Let's start now with defining what is range anxiety.
Many electric vehicle probably promoters are advocators,
they always say, there's no such things these days.
But again, that's probably with
the people who really know
about the electric vehicle performance.
But if the electric vehicles are out to
become a popular in the mass market,
we need to educate people,
but some people still say, oh,
we don't really know that we still
have this issue in common in the open market,
but it's still there.
But certainly the electric vehicle,
especially the users, want to have a
longer driving compared to the petrol or diesel.
Certainly you have fun to drive in the electric car
with less seminar nice
and the more comfort and things like that.
In fact, some vehicle manufacturers
are coming up with a nice a generator.
It's a simulator,
they're nice that you can still
keep the probability passengers and also maybe
the pedestrians alerted with
a nice generating tools in the electric cars.
If you want to look at what exactly it means in terms
of a textbook definition for range anxiety.
It's a fear with
the all the electric vehicle users that whether
the electric vehicles are not going
to meet or probably hit the destination.
In other words, people always have
the fear that the energy is going to run out.
In that descends them in and always have the tendency
to maybe even leave the electric car at home,
or maybe or rent another diesel or gasoline car.
It's a mindset, but it's a slowly changing.
In other words, nobody obviously wants to get to
a standard in the roadside if something happens.
But that depends on how
far you can go with the battery in the electric car,
how frequently you will have an opportunity to
recharge depending on
the electric vehicle charger network.
Especially in the, I would say
maybe 10,15 years ago or 20 years ago, like GM EV-1.
I think those were all the problems
because the vehicles that
had a very poor reputation of less than 70 miles,
even though most of the EV manufacturers,
like probably one or two, they said,
oh, the miles will be much longer.
There were some consumers purchasing
the vehicle probably around 10,15 years ago,
and then finding that the vehicles that
do not even run for more than 50 miles.
That's how this so-called the
range anxiety get into the mindset.
But that is now becoming a little harder to
completely eliminate from the potential users.
Shorter driving range, and
also the lack of charging infrastructure.
People always just to combine these two and
just name it as a range anxiety.
But in principle, it is both
charging anxiety and also range anxiety.
Range anxiety is mainly from
the total energy or
total usable energy within the battery,
and charging anxiety is
how frequently you have the charging infrastructure.
If you are planning for a little
longer trip, can you charge?
Do you have any network which is already know publicized?
Are they really working?
Do we have to really wait for some time?
All those complications support this roadblock for
the electric vehicles users are
probably those who want to switch to electric vehicle,
especially if they're in the market
for buying the newer vehicle.
As you see here, you don't want to have
this situation maybe something happened in the past,
but it's getting old,
but that's slowly going away.
This is a scientific understanding of what it all means.
Again, if you look at this graph on the left-hand side,
it says a state of charge on
the y-axis and you have a travel time.
The state of charge keeps increasing from left to right.
State of charge for a fully charged battery is
100% and fully discharged to 0%.
But as I mentioned,
you do not want to go to 100% and you don't
do not want to discharge it down to 0% percent.
Anywhere 95-5 or maybe 90-5.
That's a usable state of charging range.
Now, you are okay if you look at this line,
which is flat at the bottom and then starts shooting up.
That is when you always have
an issue when you look at the setup charge,
or our time to charge,
or distance is charged,
or how many miles you can drive before
you have to recharge the battery in the electric vehicle.
That is when the mindset changes.
Now I'm almost at the end of the battery state of charge.
So as the battery probably becomes older and older,
maybe you see like a
20% and then maybe within 3 minutes you see 15%,
so it could be a little quicker,
but you need to understand the battery's performance
or performance like a behavior.
You need to get an idea,
but otherwise the buffer time is
actually the one before you get the anxiety,
and suddenly you don't want to have anything like this,
so that's why all these electronic gadgets
or maybe the battery management systems,
how to really work very
hard in the electric vehicle that you
will not be in a situation where
you will have this range anxiety problems,
but certainly this is a threshold at time
before somebody gets into the range anxiety mode.
So suddenly as we see decreases and the anxiety
starts picking from the RR after that threshold at time.
So there are companies
all over the world are trying to
proudly solve or resolve this issue.
There is to be I think
that the company is still in the business,
but it's a French startup company.
They started in 2021,
so they said if you are planning for
a longer the trip where you
know that there is no gasoline station,
so you have a traditional
internal combustion engine based car
and you only have your tank with a fixed volume,
so maybe a midsize SUV with about a 20-25 gallon gasoline
and if you know that you are going to travel for
a longer distance than what the vehicle can cover,
so you always plan and then maybe you
go with a can of gasoline,
so extra container of gasoline or fuel.
They say when you can do that,
why not you go with
a little trailer with a packed battery
which is obviously fully
charged before you start the mission,
so this could be one of the options so far,
probably eliminating this so-called range anxiety,
but this is one of them.
We don't know whether everybody
is willing to pay for the package,
so in fact the company says they can actually,
I think they have a branch in
probably few locations in Paris where you
can just go and rent
this trailer with a fully charged battery,
hook it up and then go wherever you want,
so in other words as a user or as
electric vehicle user you
don't have to invest on this battery,
but you can just rent it,
so you can rent it for
probably like 30-40 dollars for one trip,
bring it back and return the fully discharged battery.
So probably this is also going to happen in some place,
but it may not happen in every place depending
on where the users are going to be.
This is again one of the options that people always say,
so you can always have like a level two charger,
probably in the vehicle,
but it's a heavy and you don't want to carry it.
But instead there's a company called
the J+BOOSTER 2 where you I think they
say this portable charger weighs less than two pounds,
so in other words this is not going
to add weight to the vehicle,
so suddenly you add anything to the vehicle,
so the mileage per
kilowatt hour is always going to be lower and lower.
So most of the optimized vehicle designs would give
you more than probably like
a five miles per kilowatt hour,
so in other words if an electric car has
about to say 100 kilowatt hour,
you will be in a position to drive
more than 500 miles per charge.
That is by assuming that the electric vehicle has
lesser weight with more functional materials
and also with probably less number of passengers and
things like that or with the lower amount of payload,
so this is one of the options
where you can just have it and it looks
like it's not going to be too expensive and
you also have multiple adapter,
so in other words wherever you go,
if you have access to the electrical outlet,
not the DC fast charger.
That's where you need to probably wait or you
may not even find, but they say well,
you will always be able to find
an electrical outlet or this can be integrated in
existing gasoline stations all
over the country in all the gas stations.
All you need is the electrical outlet,
not the charging station itself,
so this can be just to plugged into
the electrical outlet and one end goes to the vehicle.
All these components are IP67 rated,
meaning it's going to be moisture proof
and also it is tougher that it is not going to break,
so that's also one of the requirement and it's lighter,
and it's a waterproof and automatic adapter recognition,
so you can always change the adapter
and it's a heavy-duty,
so it says aluminum housing for the unit and it
says driveover-resistant to heavy vehicle wheel load,
so just in case if it is run over by other vehicles
wherever you are going to recharge in
a electrical outlet, it's still okay.
So obviously this can
also be done but it's a smaller weight,
but this is again
similar to carrying a smaller container.
Wherever you go, you just to fill it up with a container
or wherever you have access to the electrical outlet,
you can just plug it in.
Now, we consider this as
a worrisome issue for some people,
so it is better that we understand that so that we can
educate good number of
people to go with the electric vehicles.
This slide talks about level 1,
level 2, and also level 3.
Level 1 and level 2 charger or AC outlet,
and the level 3 is
the DC outlet where the charger actually sits
as a public domain and
you just to pull the cable and plug it into that vehicle.
Level 1 uses 120 volt AC,
level 2 uses 240 volt AC,
level 3 uses 480.
This is the output in terms of charge
or a power up to 1.9 kilowatt,
up to 19.2 kilowatt,
up to 90 kilowatt power.
In other words, if you wanted to charge it to say
from 5% to 85%,
you can do that in one hour.
That's pretty attractive if
you have access to level 3 charges.
Whenever you need to have relatively quicker recharging.
Level 1 takes much longer time to recharge it,
so maybe like two days, closer to two days.
Level to charger is the perfect way to go because,
overnight, or maybe you can do that in
the daytime if you are using it in the weekend.
The parameter normally monitored
for the various types of charger is D,
like how many miles you can fill per hour?
That depends on this power level.
Two to 5 miles, depending on how
much power you can dumper into the battery.
Two to five miles per hour for the level 1 with 120 volt.
With the level 2 charger,
you can actually dump 10-30 miles per hour.
Whereas with a level 3 charger,
you can actually recharge a battery to have
like 100 to anywhere above 200 plus miles per hour.
That's very attractive. But again,
we do not have the charging
infrastructure in place right now.
But the federal government's mandate is that by 2030,
there will be half a million charging
stations around the country.
That's going to change the complete remanent
on outlook up the electric vehicle adaptation.
If you have to use a vehicle
to probably in terms of comparison,
so if you have
an electric vehicle and also
traditional internal combustion vehicle.
The EV would only cost you
about 60% less in terms of
dollar compared to the tank of gas,
and the charging duration and also the resultant range.
Obviously if you have a DC
faster charge or access to level 2 chargers,
you can probably offset
all these range and safety and also charging anxiety.
One of the issue with a level 2 charger is
that if a family is
living in a high density homes
or maybe apartment complex,
they do not have access to level 2,
so 240 volt outlet wherever they are.
But all these individual homes have access
to level 2 chargers, power outlet.
This is an important slide by looking at the this again,
based on the survey which was done last year in February.
It was done with about 1,000 people in the US.
The reason for not adopting the electric vehicle,
all these reasons were actually asked.
So 60% of the respondents
said it is because of the higher purchase price,
60% also said concerns about the charging infrastructure.
If you look at this, so here, the range,
it doesn't actually come in the first place.
Third one, it's a concern about running out of charges,
so that's actually the range anxiety.
Then the fourth one,
unsuitable for long distance travel.
That's because if you are
planning to probably derived from Phoenix
to Los Angeles or Phoenix to probably Las Vegas,
can you go in one full charge?
That's probably not possible now with all the cars,
but there are some cars which can actually
go beyond that distance.
Also high cost of battery repair and replacement.
There are some probably few cases
where you can also see in Internet
that somebody is planning to charge
me almost $15,000 to replace the battery.
That appraising is changing now.
Batteries are becoming more reliable and
also the cost is also becoming lower and lower,
and this is what I was saying.
If somebody is living in a big apartment complex where,
right now, it's not possible to probably install
level 2 system in those places.
Let's have probably a short break
and then we can come back and then
start with part 2 of this Module 2.