你[音乐] you [Music]
大家好，大家好，希望大家在那里 hello everybody everyone in this room and hopefully lots of you out there in
我想向大家介绍这个部门的安娜和约翰 the virtual world I'd like to introduce Anna and John who's in the department
物理学博士的学生即将毕业，他的工作是另一个 physics PhD student is a soon-to-be graduating and his work is another very
介电元表面光学的激动人心的领域，这就是他要 exciting field of dielectric meta surface optics so that's he's going to
说说今天，UW是他所在的GW组，是呃Erica和John， talk about today and UW's a the GW group that he's in is uh Erica with John with
吉姆·瑟伯（Jim Thurber）对不起 Jim Thurber whoo Jim da Majumdar sorry about that
和出色的工作，每个人都应该在网络上查看它 and fantastic work and everyone should check it out on the web Thanks Thanks so
是的，我是艾伦，我是物理学研究生，我想介绍一下 yeah I am Allen and I'm a physics graduate student and I'd like to present
我在电介质设计和优化方面所做的一些工作 some of the work that I've done on the design and optimization of dielectric
金属表面光学器件在听取呈现时的一些背景 metal surface optics in listen to presenting some of the context that the
我的叉子适合的工作，所以在我想谈光学之前，我想先 work my fork fits into so before I want to talk about optics before I want to
谈论表面我通常想谈论光学 talk about a surface I'd like to talk about optics in general the first thing
当我想到光学是图片时，我想到了很多 that comes to my mind when I think about optics are pictures and many many
包括我在内的表面研究人员非常从事制作 surface researchers including myself are very much in the business of making
像他们这样描述人眼是否对我有帮助，因为我 pictures whether they're for human eyes like these which helped me because I
对图像成像有不良视力，或者如果我们对大型物体成像感兴趣 have bad vision to make images or if we're interested in imaging large things
像使用这架望远镜那样遥远，或者如果我们有兴趣 that are far away like that using this telescope or if we're interested in
使用这种显微镜成像相对较近的小物体 imaging small things that are relatively close using this kind of microscope
显微镜物镜，所以它们都是非常漂亮的光学元件，它们可以正常工作 microscope objective so these are all some pretty nice optics and they work
的确很好，但自1800年代后期以来，它们就广为人知， really well but they've been known since like the late 1800s and as optical
我们一直想进一步推动研究人员以获得更好的功能的研究人员 researchers we always want to push further to get better functionalities
因此，我们目前正在以许多不同的方式推动我们的光学硬件 and so we're currently pushing our optical Hardware in many different ways
在我的研究中，我想推动它的小型化和 and in my research I want to push it in terms of miniaturization and
功能，所以首先谈论小型化有很多 functionality so first talk about miniaturization there a lot of
需要紧凑型光学系统（包括物联网）的应用程序 applications for needing compact optical systems including Internet of Things
适用于自动驾驶汽车的智能手机激光雷达，然后 smartphones lidar for autonomous vehicles and then
真正有趣的一件事是 one thing that is actually really interesting is in like fundamental
生物学研究，实际上这是一个很小的范围 biological studies where this is actually the mini scope it's a
大约只有拳头大小或更小的显微镜 microscope that's about the size of your fist or smaller and it's small enough
足够轻便，可以将其放在鼠标头顶上，并且它可以 and light enough such that you can put it on a top of a mouse's head and it can
实际上可以实时监控体内的神经元放电，这让我有点 actually monitor neurons firing in vivo in real time and that makes me a little
令人毛骨悚然，但它也真的是很酷的超级研究，所以另一件事是 squeamish but it's also really cool super research and so another thing that
我们真的很感兴趣，而且功能不断增加，我想很多 we're really interested and it's increasing functionality I think a lot
这里的人们会认识到Kinect是最早的商业广告之一 of people here will recognize the Kinect which is one of the first commercial
真正推动或不推动3d 3d视觉的产品3d成像的3d视觉和 products that really pushed 3d 3d vision or not 3d vision 3d of 3d imaging and
深度感应，这个想法对我们来说也很有趣 depth sensing and something that is also really interesting for us is this idea
的无源光学计算，所以这里是场景的小波变换和一个 of passive optical computing so here is a wavelet transform of a scene and one
我们想要做的事情是，我们可以将光学元件视为 of the things that we want to do is can we think of optical elements as
执行某种无源光学计算，这可能很简单 performing some kind of passive optical computation this can be as simple as
像是在焦点处产生傅立叶变换的镜头之类的东西， something like a lens that produces a fourier transform at its focal point or
也许更有趣的东西，例如分类器，例如图像 maybe something more interesting like a classifier so something like an image
识别任务，我们可以使这些无源光学组件做到这些吗？ recognition task can we make these passive optical components do these
不使用任何电子电源的任务，当然我在这里 tasks without using any kind of electronic power and of course I'm here
告诉您元表面是解决方案或至少一部分 to tell you that meta surfaces are the solution or at least part of the
解决我们面临的所有这些问题的方法，所以当我们谈论 solution to all of these problems that we're facing and so when we talk about
元表面金属表面实际上是衍射光学的一种形式 meta surfaces metal surfaces are actually a form of diffractive optics
当我们谈论衍射光学时，我们真正关心的是 when we talk about diffractive optics what we're really concerned about is the
波动的光的本质，所以我们不再将光视为射线，而是 wave nature of light so we're no longer thinking of light as a ray but we're
实际上将其视为一波，考虑到这是一波，我们有两个 actually thinking of it as a wave and given that it's a wave we have two
我们可以控制振幅和相位的东西 things we can control amplitude and phase so amplitude
诸如这些波带片之类的衍射光学器件设计得很好，该波带片 diffractive optics such as these zone plates are design well this zone plate
旨在将光聚焦在距离它一定距离的位置上 is designed to focus light at some finite distance away from it and it
通过阻挡不会干扰焦点或光线的光线来发挥作用 functions by blocking light that doesn't interfere at the focal point or an
允许将对焦点产生相长干涉的光 allowing light that will interfere constructively at the focal point to
通过，它对于很多不同的应用（例如X射线）都非常有效 pass and it works quite well for a lot of different applications like x-ray
镜头，但最终如果您想要高效的光学设备， lenses but ultimately if you want an efficient optical device you really
不想挡住一半的光线，所以金属表面通常 don't want to block half of your light so metal surfaces are generally
实现为相位光学元件，所以在这种情况下，这是一个衍射相 implemented as phase optical elements so in this case this is a diffractive phase
元素具有多个级别，然后您可以看到每个级别都有一个 element it has multi levels and then you can see that each of these levels has a
与此不同，这些厚度对应于 different this and these thickness correspond to
光经历的不是元的不同离散相移 different discrete phase shifts that the light experiences that is not a meta
表面好吧，这是一张真实的照片，好吧，有效的光学 surface okay it is an actual picture okay fabricated effective optical
元素，因此，如果我们想了解衍射光学，我们想从 element so if we want to understand diffractive optics we want to go from
折射光学到衍射光学的一种简单方法是 refractive optics to diffractive optics one easy way to do that is to think is
考虑一个镜头，所以如果我们在某些波光学系统中考虑一个镜头，这 to consider a lens so if we consider a lens in some wave optics picture this
镜片的折射率为N，且厚度随空间变化 lens has some refractive index N and it has some spatially varying thickness
沿这个垂直轴，我将其称为X，我们可以描述a的相位 along this vertical axis which I'll call X and we can describe the phase of a of
波长为λ2的光通过此透镜时的波长约为2 pi light with some wavelength lambda passing through this lens as some 2 pi
乘以折射率乘以λ，再乘以一些空间变化的值 times refractive index divided by lambda multiply it by some spatially varying
镜头的厚度，以及您从Wikipedia的这张图片中可以看到的 thickness of the lens and as you can see from this picture from Wikipedia we have
从透镜顶部入射的平面波入射的波 a plane wave incident from the top of the lens the waves that are incident
朝向镜头中心会经历较大的相位延迟，并且它们 towards the center of the lens experience a larger phase delay and they
被延迟，而入射在镜头边缘的波浪光 are delayed whereas the waves light that's incident on the edges of the lens
经历较小的相位延迟，因此允许它们前进，而这 experience a smaller phase delay so they're allowed to advance and this
实际上会导致远场的聚焦效果，所以我们现在了解 actually causes a focusing effect in the far field so now that we understand
光作为波，我们也知道，从信号的角度来看，只有相位之间 light as a wave we also know that from a signals perspective only phases between
0和2pi表示任何意义，因此我们不必真正考虑整个镜头 0 and 2pi mean anything so we don't have to actually think about this entire lens
作为整个光学元件，我们可以切掉一堆 as this entire optical element we can cut away a bunch of the bulk we get
看起来像蕨类植物的镜头，而没有镜头的东西 something that looks something like a fern out lens and this for no lens
具有与传统镜头基本相同的功能 performs basically the same functionality as this conventional lens
可以，但是与我们常规的二维图像不太兼容 does but it's not very compatible with like our conventional two-dimensional
神话练习，所以如果我们想自上而下地进行光刻， mythography practice so if we want to do top-down lithography we can't really
制作这些光滑的曲面，所以我们可以做的是可以离散化元素 make these smooth curved surfaces so we can do is we can discretize our element
分成多个级别，所以在这种情况下，我们又有一些空间变化的厚度 into multi levels so in this case again we have some spatially varying thickness
但是现在它具有离散性，所以每个离散级都有 but now it is of a discrete nature so each of these discrete levels there's
他们中的四个可以实现任何种类的离散相移，所以我们从 four of them can implement any kind of discrete phase shift so we've gone from
连续曲率透镜到多级衍射光学透镜，以及 a continuous curvature lens to a multi-step diffractive optical lens and
这些工作很好，但事实证明，然后使用我们的 these work quite well but it turns out then using our
传统的自上而下的光刻实践第一个几乎是 conventional top-down lithography practices the first one is almost
不可能制造，如果我们想为第二个制造商，第二个制造商仍然很难 impossible to make and the second one is still very hard if we want to do for
面对步骤，我们需要执行四个不同的光刻步骤和四个步骤 face steps we need to do four different steps of lithography and four steps of
发痒，并且很快变得复杂 itching and this gets complicated pretty quickly
因为一般来说，如果您想像八步一样，就需要四个以上的面部步骤 because in general you want more than four face steps if you want like eight
你必须做八点，所以一种方法来制作这种衍射光学器件 you have to do eight so one way to make this these kinds of diffractive optics
与Intel使用的这些自上而下的光刻实践兼容的是 compatible with these like top-down lithography practices that Intel uses is
您可以考虑进行二进制分级，因此在这种情况下，我们将不再实现 you can think about a binary grading so in this case we're no longer achieving
通过调整元素的厚度来实现相位 phase by modulating the thickness of our element we're now achieving phase by
在空间上调节元素的有效索引，因此在这种情况下，您可以 spatially modulating the effective index of our element so in this case you can
看到有一个无效的替代N，现在这个无效 see there's this ineffective that replaces the N and now this ineffective
作为空间的函数，您可以粗略地将其解释为其中的区域 as a function of space and you can crudely construe this to be areas where
物质更多，有效更大，因此经历更大的阶段 there's more material and effective is larger so it experiences a larger phase
延迟和有效范围较小的区域，您的体验会减少相位延迟 delay and areas where an effective is smaller your experience less phase delay
所以或这里的材料较少而有效的较小 so or here's where there's less material and effective is smaller and you
经历较少的相位延迟是一个愚蠢的问题，为什么两者之间的差距 experience less phase delay yeah a stupid question why the gaps between
它们就像左侧的原始连续设计 them like the original continuous design on the left
它确实有一些缺口，厚度接近零，但在最右边 it does have notches where the thickness is nearly zero but on the rightmost side
你之间有很多气隙，所以他们在谈论这些空气 you have lots of air gaps in between yeah so they're talking about these air
差距这实际上不是一个很好的图片，但在这种情况下，这些 gaps this is actually not a very good picture I guess but in this case these
气隙（如果您具有一些在空间上变化的等级，并且具有一些特定的 air gaps if you have some spatially varying grading that has some specific
相位响应就可以了，如果您基本上只是修改职责 phase response like okay from it and if you essentially just modifying the duty
循环越大，气隙越少，您所拥有的材料就越少，并且越小 cycle the bigger the air gaps are the less material you have and the smaller
您的折射率是某种或有效折射率 your refractive index is kind of or effective refractive index is going to
围绕右边一轮的图像，所以无论您有四分之一 be around the image on the round on the right so whatever you have a quarter of
厚度大约为零哦，我明白了，这是有道理的 the thickness goes around zero oh I see I see that makes sense yeah
所以在这方面，当我们谈论衍射光学时，我们也必须谈论 so in this so then when we talk about diffractive optics we also have to talk
关于衍射阶数，如果我们有某种衍射等级 about diffraction orders in general if we have some kind of diffraction grading
具有一些周期性的资本λ和一些具有一定波长的入射光 with some periodicity capital lambda and some incident light with wavelength
λ入射时会入射到该光栅上，不仅会 lambda is incident on this grating as it's transmitted it not only goes
直接通过，但也会影响到所有这些额外的订单 straight through but it also gets diffracted into all these extra orders
如果您的评分周期大于您的评分周期，则通常是这样 and this is true in general if you're grading periodicity is greater than your
工作波长，如果我要制造像镜头一样的东西，我真的想要我的 operating wavelength and if I'm making something like a lens I really want my
光线直射到焦点以及所有这些额外的光线 light to go straight through into the focal point and all this extra light
浪费的钱只会浪费我的效率，所以这是 that's getting wasted is just costing me efficiency and so this is something that
我们可以通过将创建周期减少到低于 we can actually solve by reducing our creating periodicity to below the
工作波长，这样我们就可以证明所有这些 operating wavelength and in this way we can actually show that all of these
更高次的衍射被完全抑制，这 higher orders of diffraction are completely suppressed and this
鉴定实际上就是使我们从衍射光学中脱颖而出的原因 qualification is actually what brings us from diffractive optics specifically
进入金属表面光学器件，因此称为亚波长额定值或零波长 into metal surface optics so these are called sub-wavelength ratings or zeroth
阶光栅，如果我们想使用这些光栅调制相位 order gratings and if we wanted to modulate the phase using these gratings
我们有一些，如果我们想要一些统一的相移，我们可以发送一些 we have some if we want some uniform phase shift we send we can send some
平面波以均匀的梯度分布，然后我们将获得一些均匀的相移和 plane wave at a uniform grading and then we will get some uniform phase shift and
如果我们想要某种空间变化的话，会发出均匀的平面波 a uniform plane wave exiting if we want to have some kind of spatially varying
相移，我们需要在空间上调整评分，因此在这种情况下 phase shift we need to spatially modulate our grading so in this case the
厚或我分级的占空比是线性上升的 thick or the the duty cycle of my grading has been it has a linear ramp
在大多数情况下，这大致对应于线性相移，而您 and that corresponds roughly in most cases to a linear phase shift and you
可以认为线性相移就像光束偏转器一样，所以在 can think of a linear phase shift as something like a beam deflector so in
顶部，我们有一个较高的有效指数，这实际上是或者我们有 the top we have a higher effective index and that is essentially or we have
密度更高的材料，因此我们具有更高的有效指数，这意味着 denser material so we have a higher effective index and that means that
延迟被延迟得更多，所以介电金属表面光学器件是 delay is delayed more so dielectric metal surface optics is a body of
可以追溯到90年代中期的研究，这是最早的研究之一 research that goes back to like the mid 90s this is one of the first works that
已经证明了一种高效率的光学器件，它全部由氧化钛制成 has demonstrated a high efficiency optic and it was made in titanium oxide all
早在1998年，就已经有了硅栅的研究 the way back in 1998 more recently there's been work with silicon gratings
这是惠普实验室的产品，也一直在使用硅圆柱 this one's from HP labs and there's also been working using silicon cylindrical
来自加州理工学院的帖子，哈佛大学的一些旋转的氧化钛纳米鳍片 posts from Caltech some rotated titanium oxide nano fins from Harvard
这些旋转的氮化镓柱，它们也改变了工作 these gallium nitride pillars that are rotated and also they changed the duty
周期是南京大学与 cycle this is from a collaboration between a university of nanjing and
台湾，以及与此相关的最新作品 taiwan and also a more recent some more recent work with these
像是哥伦比亚看起来很奇怪的硅柱，所以所有这些 like really strange looking silicon pillars from Colombia so all of these
看起来有些不同，除了第一个镜头外，它们都是镜头 kind of look a little different they're all lenses except for the first one on
左上角，但是这里有些东西非常一致， the top left but there's something that is like very consistent here and it's
我们有某种纯晶格我们有一些规则晶格 that we have some kind of pure lattice we have some regular lattice right in
在这种情况下，中间顶部中间的一个是其下方的六边形格子 this case the one on the middle top middle is a hexagonal lattice below it
是一个矩形格子，所以有某种格子，在这些格子上 is a rectangular lattice and so there's some kind of lattice and on these
晶格点，我们放置了某种电介质结构，并且该电介质 lattice points we put some kind of dielectric structure and this dielectric
结构具有一定的自由度，我们可以更改支柱的半径 structure has some degrees of freedom we can be changing the radius of the pillar
我们可以改变纳米鳍片的旋转，也可以像 we can be changing the rotation of a nano fin or it can be changing like the
这些支柱的几何形状并通过更改这些支柱的几何形状 geometry of these pillars and by changing the geometry of these pillars
我们可以实现不同的相移，并且通常还可以实现幅度移和 we can achieve different phase shifts and in general also amplitude shifts and
这构成了一个大型的复杂系统，具有很大程度的 this constitutes a large complex system that has a large number of degrees of
我们能够发挥的自由，不仅复杂，而且在 freedom that we are able to play with and not only is it complex but in
通常这些也可以是几个自由度，所以有点像 general these could also be couple degrees of freedom so it's kind of a
困难的设计问题，而我们真正希望我们感兴趣的是 difficult design problem and it really what we want we're interested in is if
我们有这个草地表面，我如何最好地实现给定的光学功能 we have this meadow surface how do i best implement a given optical function
在金属表面上，这个问题归结为我最好如何采取 on a metal surface and that question kind of boils down to how do I best take
我和 advantage of the large numbers of degrees of freedom available to me and
就像一个相对较小的金属表面大约100微米 just as a ranging number a relatively small metal surface is about 100 micron
一百微米，如果您有大约200 nett的分级周期 by a hundred micron and if you have a grading periodicity of around 200 nett
500纳米，具有至少四到十四分之十到第四度的四分之一 500 nanometers that has at least four to ten four times ten to the fourth degrees
自由，这就像您只是在每个单元中更改单个参数一样 of freedom so that's like if you're just changing a single parameter in each unit
单元格，因此，如果我们要解决设计问题，我认为有两种一般方法 cell so if we want to solve the design problem I think there's two general ways
我们能想到的解决设计问题的方法是前向设计，即 what we can think about solving a design problem one is forward design which is
我认为基于直觉的是基于直觉的，因此从这里开始， intuition based which I would argue is more intuition based so from here and
前瞻性设计，我们从本质上考虑，我们需要计算所有 forward design we essentially think about we need to calculate all the
我们将使用的散布的属性，因此我们将对其进行计算 properties of the scatters that we'll use so we'll calculate it we'll just
有一些格子，我们会在上面放一些散布，我们将计算所有 have some lattice we'll put some scatters on it we'll calculate all of
这些单独的散射散射及其属性，因此它们的振幅和 these individual scattering scatters and their properties so their amplitude and
他们的相位传输系数，然后我们有一些功能， their phase transmission coefficients and then we have some functionality that
我们想也许是一个镜头，我们知道如何 we want to maybe it's a lens and we know how to
实现该功能，我们知道镜头是某种双曲 implement that functionality we know that a lens is some kind of hyperbolic
或我们可以使用这些实现的某种二次基本配置文件 or some kind of quadratic base profile that we can implement using these
扫描仪，这是非常成功的事情，还有另一个 scanners and so that's something that has been very successful there's another
做到这一点的方法叫做互补方法，叫做逆 way of doing it it's called a complementary way is called inverse
在这种情况下，我认为设计更多是基于计算的 design which I'd argue is more computationally based in this case we
可能有一些我们想要实现的功能，但实际上并没有 may have some functionality that we want to achieve but we don't really have a
具体的相位分布图，我们真的不知道如何到达那里，但是 specific phase profile distribution we don't really know how to get there but
我们可以定义此功能，并可以将其封装为某种形式 we can define this functionality and we can encapsulate it in terms of some kind
品质因数图，执行完此操作后，我们可以将其封装在 of figure of Merit and after we do this after we can except encapsulate it in a
功绩图，我们可以使用某种优化启发的方法来 figure of Merit we can use some kind of optimization inspired approach to
实际到达便宜沙皇的散射体分布 actually arrive at the distribution of scatterers that are cheap czar
功能，至于我将首先介绍， functionality and so as far as I'm going to cover first I'll cover some of the
我已经完成了单元素金属表面光学器件的研究，还有一些 work on single element metal surface optics that I've done and also some
其他工作，如果是光学系统，我会再看一些药，所以这 other work then I'll go over some medicine if it's optical system so this
就像两分钟的服务等等，然后我将介绍一些逆向设计 is like two minutes ervices and more and then I'll go over some inverse design
和元表面的优化，最后我将讨论一些未来 and optimization of meta surfaces and lastly I'll go over some of the future
我感兴趣的工作和前景，所以我的团队将氮化硅用于 work and outlook that I'm interested in so my group uses silicon nitride for
表面的数量主要是由四个主要原因引起的，其中一个是 amount of surfaces primarily and that is motivated by four major reasons one is
它的高折射率是棕2，高是指高于 its high refractive index it's brown 2 which is by high we mean higher than
第二玻璃是带隙相对较宽的带隙，约为4至 glass two is it's really relatively wide bandgap it has a band gap of around 4 to
5电子伏特，类​​似于UVA波段 5 electron volts which is puts it in kind of like the UVA band and on the
左边是氮化硅片或氮化硅薄膜的照片 left is a picture of silicon nitride piece or a thin film of silicon nitride
所以您可以看到实际上是透明的第三个可能是为什么 so you can see that's actually transparent third is potentially why is
所以像硅这样的材料对 that so materials like silicon are opaque to
可见光，如果您有兴趣制作金属表面， visible light and if you're interested in making a metal surface that's
对可见光透明，您需要具有白色带隙的物体 transparent to visible light you need to have something that has a white band gap
可以回答这个问题吗？第三，它可能与CMOS兼容 does that answer that question ok and third it's potentially CMOS compatible
因此，这意味着您可以潜在地使用Intel CMOS边界来生产 so that means that you could potentially use Intel CMOS boundaries to produce
这些金属表面或其他常规CMS中与CMS兼容的铸造厂 these metal surfaces or other CMS compatible foundries in general silicon
氮化物被用作硬汉，但也有可能将其蚀刻并 nitride is used as a hard man but it's also possible to etch it and
能够制造这些要求严格的光子纳米结构 it's capable of making these photonic nano structures that require strict
制造公差，所以这两个是纳米束光子的照片 fabrication tolerances so these two are pictures of a nano beam photonic
我们实验室生产的谐振器和光子环形谐振器 resonator and also a photonic ring resonator that were produced in our lab
使用我们的氮化硅，也许最重要的是它很容易 using our silicon nitride and forth maybe most importantly it was readily
在我们当地的无尘室中可用，他们已经在蚀刻配方 available in our local cleanroom and they were already etching recipes
为此开发的，所以我不需要做任何工作，所以现在我们有了 developed for it so I didn't have to do any of that work so now that we have our
我们需要执行参数搜索的材料，执行此操作的一种方法是 material we need to perform a parameter search and one way of doing this is
使用严格的耦合波分析，这是频域方法，因此您 using rigorous coupled wave analysis this is a frequency domain method so you
在这个位置发送一个波长，它假设您有一些单位晶格 send one wavelength in at this set and it assumes that you have some unit cell
在所有空间中都是无限周期性的，这也是一个傅立叶域方法 that is infinitely periodic in all space and it's a Fourier domain method as well
所以发生的事情是将这种结构分为不同的层， so what happens is you split this structure into different layers and
沿着光的传播方向，您将其分开 along the way the direction of the light propagation that you split this
结构分成不同的层次，所以对我们来说就是沿着 structure into different layers so for us that is along the line of the
支柱的厚度，在平面内实际上可以扩展 thickness of the pillar and in the in-plane you actually expand the
傅立叶级数的周期集合中的折射率 refractive index in a periodic set of Fourier series and then you can solve
这个，然后你得到你的一套，你得到了一些解决方案 this and then you get your set you get your solution in terms of some set of
傅立叶模式，因此，我们首先在这里定义某种单位晶格 Fourier modes so to begin we start by defining some kind of unit cell here
我定义了一个具有一定周期性P的正方形，并放置了一个圆柱体 I've defined a square with some periodicity P and I placed a cylinder
在此具有一定的厚度T和一定的直径D的圆柱状散射 cylindrical scatter with some thickness T and some diameter D in this in this
晶胞，我们要做的是运行模拟，而运行时 unit cell and what we do is we run our simulations and while we're running our
模拟中，我们将T保持固定，因为这意味着我们将保持T simulations we keep T fixed because that means that's that that's how we keep our
与传统的自上而下的光刻技术兼容，但我们可以改变D compatibility with a traditional top-down lithography but we can vary D
在给定的周期issah T中，我们要尽可能多地改变D，然后在运行之后 as much as we want so for a given period issah T we vary D and then after we run
通过运行我们所有的模拟，我们现在可以得出这样的结果 off a run all of our simulations we can arrive at something like this where now
我们可以看到我们这个支柱有一些真实的幅度响应和一些真实的 we can see that we this pillar has some real amplitude response and some real
相响应，所以通常如果您想要高效的金属表面，我们需要 phase response so in general if you want a high efficiency metal surface we want
接近Unity的传输幅度很高，这就是这些参数所显示的 high near Unity transmission amplitude and that's what these parameters show in
通常是蓝色，如果您想要可以实现任何种类的金属表面 blue and in general if you want a metal surface that can implement any kind of
您需要能够覆盖0 2 pi的任意空间面部图案，这就是 arbitrary spatial face pattern you need to be able to cover 0 2 pi and that's
什么是红色，所以现在我们有了一个参数 what red is and so now that we have a parameters
右边的这个参数组实际上是参数组 this parameter set of parameters on the right is actually the set of parameters
我们在以下所有氮化硅部长表面上使用的 that we used in all of the following silicon nitride Minister's surface
演示，我们想要实现某种类型的相位曲线，因此向前 demonstrations we want to implement some kind of phase profile so in forward
设计我们通常知道我们要实现哪种相图 design we generally know which kind of phase profile we want to implement
事先，所以我们有某种相位分布作为某些函数的函数 beforehand and so we have some kind of phase profile as a function of some
在这种情况下，我选择使用RN的圆坐标 spatial coordinates in this case I chose to use circular coordinates with RN
theta我们在lambda上有一些K波矢量2 PI，所以这就是这个 theta we have some K wave vector 2 PI over lambda and this is so this is this
聚焦涡流团队发生器的第一个术语只是带有一些透镜的透镜 focusing vortex team generator the first term is just that of a lens with some
焦距F，然后第二项是一些角动量项， focal length F and then the second term is some angular momentum term that
确定相位分布中有多少奇点，所以如果l等于 determines how many singularities there are in the phase profile so if l equals
1等于1，如果l等于2，则等于2，这对应于 1 there's one singularity if l equals 2 there's two and these corresponds to
可以生成不同的量化轨道角动量状态 different quantized orbital angular momentum states that you can generate so
如果我只是计算出这个脸部轮廓，我会得到一个看起来像这样的东西 if I just calculate this face profile I get something that looks like this for l
等于1，您可以看到从 equals 1 and you can see that there's a discontinuity that starts from the
中间，它向左走，这是在喷射中，这是一个连续的脸 middle and it goes towards the left and this is in jet this is a continuous face
曲线，但通常我们知道只有0和2pi之间的相位值是 profile but in general we know that only phase values between 0 and 2pi are
物理的，所以我们可以做一个mod操作，我们得到这个很好的小漩涡 physical so we can do a mod operation and we get this nice little vortex
图片再一次，我们最好的最好的我们可以采样我们的阴茎或面对 picture and again we the finest the finest we can sample our penis or face a
面部轮廓处于我们晶格的周期性，所以现在我们离散化我们的 face profile is at the periodicity of our lattice so now we discretize our
脸部轮廓变成我们计算出的晶格的周期性，所以现在我们 face profile into the periodicity of the lattice that we calculated so now we
有一些离散的块，这就是我们周期性的大小，我们可以 have some discrete blocks and that are the size of our periodicity and we can
归结为这些特定参数，我们之前的400纳米 get down to so for these specific parameters our previous 400 nanometers
449米，这是一个涡流发生器，它会产生一个小甜甜圈 449 meters this is a vortex beam generator it creates a little donut
具有应用程序的配置文件，如sted显微镜检查还可以，所以我们有了 profile that has applications and like sted microscopy ok and so we have our
脸部轮廓，现在我们基本上可以从 face profile and now we can just essentially do a one-to-one mapping from
我们面对的是直径值，右边是我们做手术时实际得到的 our face to a diameter value and on the right is what we actually get when we do
这个映射 this mapping
我们可以在fdtd中对此进行仿真，以便我们可以在 and we can simulate this in fdtd so we can simulate scale down structures in
fdtd是您左上角的时域有限差分模拟 fdtd which is finite difference time domain simulation on the top left you
可以看到像涡流光束在轨道上产生的小甜甜圈轮廓 can see like the little donut profile that this vortex beam generates on the
您可以在左下方看到沿光轴的横截面，该横截面表明 bottom left you can see a cross-section along the optical axis showing that the
甜甜圈轮廓形状约为25微米，最右边是 donut profile forms are around 25 micron and on the far right is an example of a
我们模拟黄色有效的结构是折射的 structure that we simulate where the yellow is effective is a refractive
折射率约为2，蓝色是折射率1，所以这表明 index of around 2 and the blue is a refractive index of 1 and so this shows
就像fdtd刺激您的结构时所做的网格划分一样 like the meshing that fdtd does when it stimulates your structure so it doesn't
实际上看起来像是完美的圆圈，但它刺激了这些矩形 actually seem like like perfect circles but it stimulates these rectangular
组成圆圈的块，所以这是一天结束时的几何图形是 blocks that make up circles so that's the geometry at the end of the day yes
这就是我们要制造的，那些黄点是实际半径 that's what we're gonna fabricate and those yellow dots are the actual radii
您所谈论的价值观，我看到了，所以总的来说，我们扩大规模，可以激发 values you're talking about I see so in general we scale we stimulate very
这些限制的缩小版本打击它具有许多更小的功能 scaled down versions of these limits blow it has many many smaller features
表示每个黄色Blob只是一个圆柱体，只是想看看是的，谢谢 means right each yellow blob is just a cylinder just want to see yes thank you
我可以在这里给你看照片，实际上不是很好，但是 I can show you the picture right here so it's actually not very good but it's
每个黄色斑点都是一个圆柱体，直径一定， each yellow blob is a single cylinder and it has some diameter and that's
本质上我们在这里所做的是与之保持一致，因此实际上如果 essentially what we did here is that it's consistent to that so actually if
您再看一次，这个案例在上图中很小，所以 you look at this again this case had small in the previous diagram great so
您的实际镜头非常小，在这种情况下，该镜头约为30微米 your actual lens is very small yeah in this case this lens is about 30 micron
直径，是的，我只是有一个快速问题，所以当您设计 in diameter and that's yeah I just have a quick question so when you design the
你说的东西保持P是固定的，所以你要变成Ewing是的， stuff you said you keep the P fixed yeah so you're changing to be Ewing yes and
那是唯一的，这是我们为此改变的唯一的东西 that's the only thing that is the only thing we changed for this like
示范还有其他小组做得更多，例如 demonstration there's been other groups that have done more with like different
单位单元，这也是我们小组中正在努力的事情，就像 unit cells and that's something we're also working on in my group so like a
很多黄色的斑点只是意味着更大的dicus是的，好的，你还记得什么 lot of yellow blob just means a larger dicus yes okay what was do you recall
超过10 n的mdtv模拟lambda的像元大小是多少 what the cell size was for the mdtv simulation lambda over 10 n which makes
它大约25纳米，所以他被确定 it around 25 nanometers so he was determined by
是的，但是那仍然比您关心的D的值小得多 yes okay but that was still much smaller than the value of D you cared about
因为当你住在 because the shape is gonna get quantized and staircase when you live in the
模拟和最小的半径至少有一个旅的支柱是 simulations and the smallest radius pillar with at least a brigade is
直径可能在150纳米左右 probably around 150 nanometers in diameter
好了，大概有七个单位电池适合这些事情，是的 okay so roughly seven unit cells for these things okay yeah
所以我们实际上能够制造这些结构这是一个镜头 and so we were actually able to fabricate these structures here's a lens
我们可以看到，这款镜头是为250微米设计的，可以看到有 we can see that it this lens is a design for 250 micron you can see that there is
这个镜头有一些有限的焦点偏移，这实际上是因为我们设计了 some finite focal shift with this lens and that's actually because we designed
这款镜头适用于632纳米，我们在 this lens for 632 nanometers and we tested it with where I tested it with an
LED具有非常大的带宽，所以我们实际上最终获得了 LED that has a very large bandwidth and so we actually ended up getting
看起来像这样的东西，镜头的焦点看起来不错， something that looks like this there's a focal spot of the lens it looks nice and
大多数情况下，圆形非常不减弱，我们还制造了涡流发生器， mostly circular very unabated we also made the vortex beam generator which
看起来像这样，然后这是强度信念的一个例子 kind of looks like this and then here's a example of the faith of an intensity
在两个顶点都聚焦之前的轮廓，这是一个示例 profile before the both vertex being focuses and then this is an example of
涡旋光束本身，您可以在其中看到甜甜圈光束轮廓 the vortex beam itself where you can see that doughnut beam profile actually
形成这种领导 being formed this sort led
所以你知道你很敏锐，所以我们感兴趣的一件事是，我们并没有真正 so you know sharp you do so one thing we are interested in that we didn't really
理解当时我们进行这项研究的原因是为什么我们是否 understand at that point when we did this research is why whether we whether
是否需要两个相干的光线使这些结构如此幼稚地工作 or not we need two coherent light to make these structures work so naively we
会认为如果我们正在玩阶段游戏，也许我们需要 would kind of think that if we're playing with phase maybe we need to be
为了使它工作，需要在连贯的灯光下玩，这就是 playing with coherent light in order for this to work and that was something that
人们还没有真正测试过，所以我们就像我们应该用LED进行测试，看看 people hadn't really tested so we were like we should test with an LED and see
是的，是的，我刚刚意识到，所以当您使用 what happens yeah I just realized so when you're doing this optimization with
fdtd是否要像单个频率那样做，是的，您是单色的 fdtd are you doing it for a single frequency like you yes you monochromatic
对于我所看到的所有内容，这些元素都可以很好地工作 for all this I see and so these elements work quite well
我们有能用的镜头，它们超薄，也很晚， we have lenses that work they're ultra-thin they're also late they have
小焦距，它们工作得很好，而问题是这样的 small focal lengths they work kind of well and the problem is kind of that
你们暗示的是我们有非常大的色差 what you guys are hinting at is that we have very large chromatic aberrations
这些是任何类型的有缺陷光学器件的特征，那么最终 and these are characteristic of any kind of defective optic so what ends up
发生的是，我们设计波长，设计镜片以减轻重量 happening is that we design our wavelength we design our lens for weight
长度为632纳米，因此聚焦非常接近 length of 632 nanometers it focuses pretty close to therefore our
红脚变红，但我们观察到焦距在50％的范围内偏移 red foot for a red color but we observe as much of a 50% focal length shift over
我们的整个可见光谱，所以对于蓝色，DGD需要持续多长时间 our entire visible spectrum so for blue yeah how long does it the DGD
模拟和优化过程需要的东西或类似fdtd的大小 simulation and optimization process take or something this size so fdtd isn't
优化任何东西只是在模拟我赋予它的某种结构，而我 optimizing anything it's just simulating some structure that i give it to and i
会说大概需要20-30分钟 would say that it takes around 20-30 minutes
没有优化正在发生，我们只是做我们自己，所以在这个过程中，我们 there's no optimization that's happening we just do our we so in this process we
有一个面值，我们选择一个与该面值相对应的直径，然后 have a face value and we pick a diameter that corresponds to that face value and
然后我们可以使用fdtd模拟结构，以检查整个工作 then we can simulate the structure using fdtd just as a check that the whole work
我们实际上并没有优化NEB DTD，并且进行优化是不切实际的 we don't actually optimize the NEB DTD and it's kind of impractical to optimize
强度但是有些东西子房 intensity but that some things ovary
所以是的，大色差特征辅助衍射光学器件 so yes large chromatic aberrations character assisted diffractive optics
不利于成像，因此如果您不熟悉色差， not good for imaging so if if you're not familiar with chromatic aberrations the
顶部的图片是清晰的图片，几乎没有色差 picture on the top is a sharp picture that it that has very little chromatic
像差底部的图片是彩色的，这是 aberration the picture on the bottom is chromatic elaborated and this is
色差与屈光镜片有关，因此如果色差 chromatic aberration associated the refractive lens so if a chromatic
像差与衍射透镜相关联实际上会更糟 aberration is associated with a diffractive lens would actually be worse
而不是底部的图片，所以这是我们要解决的严重问题 than what picture on the bottom so that's a serious problem that we want to
我们想纠正的话题，使我进入下一个话题 talk we want to correct and so that brings me to the next topic which is
校正色差，因此在校正方面有很多工作 correcting chromatic aberrations so there's been a lot of work in correcting
畸变这是一个问题，他的社区的主人已经非常 aberrations this is a problem that the master of his community has been very
在过去的几年中有兴趣，所以如果这些作品都出来了 interested in over the past few years and so if these works all came out in
2018年他们做的事情有些不同，但他们真正在做的是 2018 they do kind of different things but what they're really doing is they're
做所谓的色散工程，所以色度问题 doing something called dispersion engineering so the problem of chromatic
像差是一个微妙的问题，它不存在，不是由 aberrations is kind of a subtle problem it doesn't exist it doesn't result from
附加折射光学元件表现出色差的方式 the way that additional refractive optics exhibits chromatic aberration
这是某种异常色散，您的有效屈光 which is some kind of anomalous dispersion and your effective refractive
索引这实际上是我们包裹脸部方式的产物，所以当我们这样做时 index this is actually a product of the way that we wrap our face so when we do
对于可能感兴趣的波长，mod 2pi的此mod操作 this mod operation of mod 2pi for the wavelength of interest that we might
这样我们就可以正确包装，但是对于其他波长，我们实际上可能 with that we wrap it wraps correctly but for other wavelengths we actually might
包装太早，否则我们可能包装得太晚，这实际上导致 wrap too early or we may actually wrap too late and this actually causes the
色差和与此相关的一些相位误差 chromatic aberration and there's some associated phase error with this
我们执行的包装操作，您实际上可以尝试通过 wrapping operation that we perform and you can actually attempt to correct with
对于此阶段错误，这是这些小组所做的，您可以看到 for this phase error and this is what these groups have done and you can see
在左上角，它们得到一些不错的焦距或不错的焦点， on the top left that they get some nice focal lengths or nice focal spots that
这些镜头都在同一区域内，但您也可以看到它是 are all kind of in the same area for this lens but you can also see that it's
一种非常宽的聚焦，这些是数值孔径很低的镜头 kind of a very extended focus and these are very low numerical aperture lenses
在底部，您会看到这些是他们拥有的某些设备 and on the bottom you can see that these are some of the devices that they've
他们经过精心设计以执行的某种受伤或其他结构 kind of injured or other structures that they've kind of engineered to perform
这个分散工程结构分散工程，所以有 this dispersion engineering structure dispersion engineering so there are
分散工程技术的局限性是什么直觉 limits to this technique of dispersion engineering yeah what's the intuition
为什么这些结构中的一些可能有助于减小结构，所以您可以想到 for why some of these structures might help to reduce so you can think of
这些就像波导，对于不同的波导，我们有不同的 these as like wave guides and for different wave guides we have different
决定这些不同波长如何传播的有效指标 effective indices that determine how these different wavelengths propagate so
这些设置允许设置不同的允许模式 there's certain set up of different allowed modes that are allowed by these
波导，它们都有不同的折射率，它们会 wave guides and they all have different refractive indices and they will they
将延迟不同波长的不同量，因此，如果您构建一个非常 will delay different wavelengths by different amounts so if you build a very
这些波导管的大型资料库，然后您会有大量的 large library of these wave guides and then you have a very large number of
您可以考虑不同的延迟，就像优化您或做一些 different delays you can think about just like optimizing your or doing some
某种使用您的查找表来选择是否需要一些特定的红灯 kind of using your lookup table to pick out if red light needs some specific
延迟与绿灯匹配我能找到一个支柱，让我 delay to match up with the green light can I find a pillar that gives me that
延迟，然后这些类似的矩形结构，然后定向 delay and then these sorts of like rectangular structures then orientation
时间，他们可能增加了麸皮匠的基础并获得了方向 time and they probably have an increased branmer's base and get the orientation
嗨，还是像您所说的像图书馆一样，我的意思是只有这五个 hi uh or is it as you say like a library I mean there's just these fives that
就是这样，所以在下面的这篇论文中，他们有三个 there so there's these so that in this paper in the below they have three
第三代，最底层的是他们有五个像原始人一样的人 generations the third the one on the bottom is they have five like primitive
晶胞，它们可以像整个晶胞一样调节尺寸 unit cells and they can modulate the size of like the whole of this unit cell
或像这样的厚度，这样他们就可以在最左边做支柱 or like the thickness of like this so they can make the pillar on the far left
更大或更小，它们可以使整个眼桶位于左中角 bigger or smaller they can make the whole in the eye pail in the middle left
某种更大或更小以及所有支柱本身，他们可以看到 kind of bigger or smaller and all the pillar itself and they can kind of see
从他们在那里所做的事情开始，是的，所以每个延迟都会 that from what they've done there right yeah so each one of these delays a
不同的波长，不同的数量，不同的相移，然后如何 different wavelength a different amount as a different phase shift and then how
当您将它们放在一起时，是否可以正常工作？ does that work when you put them together isn't there's still some light
经历了这些错误的事情，从而得到了错误的结果 that's going through the wrong kind of these things that's getting the wrong
延迟该支柱如何为例如红光提供相移，并且 delay how does just that pillar provide the phase shift for say red light and
没有其他的柱子被调整为绿灯，红灯 none of the other pillars that are are tuned for green light the red light
不会经历那些事情，或者这些事情之间是某种怪异的耦合，所以 doesn't go through those or is it some weird coupling between these things so
首先，他们实际上没有人参与设计，实际上占了任何一种 first they don't actually nobody in for design actually accounts for any kind of
支柱之间的耦合，这是该主体的问题之一 coupling between the pillars which is one of the problems with this body of
研究，但就他们如何知道自己所做的事情而言，他们基本上 research but in terms of how they know what they've done is they have basically
计算所有条目的所有这些支柱的所有模式 calculate all of the modes for all of these pillars for all the entry
波长很有趣，所以说第一支柱给你相移 wavelengths are interested in so let's say pillar one gives you phase shifts
换成红色，换成蓝色，换成绿色，你知道，为了 for redfish it for blue and fish it for green and you know that in order to
实现完美的镜头，您的红脸飞船需要具有某些功能 implement a perfect lens your red face ship needs to be some certain function
你的蓝鱼需要一定的功能，而你的绿相 your blue fish it needs to be some certain function and your green phase
需要一些特定的功能，如果您有足够大的库 needs to be some certain function you can if you have a large enough library
您可以选择正确的颜色，这些颜色将始终产生 of pillars you can choose the correct colors that will always produce those
面孔有道理吗，是的，您选择了一种组合，是的，好的 faces does that kind of make sense yeah you choose a combination yeah right okay
所以如果涉及到这基本上是一个问题，就像有多少个参数 so if this comes to a this is basically a matter of like how many parameters
自由的自由度，我是否必须基本上获得这些不同的模式 free degrees of freedom do I have to basically get these different modes to
得到这些不同的步调，这是有局限性的，它 get these different pace shifts and there's a limitation to it and it
实际上受支柱高度的限制，所以这些不同的模式 actually is limited by the height of your pillars so these different modes
具有不同的折光率，但具有不同的折光率 have different refractive refractive indices but just having a different
如果您想拥有一个有效的折射指数，海指数是不够的 effective refractive in the sea index isn't enough if you want to have a
有限的相移，您还需要有一个厚度，最终会发生什么 finite phase shift you also need to have a thickness and what ends up happening
就是如果您是这个限制，则由该等式定义 is that if you is this limitation is kind of defined by this equation
但是如果您想使用数值孔径或 but what essentially what it is is if you want to have a numerical aperture or
由于某些特定半径，您受到之间的总Delta相移的限制 as some certain radius you are limited by the total Delta phase shift between
这些是您可以实现的，所以Delta就像您 these that you can achieve so Delta is like the compensation that if you're
设计绿色，您可以补偿Delta的红色或蓝色，这是什么 designing for green you can compensate Delta for red or blue and what this
基本上说的是，如果您想要一个高数值孔径的镜头以 basically says is that if you want a high numerical aperture lens in order to
这样做，您必须制造非常高的支柱，否则您必须制造非常高的支柱 do so you have to make very very tall pillars or else you have to make a very
非常小半径的镜头，所以对于这组人来说，他们在这里做了什么 very small radius lens so for these for this group right here what they've done
他们有这些800纳米的柱子和这14400纳米的柱子 is they have these 800 nanometer pillars and these 14 hundred nanometer pillars
您会看到他们得到的有效相移实际上并没有 and you can see that the effective phase shifts that they get don't actually
对应更大的性能或更好的性能，所以这是 correspond to much larger performance or like much better performance so this is
我的实验室有兴趣以其他方式解决问题，我们来到了 something that my lab was interested in solving in a different way and we came
是通过计算成像方法解决的，因此在这种情况下，我们想 at it from a computational imaging approach so in this case we wanted to
在这种情况下找到一些面部轮廓，我们的短语轮廓仅为 find some face profile in this case we have a phrase profile of just an
普通的双曲透镜，我们添加了一个三次方 ordinary hyperbolic lens and we add that we add to that a cubic
函数，并且该三次函数具有创建面光束的功能 function and this cubic function serves a function of creating an area beam
这是衍射不变光束，因此如前所述，如果我们是阿尔法 which is a diffraction invariant beam and so as stated before if we if alpha
等于零，我们只是得到一个镜头，如果我们在镜头的焦点 is equal to zero we just get a lens and at the focal point of the lens if we
设计绿色的镜头，我们有一个很好的紧焦点，但是有一个 design our lens for green we have a nice tight focal spot but there's a
右蓝色和红色明显模糊，但通过使Alpha成为有限值，我们 significant blur in blue and red right but by making alpha some finite value we
不能产生一个大致传播的不变光束，所以我们可以看到 can't create a roughly propagation invariant beam so we can see that at our
现在，焦点不再是红色的好点，而是所有对象都有一个L形 focal point now instead of having a nice point for red we have an l-shape for all
所有这些不同的l形点扩展函数 of these different an l-shaped point spread function for all of these
不同的颜色，它们看起来真的很难看，如果您知道成像是 different colors and they look really ugly and if you know that imaging is the
将对象与您的点但函数进行卷积，即使它们 convolution of your object with your point but function but even though they
看起来非常丑陋，它们看起来都非常相似，所以这意味着我们 look really ugly they all look fairly similar and so then that means that we
基本上可以使用单个过滤器对卷积运算进行划分 can use a single filter essentially to department the convolution operation and
也许您可以找回实际图像，所以这是一些非常基本的波形 maybe you can retrieve the actual image back so this is some very basic wave
是的，这个函数很快，是的，我们实际上并没有使用它的那个属性 yeah this function is fast yes we don't actually use that property of it we just
使用维纳滤波器，因为我不是计算成像专家，而我们是 use a Wiener filter because I'm not a computational imaging guy and we this is
是我们最初的作品，但这是我们早期的作品 kind of our first work but this is a work that was we're from like the early
90年代初期来自爱德华·道西（Edward dowse）钥匙组的人，而不是来自爱德华·德鲁西（Edward dusky）的爱德华（Edward）， 19th early 90s from Edward dowse keys group not Edward from Edward dusky and
观看，他们已经为这项工作以及我们所做的工作奠定了基础 H watch and they've basically laid the foundation for this work and what we've
因此，基本上我们已经将这两个元素合并为一个，并且 done away so essentially we've combined the two elements into one and we've
证明他们实际上可以绕过分歧而工作 demonstrated that they can actually work with diffract about differences
衍射光学极限也是如此，因此对于一些实验结果，如果我们有 diffractive optical limits as well so so for some experimental results if we have
我们可以制作一个单线态，这只是一个单线态元表面镜片，您可以看到 we can make a singlet this is just a singlet meta surface lens you can see
实际上是对称的，这就是EDF镜头看起来像 that symmetric actually this is what an EDF lens looks like it looks kind of
类似，但是您可以看到在顶部和左侧的B上，您会看到 similar but you can see that on the top and on the Left B on the left you get
出现的L形是由于我们要添加的三次函数 this L shape that appears and that's due to the cubic functions that we're adding
到，所以这些是一些成像 to and so these are some of the imaging
色彩表现，所以在这种情况下，我们在远处有一些地面真相图像 performance in color so in this case we have some ground truth image on the far
留下RGB一些彩虹，并且在使用 left RGB some rainbows and on that a relatively natural scene when image with
我们得到设计的测量表面单线态，因此它是专为 the measure surface singlet we get design so the single it's designed for
绿色波长我们得到非常好的锐绿色，但其他所有波长 green wavelength we get a very nice sharp green but every other wavelength
在右上角有点模糊，我们有原始的EDIF图像，在那里 is kind of blurred on the middle right we have the raw EDIF image and there we
可以看到所有图像都相对模糊，并以此来使用 can see that all the images are relatively blurred and using by this
L形点扩散函数，在最右边将是 l-shaped point spread function and on the very far right will be is the
过滤图像，所以我们要做的就是使用维纳过滤器 filtered image so what we've done is we've just used a wiener filter and we
从至少RGB可以看出，r和g和b被更好地定义了 can see that from at least for the RGB the r and g and b are better defined
与ROYGBIV的单线态相比，黄色非常明显 compared to the singlet for ROYGBIV there all right the yellow is noticeably
更好，但是仍然有这些像l的伪像，我们将其归因于 better but there's still these like l artifacts and these we attribute to
本质上是我们系统的结合以及我们的使用 essentially the combination of our system and also the use of our we just
使用维纳滤波器，这样也会带来一些噪声放大 use a wiener filter so that also comes with some noise amplification as well
也只有博士代表效率吗 there's also just dr. does that represent something like the efficiency
系统或类似的东西，是这个特定系统的效率 of the system or something like that yes the efficiency of this particular system
比单线的要低一点，但是它更均匀 was a little bit lower than that of the singlet lines but it has a more uniform
带宽上的效率，因为单线态对绿色更有效 efficiency over the bandwidth because a singlet is more efficient for green yes
是否存在对比度问题，某些镜头可能没有聚焦，所以 is there a contrast problem some some might not being focused by the lens so
右边没有高对比度，所以有些灯没有 away there isn't high contrast on the right so some of the lights not being
我没有想知道，因为镜头效率不高吗？ focused by not there I'm just wondering cuz if the lens is less efficient you
可能需要更长的曝光时间才可以，所以为什么会出现这种情况 could just take a longer exposure right past more yeah so so why is there so
与原始图像相比，最右边的图像几乎没有对比度 little contrast on the very right most images compared to the original images
因此，因为您的漏光就像没有被聚焦一样，是的， so because you have light leakage that's like it's not being focused yeah maybe
例如背景，这些差异的效率大约为40％， like a background so these differences are around forty percent efficient and
他们是特伦特他们专注于40％的光线 they're Trent they're a focus around forty percent of the light that is
传输到该区域的束斑中，这大概是对 transmitted into this area beam spot and that's kind of a rough estimate of how
高效，我们的镜头是另外60％散布在 efficient our lenses are the other 60% just gets spread across
他们是的，它散布在不必要的其中一些，如果它 them yes it gets kind of spread across not necessary some some of them if it
肯定会被拒绝进入边带 definitely gets rejected into the sidebands
这是我们注意到的最明显的损失来源是 and that's the most notable source of loss that we've noticed is that what we
看到的是，我们看到的是，我认为这是由于我们的抽样问题导致的， see is that we see I think this is due to a sampling issue that we have is that
我们采样不够好，实际上创建了不同的面部轮廓 we don't sample fine enough we actually create different face profiles called
只是基于混叠和这些混叠效果而射出的光 just based on aliasing and these kind of aliasing effects kind of eject light
有时我也不是最好的实验家，这是 into the sidebands sometimes I'm also not the best experimentalist and this is
我与Shane合作的一些工作，而Shane是 some work that we collaborate I collaborated with Shane on and Shane is
第一作者，有点像非常有趣的东西，所以这些都是 the first author and kind of like very interesting stuff so these are all
单个元表面作品，我已经介绍了一些像彩色 single meta surface works and I've covered some of like color chromatic
成像还有很多其他的事情要做，所以有全息术 imaging there's a lot of other stuff that's being done so there's holography
偏振光学非线性光学和一些评论文章，是的， polarization optics nonlinear optics and some review articles and yeah there's
在许多不同领域中正在完成的一些很酷的工作，所以接下来我 some cool stuff that's being done in a lot of different fields and so next I
将涵盖所谓的医学优先光学系统之类的东西，所以这 will cover something called like towards medicine first optical systems so this
就像两个向上的电机表面串联在一起，所以我们 is like two up motor surfaces together in tandem so one thing that we
展示的是Alvarez镜头，所以对于那些不熟悉它的人来说，它是两个 demonstrated was an Alvarez lens so for those of you unfamiliar with it it's two
对齐时遵循这些立方功能的面板 face plates that are obey this these cubic functions when they are aligned
他们没有功能他们没有提供光功率但对于某些 they have no function they have they provide no optical power but for some
在X方向上的有限位移提到我们称D为可达到的 finite displacement in the X direction mention that we call D we get attainable
焦距是，所以焦距与焦距相关 focal length and it is and so the power is related to one over the focal length
所以功率随位移线性增加，我们可以 so this the power goes up linearly with the displacement and we can kind of
使用一些朴素的波光学模拟来模拟这些工作原理，因此对于小型 simulate how these work using some naive wave optic simulations so for small
位移我们得到一个长焦距，而对于大位移我们得到一个 displacements we get a long focal length and for large displacements we get a
短焦距当然我们实验性地测试了这些 short focal length of course we experimental e tested these we
在我们的无尘室中很好地制造了这些，所以我们制造了 fabricated these in our cleanroom well and so we have our fabrication it's
时间笔变得更好了，我们注意到了，我们绕过了 gotten better in the time pen and we've noticed and we get around
在一百微米的范围内，三毫米的总可调焦距 three millimeters of total tunable focal length across a hundred micron of
物理位移，其中50微米是一个方向的位移，每个方向的位移 physical displacement where 50 micron is displacement in one direction and each
板的位移为50微米，因此物理位移为100微米 of the plates is displaced 50 microns so it's 100 microns of physical
位移，在这种情况下，此焦距变化对应于一个焦距 displacement and in this case this focal length change corresponds to a focal
大约100 1600屈光度时的功率变化 power change at around 100 1600 diopters
还有其他更单片化的可调系统 there's other tunable systems that are more monolithic that have been
最近在这种情况下进行了演示，他们使用了一种聚合物镜片 demonstrated more recently in this case there's a polymer lens that they use
MEMS拉伸，并且非常有趣，例如形成的双峰 MEMS to stretch and also pretty interesting like doublet that is formed
他们可以改变这两个双合镜或这两个镜片之间的距离 and they can change the distance between these two doublets or these two lenses
创建可调焦距镜头 to create a tunable focal length lens
是的，所以在这种情况下，他们有一个整体系统，他们使用这些 and yeah so in this case they have a monolithic system and they use these
MEMS器件可以启动，但实际上最终发生的是它们 MEMS devices to actuate but what actually ends up happening is that they
需要大约60到100伏特的非常高的电压才能操作这些电压， require very high voltages on the order of 60 to 100 volts to operate these and
以及它们相对于可链接焦距的相对光焦度 also their relative to chainable focal lengths and their relative optical
功效最低，这是红色技术栏上的álvarez镜头 powers are a little bit lowest and that it's álvarez lens the red skill bar is
大约一百微米，白色的技能条大约是20微米，所以这 about a hundred micron and the white skill bar is about 20 micron so this
底部直径和顶部直径可能约为400微米 one's probably around like 400 micron in diameter the bottom one and the top one
比较大 is relatively large
因此，除了可调光学系统之外，还有用于角度的系统 and so in addition to tunable optical systems there's also systems for angular
事故和加州理工学院的团队在制作这些事件方面表现非常出色 incidents and the group at Caltech has been very prolific in making these
系统及其显示的是渲染表面 systems and what they've shown is they've shown render surface
在光通信等领域有应用的后向反射器 retroreflectors which have applications in optical communications and such and
也非常有趣的角度像差校正，因为 also really interesting angular aberration correction because as these
金属表面透镜通常设计用于直射照明 metal surface lenses are generally designed for straight-on illumination
他们有一个很小的视野，所以他们所展示的是 they have a kind of a small field of view and so they've what they show it is
通过制造其他数量的服务，他们可以纠正角度 that by fabricating another amount of service they can correct angular
最高可达20度左右的操作，具有良好的聚焦点和其他功能 operations up of up to around 20 degrees having a nice focal spot and something
我们的实验室还演示了大面积设计，因此我们始终声称 that our lab has also demonstrated is large area design so we always claim
这些金属表面与常规光刻兼容，并且 that these metal surfaces are compatible with conventional photolithography and
这是我们实际实现的，在这种情况下，我们已经 this is something that we actually implemented and in this case what we've
显示的是这些大面积的álvarez镜头，在这种情况下，它们大约是 shown are these large area álvarez lenses in this case they're about a
一厘米一厘米，我们可以执行一些非常聚焦的成像 centimeter by a centimeter and there's we can perform some very focal imaging
底部是哈佛小组的小组工作， and here at the bottom is a group work done by the group at Harvard that also
做过类似的事情，他们也有一厘米一厘米的镜头 has done something similar and they also have a centimeter by centimeter lenses
因此这些运维开发与传统光刻兼容，您可以 so these op developments are compatible with traditional lithography and you can
实际上使用光刻使它们变得很大且很容易，所以现在 actually make them quite big and quite easily using photo lithography so now
我想回顾一下我在逆设计中所做的一些工作 I'd like to go over some of the work that I've done in the inverse design of
这些光学元件，所以我们再次遇到这个设计问题，可以向前使用 these optical elements so again we have this design problem we can use forward
更加基于直觉的设计，或者我们可以使用更直观的逆向设计 design which is more intuition based or we can use inverse design which is more
基于计算，更多是基于优化的方法，那就是 computationally based and more of an optimization inspired method and that's
我将要讨论的内容，因此被表述为优化 what I'll be talking about so it's formulated as an optimization
数学上的问题，如果给定X的功绩f，其中X是 problem mathematically if we're given some figure of Merit f of X where X is a
一些参数P的函数，我们想最小化X的f function of some set of parameters P we want to minimize f of X while
约束X来求解某种线性方程组ax等于y constraining X to solve some kind of linear system of equations ax equals y
所以对于物理表示F可能是某种强度分布 so for a physical representation F might be some kind of intensity distribution
我们想要在远场X中实现的可能是电场 that we want to achieve in the far field X might be the electrical electric field
优点的固定值表示为 that the fixture figure of Merit is expressed as a function of
P可能是圆柱的半径，也可能是介电常数 P might be the radius of our cylinders or might be the dielectric permittivity
我们的系统，因此虽然我们不能直接更改X，但我们可以更改P，并通过更改 of our system so while we can't change X directly we can change P and by changing
P我们可以得到X，这就是X等于y的意思，就像 P we can get X and that's what a X equals y is it's kind of like the
模拟器的物理特性系统的物理特性，一般来说，我们使用 physics of the simulator the physics of the system and in general we use a
基于梯度的解决方案来做到这一点，所以这是一种布局 gradient based solution to do this and so here's kind of a layout of the
优化程序我们从一些初始条件开始，我们解决了 optimization procedure we start with some initial condition we solve our
永远的问题，我们计算出优异的数字，我们解决了逆问题， forever problem we calculate a figure of Merit we solve our inverse problem and
然后我们计算梯度并不断更新，直到我们的图 then we calculate our gradient and we update continuously until our figure of
优点是某种退出条件，所以这是一个不断发展的领域 Merit is some kind of exit condition so this is a field that has been growing in
但是在纳米光子学界很受欢迎，因此它们是 popularity in the nanophotonics community however well so they one of
引起广泛关注的第一批示威是这个波长 the first demonstrations that caught a lot of attention was this wavelength
解复用器，那么发生的是您有两个波长从 demultiplexer so what happens is you have two wavelengths incident from the
左上角，这些波长被拆分并拆分为其他两个 top left and those wavelengths are split and split into these other two
波导，所以一个波长一个波长进入顶部波导 waveguides so one wavelength one wavelength goes into the top waveguide
一个波长到达底部波导，此外，我们还有一些波长 and one wavelength goes to the bottom waveguide in addition we also have some
二维金属表面镜片的演示，这实际上是什么 demonstrations of two-dimensional metal surface lenses so what this is actually
我认为是无线电或微波波段，它们显示出很高的数值 done in I think the radio or microwave band and they've shown a high numerical
光圈镜头和更普通的镜头，这些都是二维的 aperture lens and also a more normal lens and these are two-dimensional
透镜，因此它们将光线聚焦成一条线，也称为柱面透镜和 lenses so they focus light into a line or also known as cylindrical lenses and
这是一组工作，显示了两个设备，一个是高角度光束偏转器，另一个是 here's a group work showing two devices one is a high angle beam deflector and
一个是在自由空间中的波长波长II多路复用器，所以 one is a wavelength wavelength II multiplexer in free space so what
他们要做的是，将这些单元格平铺，然后设计出一个 they've done is they have these unit cells that they tile and they design a
大约2微米乘2微米的空间，所以您会注意到这些 space of around 2 micron by 2 micrometer micron so what you notice about these
琥珀的设计演示是，它们都倾向于仅限于 amber's design demonstrations is that they all tend to be either limited to
小体积或二维设计，所以第一个像2微米乘2 small volumes or two-dimensional designs so the first one is like a 2 micron by 2
他们正在设计左下角几百纳米的微米 micron by a few hundred nanometers area that they're designing the bottom left
是某种二维设计，在右侧，它们具有 is some kind of two-dimensional design and on the right they have they're
设计一些自己喜欢的时期，它们会在更大的区域上平铺 designing some kind of period liking itself that they tile on a larger area
因此，尽管这些方法都导致两种不同类型的结构，但它们都 so while these methods all result in two different kinds of structures they all
依靠相同的基础方法，这是一个 rely on the same underlying method and it's a
有限差分法，所以我们可以解决这些有限差分法 finite difference method and so we can solve these finite difference methods in
从某种初始场开始的时域，我们 the time domain in which we start with some kind of initial field and we
通过使用麦克斯韦方程或法拉第定律传播它，或者 propagate it through using Maxwell's equations or using Faraday's law or
安培和那里以及皮尔斯定律，或者我们可以在频域中解决它 ampere and there and Peirce law or we can solve it in the frequency domain
现在我们在矢量波方程中求解，我们可以形成一个 where now we're solving in the vector wave equation and we can form an
这个波动方程有点像ax等于B但问题是 equation that's kind of like ax equals B using this wave equation but the issue
是因为我们将所有设计空间都划分为有限的体积， is that because we're meshing all of our design space into finite volumes the
内存随系统容量而扩展，因此对于大型系统而言，此比例可扩展 memory scales with the volume of the system so for large systems this scales
很差，很快就变得非常站不住脚，所以我们该如何 poorly and it becomes very untenable very quickly so how do we get to
大规模优化，我们必须克服两个主要挑战 large-scale optimization there's two main challenges that we have to overcome
一种是我们需要一种不能使用的快速且内存高效的仿真方法 one is we need a fast and memory efficient simulation method we can't use
无需做任何技巧的大体积有限差分方法 a finite difference method for a large volume without doing some kind of tricks
因为它占用了太多内存，并且变得太慢，我们需要 because it just takes up too much memory and it becomes too slow and we need to
运行很多迭代，所以它也需要快速，而且-我们还需要如实地 run a lot iteration so it also needs to be fast and - we also need to faithfully
模拟数值估算系统，因此在这种情况下，我们希望能够 simulate numerical estimate the system so in this case we want to be able to
捕获他们能够进行的系统的所有电磁辅助 capture all of the electromagnetic assistance of the system they be able to
拥有最强大的优化方法，并充分利用所有 have the most robust optimization method possible and take advantage of all the
物理学，所以我们的想法是我们必须通过 physics that we can so the idea is that we had was to achieve both with an
解析散射理论，这实际上称为广义多重 analytical scattering theory and this is actually called the generalized multi
球体主要方法，所以我们从中得到的是分析 sphere main method and so what we gain from this is we gain an analytical
理论，所以在这种情况下，我们有一个精确的散射理论，我们可以 theory so in this case we have a scattering theory that is exact we can
精确计算内部粒子耦合就是所有这些散射 calculate the inner particle couplings exactly it's all of these scattering
函数是容易计算的数学函数，因此我们可以 functions are easily computed mathematical functions so we can
实际上非常快速地计算它们，而不是存储有限差分 actually calculate them very quickly instead of storing finite difference
矩阵，因此我们的内存使用量也比丢失时要少 matrices so our memory usage is also a lower what we lose as we lose our
设计仲裁的灵活性非常好，因此在我们开始之前，各组之间的关系就很好 flexibility in designing arbitration scatters so well the groups before we're
能够做出这些随意的散布，现在我们被限制在零星的 able to make these arbitrary scatters now we're restricted to spiracle
分散，所以我们正在做的是优化球体阵列，并且 scatters so we were doing is we're optimizing arrays of spheres and we're
改变半径以实现某种光学功能，我们将展示 changing their radii to achieve some kind of optical function and we'll show
我们实际上可以用这个做一些很酷的事情，这种方法也是 that we can actually do some quite cool things with this and this method is also
轻松扩展为较大尺寸的散点图，三维 easily extended into scatters of larger dimensions three-dimensional
是的，这是三维记忆，我们正在优化，是的，我猜 yes this is a three-dimensional memory okay we're optimizing yeah I guess
您可能会谈谈如何减少二维 you'll probably talk about how you reduce that's your two-dimensional
捏造你只是陷入混乱，我们使用纳米脚本是的，所以 fabrication are you just stuck chaos it we use the Nano script yeah yeah so the
ki T的一个小组也已经实现了forward方法 forward method is also already implemented by a group from ki T called
我和Celli求解了方程的矩阵系统，所以线性系统方程 celli's and I solved this matrix systems of equations so linear system equations
我能够通过实施 I was able to contribute a little bit to this by implementing
允许系统允许此代码求解不同半径的球体 allowing the system to allowing this code to solve spheres of different radii
因此，在半径相同的几年之前，它已经被证明能够 so before it was just years of the same radii and it's been proven to be able to
解决球体数高达十万左右的系统 solve systems with spheres numbering up to around a hundred thousand so it is
相对较大的规模，我们可以模拟大的三维分布 relatively large scale we can simulate large three-dimensional distributions of
这段代码，这是一个很好的起点，所以我们现在 spheres with this code and that was a good place to start and so one we now we
需要定义应用程序对我来说真正有趣的一件事是 need to define application one thing that was really interesting to me was
深度感应，所以我们真的很受本文的启发 depth sensing so we were I was really inspired by this paper where they have
一些点扩散函数随D焦点的变化而变化，所以这两个 some point spread function that varies as a function of D focus so these two
瓣在空间中旋转，因为这两个瓣在您深深聚焦时在空间中旋转 lobes rotate in space as these two lobes rotate in space as you deep focus the
系统，并且您能够精确表征旋转 system and you're able if you are able to accurately characterize the rotation
的空间，在D焦点的不同D值下的不同图像将是 of the space different images at different D values of D focus will be
与不同的点扩散函数卷积，然后如果可以解卷积 convolved with different point spread functions and then if you can deconvolve
他们可以得到某种死亡地图，然后他们实际上可以 them you can get some kind of death map and then they can do it actually with
很高的分辨率，所以我们想做类似的事情，而不是 very high resolution and so we want to do something similar but instead of
就像连续旋转工具来旋转波瓣一样 doing like a continuous rotate tool to rotate lobes
我选择让一个焦点围绕不同的D值旋转 I chose to have one focal spot that rotates around for different values of D
聚焦，并以谨慎的方式旋转，就像螺旋形图案一样， focus and it rotates in a discreet feel like helical pattern with just with
八个焦平面，所以我们要聚焦的第一个焦平面 eight focal planes so our first focal plane I want to focus
在黄点处发出光，我想将其发出的光强度减至最小 light at the yellow point and I want to minimize their light intensity that goes
到蓝点，这是因为该蓝点是 to the blue point and that's because that blue point is the location of the
下一个焦平面，所以在下一个焦平面处，焦距为120微米 next focal plane so at the next focal plane which is at 120 micron the focal
点逆时针移动，现在我想再次最大化 point moves counterclockwise and now I want to maximize again intensity at the
黄点，并在这两个蓝点处使强度最小，然后是 yellow point and minimize intensity at these two blue points and then it's a
下一个焦点我做同样的事情，最后我得到的东西看起来 next focal point I do the same thing and at the end I get something that looks
这样的东西，这个功能可以大致描述为 something like this and this function can be roughly described by
这个功绩图，我在黄色处设置了一些非零强度，所以我想要 this figure of Merit where I set some non-zero intensity at yellow so I want
为了使我的强度最大化，我说我的蓝等于零，所以我想 to maximize my intensity there and I said I blue equal to zero so I want to
尽量减少我的强度，所以我将其放入该方法中 minimize my intensity there so I put this into that method and out comes an
这种担心的球体阵列大约是150微米乘以100 array of spheres this fear is about this array is about 150 micron by a hundred
50微米，乍一看对我来说似乎毫无用处，但这只是 fifty micron and it looks pretty useless to me on first look but it's just a
品牌它看起来像一个或多或少的随机球体阵列，但我们进行了测试 brand it looks like a more or less random array of spheres but so we test
它在仿真中，然后我们实际上看到在这些焦平面上，我们得到了 it in simulation and then we actually see that at these focal planes we get
这个很好的小斑点会随着我们对系统的聚焦而旋转 this nice little spot that rotates around as we do focus the system and so
现在，当您实际需要制作这些结构时，事实证明您可以 now when you actually need to make these structures it turns out that you can
如果您使用nano scrap 3d打印机，则可以实际制作球体，因此Nash部落是 actually make spheres if you use a nano scrap 3d printer so the Nash tribe is a
使用两个光子光刻技术工作的3D打印机，从本质上讲它是如何工作的 3d printer that works using two photon lithography so essentially how it works
如果您有某种聚合物，该聚合物可以通过 is you have some kind of polymer this polymer can be denatured by light of a
一定强度，所以您要做的是聚焦激光脉冲激光束，然后 certain intensity so what you do is you focus your a laser pulse laser beam and
在脉冲激光束强度足够大的意图区域中，您会得到 at the intent areas where the pulsed laser beam is intense enough you get
聚合，您得到的东西会粘在其他任何地方，您就可以 polymerization and you get something that sticks everywhere else you can just
暴露完衣服后要洗干净，这样它们才能变得很酷 wash off after you've done exposing your suit so they can get these really cool
相对高分辨率的三维结构材料 relatively high resolution three-dimensional structures material
这是一种聚合物，就像紫外线环氧树脂，因此很难定义 and this is a polymer this is like a UV epoxy so it is it's hard to define
带隙可用于聚合物之类的东西，但对可见光是透明的 bandgap for something like a polymer but it is transparent to visible light
您能否像我们之前那样在场景上建模，并在顶部设置12个4个球体 could you model at the scene as we had before with 12 your 4 spheres on top of
彼此相邻或彼此相邻 each other or next to each other cylinders it turns out that that's not a
很好的方法，因为这些球具有不存在的近场相互作用 very good way because the spheres have near-field interactions that are not
存在于您连接的气瓶中，所以我将讨论如何扩展此气瓶 present in cylinders you connect so I will talk about how you can extend this
接受不同几何形状的方法 method into accepting different geometries and it will with some
可以接受椭球的修改就像圆柱体一样，所以我们实际上 modifications that can accept ellipsoids are like cylinders and so we actually
最终制造出它，它在俯视图上看起来与我们所看到的相似 ended up fabricating it it looks kind of similar on the top down view to what we
真正想要的，但在右侧，您可以看到他们的球面不是 actually wanted but on the right it's a you can see that their spheres aren't
球形的，但看起来有点像不同的煎饼层 quite spherical but they look kind of like layers of pancakes of different
彼此的半径，但我们不妨测试一下 radii of each other but we might as well test
它，所以作为参考，这里是仿真结果，然后在这里 it and so for reference here are the simulation results again and then here
是实验结果，因此我们观察到较高的噪声，这是 are the experimental results so we observe a higher noise for and this is a
该设备设计用于1550纳米，部分噪音来自飞镖 device was designed for 1550 nanometers part of the noise for comes from dart
从我们的相机算起，这不是很好，此外还有非常明显的 counts from our camera which is not very good in addition there's very noticeable
我们在上一张幻灯片中看到的制造缺陷，但忽略了所有 fabrication defects that we saw in the previous slide but but ignoring all of
我们确实看到我们有一个非常高强度的焦点 that we do see that we have this very high intensity focal spot that's
在相同的方向和大致相同的位置旋转 rotating around in the same direction and in the roughly the same locations
我们可以对此进行表征，因此在仿真中我们可以比较 and we can kind of characterize this so in simulation we can compare the
模拟点位置与实验点位置，我们看到了 simulation spot location with the experiment spot location and we see
除了第一个和最后一个焦点，它们实际上可能完全匹配 besides the first and the last focal spot they actually might quite match up
非常好，尽管其中第一个误差最大，但大多数误差都在1微米以下 quite well and most of them have an error of under 1 micron though the first
点的误差略大于一微米，这是 spot has an error that's a little bit above one micron and that's kind of
不能由某种有限的翻译错误来解释 couldn't be accounted for by some kind of finite amount of translational error
或某种拟合错误，我们在这里不适合，因为我没有 or some kind of fitting error we're not fitting here because I didn't
合适的东西，所以现在我想像一些将来的工作一样进入 fit the piece and so now I want to kind of go into like some of the future work
和前景，我认为是的，所以您更新了条约的结构 and outlook where I think yeah question so the treaty renewed structure you had
如果您稍微回头，也可以在球体之间使用这些连接线 also have these connective lines between the spheres right if you go back a bit
感谢您在此处打印在右下角的示例 thank the example you have here that's printed in the bottom right if you want
大量的球体，或者如果您想要三维分布 a big array of spheres or if you want a three-dimensional distribution of
领域，那么他们将需要一些支持，但就我而言，我并不需要这样做 spheres then they will need some support but in my case I didn't need to do that
你不知道，在这种情况下，球体是相互独立的 you didn't know so in this case the spheres are independent of each other
它们只是在玻璃基板上，所以右上角的图片有点像 they're just on a glass substrate so this the top right picture is kind of an
角度的视图，它并没有真正显示出流球形部分的声音，但是 angled view and it doesn't really show how voice at the flow spherical part but
您可能会看到一点点，但是是的 you can kind of see it a little bit maybe but yeah
难以理解的神话，但当从上而下看时，我会成为 the mythos with the hard to get but when looking from not top-down I'm gonna be
能够观察到更多的 able to observed a greater sort of
不规则性和球面cos是我的意思，当您自上而下看时 irregularities and the spheres cos I mean when you looking top-down right you
是的，这可能是因为我假设打印机是一种打印 could yeah this might be I'm assuming that the printers is sort of printing
以及平行于基板和平行于基板的层 along with parallel to the substrate and layers parallel to the substrate right
现在，就像您从其他角度看待其他人一样 now instead like when you're looking from the others from a perspective
有很多你知道的横截面，球体看起来会更多 that's many you know the cross section of this the spheres will look like more
像半球一样，这可能是正确的，但是打印机要做的是 like half spheres so that might be true but what the printer does is it doesn't
实际打印任何有选择地聚合的材料，所以您 actually print any material it selectively polymerizes right so you
有一个像像素一样的焦点，您可以在抗蚀剂上扫描，是的， have a focal spot that's like a pixel that you scan over your resist yeah and
所以我看不出为什么它们的顶部球形不如它们球形 so I don't see any reason why they would be less spherical on the top than they
会在底部，因为它只是一个正在扫描的焦点 would be on the bottom because it just is a focal spot that's scanning there
可能是抗蚀剂存在某种机械问题，但仍然想像是 might be some kind of mechanical issue with the resist still imagine it is
是的，一层一层地聚焦，否则，您甚至都无法获得可见性 focusing layer by layer right yeah otherwise you won't even get visibility
进入某些特定的地点和类似的事物，所以这里有一个首选的方向 into certain spots and things like that so there is a preferred direction here
在其中，所以我想您在说的是自上而下的内容，您可以看到 in which it's going so I guess what you're saying is top down you can see
不错的光盘仍然是，但是当您侧向观看时，可能会看到其他光盘 nice disc still yeah but sideways when you look at it you might see some other
形状问题实际上曾预料到机械问题，因此如果可能 shape issues ever expect mechanical issues actually so if there might be
机械问题，但是他们确实有一些我真正能够解决的问题 mechanical issues but they are there's been groups I've been actually able to
使这些类型的结构正确，就像可能存在机械 make these kinds of structures right so like while there might be mechanical
球的较大三维阵列的问题，我实际上不会 issues with larger three dimensional arrays of spheres I wouldn't actually
期待我正在做的事情，只是因为他们有一些非常好的 expect it with what I'm doing just because they have some really nice
结果，这基本上是su8环氧树脂，其研究相对深入 results and this is epoxy is basically su8 which has relatively well studied
机械性能，并且能够修剪非常高的长宽比 mechanical properties and it is capable of prunings a very high aspect ratio
像使那些平衡而没有滚动的球一样 like make those spheres that are balanced out without having them roll
周围有一些反复试验是的，所以当我制作这些球体时 around with some trial and error yes so there is so when I make these spheres
有一点点像是平坦的表面 there is like a little bit of a cut of a little bit of like a flat surface
因为我有点难过，有点 because I kind of kind of sad fits it a little bit yeah
当我喜欢冲洗它们时，这些样品会像流一样飞走 and I have had these samples like flow fly off when I like try to rinse them
掉下来，就像漂浮起来，没关系，就像20 off with something and it was just like float up and on it's okay it's like 20
分钟的工作时间，这不是那么糟糕，这是另一个出口收益，非常 minutes at work so it's like not that bad and that's another exit benefit very
慢，是的，哦，也许是的，所以这些实际上是很大的矛 slow yeah oh maybe it was yeah so so these are actually pretty big Spears
右边有发出嘶嘶声的灯光，这是可以的 right is there a sizzle light this is a okay
所以是的，我忘了提及这是针对红外光的，所以 so yeah I forgot to mention this is for infrared light so the resolution of the
Nano scribe大约是200 x 200 x 700纳米，就像您的 Nano scribe is roughly 200 to it by 200 by 700 nanometers that's like your
您可以做到的最小尺寸，因此可以可靠地最小化的球体 smallest dimension you can do and so the smallest spheres that you could reliably
制成球形，直径约为100微米或1微米，因此我们 make spherical they quoted as around 100 micron or 1 micron in diameter so we
决定使用红外线，因为我们实际上无法解决 decided to use infrared light because we couldn't actually resolve the small
足够，但实际上这并不是一个元表面，因为 enough and at a copy yet this actually isn't a meta surface per se because the
周期性实际上大于波长 periodicity is actually greater than the wavelength
像是纯衍射，但是模拟方法并没有 like this is like a pure diffraction but the simulation method doesn't really
变化更像是我们强迫我们进行加工的过程 change it's more just like the fabrication that we've forced us to kind
如果有一个术语的话，可以使这些结构更大些，是的，我称之为纯 of make these bigger structures if there's a term yeah I call this a pure
衍射麦克风不管您是否知道别人用什么标签，是的 diffractive mics what doesn't care whether you know what labels people yeah
这样的工作是如此，所以我们可以将这种方法扩展到任意形状 that's so kind of that work so we can extend this method to arbitrary shapes
使用所谓的T矩阵方法这实际上是一种方法 using something called a T matrix method this is the method that's actually
主要为您要研究的天文学家或天体物理学家使用而开发 developed mostly for use by astronomers or astrophysicists you want to study
像是太空尘埃，像是气溶胶颗粒的一部分，所以这个扩展是 like space dust and like part of and aerosol particles so this extension is
我一直在努力的事情，我们实际上已经能够实现它 something that I've been working on and we've actually been able to implement it
在代码中，我们还没有任何初步结果 in the code we don't have any preliminary results quite yet well we
有一点我们还没有类似可发布的结果，但是我们 have some point we don't have any like publishable results quite yet but we
已经表明，我们可以通过数值来提高透镜的效率 have shown that we can increase the efficiency of a lens with the numerical
使用这些土壤时，使用20％的土壤和20％的土壤，孔径约为0.8 III，因此， aperture of around 0.8 III from 20% using 26% using these soils gathers so
在这种情况下，这不是反面的，我想我们已经有一些现有的镜头设计了 in this case it wasn't an inverses I'm I think we have some existing lens design
然后我们使用此方法对其进行了优化，我们能够 that we made and then we optimized it using this method and we were able to
在我看来，在这些类型的 see a pretty significant efficiency increase in my opinion in these types of
设计80％的光要去哪里，只是均匀地散射 designs where does that 80% of the light to go is it just scattered uniformly
在整个像场上，所以对椭圆灯一无所知 across the image field so know anything about ellipse lights is that they
实际上有很多反向散射，所以很多椭球会 actually there's actually a lot of back scattering so a lot of ellipsoids will
反射光向你反射，这是我学到的漂亮东西 actually reflect light back at you and that's something that I learned pretty
最近当我试图找出这些 recently when I was trying to figure out these
强度，因此在这种情况下，一些光被向后散射，而另一些 intensities so in this case some of the light is being back scattered and some
这些光中的一些并没有被聚焦到焦点上，但这是一个 of these some of this light isn't being focused into the focal point but it's a
我普遍认为高数值孔径镜头的问题是 pretty commonly accepted I think problem for high numerical aperture lenses to
只需像Fornells方程式一样就可以高效地聚焦光 focus light with high efficiency just based on like Fornells equations as you
当您的光线以较大的角度入射时，其效率开始降低 as your light is incident on larger angles it starts being less efficient
根据theta项 based on the the theta term
我认为Brian暗示的是，如果您分散Lighting的 I think what Brian is implying is that if you are scattering the Lighting's
您知道图像所在的位置是随机的还是伪随机的，这是在降低您的 where your image is you know random or pseudorandom away you're lowering your
对比度，因此您的图像质量是，更糟糕的是 contrast and therefore your image quality yeah it's worse that goes
向后也许是一个不同的问题，但效率却可能 backwards maybe that's a different problem but efficiency but maybe it
在这种情况下不会影响您的图像质量，我认为这可能会 doesn't affect your image quality in this case I think it probably would
肯定会有光会散射成随机的 there would definitely be light that would be scattered into a random
背景，但我认为对于任何一种折射屈光度和屈光度都适用 background but I think that would be true of any kind of refractive hi and a
镜头以及cárdenas哦，如果您考虑使用，您认为可以吗 lens as well cárdenas oh do you think you could do uh if you look at using
这些是因为它们善于反映正确的权利或反映 these since they're good at reflecting right right reflecting or reflecting
使用这些Moors的实用程序小镜子比小镜子 their utility using these Moors little mirrors than little lenses that's
其他正在接管该项目的教授 something that the other professor that's taking over this project its
对此我感兴趣的并不是我想的，所以在 interested in that was not something that I thought of so maybe more in the
未来就像现在像声波设计师光学cuz这样的想法 future like the idea of like sonic designer optics cuz right now could the
精彩瞬间的典范是您去飙升实验室或埃德蒙（Edmund）等网站 model for an optical moment is you go to a website like soar labs or Edmund
光学元件，如果需要一些光学元件，您可以直接购买 optics and you buy an optical element off the shelf like the if you want some
一种球体，他们也许可以为您制造，或者如果您想要某种球体， kind of a sphere they can maybe make it for you or if you want some kind of
镜片上有特殊涂层，他们可以为您做到这一点，但是如果您需要某种涂层 special coating on your lens they can do that for you but if you wanted some kind
真的很奇怪的光学元件，他们可能无法做到 of really weird optical element they probably wouldn't be able to make it for
您和我认为这主要是由于制造原因，所以表面太多 you and I think that's largely due to manufacturing reasons so many surfaces
已经与这些自上而下的光刻实践兼容，所以也许 are already compatible with these like top-down lithography practices so maybe
有一个独木舟模型，您实际上可以进行某种设计 there's a canoe model where you can actually have some kind of design that
你给一家公司，然后他们就可以制造这种光学元件 you give to some company and then they can fabricate this optical element for
您和现在，您可以使用这些自定义的aapke元素来设计 you and now you can have these custom aapke elements that are designed with
您的传感器可以与您的传感器一起使用，而不是使用现成的 your sensor to work with your sensor instead of using off-the-shelf
组件另一个非常有趣的应用是面向体积光学 components another really interesting application is towards volume optics so
药力是扫描器的二维阵列，我们考虑光学 medicine forces are these 2d arrays of scanners and we think about optics we
总是想一想二维输入平面，它发生在某种 always think about some kind of 2d input plane and it's incident on some kind of
2d表面，聚焦在某种2d输出平面上，例如镜头，但 2d surface and that focuses on some kind of 2d output plane like a lens but
如果我们有一些扩展的光学系统，则没有必要一定如此 there's no reason that has to be the case if we have some extended optical
我们可以考虑元素以不同方式进入的光 element we can think about light entering from different ways like some
有点像多维数据集，这已经完成了 kind of like cube and that's something that has been done
使用对比度很低的玻璃，所以他们要做的是将激光束聚焦在 with very low contrast glass so what they do is they focus a laser beam on
玻璃，然后在高强度下，该玻璃会产生小的反光， glass and then at high intensities this glass can get small reflective and it
像点零零零一个或一个左右的顺序变化，但即使如此， changes on the order of like point zero zero one or so but even with this really
较小的折射率对比，并且它们可以显示出这种非常弱的散射 small refractive index contrast and this really weak scattering they can show
他们实际上可以复用不同的功能或不同的功能 that they can actually multiplex different functions or different
全息图除了关于角度以及关于 holograms in addition to with with respect to angle and also with respect
波长，这是我真正感兴趣的东西 to wavelength and that's something I'm really interested in working with
因为我认为在这种情况下逆向设计确实会大放异彩 because I think inverse design really shines in this situation where we have
设计某种三维体积，在那种情况下，我不认为 to design some kind of three-dimensional volume and in that case I don't think
使某种前向设计与 that it's really practical to make some kind of forward design work well with
液晶光学想象的几何相位的螺旋型。 the liquid crystal the helical types of geometric phase that imagine optics does
那里的人脸光学系统以及什么环境，所以我的意思是他们有这个好 the very face optics there and what context so I mean they have this nice
技术上，他们基本上拥有这些螺旋形Elsie，可以使 technology where they basically have these helical Elsie's that can make
基于几何的光学类似于超材料多年，但它们是 geometric based optics similar to the metamaterial for any years but they're
实际聘用效率更高的技术也许稍微成熟一点 actually hiring more efficient maybe slightly more mature technology can you
将您类型的设计技术应用于其上，因此这些都是螺旋形的散点图 apply your types of design techniques to their so these are helical scatters
它们是螺旋液晶，如果您熟悉的话，我可以稍后再告诉您 they're helical liquid crystal I can I can show you later if you're familiar
你一定要检查一下开瓶器 that you should definitely check it out a corkscrew
是的，它们就像开瓶器Luger水晶一样，因此它们与左左键和 yeah they're like corkscrew Luger crystal so they work with left left and
右旋圆极化，所以他们在您的脸上做了健身房 right handed circular polarization right so they did the gym at your face a
不同的波浪，然后您使用这些指法进行操作，因此在这种情况下， different wave and then you do with these fingering so in this case they'd
是极化敏感的，是的，很好，我想那是 be polarization sensitive right yes very okay I think that would be it would be
可能喜欢安排他们，你将不得不找到一些参数化 possible to like arrange them you would have to find some parameterization of
这种开瓶器的结构，这就是你做的，然后能够喜欢 this corkscrew structure and that's how you did and then be able to like so if
这个开瓶器担架的高度有些缠绕 this corkscrew stretcher has some kind of height it has some kind of winding
数字，并且它具有某种半径，然后，如果您无法表达 number and it has some kind of radius and then if you weren't able to express
就这些参数而言，您可以将其插入我的代码中 the surface in terms of those parameters you could probably plug it into my code
然后优化这些参数 and then optimize those parameters
我认为很难对螺旋表面进行参数化，而不是 I think it's kind of hard to parameterize a helical surface it's not
我有很多经验，所以他们实际上是 something I have very much experience with so they're actually they're
马上改变旋转角度，或者他们如何得到他们得到他们的 changing the rotation angle right away or so how did they get they get their
通过改变其螺旋的方向来改变不同的面孔，例如 different faces by changing the orientation of their helix like the
他们的螺旋的旋转我想如果你有他们的螺旋就是 rotation of their helix I think that the helix is if you have their if you are
这些像这样的视觉设备会像这样暴露出来，这就是螺旋线的 these devices like that vision expose like this so it's that's of the helix is
是的，平行于您的基材，是的，当我们像这样处理时 parallel to your substrate well yeah when we're dealing with like these right
手工圆偏振光，您可以认为这些吉拉C基本上是 hand circular polarized light you can think of these Gila C's as essentially
就像极化转换器，从本质上讲就像一些条纹 being like polarization converters and essentially it's like some of the barre
像您的相变之类的面孔与您极化的旋转有关 faces like your phase change is tied to the rotation of your polarization of
你的光，所以像轴垂直于 your light and so it makes sense for it to be like the axis is perpendicular to
我认为即使你有一块冰，即使因为冰成本 your substrate I think even if you have a even if because if the ice is cost
飞机水平放置在后尾巴上，您仍然可以看到另一个 horizontal with the plane filled on the back tail you still still see another
螺旋线，因为如果您认为它可能会小于那个 helix helix because if you think it may be less than that
是的，我认为他们以更垂直的方式设计这些东西 yeah I think they design these things with their further perpendicular I think
其他人可能这样做是为了让更多的困难直接实用的设计 other people might have done that for more diffracts direct practical designs
你在说什么 what you're talking about
因此，当您决定像将来那样的时候，另一个问题是，如果您 and so another question when you decide for example like in the future if you
想要设计这类3D体积光学器件，您将需要担心 want to design these kind of 3d volume optics you'd have to worry about like
在下雨的更新中，光被倍增地散布的事实 the fact that light is being multiplied scattered within the updates it rains up
喜欢更多，是的，这是一个很好的观点 to like more of that somehow right yeah so that's a really good point
是你知道如果你有这些分散，他们必须被耦合 is that you know like if you have these scatters they have to be coupled
在一起，在那儿相遇，他实际上为我们做得很好 together and that's something that meet there he actually does for us very well
是它可以分析所有这些粒子，然后进行分析，但是 is that it computes all these particle particles coupling it's analytically but
如果您有不同的分散点，形式主义是相同的 the formalism is the same if you have different scatters of different
几何学曾经遇到的唯一问题是与我有关的理论，如果您 geometries the only thing that used to run into is that with me theory if you
有非常紧密堆积的颗粒，所以如果它们很紧密 have very closely packed particles so if they're like if you have very closely
填充颗粒，您还需要添加另一种颗粒，因为 packed particles there's another extensive that you need to add because
如果你是这样的话，你的粒子有某种外接球体，那 if you're so your particle has some kind of circumscribing sphere and that
外接球不能与另一个粒子的边界相交 circumscribing sphere can't intersect with the boundary of another particle
这是因为您使用了Bessel函数中的一些奇异之处 and that is due to some singularities in the Bessel functions that you use to
在这里扩大您的船只，您可以用不同的方式修复它，但这就是 expand your vessel here and you can fix that in different ways but that's
您必须更加小心的事情 something you have to be more careful about
最后一件事是一些想法，我的建议之一就是 and the last thing is some ideas that one of my my advice your head is like
光学和计算算法的协优化，所以如果我们有 the optics and accompany computational algorithm Co optimization so if we have
某种场景，或者我们对某些功能不感兴趣 some kind of scene or we have some kind of feature that we weren't interested in
也许我们想创建一个场景的图像，或者想做一些 maybe we want to have a create an image of the scene or maybe want to make some
这样的决定，因此我们可以考虑采用 kind of decision so we can think of having the computational design of a
金属表面或执行某种操作的一堆金属表面 metal surface or of a stack of metal surfaces together that perform some kind
在这种情况下，可以尝试对它进行光学成像 of optical function in this case it can be trying to image it in which case the
提供某种模糊的部长，或者它可能正在执行某种 Minister for supply some kind of blur or it can be performing some kind of
数学运算某种线性上界是某种线性上界 mathematical operation some kind of linear upper is it some kind of linear
在该场景上进行操作，然后再使用一些后处理软件 operation on this scene and having some post processing software afterwards so
这有点像一个成像管道，但是实际上已经做了 this is kind of like an imaging pipeline but in practice what has been done is
认为这两个这两个元素是直流分量 that these two these two elements of this are DC components the post
处理软件和计算设计是 processing software and the computational design are kind of
独立优化，所以我们感兴趣的一件事本质上是 optimized independently and so one thing that we interested is essentially like
这些金属表面的共增材经过某种优化 this co-opt ization of these metal surfaces with some kind of optimization
算法，这是医学力量真正使之成为可能的东西 algorithm and that's something that medicine forces really make possible
因为现在您可以真正控制他们的基本配置文件 because now you can you really have a lot of control over their base profiles
关于您的散射特性，只是想知道您，我浏览了一些 over your scattering properties and just to know over you I went over some single
元素元表面我经历了一些金属表面光学系统的一些工作 element meta surfaces I went over some metal surface optical systems some work
在安培设计师的meta表面上，还有一些来自我的感谢 on the amperes designer meta surfaces and some acknowledgments I'm from the
噪声实验室纳米光电集成系统工程实验室ARCA noise lab the nano optoelectronics integrated systems engineering lab ARCA
在左上角，然后我要感谢那里的一些合作者 is on the top left and then I want to thank some of the collaborators there's
从左到右是泰勒·谢恩·克里斯·詹姆斯和麦克斯，还有一些 from left to right is Taylor Shane Chris James and Max and also some
空军研究实验室的合作者，他们帮助我们进行了图像设计 collaborators at the Air Force Research Lab who helped us with the image design
预测薪水的开发人员以及我们实验室的一些资金来源 project the developers of salaries and some of the funding sources from our lab
是的，这些管理曲面镜片有问题 yeah these kinds of manage surface lenses you have problems
色散效率角度依赖性您认为未来的前景如何 dispersion efficiency angular dependence what do you see as the future prospect
在未来10或20年内，您认为这些问题的重要性吗？ of addressing those those issues kid do you think in the next 10 or 20 years
您会看到可以与传统屈光眼镜相媲美的平面金属表面镜片 you'll see a flat metal surface lens that could rival conventional refractive
镜头，或者这些设备会变得更加专业化，例如您在哪里 lens or are these devices going to be more more specialized like where you
在波前遇到一些奇特的控制 meet some exotic control over the wavefront
这些其他问题并不重要，就像您始终知道曙光即将来临 and these other issues are not important like you always know the light is coming
从某个角度，您知道波长等等 from a certain angle you know the wavelength and so forth
是的，哦，这是个好点，似乎有很多问题 yes oh that's a good point is that it seems like there's a lot of problems
现在，但一件事是所有这些问题都已经解决了 right now but one thing is that all of these problems have been solved
相对独立，所以我们有一个用于这些工作的半色运算 relatively independently so we have a chromatic operation that works for these
小数值孔径，我们有这些看不见的角度校正透镜 small numerical apertures we have these angular corrected lenses I don't see
例如，在不久的将来将它们更换为智能手机中的镜头 them in the near future replacing the lenses in your smartphone for example
但绝对是您对单个波长感兴趣的任何事物 but definitely in anything where you have interested in a single wavelength I
认为这些金属表面非常有趣，所以如果您有一些类似的东西 think that these metal surfaces are very interesting so in if you have some like
依赖单个波长的光学传感器，就像 optical sensors for that rely on a single wavelength so that's like
像物联网这样的自动驾驶汽车非常适合 autonomous cars like Internet of Things that is a very good application for
这些绝对定制的传感器，但是如果您能够集成 these so definitely customized sensors but if you were to able to integrate
这些部长总统的两卷我认为这很简单 these minister-president two volumes I think that is one straightforward
实际解决所有这些问题的途径，包括角度 pathway to actually solving all of these problems that including like angle
像差色差和效率，但可能不是效率 aberrations chromatic aberrations and efficiency but maybe not efficiency
问题，但是当您不被迫降低效率时，效率问题就会减少 problems but efficiency problems are lessened when you are not forced to
在一个表面上解决所有这些问题，我认为重要的是 solve all these problems in a single surface and I think it's important to
请注意，传统的光学器件无法在单个元件中解决这些问题 note that conventional optics doesn't solve these problems in a single element
就像我们想要一个真正高性能的光学系统一样 either and it's like if we want a really high-performance optical system we have
里面有很多不同的光学元件，而不是 to have a lot of different optical elements in it and it's not a
金属服务业与众不同的根本不同的问题 fundamentally different problem that the metal services have she was different in
你很难把这些东西堆起来的感觉 the sense that you hard to stack these things yeah like
随着您堆叠的越来越多，效率会下降 efficiency would go down as you stack more and more of these it goes down a
当您堆叠越来越多的镜头时一点点，但它并没有下降很多 little bit as you stack more and more lenses but it doesn't go down a lot
对，它不会下降那么多，所以效率的一个问题是 right it doesn't go down that much right so one problem with the efficiency is
当我们创建高数值孔径的镜头时，我们有非常高的 when we're creating high numerical aperture lenses we have these very high
脸部渐变，这会带来一些效率问题，但与 face gradients and that causes some problems with efficiency but like with
传统的镜头，如果我们想有一个小的焦距，我们可以有 the conventional lens if we wanted to have a small focal length we could have
一个焦距为f1和AD的镜头，然后在其上面叠放另一个f2，那就是 one focal length lens of f1 and AD and stack another f2 on top of it and that's
我们如何获得下一个焦距，而无需实际执行所有操作 how we get our next focal lengths without actually having to implement all
这些额外的相位光栅面对梯度，这是我们的另一种方式 these extra phase gratings face gradients and that's another way that we
如果我们有一个，也可以立即使用这些分散的工程技术 can also use these dispersed engineering techniques right now if we have one
在F 1处校正镜片，然后在F 2处校正镜片，我们可以使 corrected lens at F 1 and then the corrective lens at F 2 we can make our
下一个焦距，这对他们来说很有趣 next focal length and that's something that would be interesting for them so
LC PC系列设备，单手效率高达9％，超过99％ the LC PC line devices like they're 9 over 99% efficient for one-handed
两极分化，您认为这些类型的效率有可能达到什么样的效率 polarization what kind of efficiency you think is possible with these types of
不仅是您的，而且每个人的基础架构都在一个层中 not just yours but everybody's infrastructures in a single layer
药力的效率约为70％至80％ efficiencies of around 70 to 80 percent have been shown for medicine force
透镜处于一个波长，但重要的是要注意，即使这些 lenses at one wavelength but it's important to note that even these
螺旋特性也是有缺陷的镜片，如果您有百分之一百 helical properties are also defective lenses and if you have a hundred percent
在未极化的这些应用中，一极化时的效率 efficiency at one polarization in these applications where you have unpolarized
点亮您立即拥有正确的权限，此外，这些元素很可能 light you have that immediately right and in addition these elements likely
也显示色差，因为这个几何相位也是如此 also display chromatic aberrations because this geometric phase is also so
这些不是像这个螺旋的东西能解决所有问题，而是 these are it's not like this helical thing solves everything but it is
我希望有趣的是，有没有制造这些设备的途径 interesting that I'm hoping is that is is there a path to making these devices
99％的效率，因为这样我们就可以将它们堆叠起来并合并进去，是的，我 99% efficient because then we can stack them and incorporate them it yes I
确实的确这么认为，要到达那里需要什么 really do think so ok so what what would it take to to get there
我认为传统上这些常规药物成分都具有 I think conventionally these conventional medicines elements have all
使用洁净室制造 been fabricated using clean rooms that are
你知道我们的城市洁净室，所以我的意思是，如果你看一下我们 you know our city clean rooms and so I mean if you look at the devices that we
通常只是缺乏精度，我认为这是其中很大的一部分 generally make just lacking precision that I think that's a big part of it we
经历了过多的蚀刻和蚀刻不足，所以我不会提出我的建议 experience a lot of over etching and under etching so I won't bring up my
娜娜抄写员，但特别是在这种镜头在哪里的情况下 nana scribe but particularly in the case of where is it like this lens right here
您会看到明显有缺陷，灰尘颗粒进入了 you can see there's obviously defects where dust particles have come in yeah
所以不是我们不是，我不是很擅长捏造，实际上不是 so it's not we're not I'm not very good at fabrication this is actually wasn't
我在实验方面做得很好的作品或制作并制作了这些作品，但 work that I was experimental e in well put or fabricate and fabricate these but
加工过程中的一个大问题是，我们的洁净室不是很干净 it's like a big issue with fabrication is that our clean rooms are not very
可靠，这就像我们一直给予的全面回应是 reliable and that's like the catch-all response that we always give is that we
在您的支柱上，我们不是我们的结构实际上不是我们想要的 over at your pillars we don't our structures aren't actually what we want
它们是另一个ID的另一种选择是，当我们设计这些 them to be another ID another option is that we actually when we design these
使用前向设计方法，我们实际上并没有考虑和削减 using the forward design method we don't actually account and cut account for the
这些支柱之间的耦合，所以我们正确地做的是模拟 coupling between these pillars so what we've done right is we've simulated
这些支柱以无限的周期性阵列排列，然后我们将其取出，然后 these pillars in an infinitely periodic array and then we take one out and we
将其插入某个地方，周围可能有一些看起来像的东西 plug it in somewhere and it's surrounded by maybe things that look kind of
相似或完全不相似，在这种情况下，请说 similar or maybe drastically not similar like in this case right just say that
周围的细丝实际上是Amber的设计所展示的 the filaments around that's something that Amber's design has actually shown
如果我们可以的话，它现在有能力帮助其抵制 that it's capable of helping its against now if we can we can actually account
对于所有发生的这些耦合，这些作者所从事的事情之一 for all these couplings that happen one of the things that these authors are
特别是他们抱怨的最底层是他们无法 particularly the bottom they complain about is that they are not able to
准确表征这些支柱与您之间的所有耦合 accurately characterize all of the couplings between these pillars and you
可以看到他们真的很密集，考虑到这没有任何意义 can see that they're really dense and it doesn't really make sense to consider
它们是独立的，所以我认为还有一个很大的设计因素是 them independent so I think there's also a very big design factor that is
当您考虑拥有这些东西的效率时，这一点很重要 important when you're considering like how efficient these things are you have
进行更严格的逆设计，您必须进行制造 to do a more rigorous inverse design and you have to get fabrication
完全被钉住，然后也许您会得到如此刺激 totally nailed and then maybe you could get so in stimulation have you gotten
如果刺激达到80％或90％，则接近100％，但那是 close to 100% if stimulation I've gotten up to 80 or 90 percent but that was
模拟不是这样的东西，您正在放大模拟 simulations not this stuff right the you're scalping simulation that was in
fdtd仿真的四种方式也是什么呵呵什么样的结构什么样的 the four way of fdtd simulation also what Oh what kind of structure some kind
镜头，这是一个相对不是非常高恢复度的镜头，我问的是 of lens and it's a relative not a very highly recovering lens I'm asking was it
像这些支柱的异国情调的形状在这里，我只是笨拙的圆形支柱，是的 exotic shapes like these pillars here I was just dumb circular pillars okay yeah
告诉我一件事，如果他问的话，将他的问题带到另一个方向 tell me one thing to take his question in different direction if he's asking
关于您的更多信息，我知道多种波长的通用成像光学器件，但我 more about you know generalized imaging optics for multiple wavelengths but I
意味着许多服务在它们所在的位置都具有一些独特的属性 mean many services have a few unique properties right where they're
绝对有可能非常适合他们的具体情况 definitely there definitely might be well-suited to their specific
对的应用程序，我的意思是我的意思是很薄的东西 applications right I mean things I mean something that's very thin there's a
男人的光很强或可以定义任意光波的东西 man's very light or something where you can define an arbitrary optical wave
前面，或者您知道这类事情，那么您会看到什么样的应用程序 front or you know these sorts of things so what sort of applications you see
在您知道的地方，元服务可能会有更多低落的果实 there where you know there might be more low-hanging fruit for meta services
传统的光学系统可能不太适合某人的事情 where a traditional optical system might not fit well what someone things that
也许这不是一个框架，所以生物成像是我们一直以来的一件事 maybe it's not a frame so biological imaging is one thing that we've always
真正感兴趣的是，如果我们在光学元件中拥有这些比率，我们 been really interested in is if we have these rates in optical elements and we
可以实现，我们可以将其放在某种光纤上，现在可以 can implement we could put it on some kind of optical fiber okay we can now
实际上，如果我们附加了这一点，我们至少可以提高收集效率 actually if we attach this we can at least increase the collection efficiency
可能会增加它的数值孔径 of our fiber and maybe increase its numerical aperture that kind of thing is
对我们来说真的很有趣，那是低洼的水果 really interesting for us that's pretty low lying fruit and these kinds of
传感器，或者已经有某些传感器在使用这类传感器 sensors or there are already of certain sensors that use these kinds of
衍射光学元件，从某种意义上讲，它可能不是即插即用或 diffractive optical elements and in that sense maybe it's not as plug-and-play or
目前还没有那么有用，但是那可能会被滥用 it's not as useful currently but that's something that could be abuse there's
最近，人们对金属表面的莱卡文字印刷产生了浓厚的兴趣， been a lot of interest in lycra literal printing of metal surfaces recently and
那么您可能会看到某种类似聚合物的贱金属表面， then you could maybe see some kind of like polymer base metal surfaces where
如果您实际上可以获得这些滚动方法所需的分辨率 if you could actually get the resolution required for these roll-to-roll methods
您可以打印出这些金属表面卷，也许可以打印在太阳能上 work you could print out these rolls of metal surfaces and maybe a on a solar
面板，以使您的太阳能电池均匀，或在这种情况下 panel to like get uniformity on your solar cell or in the case of like these
砷化镓太阳能电池可能就像金属表面的高 gallium arsenide solar cells maybe like a really high in a metal surface that's
效率很高，可以将光聚焦到这些小砷化镓之一上 fairly efficient can focus light onto one of these small gallium arsenide
光电管的金属表面已被送入太空，这很酷，我不是 photocells metal surfaces have been sent to space that's kind of cool I'm not
真的可以确定Universe设计过程要花多长时间？ really sure how long is the universe design process take so is it
可并行化，您认为前景如何，因为我们是一堆 parallelizable and what do you think the prospects are since we're a bunch of
我或我们很多人是计算机科学家，您呢？ computer scientists here I or a lot of us are computer scientists what do you
认为有可能提出更好的优化算法，并且 think that prospects are for coming up with better optimization algorithms and
这样提高效率，所以这是一个非常好的问题 improving efficiency that way so that's a really good question this particular
在我们的工作站计算机上进行了大约一天的模拟，就像 simulation that took around one day on our workstation computer and that's like
新的和16:12核心处理器之一，并且GPU加速或 one of the new and the 16:12 core processors and it's GPU accelerated or
矩阵向量乘法是使用某种Nvidia I进行GPU加速的 the matrix vector multiplication is GPU accelerated with some kind of Nvidia I
认为那是Titan XP，所以花了大约一天的时间， think it's that Titan XP and so this took around a day and that was
严格模拟所有这些领域的一种方法来做到这一点 rigorously simulating all of these spheres together one way to get this
更好的是，这实际上是我们一直在考虑的事情，而不是 better it was actually something we've been thinking about is instead of
模拟整个结构，我们知道我们喜欢杯子，所以当我们 simulated entire structure we know that we these like there's the cup so when we
一起模拟这些整个领域的整体结构，我们得到 simulate these entire spheres together the entire structure together we get the
准确的结果，但是如果我们想偷工减料，我们可以 accurate result but if we wanted to cut some corners one thing that we can
考虑这样做实际上是将其分为不同的模拟区域 consider doing is actually splitting this into different simulation regions
所以我们可以模拟这个房间的这些小部分，这很容易 so we can simulate these small sections of this room and that's easily
可并行化，您可以模拟其中的大部分，而实际上 parallelizable you can simulate large sections of these and that actually
减少了您的迭代求解器所需的时间，就像 reduces the time that it takes for your iterative solver to very much be like
没错，是多个，是的，因为如果是2d that's right that's multiple yes yeah because it's kind of you if this is 2d
大概这个，你根本被困在彼此之下 roughly this you're stuck beneath each other at all
不不不那么那然后就像是四叉树，您像细分一样进入四叉树 no no so then then it's like a quadtree you go in a quadtree like subdividing
分为四个部分，依此类推，我不，所以我认为您实际上 this into four sections and so on I don't yeah so I think you would actually
希望有一些重叠，例如某些具有 want to have some overlapping so like some maybe some kind of window that has
某种恒定的方式，这只是组织计算的一种方式，因此 some kind of constant okay it's just a way of organizing the compute so that
您会进入多个系列，所以那个在左上角的家伙是的，我们会 you go in a multiple series right so the guy on the upper left corner yeah we'll
具有低阶的角度交互作用，例如您具有较低的 have a low-order sort of angular interaction like you have a lower and
较低的角度分辨率，就如您所描述的那样 lower order angular resolution right in the how you represent the interaction
它们之间包括交互，但这仅仅是中心 between them interaction is included but it's just it's just that's the central
这个人的想法，你实际上可以在交叉和互动中做，但要有点 idea of the man that you can actually do in cross and interactions but in a sort
的模拟和计算Y的相对尊重说双精度 of analog and sort of compute Y respecting say double precision or you
指定精度，它将尊重该人，所以我认为 specify the precision it will do it respecting that person so I think this
您拥有要使用的每个领域的解析解决方案，但您却 you have your analytic solutions for each sphere that you want to use but you
可以将mmm之类的ID导入其中，因为您也正在做 could import mmm like IDs into this because you're also doing single
频率，这是fmm正确设计的地方，因此肯定有 frequency and that's natively where fmm was designed right so there's definitely
可以将想法用于您想要的空间我对mmm不太了解，但是 room to use the ideas for what you want right I don't know much about if mmm but
我确实知道文件的作者是selys在考虑它 I do know that the authors of the paper that of the selys were thinking about it
他们在谈论它，他们得到了帮助，我就像 and they were talking about it and they're get helped out and I was like
好吧，很酷吧，因为我在想 okay cool right because I'm imagining if it's
花费一天的时间，您的很多工作就会进入这个密集的矩阵 taking a day then a lot of your work is going into this dense matrix of
所有这些家伙之间的互动都是正确的，这就是为什么你是 interactions between all of these guys right right which is why you were
提出像吓坏它的建议，而忽略了一些介绍，但fmm proposing like terrifying it and ignoring some introductions but fmm
会在不忽略这些交互的情况下，为您带来实际良好的结果 would give you actually good results without ignoring those interactions
发生就像瘫痪一样，归结为稀疏矩阵向量 happen is like paralyzed about it boils down to a sparse matrix vector
乘法，但是那是当您使用be M作为 multiplication but that's when you use be M as the
raishin从边界元素公式开始，然后应用fmm raishin you start with a boundary element formulation and then apply fmm
想法，但您将从分析解决方案开始，然后应用hmmm想法，但 ideas but you will start with analytic solutions and then apply hmmm ideas but
我认为他们仍然可以应用，但这都是基于波浪的多个系列 I think they still apply ok but it's all based on multiple series of the wave
等式和所有仍然适用于您的业务，因此还有 equation and all that business which would still apply to you so there's also
这都是非凸优化，所以我一直在使用l-bfgs只是因为 this is all non convex optimization so I've been using l-bfgs just because it
不会给我振荡，这对我来说很好，现在它是准牛顿 doesn't give me oscillations and that's fine for me for now it's a quasi Newton
方法就像这样，您可以进行梯度下降 method it's like so you can do gradient descent which is just go in the
梯度l-bfgs的方向存储梯度下降的历史记录， direction of your gradient l-bfgs stores the history of the gradient descents and
它近似于你的二阶导数，所以如果你真的很接近你的二阶导数 it approximates your second derivative so if you're really close to your
至少你走得更快，但这也有所谓的东西 minimum you go faster but that and it also has some like what is it called
信任区域法，这样就不会使您的功绩指数永远不会增加，如果 trust region method so that you don't your figure of Merit never increases if
您正在尝试将其最小化，因此我得到了可调整的步长 you're trying to minimize so it has I get adjustable step size that it does
自动地，人们一直在寻找其他更新方法 automatically there's other update methods that people have been looking I
使用Nesterov渐变一会儿，我已经完成了，有些人 use Nesterov gradient for a little while and I've done there's some people that
告诉我们使用它就像是一种Cystic随机方法 have told us to use it's like some Cystic stochastic method one way that's
也许离我们有点遥远，但最近我去了d波聊天，他们 like maybe a little far off but I went to a d-wave talk recently and they were
谈到优化，我就像嘿，也许我可以考虑一下d波 talking about optimization I was like hey maybe I could think about how d-wave
可以帮上忙，那是我一直感兴趣的一件事，就像使用 could help and that's one thing I've been kind of interested in is like using
d波是的 d-wave right yeah
这就是类似铣削的方式，是的，是的，这就是他们 that's the way it is a similar milling expect yeah yeah it's a bit what they
使用更好或用来询问的锁定方法可以使您安全吗？ using a lock-up that's better or spent to ask is how nonlinear is this safe you
如果您从系统中取出一个球 if you take one one ball out of this system
您能否将Easy Ups抽象化其对收益结构的贡献 can you Easy Ups abstract its contribution to the earning construction
到您的领域，或者一旦您参加了em球比赛，您就必须计算整个事情 to your field or once you take em ball you have to calculate the whole thing
再一次，如果我从这个矩阵中取出一个球体，则需要 again so if I take a single sphere out of this matrix then needs to be the
我要求解的方程组发生了变化，我又需要一个计算器 system of equations that I'm solving has changed and I need a calculator again
是的，这是全局优化权利，是哲学 yes this global optimization right that's the yeah that's the philosophy
现在无论如何，因为我们遵循，一切都可以是线性的，所以你可以说我是 anyway now because we follow can everything is linear so you can say I'm
翻转一个像素，是的，所以我只是在计算该像素的贡献 flipping one pixel yeah so I'm just calculating the contribution of that
人们，这有点像是早些时候说 people so that's kind of be that was saying earlier night that it followed
建模这种内置的假设和这种方法的想法 modeling that sort of a built-in assumption and the idea of this approach
对事物是如此的不可忽视，以至于这仍然是一个线性系统 to things is so not ignore all that this is still a linear system is just highly
耦合，也许是有一种方法可以解决耦合问题 coupled and may be that there was a way that you could resolve the coupling
不知怎的我那是我很有趣的事，我从未想过 somehow I that's something I that's interesting I never thought about it
这样你就有可能从中得到一些东西 that way is it possible that you get something out of
而不是像我假设的那样，这些是很多透明的基材，这些是 instead of like I assume these are a lot of transparent substrate these are
是在太空中模拟的，是的，所以民用太空还有什么想知道的是 simulated in the space okay yeah so civilian space what else wondering is is
有可能您可以在金属底板上使用半球，并且 it possible that you can use a hemispheres on a metallic backplane and
用它反射 use it reflection
是的，这与我目前做的不一样，可能是，也可能是 right so isn't that the same as what I'm doing well it could be and it could be
更容易制造它可能会更有效率哦，好吧，你是说，所以我 easier to fabricate it could be more efficient oh okay so you're saying so I
实际上无法模拟平坦边界，此代码实际上不支持 can't actually simulate flat boundaries this code doesn't actually support that
所以我总体来说是的，我可以模拟一些像这样的反映 so I in general yeah yeah I could simulate some like a reflection of this
支柱集，是的，我对此有一个更一般的问题 pillar set yeah that's totally I had a more general question building on that
人们看着这一切都是针对屈光材料的吧 have people looked at like all this is for refractive materials right have
人们看着我，看着他们反光的金属表面有什么用 people look at me look them reflective metal surfaces are there any uses for
像那样用一些变化的特征制作漂亮的镜子，是的 that like that making a nice mirror with some variant features yes is something
对您有用的原色像差纸 good for you the original chromatic aberration paper
使用色散工程的人实际上使用了反射镜，因为 that use dispersion engineering actually used a reflective mirror because that's
实际上是将您的Phi翻倍的简单，非常容易的方法，因为现在通常 actually a easy really easy way to double your Phi because now usually
光线以一种方式传播，然后又马上回来，那是你的一种方式 light travels one way and it comes right back out and that's one way that you
可以使面部成分增加一倍，并且厚度不高 could double the face composition and not have a very high thickness there's
是其他有趣的想法最近出现的一件很酷的事情是 been other interesting ideas one of the cool things that's come out recently is
这是一个防旋转的镜子，所以通常在你有右手的时候 it's a spin preserving mirror so normally when you have right-hand
圆形的光，它反射离开它成为左，但他们有它，所以 circular light and it reflects off it becomes left but they have it so it's
他们做了一面镜子，使它的右旋圆偏振 they've made a mirror such that its right-hand circular polarising it
向右反射，不向左反射或我不确定的东西 reflects back right and it doesn't reflect left or something I'm not sure
关于它没有剩下的头 about what head it doesn't left
我会见你的地区Charles好的 the area I'll see you Charles okay
或类似的东西可能不完全是那个 or something similar anymore maybe not exactly that
所以重点在哪里，现在感觉要访问更好的计算 so where is the where's the emphasis and feel now visit on better computational
方法是所有更好的材料都可以在人们看到最大的地方起作用 methods is it all better materials may work where do people see the biggest
可能会有改进，所以我认为最近有很多 possible improvement coming from so I think more recently there's been a lot
系统级元服务的工作，例如这些回射器 of work towards system level meta services so like these retroreflectors
这些角度补偿事物现在是一个更困难的问题， these angle compensating things right now that's kind of a harder problem and
然后像这些可调系统一样，有很大的推动力向逆方向发展。 then like these tunable systems there is a significant push towards inverse
设计，这是推动的一部分，我参与其中的一部分，我认为没有那么多 design and that's part of the push that I'm part of I don't think that many
人们正在探索与金属表面配对的计算成像 people are exploring computational imaging paired with metal surfaces
因为没有太多关于这些的研究，但是 because there hasn't been very much research that's been done with these but
这是重点之一，重点之一就是我们的重点 that's very much one of the emphasis one of the major emphasis is emphasis of our
实验室是我们真的想将这种计算成像技术与 lab is that we really want to pair this computational imaging technique with
这些金属表面，此外还要进行Co优化，例如 these metal surfaces and do this Co optimization in addition like there's a
就像非线性光学中有很多有趣的想法一样 lot more like there's a lot of interesting ideas in nonlinear optics so
这些元表面，如果您必须选择非线性材料上的某个位置， these meta surfaces if you had to choose somewhere on a nonlinear material you
可以达到某种相位匹配的条件，人们已经证明你 can achieve some kind of phase matching condition and people have shown that you
可以在这些元表面上获得更高，更高级的增强功能 can get some higher not later enhancements with these meta surfaces
有一些很酷的工作在做工程化的障碍，但我认为这是 there's some really cool work doing engineered disorder but I think it's
越来越朝着系统级集成的方向发展，像这样的 more moving towards the system level integrations and like these like the
垂直堆叠，我认为它实际上正在朝体积光学方向发展 vertical stacking and I think it's actually moving towards volume optics
但是可能有点缓慢，除了这些逆向设计方法之外 but maybe kind of slowly and what in addition to these inverse design methods
您即将毕业，所以例如谁对合作感兴趣 you're graduating right so who so for example I'm interested in collaboration
我应该跟谁说话我可以委托 who should I talk to me are commissioned are okay
或排在首位的另外两个人是安德烈（Andre） or the other two people that are very much at the top of the list are Andre
在加州理工学院毕业或在加州理工学院轮渡拥有，在哈佛大学的费德里科·卡帕索（Federico Capasso） firown' at Caltech or ferry own at Caltech and Federico Capasso at Harvard
如果您对滑石金属表面感兴趣，我在这里没有谈到 if you're interested in the talcum metal surfaces which I didn't talk about at
普渡大学的所有弗拉基米尔（Vladimir）披萨都真的 all Vladimir shalay up at Purdue it's really
有趣的螺栓，然后还有赛瓦 interesting bolt and then there's also both the saiva
亚历山德拉（Alexandra）在那儿骑剑 Alexandra bolt the saber there Naomi who lives at Duke does some like interesting
等离子的东西在中国有这个小组 plasmatic stuff there's that group this group in China
最近使之成为榜单上的主要大学 that recently made this there's the line universities on this list it's mostly in
台湾和地牢 Taiwan and Dungey so
我猜这个人-我告诉你他在哥伦比亚做这种事情，我 I guess this guy - I'm telling you he's in Colombia doing this kind of stuff I
认为他今晚大部分时间会更多地使用红外光学器件，而不是 think he mostly works more tonight infrared optics right now and not as
可见，我们将在夏季晚些时候尝试到达这里，所以 much as visible we're going to try to get here later in the summer so make
当然 sure
好吧，我想就是这样，没有其他问题了，非常感谢 okay well I think that's it there's no more questions thank you very much that
对于我们理解其中的很多内容而言，确实非常详细，对我们很有帮助 was a really very detailed and helpful for us to understand a lot of these
问题 issues
[掌声] [Applause]