
减少对抗伤害的重视 putting less emphasis on damage resistance
比美国海军舰艇还要多。 than US Navy ships.
但钓鱼岛改变了这一点。 But the Shokaku changed this.
为了追求完美的载体， In pursuit of the perfect carrier,
日本海军联合 the Japanese navy combined
他们之前的航母有什么成功之处 what worked about their previous carriers
拥有更好的盔甲和防御武器。 with better armour and defensive weapons.
Shokaku的武器是 The Shokaku was armed with
八门5英寸的远程防空炮 eight 5-inch long-range air-defence cannons,
连同12个三联支架 along with 12 triple mounts,
每人携带三门1英寸近程高射炮。 each carrying three 1-inch short-range anti-aircraft guns.
在战争期间，这些设施得到了扩展。 These were then expanded over the course of the war.
当建造这艘完美的新航母的时候， When it came time to build this new perfect carrier,
有一个值得注意的限制 there was one notable limitation -
日本只有四个造船厂有能力建造它， Japan only had four shipyards capable of building it,
其中两个正忙着建造超级战舰。 two of which were busy building super battleships.
建造每艘船也要花很长时间。 It was also going to take a long time to build each ship.
这些设计注重质量而非数量， These were designed for quality over quantity,
制作时间反映了这一事实。 and the production time reflected that fact.
建造两艘Shokaku船中的第一艘 Construction of the first of the two Shokaku ships
分属两个造船厂。 was split over two shipyards.
昭阁岛于1937年12月12日建成， The Shokaku was laid down on the 12th of December, 1937,
在横须贺海军造船厂。 at the Yokosuka Navy Yard.
5个月后，它的姊妹船“Zuikaku”号下水 Its sister ship, the Zuikaku, was laid down five months later
5月25日。1938年，在川崎造船厂。 on the 25th of May,. 1938, at the Kawasaki Dockyard.
在构建过程中更改设计 Design changes mid-build
这意味着两艘船的建造都被推迟了， meant construction was delayed on both ships,
但到了1941年底，两艘船完工了， but by late 1941, the two ships were complete,
冲到终点确保 rushed to the finish line to ensure
他们已经做好了参与的准备 they were ready to participate
在偷袭珍珠港事件中 in the attack on Pearl Harbour.
(尖叫) (SCREAMS)
航空母舰可以搭载数百架飞机 The aircraft carriers could carry hundreds of planes
穿越太平洋袭击珍珠港 across the Pacific to attack Pearl Harbour,
这在当时几乎是不可想象的。 which was, up to that point, almost unthinkable.
美国人不相信日本人有能力做出这样的事， Americans did not believe Japanese were capable of doing such a thing,
比如使用航空母舰 like using aircraft carriers
把轰炸机和战斗机带到瓦胡岛 to bring bombers and fighters to Oahu Island.
(塞壬哀号) (SIRENS WAIL)
(枪声) (GUNFIRE)
两艘船都在战争结束前被击沉， Both ships were sunk before the end of the war,
1944年6月的钓鱼岛 the Shokaku in June, 1944,
同年10月的瑞卡库。 the Zuikaku in October the same year.
但在它们服役的大约三年里， But for the roughly three years they were in service,
Shokaku和Zuikaku将会参与 the Shokaku and Zuikaku would participate
在太平洋战场上一些最重要的战役中 in some of the most important battles of the Pacific theatre,
由航母和飞机主导的战争， battles that were dominated by carriers and their aircraft,
发挥关键作用 demonstrating the crucial role
像昭角级航空母舰这样的航母 that carriers like the Shokaku-class aircraft carrier
战争时期演奏的。 played during the war.
航空母舰可能是海上霸主， Aircraft carriers may have reigned supreme on the water,
但控制深海的是潜艇， but it was submarines that controlled the depths,
成为平民船队的祸害 becoming the scourge of civilian shipping convoys
在战争期间。 during the war.
这是一个海军前线 This was a naval front
德国在这方面取得了令人难以置信的成功 where Germany was incredibly successful.
德国的地理位置构成了一个独特的挑战 Germany's location posed a unique challenge
他们的海军作战。 to their naval operations.
主要船只位于基尔和威廉港的船厂， Key shipping, located at yards in Kiel and Wilhelmshaven,
必须通过狭窄的航道 had to make it past narrow shipping lanes
在不列颠群岛周围 around the British Isles
为了到达相对安全的公海， to reach the relative safety of the open ocean,
这意味着英国可以有效封锁德国。 meaning Britain could effectively blockade Germany.
潜艇，或德国人所说的u型潜艇， The submarine, or U-boat, as it was known in Germany,
将帮助德国海军解决这个问题。 would help the German Navy answer this problem.
卡尔·邓尼茨负责潜艇部队。 LAWRENCE PATERSON: Karl Donitz was in charge of the U-boat service.
德国的u型潜艇计划 German plans for the U-boats,
它应该是一部分 it was supposed to be part
雷德尔上将所说的“平衡舰队”， of what Admiral Raeder called "balanced fleet,"
平衡舰队主要由水面舰艇组成， and the balanced fleet is comprised mainly of surface ships,
u型潜艇被视为这支舰队的延伸， and U-boats were seen as an extension of that fleet,
不是它自己的事。 not its own thing.
设计和制造了许多版本的u型潜艇， Many versions of U-boats were designed and built,
但VII型会变成 but the Type VII would become
德国潜艇部队的主力 the workhorse of the German U-boat force.
VII型建造相对便宜 The Type VII was relatively cheap to build
所以很容易大规模生产， and so was easy to mass produce,
但这仍然是一项艰巨的任务 but it was still a massive undertaking
大量建造 to build in high numbers.
VII型无法快速建造， The Type VII could not be built quickly,
也无法按照邓尼茨想要的数量生产。 and it couldn't be built in the numbers that Donitz wanted.
他认为u型潜艇是唯一的出路 He saw the U-boats as the only way
赢得对英战争的胜利 of really winning the war against Britain.
全国16家造船厂建造了vii型， 16 shipyards around the country built Type VIIs,
甚至有更多的公司参与了零部件的生产。 and even more companies were involved in producing parts.
在德国最大的造船厂之一Blohm & Voss船厂， At the Blohm & Voss shipyard, one of Germany's largest,
一艘VII型潜艇可以用以前设计的一半时间建造； a Type VII U-boat could be built in half the time of previous designs:
战争期间总共建造了709艘VII型u艇， In total, 709 Type VII U-boats were built during the war,
在总共建造的1162艘u型潜艇中占很大比例。 a huge proportion of the 1,162 total U-boats built.
在战争初期， In the early years of the war,
u型潜艇单独行动，瞄准商船， U-boats operated solo and targeted merchant vessels,
他们的成功部分是由于英国没有做好准备 their success in part due to Britain's unpreparedness
在潜艇战中， for submarine warfare,
但到了1941年初，一种新的u型潜艇方法出现了。 but by early 1941 a new U-boat approach was emerging.
法国曾在1940年被德国人打败 Once France had been beaten in 1940 by the Germans
占领了整个大西洋海岸 and occupied the entire Atlantic coast,
邓尼茨意识到，在法国部署u型潜艇， Donitz realised that, by basing U-boats in France,
你不再有痛苦的旅程 you no longer had that torturous journey
才能进入大西洋 to get into the Atlantic,
它带你游览了大不列颠北部。 which took you around the north of Great Britain.
它在皇家海军面前不堪一击。 It was very vulnerable to the Royal Navy.
从法国和挪威的新基地， From new bases in France and Norway,
u型潜艇开始成群结队地航行，盟军称之为“狼群”。 U-boats began travelling in groups known to the allies as wolfpacks.
这些狼群会在跨大西洋航线上捕食 These wolfpacks would prey on transatlantic shipping lines,
温斯顿·丘吉尔曾考虑过他们的影响 their impact considered by Winston Churchill
成为英国生存的最大威胁之一 to be one of the greatest threats to Britain's survival.
我评估潜艇的危险性 While I rate the U-boat danger
作为我们必须面对的最伟大的， as still the greatest we have to face,
我有良好而清醒的自信 I have a good and sober confidence
它不仅会得到解决和控制， that it will not only be met and contained,
但是克服。 but overcome.
在洛里昂和圣纳泽尔， At Lorient and St-Nazaire,
法国人已经建立了潜艇基地。 the French had already built submarine bases.
第一艘德国潜艇开进了洛里昂的基地 The first German U-boat was moved into the base at Lorient
1940年7月7日 on the 7th of July 1940,
但仅仅一个月后英国皇家空军 but only a month later the British Royal Air Force
对基地进行了第一次大规模空袭。 conducted their first major air attack on the base.
德国人很快就明白了 The Germans quickly learned
他们需要更坚固的防御工事。 they would need heavier fortifications.
u型潜艇笔的想法 The idea of a U-boat pen
是给船厂一个维修区吗 is to give a shipyard maintenance area
受到空袭的保护。 protected by aerial attack.
于是，一项为德国u型潜艇建造基地的雄心勃勃的计划开始了 And so began an ambitious program to build bases for German U-boats
都是重兵把守 that were so heavily fortified,
他们可以抵挡任何盟军的进攻。 they could withstand any Allied attack.
升级很快就开始了 Upgrades were soon underway
改善洛里昂和圣纳泽尔， to improve Lorient and St-Nazaire,
同时建造另外三个潜艇围栏 along with building three more U-boat pens
在布雷斯特，拉帕利斯和波尔多 at Brest, La Pallice and Bordeaux,
这是一项需要数年才能完成的艰巨任务。 a massive task that would take years to complete.
这是一件混乱无序的事情， It was a chaotically mismanaged kind of thing,
但这些建筑是由一个叫弗里茨·托德的人管理的， but these constructions were run by a man called Fritz Todt,
他有一个非常有效的劳工组织。 and he had a labour organisation which was actually very effective.
这是一项非凡的工程成就。 It's a remarkable engineering achievement.
在一个叫克罗曼的地方 You have in a place called Keroman -
这是Keroman 1 2 3号。 so there was Keroman 1, 2 and 3.
克罗曼3号实际上是在水上， And Keroman 3 is actually on the water,
这样你就可以开着潜艇冲进去了 so you could sail a U-boat into it
它可以停泊在这些他们称之为“湿栏”的东西里。 and it could moor inside these, what they call the wet pens.
克罗曼3号是最后建造的地堡。 Keroman 3 was the last bunker to be built.
它有7个围栏和一个超过7.5米厚的屋顶。 It contained seven pens and a roof that was more than 7.5m thick.
在圣纳泽尔建造的u型潜艇 The U-boat pen built at St Nazaire
近300米长，19米高， was nearly 300 metres long and 19 metres high,
占地面积三万九千平方米。 covering a total area of 39,000 square metres..
一个需要48万平方米混凝土的结构。 A structure requiring 480,000 square metres of concrete.
每个设施都是自己的村庄，不仅容纳潜艇， Each facility was its own village, housing not only the submarines,
但一切都需要维护 but everything needed to maintain
潜艇和船员。 the submarines and their crews.
这个想法是一站式服务。 The idea was to one-stop shop.
潜艇来了，有些笔是湿的， The U-boat comes in and some of these pens are wet,
有些人是有能力的 some of them are capable
然后被封起来，排干水， of then being sealed off and drained,
所以你有一个干船坞。 so you've got a dry dock.
他们巡逻回来后总是需要做很多工作。 They always needed a lot of work once they'd come back from patrol.
有些巡逻时间非常长， Some of these patrols were incredibly lengthy,
这些地堡的技术成就 so the technological achievement of these bunkers
真的很了不起。 is really quite something.
这些巨大的建筑也是一项令人难以置信的后勤壮举。 These massive structures were also an incredible logistical feat.
供应问题意味着大部分的钢铁 Supply issues meant that much of the steel
都是从德国运来的 had to be shipped in from Germany.
在被占领的法国，获得当地劳动力 Access to a local workforce in occupied France
不难理解， was unsurprisingly difficult,
所以工人也必须被运来，虽然不是所有人都愿意。 so workers had to be shipped in as well, not all willingly.
黑暗的一面，当然，还有奴隶劳动。 The dark side of it all, of course, you also had slave labour.
你确实把集中营里的人带进来了。 You did have people from concentration camps brought in.
所需的资源是巨大的。 The resources required were massive.
这对德国来说很困难，因为它的资源有限。 It would be difficult for Germany because it had limited resources.
潜艇笔的大部分工作是在法国完成的 Most work on the U-boat pens in France took place
1941年至1942年期间，还有一段时间，u型潜艇的钢笔 over 1941 to 1942, and, for a time, the U-boat pens
使天平严重偏向德国一方 tipped the balance heavily in Germany's favour.
他们能够迅速部署他们的u艇狼群 They were able to quickly deploy their U-boat wolfpacks
在大西洋追捕商船 to hunt down merchant vessels in the Atlantic.
英国是世界上最大的造船国 Britain was the world's largest shipbuilder
就在二战之前。 just before World War II.
然而，战争开始后， However, after the war began,
他们的造船厂造不出足够的货船 their shipyards could not build enough cargo ships
以弥补潜艇的损失 to keep up with U-boat losses
同时建造更多的战舰。 and at the same time build more warships.
而这支笔却岿然不动 While the pen stood strong
经历了数百次盟军的轰炸 through hundreds of Allied bombardments,
1941年，u型潜艇摧毁了290万吨盟军船只， in 1941, U-boats destroyed 2.9 million tons of Allied shipping,
达到了有效封锁英格兰的目的 delivering on their purpose to effectively blockade England,
摧毁了盟军无法弥补的物资， destroying more goods than the allies could replace,
所以他们别无选择，只能投降。 so they had no choice but to surrender.
货船运送战争所需的一切物资， Cargo ships moved everything needed to fight a war,
更重要的是， and, more importantly,
为像英国这样的岛国提供衣食和物资 to feed, clothe and supply island nations like Britain.
所以丘吉尔说u型潜艇 And that's why Churchill said that U-boats
威胁到大西洋补给线 which threatened the Atlantic supply line
是唯一真正让他害怕的东西。 were the only thing that ever really frightened him.
同时进行扩建部分设施的建设工作 While construction work to expand some of the facilities
一直到1943年， continued into 1943,
德国潜艇的统治已经走到了尽头。 the reign of the U-boat was already coming to an end.
在1943年, In 1943,
u型潜艇的狼群被摧毁了 the U-boat wolfpacks took down
超过六百万吨的盟军船只 over six million tons of Allied shipping -
如果单独来看，这个数字是巨大的， a huge number when looked at in isolation,
但这一数字并不能说明中国日益增长的实力 but a number that doesn't account for the growing strength
美国工业机器的雏形 of the American industrial machine.
在同一时期，美国造船厂交付了大量的航母 In the same period, American shipyards delivered
新增商船1800万吨 18 million tons of new merchant shipping -
是德国u型潜艇击沉能力的三倍。 three times what the German U-boats were able to sink.
随着盟军航运业的扩张， As Allied shipping was expanding,
由于空中支援的改善，u型潜艇的损失在上升， U-boat losses were on the rise, thanks to improved air support,
解密了u艇通信和新的声纳技术。 decrypted U-boat communications and new sonar technology.
英国和美国的科学家和工程师携手合作 British and American scientists and engineers worked hand in hand
发展机载雷达 to develop airborne radar
使得轰炸机能够摧毁纳粹的战争生产。 that allowed bombers to destroy Nazi war production.
但到1942年，美国建造了数以万计的潜艇 But by 1942, America was building tens of thousands of them
英国和美国的飞机。 for both British and American aircraft.
现在，轰炸机可以利用雷达穿透云层和黑暗， Now, bombers could use radar to see through clouds and darkness,
袭击纳粹工厂和军事目标 to hit Nazi factories and military targets,
巡逻机使用雷达在海上发现潜艇。 and patrol planes used radar to find submarines at sea.
到1943年5月，德国以每天一艘的速度失去u型潜艇， By May 1943, Germany was losing U-boats at the rate of one per day,
到那个月底 and by the end of that month
他们损失了大西洋u型潜艇舰队的五分之一。 they had lost one fifth of their Atlantic U-boat fleet.
命令下达于1943年5月24日， The order was given on the 24th of May, 1943,
将狼群撤出大西洋 to withdraw the wolfpacks from the Atlantic
面对曾经无懈可击的力量 and against the once-unassailable strength
u型潜艇的钢笔 of the U-boat pens,
盟军正在制造威力越来越大的炸弹。 the allies were building increasingly powerful bombs.
1944年和1945年， In 1944 and 1945,
英国人开始使用重达12000磅的高脚男孩炸弹 the British began to use their 12,000-pound Tallboy bomb
然后是它的老大哥，22000英镑的大满贯。 and later its big brother, the 22,000-pound Grand Slam.
两架飞机都是为了达到超音速而设计的， Both were designed to reach supersonic speeds,
在爆炸前猛烈撞击地面。 slamming deep into the ground before exploding.
这将产生地震效应 This would create an earthquake effect
具有破坏性的 capable of damaging
高度加固的混凝土和钢结构， heavily fortified concrete and steel structures,
即使不是直接命中。 even if not a direct hit.
这终于是一种能造成伤害的武器了 This was finally a weapon capable of dealing damage
大多数德国u型潜艇的钢笔。 to most German U-boat pens.
他们终于设法穿透了布雷斯特地堡的屋顶 They finally managed to penetrate the roof of the Brest bunker
用高跷炸弹。 with a Tallboy bomb.
这些东西是巨大的。 These things are enormous.
这些炸弹的存在本身就说明了威胁有多大 The mere existence of these bombs shows how much of a menace
德国潜艇对协约国来说 the U-boat was to the allies.
但德国并不是唯一一个扩大潜艇力量的国家 But Germany wasn't the only nation expanding their submarine force
二战期间。 during World War II.
像英国和美国这样的国家正在发展自己的能力。 Nations like Britain and the US were growing their own capability.
而希特勒无视条约的限制 While Hitler was disregarding limitations that treaties had placed
德国的潜艇部队，20世纪30年代中期的英国 on Germany's submarine force, the mid-1930s saw Britain
试图在条约体系的范围内工作。 attempting to work within the limits of the treaty system.
1934年，英国海军下令发展 In 1934, the British Navy ordered the development
一艘简单的潜水艇。 of a small, simple submarine.
它的目的是反潜训练 Its purpose was anti-submarine training
短程巡逻， and short-range patrols,
舰上携带少量鱼雷。 with a small amount of torpedo capability on board.
私人制造商维克斯-阿姆斯特朗 Private manufacturer Vickers-Armstrongs
将建造三艘船， would construct three boats,
这是第一个新的unity类设计。 the first of this new Unity-class design.
后来被称为u级， Later known as U-class,
这些船是最小的潜艇 these boats were the smallest submarines
英国在第一次世界大战结束后建造的。 Britain had built since the end of the First World War.
它们很容易操纵 They were easy to manoeuvre
在水下也能很好地工作， and worked well under water,
但从表面上看，他们行动缓慢， but on the surface they were slow,
一个被认为不重要的问题， an issue that wasn't seen as significant,
考虑到他们的任务是短程巡逻。 given they were destined for short-range patrols.
在1936年到1939年间， Between 1936 and 1939,
潜艇经过了一系列的改进， the submarine went through a series of improvements,
包括更多的鱼雷舱 including more torpedo bays
改进了螺旋桨的设计。 and improved propeller design.
随着战争的威胁逐渐逼近， Then, with the threat of war looming,
u级被推向了更高的产量。 the U-class was pushed into higher production volumes.
愿上帝保佑她和所有乘坐她的人 God bless her, and all who sail in her
从1939年到1942年， From 1939 to 1942,
潜艇分三个阶段建造。 submarines were constructed in three phases.
最初，一半是u级潜艇 Initially, half were U-class submarines
根据战争紧急计划 under the War Emergency Program.
其中34架是在1940年到1941年的项目中建造的， 34 were built in the 1940 to '41 programs,
最后的21 with the final 21
完成于1941年至1942年，主要由维克斯-阿姆斯特朗完成。 completed between 1941 and 1942, mostly by Vickers-Armstrongs.
每一轮订单都有更多的设计改进。 Each round of orders saw more design improvements.
u级潜艇不仅是战时受欢迎的潜艇， The U-class was not only a popular submarine during the war,
它在战场上也站稳了脚跟。 it also held its own in the battlefield.
其中一人击沉了两艘护卫舰 One was responsible for sinking two escorts
德国提尔皮茨号战列舰 of Germany's Tirpitz battleship.
它可能已经开始了它的生命 It may have started its life
设计用于反潜训练， designed for anti-submarine training,
但在战争结束时， but by the end of the war,
共有72艘u级潜艇服役。 there were 72 U-class submarines commissioned.
20人在战争中丧生。 20 were lost during the war.
一些人将在英国盟友的海军中航行。 Some would sail in the navies of Britain's allies.
当英国建造小型短程u级时， While Britain was building the small, short-range U-class,
美国正在努力解决这个问题 America was grappling with the need
用于自给自足的远程潜艇。 for self-sufficient long-range submarines.
美国潜艇是在二战前建造的， US submarines were built, prior to World War II,
他们将扮演舰队支援的角色。 with the idea that they would be in a fleet-support role.
珍珠港事件改变了这一切。 That all changed with the attack on Pearl Harbour.
美国决定不仅针对日本舰队， The US decided to target not just the Japanese fleet,
但日本商船 but the Japanese merchant marine,
这就需要大量的潜艇。 and that was going to require a large number of submarines.
他们的答案是600万美元的加托级潜艇。 Their answer to this was the $6 million Gato-class submarine.
建于战争时期， Built during the war,
加托级不受尺寸限制， the Gato-class wasn't subject to the size limitations,
结果证明了这一点。 and it showed.
的Gato-class The Gato-class
是最大规模生产的潜艇之一吗 was among the largest mass-produced submarines
建于战争时期。 built during the war.
它有95米长，更大 At 95m long, it was bigger
比任何德国u型潜艇都强 than any German U-boat.
它也是为了舒适而建造的。 It was also built for comfort.
美国潜艇的特点很独特 The US submarine featured unique things
比如德国潜艇缺乏的暖气和空调， like heat and air conditioning, something German submarines lacked,
它是为长期运行而设计的。 and it was designed for long-term operations.
美国人设想潜艇从基地出动， The Americans envisioned submarines sortieing from bases,
长时间巡逻， being on patrol for extended periods of time,
然后回来，一遍又一遍地重复。 and then returning back and repeating over and over again.
第一艘加托级潜艇的龙骨 The keel for the first Gato-class submarine
建于1940年11月4日。 was laid on the 4th of November, 1940.
这是美国海军银边号，花了473天建造。 This was the USS Silversides, which took 473 days to build.
为了提高生产速度，多个造船厂参与其中 To increase production speed, multiple shipyards were involved
制造加托级潜艇 in manufacturing Gato-class submarines.
有些人以前没有工作经验。 Some had no previous experience.
在朴茨茅斯海军造船厂， At the Portsmouth Navy Shipyard,
组件预制 prefabrication of components
是用来缩短构建时间的。 were used to bring down the build time.
它的姊妹潜艇思科号 The USS Cisco, a sister submarine,
从船体铺设开始只用了56天 took just 56 days from the laying down of its hull
完成：达到完成 to reach completion.
海军不断改变设计 Constant design changes from the Navy
通常必须合并到正在进行的构建中 often had to be incorporated into builds-in-progress -
一个不利于大规模生产技术的因素。 a factor working against mass-production techniques.
但是这些设计上的改变帮助了加藤级 But these design changes helped the Gato-class
提高它在战斗中的表现。 improve its performance in battle.
其中包括更快的潜水时间，更好的武器装备， Among them were faster dive times, better armaments,
更可靠的引擎， and more reliable engines,
以及建立多个造船厂的策略 and the strategy to bring on multiple shipyards
大规模生产加托级成功了 to mass produce the Gato-class worked,
到战争结束时共建造了77艘潜艇。 with 77 submarines completed by the end of the war.
那是一艘加托级潜艇，卡瓦拉号， It was a Gato-class submarine, the Cavalla,
最终摧毁了日本最臭名昭著的船只之一， that ultimately took down one of Japan's most infamous vessels,
1944年6月沉没的“钓鱼岛”号航空母舰 the Shokaku aircraft carrier, sunk in June 1944.
在第二次世界大战中，美国潜艇被证明是决定性因素 In World War II, US submarines proved to be the decisive element
在抗日战争中。 in the fight against Japan.
美国潜艇意义重大 American submarines were significant
不仅击沉了日本海军军舰 in sinking not just Japanese Navy warships
但这是商船。 but its merchant marine.
他们扼杀了日本人，剥夺了他们的石油， They were able to strangle the Japanese, deprive it of oil,
自然资源 natural resources
最终导致了日本的灭亡 that would eventually have led to the fall of Japan.
在第二次世界大战前的几年里，每个国家的海军实力 In the years before World War II, the strength of each nation's navy
是由一套复杂的条约体系定义的… was defined by a complex system of treaties...
．．其目的的协议 ..agreements whose purpose
是为了避免另一场全球冲突的恐怖…… was to stave off the horrors of another global conflict...
．．但最终只是推迟了 ..but which ultimately only delayed
而不是阻止它发生。 rather than prevented it from happening.
随着战争威胁的逼近， As the threat of war loomed,
各国不得不推动大规模升级 nations had to drive a massive escalation
他们的海军生产能力… of their naval production capacity...
．．在更短的时间内建造更多船只的竞赛 ..a race to build more ships in less time
他们更强壮，更快，武器更好 that were stronger and faster and better armed
比他们之前的任何一个都好。 than any before them.
出于这种需要，出现了新的海军战略， Out of this necessity emerged new naval strategies,
其中一些仍然是现代战争的核心。 some of which remain at the core of modern warfare.
红蜂传媒(c) SBS澳大利亚2024 Captions by Red Bee Media (c) SBS Australia 2024