1945年 二战达到顶峰 1945. World War Two is reaching its climax.
美海军陆战队在硫磺岛的登陆作战 US Marines battle their way up the beaches of lwo Jima
是他们历史上最血腥的一天 on one of the bloodiest days in their history.
1950年 1950.
在20世纪最后一次重大海上攻击中 ln the last major sea assault of the 20th Century,
美海军陆战队密切注意着仁川海港的防守 US Marines close in on the harbour defences of Inchon,
在韩国 这是一段被遗忘的战争 during the forgotten war in Korea.
海洋几乎覆盖地球表面的三分之二 Seas and oceans cover almost two-thirds of the world's surface.
从海上攻击一直是一个重要而灵活的手段 Assault from the sea has long been an important and flexible way
对一个大国部署其军事力量 for a major power to deploy its military muscle,
有时是唯一的途径 sometimes the only way.
做好了 可以为成功打下坚实的基础 Get it right, and you secure a stepping stone to ultimate victory.
一旦出错 你将面临生命 政治以及军事上的灾难 Get it wrong, and you face massive loss of life, and political and military disaster.
这一战术便是——海上突袭 The battleplan is Assault From The Sea.
翻译: 好xixi
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战争计划——海上突袭 Battleplan---Assault From The Sea
1945年初 太平洋战争 The war in the Pacific, early 1945.
日军节节败退 The Japanese are in retreat,
美国和盟国部队将向日本本土 and American and Allied forces are heading for the Japanese mainland
发起双面夹击 in a two-pronged attack.
在他们横跨太平洋作战的两年半时间里 During their two-and-a-half-year drive across the Pacific,
美军进攻了一系列由日军占领的关键岛屿 US forces have had to assault a series of islands held by Japanese garrisons,
日军都是宁可战死 也绝不投降 which will fight to the death, rather than surrender.
现任美国海军陆战队上将 霍兰“疯嚎男”史密斯 Now US Marine General Holland "Howlin'Mad" Smith,
及其战斗小组 面临严峻的考验 and his battle-hardened men, face a stark test.
这个属于小型火山的硫磺岛 The tiny volcanic island of lwo Jima,
位于日本本土南部600英里处 600 miles south of the Japanese mainland.
仅有8平方英里 但硫磺岛有两点至关重要 Just eight miles square, lwo Jima is vital for two reasons.
它可以为美军战斗机提供跑道 lts airstrips will provide a base for US fighters
为B-29超级空中堡垒护航 to escort the B-29 Superfortresses,
现在它只能从马里亚纳起飞 轰炸日本本土 which are now flying from the Marianas to bomb mainland Japan.
他们一直蒙受巨大的损失并急需帮助 They have been suffering unacceptable losses and need help.
岛上还将提供紧急避难所 The island will also provide an emergency haven
维修严重受损 无法回到马里亚纳的轰炸机 for bombers too damaged to get back to the Marianas.
但是在岛内 驻扎有22,000名日军 But on the island are 22,000 Japanese troops,
三年来 他们不停地完善其防御力量 who have had more than three years to perfect their defences.
硫磺岛直接关系着日本本土的安危 lwo Jima is the first part of the Japanese homeland to be threatened,
他们将让美国人对它的侵犯付出惨重代价 and they will make the Americans pay for daring to assault it.
“疯嚎男”史密斯及其团队如何才能 How can "Howlin'Mad" Smith and his battleplanners
攻克这一坚固的堡垒？ seize this formidable fortress?
几年后 另一场海上突袭 A few years later, another battle for assault from the sea
在朝鲜半岛蓄势待发 is taking shape on the Korean Peninsula.
指挥官是道格拉斯麦克阿瑟将军 ln command is General Douglas MacArthur
他面临一个完全不同的状况 who faces a very different challenge.
1950年6月25日 朝鲜部队 On June 25th, 1950, troops of Communist North Korea
对民主南韩发起突袭 launched a surprise attack on the democratic South.
在3天之内 他们便占领了其首都汉城 Within three days they had taken its capital, Seoul.
8月 他们将韩国 By August they have pushed the South Korean forces,
及美国和联合国的部队 and their American and UN allies,
赶到东南沿海 釜山周围的一小块区域内 back to a small enclave around Pusan on the south-east coast.
美国麦克阿瑟将军奉命发起反击 The man appointed to lead the fightback is US General Douglas MacArthur,
这一传奇指挥官领导了南部盟军在太平洋的战斗 the legendary commander of the southern prong of the Allied assault in the Pacific.
由于他一贯的自信风格 他向新闻界保证 In typically confident style, he assures the press
将在3个月内夺回汉城 that he will retake Seoul within three months.
麦克阿瑟如何才能扭转战争局势 并履行自己的诺言？ How can MacArthur turn the tide of war on his enemy and fulfil his promise?
在各种案例中 战争计划都涉及到了海上突袭 ln each case, the battleplan will involve assault from the sea.
在敌对海岸实施登陆都有很大风险 Landing on a hostile shore is always risky.
像麦克阿瑟将军这样主动选择这种战术 Generals who either select this battleplan, like MacArthur,
或者像史密斯那样被迫选择 or have no option but to use it, like Smith,
都必须满足一些关键条件 have certain key requirements to satisfy.
目的-指挥官及其下属必须非常明确 Objective - the commander and his subordinates must be absolutely clear
为什么要展开登陆 他们的首要目标是什么 why the landing is being undertaken, and what their immediate aims are.
情报-他必须明确 其部队将面临的 lntelligence - he must know what his troops will face.
不仅仅是敌人的火力和可能的增援 Not just enemy strengths and possible reinforcements,
也包括目标区的地形 but also the terrain of the target area,
和地方因素 如潮汐和沙滩条件等 and local factors, such as tides and beach conditions,
对于登陆可能造成的影响 which might impact on the landings.
办法-计划者必须要让部队及装备 Approach - the planners must get the troops and their equipment
顺利在目标区登陆 to the area of the landing.
渡海可能只有几英里远 或者要渡过数千公里的大洋 A sea crossing may be only a few miles, or across thousands of miles of ocean.
攻击-敌方部队必须被削弱和破坏 Assault - the enemy defences must be softened up and breached.
在敌人火力下 部队必须顺利将装备转移至海岸 And the troops must have the right equipment to move from sea to land,often while under fire.
立足点-军事术语 Lodgement - the military term
确保滩头阵地能够有效的反击 for securing a beachhead against counter-attack,
使得增援和补给品能够迅速调入 and ensuring that reinforcements and supplies start flowing in swiftly.
突破-最后 部队必须离开滩头据点 Break-out - finally, the troops must move out of the beachhead,
展开下一阶段的战斗计划 and begin the next stage of the overall battleplan.
必须明确地知道 海上突袭 lt is critical to remember that assault from the sea
不仅仅只是其本身 is rarely a battleplan just in itself.
而且是一个更大的军事行动中重要的一部分 lt is intended to be part of a larger military campaign.
在计划一次海上突袭时 很容易落入陷阱 lt's very easy to fall into the trap, when planning an assault from the sea,
忘了它不仅仅是让部队顺利通过海岸线 to forget that it's not just a case of getting the troops to a shoreline.
更重要的是到达海岸线 海滩和进入腹地 lt's important to get across the shoreline, the beaches and into the hinterland.
不仅仅是依靠良好的攻击获得制海权 lt's no good launching an assault just having maritime supremacy.
你必须有很好的武装部队能利用这一优势 You need good armed forces to exploit that initial success.
海上突袭计划的第一个基本要素 The first essential requirement of the assault from the sea battleplan
是有一个明确的目标 is to have a clear objective.
在战略层面上 为什么实施这一高风险行动？ At a strategic level, why undertake such a high-risk operation?
战术上要明确 一旦进攻海滩 部队要做什么？ And tactically, what must the troops do once they hit the beach?
对于“疯嚎男”史密斯 他的指挥官 For "Howlin'Mad" Smith, his commander,
海军司令切斯特尼米兹及其登陆部队 Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, and the men they lead,
没有战略上的选择 there is no strategic option.
要清除日军在太平洋地区岛屿上占据的要塞 To clear the Japanese from their strongholds of the islands in the Pacific,
大部分战斗都要从海上 依靠海上突袭进行 most of their fighting had to be done by sea, and via assaults from the sea.
硫磺岛在他们下一步的太平洋岛战中非常关键 lwo Jima is the essential next step in their Pacific island campaign.
这场战斗无法避免 An attack on it is unavoidable.
鉴于战斗的伤亡实在惨重 尼米兹和他的指挥官 Given the cost in blood their men had to pay, Nimitz and his commanders
曾试图限制他们所要进行的战斗数量 had tried to limit the number of operations they had to undertake.
太平洋中绝大多数具备防御力量的岛屿都被绕过了 The vast majority of defended islands in the Pacific were bypassed.
美国舰队认为他们努力的成就 The US fleet decided that it wasn't worth the effort,
与他们的伤亡以及军费不成比例 and the cost in blood and treasure, to take them.
在战术的层面上 史密斯也有一个明确的目标 At a tactical level, Smith also has a clear objective,
他的部队都十分清楚- which his men are well aware of -
要尽最大努力迅速占领这座岛屿 seize the whole island as quickly as possible,
使得美国战斗机可以开始护航任务 so that US fighter escorts can start to make use of it.
史密斯的对手 栗林忠道将军 For Smith's opponent, General Tadamichi Kuribayashi,
他的目标是阴暗而简单的 his objective is even bleaker and simpler.
他无处可去 没有增援或空中支援 He has nowhere else to go, no hope of reinforcement or air support.
他和他的部队所能做的 就是尽可能壮烈地死去 All he and his men can do is to die as glorious a death as possible,
同时尽可能多的抓获敌人 while taking as many of the enemy with them as they can.
为实现这一目标 栗林将原来的小岛变成一座堡垒 To achieve this, Kuribayashi turns the island into a fortress.
平民都被转移 并在硫黄岛上布满 All civilians are removed, and lwo Jima is honeycombed
碉堡和火炮 with pillboxes and artillery emplacements,
精心伪装 使用地道来进行联络 carefully camouflaged and connected by tunnels.
对于麦克阿瑟 在韩国的战略目标 For MacArthur in Korea, the strategic objective
也很简单 依靠海上突袭- for his assault from the sea battleplan is also simple -
缓解被朝鲜围困在釜山的部队 relieve the North Korean siege of Pusan and throw their forces back,
民主南韩 so that the democratic South,
希望也能够解放北韩 and hopefully the communist North as well, can be liberated.
但在战术执行上 他的计划很不明朗 But the tactical execution of his battleplan is far from clear.
传统的军事反应 The conventional military response
是在釜山周边建立联合国部队 would be to build up the UN forces within the Pusan perimeter,
然后打破战线 并击退朝鲜部队 and then to break out and drive the Koreans back.
尽管有迹象表明 For, despite appearances,
柴杨军将军的北朝鲜部队陷入困境 the situation of General Chai Ung Jun's North Korean Forces is perilous.
他们已经超出他们的补给范围 严重缺乏弹药和食品 They have outrun their supply lines, and lack ammunition or food.
比预计的投入多了1倍多 And they are outnumbered more than two to one,
虽然在釜山士气低落的联合国和韩国军队 although the demoralised UN and South Korean troops in Pusan
还没有意识到这一点 have not yet realised this.
但是麦克阿瑟已发现另一个机会 But MacArthur has spotted another opportunity,
它将成为他战斗计划的核心 an objective which becomes the core of his strategic battleplan.
汉江流域 位于韩国首都首尔以东20英里- 20 miles east of the South Korean capital, Seoul, lies the Han Valley -
有一个影响整个朝鲜半岛通信的关键点 the key to communications in the Korean Peninsula.
所有重要的南北道路与铁路 All the main north-south roads and railways,
围绕釜山的北朝鲜部队都要经过这里 on which the North Korean forces around Pusan depend, go through here.
对麦克阿瑟来说 这是一个发动突袭的机会 For MacArthur it's the opportunity both for a huge publicity coup,
可以取得战略胜利 and a strategic triumph.
在仁川登陆 不仅可以解放汉城 A landing at Inchon would not only liberate Seoul
在他为自己确定的时间内完成 within the time limit he set himself,
只要再前进几英里 就可以切割北朝鲜的补给线 but going on a few miles and cutting the North Koreans' supply lines
一举打赢这场战争 could win the war in one stroke.
在50英里长的海岸线上 你要有一个行动目标 Within 50 miles of the beach you have an operational objective
在军事历史这几乎是前所未有的 that is nearly unprecedented in military history.
只要你控制了交通要道 就控制了南部的半岛 lf you control that bottleneck, you control the southern half of the peninsula.
麦克阿瑟的高级军官们心惊胆战 MacArthur's senior military colleagues are appalled.
他们知道从海上 在这样一个距离内攻击的危险性 They know the dangers of an assault from the sea at such a distance,
并深信这一推进到釜山的正确决策 and are convinced that a push out of Pusan is the correct strategy.
但是麦克阿瑟不会停止不前 But MacArthur will not be stopped,
并将论据带到最高水平 and carries the argument up to the highest levels.
最终 他明确了他计划的每个步骤 Eventually, he gets his way, and from then on, his objective is clear.
他的许多批评者认为他的计划只是一个宣传行为 Many of his critics see his battleplan only as a vast bit of publicity-seeking,
到达成为收复汉城的人 to become the man who recaptured Seoul.
他们看不到其做为一个真正的天才- They fail to see its true genius -
为彻底打败敌人 实施的大胆行动 海上突袭 to utterly defeat the enemy by one extraordinary, bold assault from the sea.
1945年 霍兰史密斯将军别无选择 ln 1945, General Holland Smith had no alternative
只能依靠海上突袭夺取硫磺岛 but to use assault from the sea to take lwo Jima,
1950年韩国 道格拉斯麦克阿瑟将军深思熟虑 while in Korea in 1950, General Douglas MacArthur has deliberately decided
决定选择这一最危险的途径 to choose this most risky of options.
现在 二者都必须满足第二个要求-情报 Now both men have to meet the second requirement - intelligence.
对于他们 能够参考的有关情报的案例 For both men, the supreme example of the need for painstaking intelligence
就发生在不久前 had taken place only shortly before.
盟军于1942年计划入侵欧洲 ln 1942, the Allies began to plan for an invasion of Europe.
他们面临着希特勒的大西洋长城 They faced Hitler's Atlantic Wall,
并要突破其强大的部队 and to breach its formidable defences,
大量的情报工作已经开始 a massive intelligence operation was begun.
英国秘密情报机构 The British Secret lntelligence Service
与法国抵抗组织合作 定位和跟踪 began working with the French Resistance to locate and track
每一个待命在西北部海岸的德国部队 every German unit serving near the north-west coast.
间谍监视着大型的 Agents monitored the massive fortifications,
德国在沿着海岸脆弱点建设的所有防御工事 which the Germans were building along every vulnerable stretch of coast,
并将获得的信息返回至参谋部 and got their information back to the battleplanners.
可能的登陆海滩都被仔细绘制出来 The sea approaches to possible landing beaches were minutely charted.
潮汐的范围也细心地记录下来 Their tidal ranges were carefully noted.
特别部队提取了各个海滩的样品 Special parties were put ashore to take samples of each beach
看看能否使用突击车 to see whether it would be possible to use assault vehicles.
没有遗留任何细小的细节 No detail was too small to be left to chance.
这场空前的情报活动一直持续多年 lt was the greatest intelligence operation ever mounted, and continued for years.
霍兰史密斯将军在硫磺岛几乎得不到任何情报 For General Holland Smith at lwo Jima there can be little firm intelligence.
完全靠猜测 lt must mostly be guesswork.
硫磺岛太小 并严密监视 lwo Jima is too small and closely guarded
任何试图秘密侦察的登陆部队 for any clandestine reconnaissance landings on its beaches
探查日军工事 to assess the Japanese defences.
参谋们可以想象到松散的火山沙 The battleplanners can guess that the loose volcanic sand
对于登陆人员以及支援工具所造成的困难 will make landing difficult, both for the men, and their support vehicles.
他们也清楚日本将把岛屿建成蜂窝结构 They also know that the Japanese will have honeycombed the island
装备有复杂而致命的防御工事 with intricate and deadly fortifications.
而且大多数都处于地下 But most of these are underground,
依靠空中侦察 不能提供太多细节 so that air reconnaissance cannot provide much detail.
从以往的痛苦经验来看 他们预计日军 From previous bitter experience, they anticipate that the Japanese
将捍卫岛上的每一寸土壤 will defend every foot of soil from the edge of the sea,
直至最后战死 until finally rooted out and killed.
除此之外 剩下的只有在他们登陆后才能知道 More than this they will not know until their men hit the beach.
5年后在韩国 麦克阿瑟将军发现自己 Five years later in Korea, General MacArthur finds himself
也处在与霍兰史密斯类似的情况下 in a similar situation to Holland Smith.
他不知道仁川地区 敌军的力量以及位置 He doesn't know the strength and disposition of the enemy in the Inchon area.
他不知道敌方增援的大小 He does not know the size of enemy reinforcements
一旦他登陆 once his landings have taken place,
这些增援部队会以何种速度进发 or the speed with which those reinforcements can be sent.
更重要的是 他的计划没有 Even more importantly, his planners do not have detailed information
关于地理和地形的详细资料 on the geography and terrain,
尤其是海军部队的登陆路线 especially the sea approaches which his invasion fleet must take,
以及登陆地点的状况 and the points at which his men will storm ashore.
但麦克阿瑟的计划 面临的核心问题显然 But the core of the problem facing MacArthur's battleplanners is apparent
不仅仅是没有详细的资料 even without detailed information.
仁川位于飞鱼海峡最前部 Inchon lies at the head of the Flying Fish Channel.
登陆位置位于月尾岛 The route in to the landing positions is dominated by Wolmi-do lsland.
在登陆前必须占领这座岛屿 This must be seized before any landing can be attempted.
但潮汐的状况十分复杂 But the situation is complicated by the tides.
仁川拥有第二高的潮汐范围- Inchon has the second highest tidal range -
高低水位差-在世界各个地区 the difference between high and low water - in the world.
退潮时 有一片三英里半的滩涂 When the tide is out, there is a three-and-a-half mile mud flat.
为了让登陆艇在最短的时间内登陆 To give the landing craft even the minimum time inshore
必须赶在退潮后将和海岸成为一个泥潭之前 before the tide goes out and the coast becomes a quagmire,
他们必须在最高的潮汐时进入 they need to go in at the highest of the high tide
并在潮汐下降前完成卸载 and complete unloading before the tide drops too much.
因此占领月尾岛必须要等待高潮时 So Wolmi-do will have to be seized on one high tide.
攻击部队随后等待了将近12个小时 The assault forces will then have to wait for almost 12 hours
等待下次涨潮 使登陆顺利进行 before the next tide will allow the actual landings.
即使是占领了岛屿 Even if the island is taken,
攻击将会警告敌人 12小时内将有重要攻击 the assault will have given the enemy 12 hours' warning of the main attack.
不幸的是 麦克阿瑟已作出了公开承诺 Unfortunately, MacArthur has boxed himself in with his public commitment
在3个月内夺回被朝鲜占领的汉城 to retake Seoul within three months of its capture by the North Koreans.
只有三个时间 潮汐会高到足以展开 There are only three dates left when the tide will be high enough at the right times
月尾岛的攻击行动 to allow both the Wolmi-do attack,
和在白天的登陆行动 and the main landings to take place in daylight.
即使在那时 海军陆战队将只有两个小时 Even then the Marines will have just two hours
在夜幕降临前建立滩头阵地 to secure a beachhead ashore before night falls.
麦克阿瑟有足够的时间获得缺乏的情报吗？ Will MacArthur have enough time to make good his lack of intelligence?
在战斗进行前仅20天 Just 20 days before the assault must take place,
美国海军中将 金·克拉克负责 US Naval Lieutenant Gene Clark is tasked
获得麦克阿瑟需要的信息 to get MacArthur the information he needs.
克拉克沉浸在夜色中 Clark infiltrates at night.
他在一个废弃的小岛港口上建立一支部队 He sets up his team on a small island off the port,
与韩国抵抗军接触 makes contact with South Korean resistance
合作绘制航道 岛屿 and begins charting the channels, islands,
和登陆点海堤高度 and height of the sea walls of the landing points.
他还发回了敌军力量和增援的评估 He also sends back estimates of enemy strengths and reinforcements.
直到登陆那天 克拉克才结束行动 Clark is not pulled out until the day of the landing.
但是他给了麦克阿瑟足够的信息 But he has given MacArthur enough information
来说服自己这场战斗可以开展 to convince himself that the attack can go ahead.
潮汐和其他问题都是可以克服的 The tidal and other problems can be overcome,
目标区敌军也不是很强 and the enemy is not strong in the immediate area.
这一情报奠定了他的整个计划 lt's this intelligence which then dictates his overall battleplan.
在入侵之前 海军将展开轰炸以消除防御工事 The invasion will be preceded by naval bombardment to eliminate the defences.
为掩盖真实攻击 ln an attempt to conceal the attack,
麦克阿瑟将推出一系列措施 MacArthur will launch a series of diversions.
06:30 第一次高潮的时候 At 06:30 hours, on the first high tide of the day,
海军陆战队将登陆并占领月尾岛 Marines will land at Wolmi-do and take the island.
一旦退潮 登陆部队将原地待命 As the tide falls, the landing force will stand off.
对于月尾岛上的部队 要承受巨大的风险 For the men on Wolmi-do, the risk is enormous.
在此期间 他们将非常脆弱 During this time they will be totally vulnerable.
14:30 将重新开始轰炸 At 14:30, the bombardment will re-commence,
这时的海滨 this time on the waterfront.
16:45 第一登陆艇将离开运输船 At 16:45, the first landing craft will leave their transports.
17:30 第1海军陆战队将迅速抵达红色和蓝色海滩 At 17:30, the first Marines will storm the sea walls at Red and Blue Beaches.
傍晚 大约19:30 By nightfall, at approximately 19:30,
海军陆战队将占领并建立一个防守外线 the Marines must have seized the area and established a defensive perimeter.
像史密斯在硫磺岛的那样 麦克阿瑟冒了极大的风险 Like Smith at lwo Jima, MacArthur is taking a massive chance.
但与史密斯不同 他已经得到需要的信息 But unlike Smith, he has been given the information needed
可以衡量他的选择 to weigh up his choice.
一旦你知道你想达到的目标 Once you know what you want to achieve,
以及大约期望什么 and roughly what to expect,
从海上突袭的第三个要求就是- the third requirement for the assault from the sea battleplan is the approach -
如何才能穿过动荡的大海 找到你需要的海滩 how do you get to your chosen beach across a frequently turbulent sea,
并为部队提供足够的支援？ and provide your men with adequate support?
之前 人类规划的最大的海上突袭 The men planning the greatest assault from the sea ever undertaken,
是在1944年6月入侵法国 可以说是很简单的任务 the invasion of France in June 1944, arguably had the simplest task.
他们渡海后 选择在诺曼底海滩登陆 The sea crossing to their chosen landing site, the beaches of Normandy,
距离不到100英里 而且在战斗机覆盖范围内 was less than 100 miles, and well within fighter cover.
与此相反 美国军队在太平洋地区的 ln contrast, for the US forces in the Pacific,
问题是巨大的 the problems are enormous.
他们将攻击太平洋3000英里以外的日本 They have to attack Japan from 3,000 miles away across the Pacific Ocean.
当美国在珍珠港事件后被拖入二战时 When the United States entered World War Two after Pearl Harbor,
他们几乎完全没有准备 they were almost totally unprepared.
美国几乎没有接触过海上突袭 The Americans were relatively new to assault from the sea,
而不依靠大部队 在自己的边界上防守 without having a large empire, and largely defending its own borders.
因此在太平洋地区 他们发明了一种全新形式的战争 Thus, in the Pacific, they had to invent a whole new form of warfare.
他们发明了自己的 从海上突袭的形式 They invented their own form of assault from the sea.
他们研制了新的武器 新的理论 They developed new weapons, a new doctrine,
并很快高度熟练掌握 这一困难的战争形式 and became quickly highly proficient at this very difficult form of warfare.
即使在他们能够占领群岛 并做为前沿阵地 Even when they can seize islands to use as bases,
距离仍太远 不能为下一个目标提供方便的援助 these are still far too far away from the next target to provide easy support.
不是100英里攻击范围 Instead of attacking over 100 miles,
并处于战斗机和轰炸机范围内 and within reasonable fighter and bomber range,
而是距离目标超过500英里 the typical distance is over 500 miles.
因此 必须在太平洋战斗的每一个阶段 So the first essential at every stage in the Pacific fightback
为下一个目标提供制空权 is for aircraft to provide air control over the next target.
实现这一目标的唯一途径 就是依靠航空母舰 And the only way to achieve this is from aircraft carriers.
在很短的时间内 美国建立了一支大规模的运输舰队- ln a very short time, the US builds up a massive fleet of carriers -
一个标准的舰队模式 35,000吨埃塞克斯级舰 a standard fleet type, the 35,000-ton Essex class
可携带多达91名官兵 鱼雷和俯冲轰炸机 which can carry up to 91fighters, and torpedo and dive-bombers.
然后近距离支援登陆部队 这对打破敌军抵抗是十分必要的 Then close-in support, which is needed to blast the enemy defences as the troops go ashore.
一部分是依靠运输舰支持 Partly, this coverage is provided by the carriers.
一部分依靠巨大的战舰支持 And partly it is provided by the great battleships,
却有空中力量方面的不足 which have just been revealed as totally vulnerable to air power,
他可以为火炮提供一个全新而重要的平台 but which gain a new and vital job as artillery platforms,
为登陆部队提供大规模火力支持 providing massive gunfire support for the assault troops.
但是所有这些都不能保持后援 But all these will be useless if they cannot be kept supplied
渡过广阔的太平洋 over the vast distances of the Pacific.
在这里 美国的成就是非凡的 Here the US achievement is extraordinary.
不到一年 他们发明了一个全新的战争 ln barely a year, they invent a new aspect of warfare,
在今天这仍然至关重要 which is still crucial today.
第三个因素默默无闻但极为重要 那就是辅助船队 The third element, largely unsung, but crucially important, was the fleet train.
两栖战主要是后勤的较量 但不是全部 Amphibious warfare is largely a matter of logistics, not entirely.
仍有很多战斗参与 There is a lot of fighting involved,
但是如何将两栖战与空袭区别开来... but what makes amphibious warfare different from an assault from the air...
...那就是两栖力量可以为 ...is that the amphibious forces can bring
他们提供大量补给 enormous amounts of supplies with them.
辅助船队由凯利特纳上将开创 The fleet train, pioneered by Admiral Kelly Turner,
它是太平洋战役的生命线 is the lifeline of the Pacific campaign.
拥有全新的补给舰和升级的油轮 Whole new classes of supply ships and tankers are developed.
技术补给和海上加油的发明 Techniques for resupplying and refuelling at sea are invented,
使得美军可以远离基地数月之久 which enable US forces to remain away from their bases for months on end.
到二战结束 By the end of World War Two,
在太平洋的美国海军和两栖作战部队 the US naval and amphibious forces in the Pacific
是一个相当可怕的战争机器 are one of the most formidable fighting machines ever known.
这由美国海军陆战队在硫磺岛的战斗首次表现出来 This was shown by the slickness of the operation to get the Marines to lwo Jima,
依靠速度掌握制空权 the speed with which air control was established,
对岛屿实施残酷的轰炸 and the ferocity of the bombardment which battered the island.
轰炸机从马里亚纳群岛起飞 连续72天进行猛烈轰炸 72 days of softening up by bombers flying from the Marianas,
其次是3天战舰和巡洋舰的连续炮火 followed by three days of continuous gunfire by the battleships and cruisers.
美国海军和海军陆战队已准备好 The US Navy and Marine Corps are ready
发起他们历史上最血腥的攻击 to launch the bloodiest assault in their history.
但在5年后的韩国 But only five years later in Korea,
这一强大的战争机器 this formidable, battle-hardened machine
对麦克阿瑟将军已经没用了 is no longer available to General MacArthur,
虽然他认为他的计划应是从海上袭击 as he considers his battleplan for assault from the sea.
二战的结束和即将来临的原子时代 The end of World War Two and the dawning of the Atomic Age
导致了一些极端的行为 had led to some extreme reactions.
1949年 联席会议主席奥马尔布拉德利将军 ln 1949, both General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
与美国国防部长路易斯约翰逊 and US Secretary of Defense, Louis A Johnson
公开表示 大规模的两栖作战 publicly stated that large-scale amphibious operations
再也不会出现 would never occur again.
1950年的美国海军和两栖作战部队 对麦克阿瑟来说相当有用 The US naval and amphibious forces of 1950 that were available to MacArthur
在5年之前 他们一直难有做为 were a mere shadow of those available five years before.
然而 将军仍充满信心 Nevertheless, the General is undeterred.
第一批部队有260艘舰艇 当他们聚集在 When the first 260 ships of General MacArthur's invasion armada gather
到达仁川的临时中转站 日本横滨时 at Yokohama, Japan, en route for lnchon, it's a makeshift transport fleet.
他们足以让麦克阿瑟的部队 However, they are enough to get MacArthur's troops
从1200英里外到达日本仁川 the 1200 miles from Japan to Inchon.
在部队随时准备进攻时 With their forces poised to assault,
双方指挥官都面临着各自计划中最关键的阶段 both commanders are now faced with the most critical phase of their battleplan.
为削弱对方士气的轰炸停止了 The softening up, and the preliminary bombardments cease.
攻击部队开始向海滩进发 The assault troops set off towards the beach.
海上突袭计划的关键时刻就要来临了 The moment of truth for the assault from the sea battleplan has arrived.
实际攻击阶段在整个战斗计划中最为脆弱 The actual assault phase is when the battleplan is at its most vulnerable.
有一个例子可以明显地显示出这种脆弱性 A particularly stark example of this vulnerability
它就发生在3年前的欧洲 had taken place in Europe just three years earlier.
当时英国部队曾试图进行一次侦察活动 British forces had attempted a reconnaissance in force,
他们在法国西北部的迪耶普港口登陆 意图毁坏当地设施 a practice landing at the port of Dieppe, in north-west France, to destroy its facilities.
他们刚接近海滩 登陆艇便遭到密集的炮火袭击 As they hit the beaches, the landing craft were met by a withering hail of fire,
部队被严重牵制 and the men pinned down.
大部分试图登陆 支援他们的坦克 Most of the tanks, which were landed to support them,
在布满鹅卵石的海滩上 无法行进 were unable to cope with the pebbles on the beaches,
都变成了活靶 and became stuck.
少数侥幸顺利越过沙滩的 The few that did manage to get over the sea wall
还被德军精心设置的反坦克装置阻碍 were then halted by anti-tank obstacles, and picked off by the Germans.
仅仅5个小时 这支部队便撤离了 Within five hours, the force was being evacuated,
超过三分之二的部队 因战死受伤或被俘 而无法离开 leaving more than two-thirds of the men behind, dead, wounded, or captured.
在硫磺岛 “疯嚎男”史密斯和海军陆战队只有很少的几个方案 At lwo Jima, "Howlin'Mad" Smith, and his Marines, have few options.
他们必须攻击严密防守的敌军 穿过开阔的沙滩 They must attack a well-entrenched enemy across open beaches.
但至少海军陆战队还有一些特殊的设备 But at least the Marines have some specialised equipment
可以帮助他们顺利行进 to help them across these beaches.
在世界大战时期 有大量的工作需要去做 There's a great deal of work, in the inter-war period,
发展科学技术领域的相关事情 done in the realm of technique and technology.
一个是专用的登陆艇 称之为希金斯登陆艇 One is the specialised landing craft, the so-called Higgins Boat,
这种船有一个开放的船头 which is a boat that has a bow that opens up,
可以变成一个斜坡 使部队顺利行进 and becomes a ramp for the attacking troops.
另一个重要的产品 是鲁布林鳄鱼两栖车 Another important piece of technology is the Roebling Alligator.
它最初是为通过佛罗里达的沼泽而设计的 This is a vehicle originally designed for use in the Florida swamps,
但海军陆战队发现此车 but the Marines discover this vehicle,
可以非常有效地穿越珊瑚礁 and believe it's very, very useful for crossing coral reefs.
那时海军陆战队正计划攻击南太平洋地区 The Marines are planning to fight in the South Pacific
而那里布满大量的珊瑚礁 where there are lots of coral reefs.
史密斯的基本战术很简单 Smith's basic tactical battleplan is simple.
从第4和第5海军师调动的8000名驻军做为首发 The initial assault force of 8,000 troops from the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions
将于2月19日08:00动身 will set off at 08:00 hours on February 19th.
第5师将在海滩东南部登陆 The 5th will land on the south-east beaches,
就在折钵山下面 immediately below Mount Suribachi,
它是一座高度为550英尺的休眠火山 耸立在岛屿上 the dormant 550-foot high volcano, which dominates the island.
其中一支部队将穿过岛屿 使岛屿一分为二 One of its regiments will strike across the island to cut it in two.
第二支部队向南 攻击折钵山 A second will swing south to attack Suribachi.
第4海军师将占领北部的两个日本机场 The 4th Marine Division will seize the two Japanese airfields to the north.
只有当他们打到海滩上时 Only once they hit the beach
海军陆战队才能找到日军据点 will the Marines find out what the Japanese have in store.
就像他们预计的 在之前太平洋的登陆作战那样 And they fear the worst, for on every previous Pacific landing,
日本将誓死捍卫阵地 直至战死沙场 the Japanese had defended ferociously from the shoreline until finally wiped out.
08:15分整 部队到达海滩 Precisely on time at 08:15 hours, the assault wave hits the beach.
随着部队顺利登陆 发生了一些很奇怪的事情 As the men race ashore, it is obvious that something strange is going on.
在部队开始探索着前进时 有20分钟的沉静期 For 20 minutes, there is an eerie calm as the men begin to probe forward.
接着暴风雨来临 Then all hell breaks loose.
密集的机枪 迫击炮和火炮击中海滩 A tempest of machine-gun, mortar, and artillery fire lashes the beaches.
栗林将军从根本上改变了他的防守计划 General Kuribayashi has fundamentally altered his defensive battleplan.
目睹了之前海军的顺利登陆 Having seen the success of previous Marine landings,
他决定让海军陆战队员抵达海滩 he decides to let the Marines get onto the beaches,
然后依靠大规模的炮火摧毁他们 and then destroy them with massive and intricate fire
精心谨慎地伪装阵地 from carefully sited, and well camouflaged positions.
海军陆战队都趴了下来 The Marines hunker down.
随后日军是否会组织一次大规模的反击？ Is the next Japanese move going to be a massive counter-attack?
将他们的部队迅速击退？ Will their assault be swiftly driven back into the sea?
对于麦克阿瑟在韩国的计划 关键时刻也即将来临 For MacArthur's battleplanners in Korea, the moment of truth is also approaching.
与霍兰史密斯不同 他们能够掩盖他们的真实计划 Unlike Holland Smith, they have been able to disguise the battleplan.
仁川战斗前5天 Five days before the assault on lnchon,
美国的空军和海军力量已开始轰炸月尾岛 American air and naval forces had begun bombarding the island of Wolmi-do.
但同时 英国海军将炮击镇南浦港 But simultaneously, a British naval task force bombards the port of Chinnampo,
就在仁川以北约100英里 about 100 miles north of lnchon.
同时英国护卫舰也将在南部100英里处的 群山发动登陆作战 And British frigates also land raiding parties at Kunsan, 100 miles south.
麦克阿瑟打赌这些行动能够掩盖其真正目的 MacArthur is gambling that these diversions will conceal the real purpose
掩盖月尾岛 of the barrage on Wolmi-do.
在9月15日06:30 As 06:30 hours approaches on September 15th,
美国的海军力量发动风暴来临前的最后炮击 the US naval force launches a final storm of gunfire.
海军陆战队员紧张地呆在登陆艇上 Marines tense in their landing craft.
麦克阿瑟坐在麦金利号上指挥战斗 MacArthur takes his seat on the bridge of the USS McKinley.
但他不知道 他的指挥 But what he does not know, as he takes his place,
依靠的是惊人的运气 is that he has had the most amazing stroke of luck.
没有它 仁川战斗将变成一场灾难 Without it, lnchon might have been a disaster.
苏联曾计划在海港布置水雷 The Soviets had planned to mine the harbour.
如果这些水雷已顺利抵达 而他们几天后到达 And if those mines had arrived in time, and they were a couple of days late,
登陆计划将变得更为困难 甚至不可能完成 then the landing would have been much more difficult, if not impossible.
而事实证明 But as it turned out,
该铁路车装满水雷 that railroad car full of sea mines
苏联曾希望安放在仁川港 that the Soviets had wanted to put into the lnchon harbour
朝鲜的某一条铁路岔线上 were on a railroad siding somewhere in North Korea.
06:33 06:33.
第3营的第1海军陆战队 第5海军陆战队 攻击月尾岛海滩 The first Marines of 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, hit the beach on Wolmi-do.
海军运输车推进至岸上 部队迅速向全岛散开 Marine Amtraks push ashore, and the troops fan out across the island.
06:55 06:55.
星条旗便在仁川港的最高处 广播电台上飘扬 The Stars and Stripes is raised on Radio Hill, dominating Inchon harbour.
07:55 07:55.
整个阵地都安全了 The entire position is secure.
麦克阿瑟的计划顺利进行 MacArthur's battleplan is on schedule.
现在便是退潮后焦急的几个小时 泥泞的沙滩露了出来 Now start the anxious hours as the tide goes out, the mud flats are revealed,
舰队除了等待无事可作 and the invasion fleet waits without being able to do anything.
海军陆战队预计的反击并没有来临 The Marines expect a counter-attack, but it doesn't come.
14:30 开始涨潮 也开始再次轰炸 At 14:30, the tide turns and the bombardment begins again,
这时的海滨 this time of the waterfront.
战斗开始了 The assault wave sets off,
17:30整 海军陆战队第5师攻向红色海滩 and precisely on time at 17:30, the 5th Marines hit Red Beach.
他们向墙后面投掷手榴弹 丢掉云梯 They lob their grenades over the wall, throw their scaling ladders against it,
将他们自己拖了过去 and haul themselves up and over.
在蓝色海滩 海军陆战队第1团 On Blue Beach, the 1st Marine Regiment
也将登陆展开战斗 is also going ashore, against light opposition.
随着太阳下山 潮水退去 By sunset, as the tide goes out,
他们建立了滩头阵地以及周边阵地 they have secured the beachhead, and established a perimeter.
对于麦克阿瑟来说 计划的攻击阶段惊人的成功 For MacArthur, the assault phase of the battleplan has been an amazing success.
但史密斯的战斗仍处在不定状态 But Smith's assault still hangs in the balance.
敌人的反击是否会将他的海军陆战队扔回大海？ Will an enemy counter-attack succeed in throwing his Marines back into the sea?
双方的指挥官 他们处于困境部队 Both commanders, and their embattled troops
都面临着海上突袭的下一个关键阶段 face the next critical stag of the assault from the sea battleplan.
稳固立足点—建立一个足够的滩头阵地 Securing a lodgement - building up a sufficient beachhead
以承受各种反击 to withstand any counter-attacks,
并确保增援和补给品能顺利涌入 and to ensure that reinforcements and supplies can flow in.
在硫磺岛 栗林的行动为时已晚 On lwo Jima, Kuribayashi has unleashed his firestorm just too late.
延迟的20分钟 足够让海军陆战队 The 20-minute delay has allowed just enough Marines
牢固地驻守在沙滩上 to get ashore for them to cling on.
英勇的海军陆战队仍没有发现日军 The Japanese had also not reckoned on the heroism of the Marines.
尽管无法看到大部分射击来自哪里 Despite being unable to see where much of the firing is coming from,
他们仍继续前进 they push forward.
在90分钟内 就有两个排穿过岛屿 Within 90 minutes, two platoons have got across the island.
开始时每个有60人 Each started with 60 men.
现在一个有5人 另一个是3人 但他们仍坚定地抵抗 Now one has five, the other three. But they are steadily reinforced.
部队开始缓慢的向折钵山的低洼处前进 Men begin inching their way forward onto the lower slopes of Suribachi.
渐渐地 损失愈加惨重- Gradually, and with appalling losses -
第一天就有2420名海军陆战队队员死亡- 2,420 Marines dead on the first day alone -
正追捕日军并摧毁他们的据点 the Japanese are hunted down and their positions destroyed.
火焰喷射器被证明特别有效 Flame-throwers prove particularly effective,
但他们便会成为狙击手的首要目标 but their crews become a prime target for snipers.
在海滩上 海军陆战队努力取得更多的设备 On the beaches Marines struggle to get more equipment,
包括谢尔曼坦克和大炮 使之上岸 including Sherman tanks and artillery, ashore.
到了黄昏 竟有30,000名海军陆战队队员登陆 By nightfall, an amazing 30,000 Marines have been landed,
他们的立足点也安全了 and their lodgement is secure.
麦克阿瑟判断敌人的兵力都处于仁川附近 ln Korea, MacArthur's judgement of the enemy's strength near lnchon,
他的冒险在这攻击的两个阶段都非常成功 and his gamble on a two-stage assault, is so successful
他将攻击和立足点建设紧紧地联系在一起 that his assault and lodgement phases run together.
教科书告诉我们朝鲜对这样的攻击相当惊奇 Textbooks tell us that the Koreans were so surprised by the attack
事实上 他们无法将美国人赶回大海 that, in fact, they could do nothing to push the Americans back into the sea.
一些新的研究表明 美国的计划如此优秀 What new research has shown is that the Americans planned the operation so well
直接加剧了不堪重负的朝鲜的负担 that they exacerbated the exhaustion problems of the over-stretched Koreans,
因此他们的通信已完全崩溃 so their communications had completely broken down.
这是一个典型的海上突袭 lt was a classic assault from the sea
因为之前美国已经登陆 because before the Americans had landed,
使得敌人变聋变哑并失明 they had made the enemy deaf, dumb and blind.
像史密斯那样 麦克阿瑟在第一天建立了滩头阵地 Like Smith, MacArthur has his beachhead by the end of day one.
现在 双方指挥官必须转向计划的下一个重要的阶段 Now both commanders must turn to the next essential phase of their battleplan.
海上突袭的本质 The essential point about the assault from the sea battleplan
不仅仅是建立一个滩头阵地 is that establishing a beachhead is not enough.
在某个时刻 登陆部队必须打破战线并着手进行下一阶段 At some point, the landing forces must break out and set about the next phase.
史密斯和麦克阿瑟都非常清楚 Both Smith and MacArthur are well aware
一个成功的登陆也会变成 that a successful landing can be turned
彻底的失败 就因为指挥官不能打破战线 into a total failure, by a commander's inability to break out.
这一典型例子就是发生于1944年安齐奥的 A classic example of this had taken place in 1944 at Anzio,
盟军意大利战役 during the Allies' Italian campaign.
他们拉长了在意大利的战线 As they pushed up the length of ltaly,
被古斯塔夫线的防御工事所阻挡 Allied forces had been stopped by the fortifications of the Gustav Line.
它们从海上穿过山区又延伸到大海 These stretched from sea to sea through mountainous terrain,
给了德国防御者无尽的优势 which gave every advantage to the German defenders.
经过多次尝试 仍然是惨败而归 After repeated attempts to break through had ended in bloody failure,
盟国决定在安齐奥登陆 the Allies decided to land a force at Anzio,
位于德国战线后方40英里处 40 miles behind the German line,
攻击内陆 切断德国的通信线路 and strike inland to cut the German lines of communication.
1944年1月22日 登陆开始 The landings took place on January 22nd, 1944,
在两天内 有超过50,000人上岸 and within two days, more than 50,000 men were ashore.
德国对此大为惊讶 行动初见光明 The Germans had been taken completely by surprise, and opposition was light.
但盟军指挥官决定巩固他的滩头阵地 But the Allied commander decided to consolidate his beachhead,
等待坦克和大炮的支援 and wait for his tanks and artillery.
甚至没有派出侦察部队 Not even a reconnaissance in force was attempted.
随即 德国迅速封锁盟军滩头阵地 Improvising brilliantly, the Germans swiftly sealed off the Allied beachhead,
差点就将其赶回大海 and came close to driving it back into the sea.
在4个月的僵持之后 Four months of stalemate followed.
由于指挥官过于谨慎 失去了一个极好的机会 A golden opportunity had been lost due to an over-cautious commander.
史密斯在硫磺岛的突破有一个简单的目标- On lwo Jima, Smith's break-out has a simple objective -
消灭守军 牢牢地占领整个岛屿 eliminate the defenders, and secure the whole island.
美国没有别的选择 The Americans have no alternative,
但伴随着的 是可怕的伤亡 but to grind forward, taking horrendous casualties.
日军藏在他们的据点中 The Japanese, in their hidden positions,
等到美军几乎到达他们头顶时才会开火 wait until the Marines are almost on them until they open fire.
有时甚至是白刃战 Fighting is sometimes hand-to-hand.
然而 在登陆后第4天的中午 Nevertheless, by mid-morning on the fourth day after the landing,
精疲力竭的海军陆战队取得巨大胜利- the exhausted Marines have a major morale boost -
星条旗飞舞在折钵山最高处 the Stars and Stripes flutters in the wind at the summit of Mount Suribachi.
这一镜头被记录了下来 This is the scene which becomes an icon,
硫磺岛和美国陆战队 both of lwo Jima, and the American Marine Corps,
只有一方能笑到最后 one of the most triumphant
战争中 这一图片也最令人瞩目 and compelling images of warfare ever made.
但要牢牢地占领岛屿 仍然需要一个月时间 But it still takes another month for the island to be secured.
最终在3月26日取得胜利 When victory is finally achieved on March 26th,
21,000名日本守军中只有不到1000人还活着 less than 1,000 of the 21,000 Japanese defenders are still alive.
6821名海军陆战队员被打死 6,821Marines have been killed,
18,000人受伤 and 18,000 wounded.
这是太平洋战争中最血腥的一场战役 lt is the bloodiest battle of the Pacific War.
但在此之前 P-51护航战机到达该岛 But well before this, P-51escort fighters are arriving on the island,
第一架瘫痪的轰炸机正紧急降落 and the first crippled bombers are making emergency landings.
在硫磺岛已经取得了重大的战略成果 The strategic objective of the battleplan at lwo Jima has been achieved.
相比之下 对于麦克阿瑟在韩国的部队来说 In contrast, for MacArthur's forces in Korea,
在仁川的突破行动仍在进行中 the break-out phase at lnchon is under way
在战斗和建立立足点后 the morning after the assault and lodgement.
美国海军陆战队推进内陆 并加入第7师 US Marines push inland as the Army's 7th Division lands to join them.
只遇到了零星的抵抗 部队稳步推进 Resistance is sporadic, and the US forces advance steadily.
10天后 9月25日 就在他自定的最后期限时 Ten days later, on September 25th, just within his self-imposed deadline,
麦克阿瑟宣布将重新考虑首尔的相关行动 MacArthur announces that Seoul has been re-taken,
尽管人们怀疑这样的通知 even though cynics notice
但海军陆战直到27号才夺回国会大厦 that the Marines don't recapture the Capitol building until the 27th.
接着两天后 第7师占领了韩谷的所有重要路口 Then, two days later, the 7th Division takes the all-important junction in the Han Valley.
战斗相当激烈 釜山的守军开始反击 As fighting rages on, the defenders of Pusan counter-attack,
并切断了他们的补给线 有效地瓦解了朝鲜部队 and with their supply line cut, the North Korean forces effectively disintegrate.
在四个星期内 Within four weeks,
麦克阿瑟解放整个朝鲜半岛 MacArthur will have liberated the whole of the Korean Peninsula,
以海上突袭为自己的承诺完美谢幕 as a result of one of the most brilliant assaults from the sea ever undertaken.
在仁川的登陆 麦克阿瑟实际上冒了很大的风险 MacArthur took many great risks in launching the lnchon landings.
其中的许多风险甚至让指挥官都无从下手 Many of those risks, many commanders wouldn't want to take.
麦克阿瑟将这一切处理得如此完美 The thing MacArthur did so brilliantly well,
使得后来的两栖作战计划得以实施 from which future amphibious plans could be based,
正因为他在敌人那里收集了很多优秀的情报 is that he had such very good intelligence on the enemy.
他打好基础 打乱敌人的计划 He had prepared the ground particularly well, making the enemy dislocated,
瓦解敌军防守 ensuring that their defences had been neutralised,
并摧毁很多重要设施 and many positions destroyed.
他在后勤上下了很大力气 He also put a huge weight of emphasis upon logistics,
使得部队可以驻守在沙滩上 so that troops on the beach would stay on the beach,
使得可以早日取得成功 and could exploit that early success.
在硫磺岛和仁川的计划表现出 The battleplans for lwo Jima and lnchon had shown the enormous importance
在海上突袭中确定一个目标的巨大重要性 of a clear objective when devising the battleplan for assault from the sea.
对于在硫磺岛的霍兰史密斯将军 For General Holland Smith at lwo Jima,
占领该岛的战略需要和战术方法 both the strategic need to capture the island and the tactical method
都是明显而不可避免的 had been obvious and inevitable.
对于在韩国的麦克阿瑟 For MacArthur in Korea,
以一种不同的方式实现了战略目标 the strategic aim could have been achieved in very different ways.
当他所看到在仁川登陆所能带来的战略价值时 But once he had seen the strategic prize which a landing at lnchon could bring,
便很好地利用了这一点 he pursued this with brilliance.
情报的需求会从各个方面影响战争计划 The requirement for good intelligence affected the battleplans in different ways.
对于史密斯在硫磺岛的计划 它只发挥了很少一部分 For Smith on lwo Jima, it played little part.
他的部下才刚找到敌人的藏身之处 His men just had to find out about the enemy as they went along.
对麦克阿瑟来说 这都至关重要 For MacArthur, it was critical.
一旦他明确了他的战略目标 Once he had decided on his strategic objective,
他便急需情报证明这是可行的 he needed urgent intelligence to tell him if it really was feasible.
在接近和攻击阶段 遭遇也不尽相同 In the approach and assault phases, the situations also differed.
史密斯要行驶很远的距离才能到达既定目标 Smith faced a massively long approach voyage to get to his target.
美国发明了一种新式战法使之能够实现 The US had had to invent a new form of warfare to make it possible.
一旦他遇到疯狂的敌人 Once there, he faced a fanatical enemy.
他的部下便有一个安全的滩头阵地 But once his men had a secure beachhead,
使敌人不能得到增援 the enemy could not be reinforced.
这将是一场艰苦的斗争 lt would be a gruelling struggle,
他的部下已能够承受 像之前那些岛屿的日军了 but his men had overwhelmed the Japanese on other islands before,
他也知道这次他们要不惜一切代价完成任务 and he knew they would do it again, whatever the cost.
韩国 麦克阿瑟主要的冒险是在自然方面- ln Korea, MacArthur's main hazard was a natural one -
潮汐 以便完成两个阶段的登陆 the tides, which necessitated a two-stage landing.
他打赌敌人无法有效地利用这一优势 But his gamble that the enemy could not take advantage of this paid off totally.
这两个计划中 For both battleplans,
最终立足点和突破阶段也十分不同 the final lodgement and break-out phases were also very different.
实际上在硫磺岛 史密斯只能硬着头皮向前 On lwo Jima, in effect, Smith had nothing to do except grind on.
大量的士兵都不得不以白刃战 lt was largely up to his men in hand-to-hand combat
对抗敌军敢死队 against a suicidal enemy.
两个阶段没有明显的区分 The two phases blurred into one.
在仁川 当麦克阿瑟赢得冒险的首战时 At lnchon, once MacArthur had won his gamble on the day of the assault,
其余的也似乎变得非常容易 the rest seemed almost easy and inevitable.
他选择从海上袭击的计划 差一点就赢得了整个朝鲜战争 His choice of assault from the sea came close to winning the Korean War
而这距离开战还不到4个月 less than four months after it had begun.
但他穿过了朝鲜 到达中国边界 But his advance through North Korea, up to the Communist Chinese border,
这便将中国部队拖入其中 战争便又拖了3年 brought their forces into the war, which then dragged on for another three years.
仁川行动是20世纪中最后一场大型的海上突袭战 lnchon was the last great assault from the sea of the 20th Century.
但是它的成功 使得这一计划 But its success ensured that the battleplan
在整个冷战时期占据着重要地位 remained an important element of warfare throughout the Cold War,
并一直持续到今天 and still does today.
就像其他计划那样 它也不断地发展 Like all battleplans, it continues to evolve with technology.
在20世纪下半叶 ln the latter half of the 20th Century,
它将直升机合并到其中 it developed to incorporate the helicopter.
从战术和技术的角度来看 From the tactical, and technical point of view,
在二十世纪末期 两栖作战中最有意思的 the most interesting thing in amphibious warfare in the late 20th Century,
便是广泛使用直升机 is the extensive use of the helicopter.
直升机意味着可以极大地扩展 What the helicopter does for you is it greatly expands
登陆部队的数量 the number of places you can land a force.
直升机比常规船只更容易遭受敌人炮火的袭击 The helicopter is much more vulnerable to enemy fire than a conventional surface craft.
但它可以到达许多船舶无法到达的地方 But it can land in many places that a ship wouldn't dare to go.
从海上突袭仍然是一个大国部署其力量的重要途径 Assault from the sea remains the main way in which a great power,
比如美国 可以在世界各地部署其军事力量 like the United States, can deploy its strength around the world.
美国海军的核动力船只 The great nuclear-powered carriers of the US Navy,
和搭载直升机的海军两栖攻击舰 and Marine Amphibious Divisions on helicopter-equipped assault ships,
便是力量的明显象征 remain one of the most obvious symbols of power.
甚至海上攻击的威胁也会极大的影响敌人 Even the threat of assault from the sea influences the enemy.
在打击萨达姆侯赛因的沙漠风暴行动中 In Operation Desert Storm against Saddam Hussein,
在波斯湾广泛宣传的登陆作战演习 widely-publicised assault landing exercises in the Persian Gulf
就是用来牵制伊拉克部队的有效手段 were used as a highly effective deception to pin down lraqi forces,
而实际上海军陆战队实施的是陆地作战 while the Marine Corps actually took part in the land campaign,
直接穿越沙特阿拉伯边境进入科威特 with a direct strike across the Saudi Arabian border into Kuwait.
海上突袭是一种古老的战争形式 Assault from the sea is one of the oldest forms of warfare,
但它对于今天的各个国家来说 仍尤为重要 but it also provides a focus for many major nations today
技术和理论的发展直接决定着未来的发展 for their future development, in terms of technology and doctrine.
远征部队要在远方登陆 A desire for an expeditionary force to land on a land far away,
并取得军事上的成功 and to be militarily successful,
就必须有顶级的军事方法 has always been the holy grail of military affairs.
各个大国将不停地发展其战争计划 以便跟上 The great powers will be keeping up the means to achieve this battleplan
将持续下去的战争 for as long as warfare continues.
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