我怀疑英国任何地方都不会有10岁的孩子 I doubt there's a ten-year-old child anywhere in the UK
没听说过图坦卡蒙的人 who hasn't heard of Tutankhamun.
但他为什么这么年轻就死了呢？ But why did he die at such a young age?
如果你深入研究历史资料， If you delve into the historical sources,
许多古代人物的死亡 the deaths of many an ancient figure
都笼罩在荒诞的理论、神话和阴谋之中。 are shrouded in wild theories, myth and intrigue.
这是一场令人难以置信的帝国线索游戏。 It's an incredible game of imperial Cluedo going on.
我是Suzannah Lipscomb教授， I'm Professor Suzannah Lipscomb,
我用我的职业生涯来调查过去的奥秘， and I spent my career investigating the mysteries of the past,
但现在我正穿越到几千年前 but now I'm travelling thousands of years back in time
来调查一些 to investigate how some of the
古代世界最伟大的人物都结束了他们的生命。 greatest figures of the ancient world met their end.
从图坦卡蒙到亚历山大大帝 From Tutankhamun to Alexander the Great,
成吉思汗写给克利奥帕特拉， Genghis Khan to Cleopatra,
我会在考古中寻找线索， I'll be searching for clues in the archaeology,
在人工制品和古代文献中。 in artefacts and in ancient texts.
这是我们第一次看到他死亡的故事 This is the first time we see a story of his death
他被阉割了。 where he is castrated.
帮我区分事实和虚构 Helping me to unpick fact from fiction
是世界领先的法医病理学家理查德·谢泼德博士 is world leading forensic pathologist Dr Richard Shepherd.
利用先进的数字解剖台， Using a cutting-edge digital autopsy table,
他将阐明疾病的影响， he will shed light on the impact of disease,
对我们的著名人物的伤害和可能的谋杀。 injury and possible foul play on our famous figures.
它会引起休克。血压下降。 It causes shock. The blood pressure falls.
心率上升。 The heart rate goes up.
这不是干净利落的死亡 This was not the clean death that is
历史书上经常这样描述。 so often described in the history books.
我会去我的调查中心见专家， I'll be meeting experts at my investigation hub,
并且真正地亲历现场。 and getting truly hands-on out in the field.
太好了。快看！ That's great. Look at that!
他很喜欢咬人。 He's very keen to bite.
我将挖掘出这些古代巨人的最新内幕…… I'll unearth the latest revelations about these titans of antiquity...
这是涂抹毒药的完美表面。 This is a perfect surface to smear some poison.
．．让我更接近揭开他们的死因。 ..leading me closer to revealing just how they died.
图坦卡蒙是其中最著名的一个 Tutankhamun is one of the most recognisable
古埃及的雕像。 figures of Ancient Egypt.
他是新王国第18王朝的最后一位继承人， He was one of the last of the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom,
一些最强大的 some of the most powerful
和著名的古埃及法老 and celebrated pharaohs of Ancient Egypt,
他也是埃及最年轻的国王。 and he was also Egypt's youngest king.
他在公元前1333年即位时只有9岁。 He was nine-years-old when he came to the throne in 1333 BCE.
图坦卡蒙很可能是法老阿肯那顿的儿子， Tutankhamun was the likely son of a pharaoh called Akhenaten,
他在父亲死后继承了王位。 and he acceded to the throne following the death of his father.
他很可能还没有准备好统治 He was, in all likelihood, unprepared to rule,
大部分的日常裁决可能已经完成 and much of the day-to-day ruling was probably done
由一群大臣，总督和顾问组成。 by a body of viziers and governors and advisers.
但十年后，他的统治戛然而止。 But after ten years, his rule came to an abrupt end.
这位年轻的法老只有19岁 The young pharaoh was just 19-years-old
他突然去世，没有留下王位继承人。 when he died suddenly, without leaving an heir to his kingdom.
由于他的统治时间很短，他被遗忘了 As his reign was so short, he was forgotten about
直到霍华德·卡特和他的团队发现了他光荣的坟墓 until Howard Carter and his team discovered his glorious tomb
1922年在帝王谷 in the Valley of the Kings in 1922.
卡特的发现包括 Carter's discovery included
法老的木乃伊遗骸， the mummified remains of the pharaoh himself,
将图坦卡蒙推上公众的视野 propelling Tutankhamun into the public imagination.
和年轻的国王一起埋葬的一大堆珍宝 The glorious array of treasures buried with the young king
引发了全球图坦卡蒙热。 sparked global Tut mania.
图坦卡蒙死后成为埃及最著名的统治者之一。 In death, Tutankhamun became one of the most famed of Egypt's rulers.
但几千年过去了，我们还没有解开其中一个 But thousands of years later, we are yet to unravel one of
古代世界最大的谜团。 the ancient world's biggest mysteries.
问题仍然存在——他为什么这么年轻就去世了？ The question remains - why did he die at such a young age?
今天，图坦卡蒙的木乃伊遗骸 Today, the mummified remains of Tutankhamun
仍然躺在他位于帝王谷的坟墓里。 still lie inside his tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
这些线索很诱人 These hold tantalising clues
年轻法老的死有些蹊跷， that something was amiss in the death of the young pharaoh,
一些人认为他可能是被残忍杀害的。 leading some to suggest that he may have been brutally murdered.
图坦卡蒙被埋葬的时间没有那么长 Tutankhamun was not buried with as much time
也不会像你的老法老那样小心翼翼。 or as much care as might be expected of your regular pharaoh.
许多证据似乎表明图坦卡蒙的死是突然的 A lot of evidence seems to suggest that Tutankhamun's death was sudden
或者，至少是出乎意料的， or, at the very least, unexpected,
防腐师和墓师 and that the embalmers and the tomb-makers
我还没准备好。 weren't quite ready for it.
在20世纪20年代，霍华德·卡特的团队进行了 In the 1920s, Howard Carter's team carried out
对木乃伊进行的第一次相当粗糙的尸检， the first, rather crude autopsy on the mummy,
这一发现震惊了世界 stunning the world with the revelation
法老十几岁就死了。 that the pharaoh died in his teens.
但如果没有更先进的技术， But without more advanced techniques,
它几乎没有解释是什么杀死了他。 it explained little about what could have killed him.
当时，并没有确凿的证据证明他的死因。 At the time, there was no real evidence towards any cause of death.
直到20世纪60年代对人体进行CT扫描， It wasn't until a CT scan of the body in the 1960s,
当在头骨后部发现松动的骨头碎片时， when loose fragments of bone were found in the back of the skull,
关于谋杀的想法开始流传。 that ideas around murder began to circulate.
为了详细检查这些伤口，我们转向 To examine these injuries in detail, we're turning
医学专家理查德·谢泼德博士 to medical expert, Dr Richard Shepherd.
他是世界领先的法医病理学家 He's a world leading forensic pathologist
他做了超过23000次尸检。 who has carried out over 23,000 postmortems.
使用数字解剖表， Using a digital anatomy table,
他可以解剖虚拟人体， he can dissect virtual human bodies,
剥去层层组织、肌肉和骨骼， peeling back layers of tissue, muscle and bone,
检查某人是如何死亡的。 to examine how someone has died.
将此与我们所知的图坦卡蒙之死联系起来 Applying this to what we know of Tutankhamun's death
能让我们更接近可能的原因。 can bring us closer to the possible cause.
1968年和1978年， In 1968 and 1978,
两组对图坦卡蒙的木乃伊进行x光检查， two groups X-rayed King Tut's mummy,
他们在头骨内发现了两块自由漂浮的骨头碎片。 and they found two free -floating fragments of bone within the skull.
再加上图坦卡蒙去世时年纪轻轻 Combined with Tut's young age at death,
这些骨头碎片为这些理论提供了证据 these bone fragments added fuel to the theories
他是被后脑勺一击而死的。 that he had been murdered by a blow to the back of the head.
钝器外伤是很常见的 Blunt force trauma is a very common finding
在事故和急诊部门 in accident and emergency departments,
在法医病理学中， and in forensic pathology,
以及对头部造成的伤害程度 and the amount of damage that is caused to the head
大脑取决于所使用的力的大小。 and the brain depends on the amount of force that's been used.
力越大， The greater the force,
颅骨的损伤越大， the greater the damage to the skull,
大脑，还有死亡的可能性。 the brain, and the chance of death.
现在，在图坦卡蒙的情况下，受伤 Now, in Tut's case, the injury
打他的头被认为是打他的背。 to his head was believed to be to the back.
这是她后脑的枕骨。 This occipital bone at the back of her head.
下面是小脑， Beneath that is the cerebellum,
以及大脑的枕极， and the occipital poles of the brain,
它们控制着视觉和听觉，以及所有这些重要的特征。 which control sight and hearing, and all of those important features.
所以这一击， And so a blow here,
如果送出去了，很可能导致他的死亡。 if it had been delivered, could well have caused his death.
但究竟是谁想要杀死年轻的法老？为什么？ But who might have wanted to kill the young pharaoh, and why?
考古证据能揭示答案吗？ Could archaeological evidence reveal the answer?
伊丽莎白·弗洛德博士邀请我来观看 Dr Elizabeth Frood has invited me to view
1922年发现墓穴的原始记录。 original records from the tomb's discovery in 1922.
你好。嗨,苏茜。 Hello. Hi, Susie.
欢迎来到格里菲斯研究所的档案馆。 Welcome to the archive of the Griffith Institute.
很高兴来到这里。 Well, it's a real pleasure to be here.
霍华德·卡特就坐在我们正上方， Howard Carter is sitting directly above us,
我想，有些东西正在逼近我们。 somewhat looming over us, I think.
当然，他是领头的挖土机 And he, of course, is the lead excavator
图坦卡蒙之墓 of the tomb of Tutankhamun.
就在我们面前的是他的日记 Directly in front of us is his journal,
他写的， written by him,
谈论详细的过程 talking about the detailed process
关于发现和挖掘。 of the discovery and the excavation.
还有一些图坦卡蒙本人的照片。 And then we have some photographs of Tutankhamun himself.
非常漂亮。 Very beautiful.
图为内棺材。 Staged photograph showing the inner coffin.
那本日记，让我看一下。 So the journal - let me have a little look.
令人惊奇的。“所以用手电筒的光， It's amazing. "So with the light of the electric torch,
以及我们看进去的另一支蜡烛。 "as well as an additional candle we looked in.
“等我们的眼睛习惯了 "As soon as our eyes became accustomed
”…在微光中， "to the...in the glimmer of light,
房间的内部逐渐显现出来 "the interior of the chamber gradually loomed
“在我面前，夹杂着奇异而奇妙的杂音 "before me, with its strange and wonderful medley
“非凡而美丽的物品。” "of extraordinary and beautiful objects."
他说，“当卡纳文对我说，‘你能看到什么吗？’ He says, "When Carnarvon said to me, 'Can you see anything?'
“我回答他说：‘是的，很美妙。”“是的。 "I replied to him, 'Yes, it is wonderful.'" Yeah.
卡特和他的团队详细记录了他们的发现， Carter and his team documented their discovery in great detail,
记录了与图坦卡蒙一同埋葬的5000多件物品。 recording over 5,000 objects that had been buried with Tutankhamun.
这些叙述能说明谋杀的理论吗？ Can these accounts shed any light on the theory of murder?
有没有一种感觉，也许葬礼有点仓促？ Is there a sense that maybe the burial was somewhat rushed?
是。当你看到这些图片和计划时， Yes. When you see the images and the plans,
它给人的印象在某些空间 it gives the impression in some spaces
巧妙地布置， of being quite artfully laid out,
但有些地方很混乱。 but in some places quite jumbled.
当然有一些物品被重新利用了， There are certainly objects that have been repurposed,
所以那些属于某个家族成员的物品， so objects that belonged to one member of the family,
然后被改变，他的名字被写在物品上。 and then get changed and his name is put on the object instead.
一些学者认为陵墓本身，它的大小， Some scholars think that the tomb itself, its size,
这就意味着它从一开始就不是为皇家葬礼准备的。 means that it was never intended for a royal burial in the first place.
但从那个时期开始， But from that time period,
这样的坟墓是独一无二的。 there is no parallel for another tomb like this.
所以也许这里的所有东西都在合适的地方。 So maybe this does have everything in its proper place.
考虑到他还年轻，这又出乎意料， Given that he's young, and this is unexpected,
有证据表明是谋杀吗？ is there evidence that suggests foul play?
我觉得我们在墓葬材料里找不到。 I don't think we can find that in the tomb materials.
也就是说，这是一个动荡的历史时期， That said, this is a tumultuous period of history,
当然，宫廷中也有一些有权势的人 and there were certainly powerful individuals in the court
他们可能在争夺职位， who may have been jostling for position,
也许看到了机会。 may have seen an opportunity.
他可能的父亲，阿肯那顿， You have his probable father, Akhenaten,
他改变了埃及的宗教 who had changed Egyptian religion.
对许多人来说，这可能是一个非常非常严重的问题。 To many people, that was probably deeply, deeply problematic.
众所周知，埃及的宗教是由一大批神组成的。 Famously, Egyptian religion was composed of a vast suite of gods.
图坦卡蒙的父亲，阿肯那顿，推行了一个新的 Tutankhamun's father, Akhenaten, promoted a new
以崇拜太阳圆盘为基础的一神教。 monotheistic religion based all around worship of the sun disc.
其他神被从官方的正典中移除。 Other gods were removed from the official canon.
当时和后来的埃及人似乎不是这样 Egyptians of the time and immediately following seem not
跟随他的改革，在这一时期， to have followed his reforms and, this period,
还有很多与之相关的人物 and many of the figures associated with it
从官方记录中删除。 were stricken from the official record.
所以，即使图坦卡蒙比他父亲更受欢迎， And so, even if Tutankhamun was more popular than his father,
他仍然被认为是这个异端时代的一部分。 he was still considered part of this heretical era.
这是潜在的催化剂， This was the catalyst, potentially,
谋杀是图坦卡蒙之死的原因。 for theories that murder was the reason Tutankhamun died.
对政治阴谋的猜测 With speculation about political intrigue
提供了一个可能的动机 providing a possible motive,
卡特发现的另一个方面也有所贡献 another aspect of Carter's discovery also contributed to
年轻的国王是被谋杀的。 the idea that the young king was murdered.
挖掘现场的图片和新闻报道激起了媒体的狂热， A media frenzy stoked by images and news reports from the dig site,
以及卡纳封伯爵的命运 and the fate of Lord Carnarvon,
卡特挖掘工作的经济资助人 the financial backer of Carter's excavation.
所谓的图坦卡蒙之墓诅咒是 The so-called curse of the tomb of Tutankhamun was
卡那封勋爵死后的故事 a story that erupted after the death of Lord Carnarvon.
卡纳文勋爵被蚊子咬了一口。 So Lord Carnarvon had a mosquito bite.
后来感染了，他死于败血症 It got infected, and he died of sepsis
在墓室被打开后不久。 soon after the burial chamber had been opened.
当然，没有所谓的诅咒。 Of course, there is no such thing as the curse.
你可能会想，发现这样一座坟墓， You would have thought that the discovery of such a tomb,
所有这些项，很明显，会完全 and all these items, obviously, is going to completely
丰富了埃及古物学家、考古学家的知识。 enrich the knowledge of Egyptologists, archaeologists.
但有一种感觉，也许，这个发现 But there's a sense that, perhaps, the discovery
实际上使图坦卡蒙的历史复杂化了 actually complicated Tutankhamun's history.
绝对的。你是对的。 Absolutely. You're right.
霍华德·卡特发现的考古证据 The archaeological evidence uncovered by Howard Carter
似乎无法证实谋杀的谣言。 seems to offer little support to rumours of murder.
另一种解释是挖掘 An alternative explanation is that the excavation
它本身可能起到了一定作用 itself might have played a role
从木乃伊身上的创伤来看。 in the traumatic injuries seen on the mummy.
当国王的尸体被发现，石棺被打开， When the king's body was found and the sarcophagus opened,
木乃伊制作过程中使用了树脂和沥青， resin and pitch had been used as part of the mummification,
尸体已经在身体上粘在棺材上了。 and the body had become physically stuck to the coffin itself.
所以挖掘者不得不用凿子把尸体凿开。 So the excavators had to physically chisel the body loose.
为了取下埋葬面具， In order to remove the burial mask,
在他们的匆忙中，在他们的兴奋中， in their haste to do so, in their excitement,
国王的头从尸体上拔了出来。 the king's head was pulled from the body.
作为尸检的一部分， As part of the autopsy itself,
肢体被肢解。 the limbs were physically dismembered.
等国王被放回沙里的时候 By the time that the king was put back in sand
并在尸检后储存起来。 and stored away after the autopsy.
他更像是一具动物尸体，而不是一具人的尸体。 He had been treated more like an animal carcass than a human body.
再看一下病理 Another look at the pathology
支持图坦卡蒙头骨破碎的其他解释。 supports alternative explanations for Tutankhamun's broken skull.
这是诱人的和戏剧性的想法 It's enticing and dramatic to think
他是埃及最著名的法老 that Egypt's most famous pharaoh
是某个淫荡阴谋的受害者。 was the victim of some salacious plot.
但在法医病理学中，我必须依靠科学和事实。 But in forensic pathology, I have to work with science and with facts.
CT扫描显示骨头碎片来自 CT scans show that the fragments of bone came from
最上面的椎骨， the uppermost vertebrae,
以及头骨底部的区域。 and from areas at the base of the skull.
但我们也能看到受伤的模式， But we can also see patterns of injury,
看看骨头和大脑， looking at the bone and the brain,
这给了我们一个线索，让我们知道最初是什么造成了损坏。 that give us a clue to what caused the damage in the first place.
如果那是他死前受到的打击 If they had come from blows before death that killed him,
他们应该躺在防腐材料里。 they'd have been lying within the embalming material.
如果图坦卡蒙的骨头在木乃伊化之前有损伤， If there was damage to Tutankhamun's bones before mummification,
任何自由漂浮的碎片都会被绑在一起 any free-floating shards would have been bound together by
像蜡一样的粘性物质 the sticky materials like wax
以及制作过程中用到的树脂。 and resin that were used in the process.
如果碎片仍然松散，没有任何防腐液体的痕迹， If shards remain loose without a trace of embalming liquids,
那么损伤一定是在木乃伊被埋葬之后发生的。 then the damage must have occurred after the mummy was laid to rest.
骨头碎片自由地躺在头骨里， The fragments of bone were lying free within the skull,
所以这是最不可能的 and so it's most unlikely
至少图坦卡蒙是头部被重击致死的 that Tutankhamun was murdered by a blow to the head, at least.
所以骨折的头骨很可能 So it's probable that the broken skull
要么是图坦卡蒙仓促下葬的结果 occurred either as a result of Tutankhamun's hasty burial,
或者在尸体被发现后的这些年里对尸体的处理。 or in the handling of his body in the years since it was discovered.
霍华德·卡特的档案记录和照片很有启发性， Howard Carter's archival records and pictures are illuminating,
但他们肯定不能证实谋杀的说法。 but they certainly don't confirm the idea of foul play.
是的，图坦卡蒙出人意料地英年早逝。 Yes, Tutankhamun died young and unexpectedly.
他是一个问题国王的儿子，留下了分裂的遗产。 He was the son of a problematic king with a divisive legacy.
有迹象表明他的葬礼很仓促， And there are signs that his burial was rushed but,
重要的是，头骨损伤很可能是死后造成的。 vitally, the skull damage was likely caused postmortem, after death.
看来图坦卡蒙不是被 It seems that Tutankhamun wasn't murdered by
他的头骨被撞碎了。 having his skull bashed in.
还有什么能杀死一个壮年的国王呢？ So what else could have killed a king in the prime of his life?
这一发现引发的狂热 The mania that followed the discovery
1922年对图坦卡蒙陵墓的研究，提出了一些想法 of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, has lodged certain ideas
在公众的想象中，图坦卡蒙是个少年国王 in the public imagination that Tut was a boy king,
他的坟墓被诅咒了， that his tomb was cursed,
他的头部受到了猛烈的打击 and that he suffered from a violent blow to the head
这导致了他的死亡 that led to his death.
这些都不是真的。 None of these things is true.
病理检查显示那块骨头断了 The pathology shows that the bit of bone broken off
在他的头骨里可能是木乃伊化的结果， in his skull was probably a result of the mummification,
也可能是因为虐待 or perhaps because of the abuse
他的尸体被发现后遭受了痛苦。 that his corpse suffered after the discovery.
也许是图坦卡蒙之死的真相 Perhaps the truth about Tutankhamun's death
离家更近。 lies closer to home.
在古埃及新王国的第十八王朝， In the 18th dynasty of Ancient Egypt's New Kingdom,
宫廷是一个地方 the royal court was a place
哪些做法是我们现在不赞成的 where practices we now frown upon
是日常生活的一部分。 were part of everyday life.
也许是年轻法老认为正常的事 Perhaps something the young pharaoh considered normal
可能导致他的死亡 could have led to his death.
有很多证据表明图坦卡蒙有身体上的， There's a lot of evidence to suggest that Tutankhamun had physical and,
很可能是发育问题 quite possibly, developmental problems
近亲繁殖的与近亲繁殖有关的 associated with close family inbreeding.
然而，图坦卡蒙家族并不是唯一这样做的。 Tutankhamun's family were not unique in this, however.
和历史上许多其他朝代一样， As with a lot of other dynasties throughout history,
家庭内部的婚姻是确保权力的一种方式， marriage within the family was a way to secure power,
尤其是在动荡时期之后。 especially after periods of upheaval.
这只是一种防止权力被稀释的方法 It was simply a way to prevent power being diluted
然后建立 and to sort of establish
使一个家族对王位的要求合法化。 and to legitimise one family's claim to the throne.
乱伦在埃及皇室中很常见， Incest was common among Egyptian royalty,
但我们现在知道它会导致严重的医疗问题， but we now know it can cause serious medical problems,
有些甚至是致命的。 some of them even fatal.
但我们对图坦卡蒙自己的家谱有多确定呢？ But just how sure are we about Tutankhamun's own family tree?
艾丹·多德森教授， Professor Aidan Dodson,
布里斯托尔大学的埃及古物学家 an Egyptologist from the University of Bristol,
是研究法老祖先的专家。 is an expert on the Pharaohs ancestry.
你好。你好。 Hello. Hello.
很高兴认识你。见到你我也很高兴。 Lovely to meet you. Lovely to meet you, too.
艾登，我希望你能帮我解开一个谜。 So, Aidan, I'm hoping you can help me solve a bit of a riddle.
我知道我们不确定图坦卡蒙的身世。 I know that we're uncertain about Tutankhamun's parentage.
我们对他的家庭了解多少？ What do we know about his family?
好的，这一点，我们绝对知道 OK, the bit, which we do know absolutely certainly
是他的妻子。 is who his wife was.
这是Ankhesenamun，这是Tutankhamun。 That's Ankhesenamun, and that's Tutankhamun.
这是坟墓里发现的盒盖的复制品。 This is a replica of a box lid which was found in the tomb.
这里我们有两个。 And here we've got the two of them.
是的，我们知道他的妻子Ankhesenamun， And, yeah, we know that his wife, Ankhesenamun,
是阿肯那吞的女儿 is a daughter of Akhenaten,
著名的异教徒法老和他的妻子娜芙蒂蒂。 the famous heretic Pharaoh and his wife, Nefertiti.
我能看一下吗？是的。 Can I have a little look? Yeah.
它很漂亮，不是吗？这是一件华丽的事情。 It's very beautiful, isn't it? It's a gorgeous thing.
原作实际上是有颜色的， The original, actually, is coloured,
但这是一个非常非常好的复制品。 but that is a very, very good replica of the thing.
所以我们知道她的父母。 So we know her parentage.
我们不确定他的。 We're not sure about his.
99%可以肯定图坦卡蒙的父亲就是阿肯那顿。 It's 99% certain that Tutankhamun's father was Akhenaten.
因此，他至少是他妻子同父异母的兄弟。 And so, therefore, he's at least a half-brother of his wife.
最大的问题一直是他的母亲是谁。 The big question has always been who his mother was.
现在，在2010年，对一些木乃伊的DNA研究 Now, in 2010, a DNA study of a number of mummies
宣称图坦卡蒙就是他的后代 proclaimed Tutankhamun was the offspring
阿肯那顿和她的妹妹 of Akhenaten and a sister,
一个纯种的姐妹。 a full-blooded sister.
然而，这有一个问题，因为我们 However, there's a problem with this because we have
没有阿肯那顿的嫂子。 no sister-wife of Akhenaten.
但实际上在图坦卡蒙的尸体上发现了相同的DNA特征 But actually the same DNA signature in Tutankhamun's body
如果他的父母是表亲， would be produced if his parents had been first cousins,
他的祖父母是表亲和曾祖父母。 his grandparents had been first cousins, and great-grandparents.
三代的近亲婚姻 So three generations of first-cousin marriages
从基因上来说，和兄妹婚姻是一样的。 is exactly the same, genetically, as a brother-sister marriage.
好了，这是法老们的传统 OK, so what we have is a tradition amongst the pharaohs
在他们的家族里结婚。 of marrying within their family.
所以有时候是兄妹关系， So sometimes it's brother-sister,
有时你会说他们是表兄弟，第一代表兄弟。是的。 and sometimes you're suggesting it's cousins, first cousins. Yeah.
当然那些……那种 And certainly those...that sort of
表亲结婚的故事远比这个可信 set of first cousin marriages is far more credible than this
完全不知名的嫂子。 completely unknown sister-wife.
几乎可以肯定的是，图坦卡蒙是 It's almost certain that Tutankhamun was the product of
近亲：兄弟姐妹或表亲之间的乱伦关系 an incestuous relationship between either siblings or cousins.
但这对年轻的法老在医学上意味着什么呢？ But what might this have meant for the young Pharaoh medically?
对木乃伊的分析表明 Analysis of the mummy has suggested
一长串可能影响他的遗传疾病。 a long list of genetic conditions that may have affected him.
覆牙和腭裂， An overbite and cleft palate,
宽臀和畸形脚。 wide hips and a club foot.
但可以肯定的是，这些都没有严重到致命的程度。 But surely none of these was serious enough to be fatal.
使用3D数字身体， Using a 3D digital body,
法医病理学家谢泼德医生可以剥开皮肤 forensic pathologist Dr Shepherd can peel back the skin
试图给我们一个答案。 to try and give us an answer.
多代乱伦意味着任何疾病 Incest for many generations means that any diseases
由隐性基因引起的更容易发生， caused by recessive genes were much more likely to occur,
由于出现两种异常基因的几率大大增加， as the chances of two abnormal genes being present was greatly increased,
图坦卡蒙国王的DNA分析表明他遭受了痛苦 and DNA analysis of King Tutankhamun showed that he suffered
一种非常罕见的足部遗传病。 from one very rare genetic disease of the foot.
科勒氏病影响儿童。 Kohler's disease affects children.
男孩的发病率是女孩的五倍， It's five times more prevalent in boys than in girls,
它会影响舟骨， and it affects the navicular bone,
它位于脚的中心深处， which is deep within the centre of the foot,
延伸到踝骨之间 that extends between the ankle bone
还有楔形骨，脚的主要骨骼。 and the cuneiform, the main bones of the foot.
对我们的行走方式至关重要，它会导致疼痛和跛行。 Crucial to how we walk, and it causes pain and it causes limping.
问题是，可能是科勒氏病 The question is, could something like Kohler's disease
足部坏死导致死亡？ caused by necrosis in the foot, lead to death?
虽然科勒氏病很有趣 Although Kohler's disease is interesting
为了让我们了解他的乱伦起源， in giving us an insight into his incestuous origins,
研究人员将科勒氏病与近亲繁殖联系起来， and researchers linking Kohler's disease with inbreeding,
这不是确凿的证据。 it's not the smoking gun.
科勒氏病不太可能杀死图坦卡蒙。 It's unlikely that Kohler's disease would have killed Tutankhamun.
但是乱伦关系会导致无数的问题， But incestuous relationships can result in a myriad of issues,
比如免疫系统变弱， such as a weakened immune system,
增加了潜在致命的心脏问题的风险。 and increased risk of heart problems that are potentially lethal.
图坦卡蒙的死会不会是另一个原因呢？ Might another of these have caused Tut's death?
或者近亲繁殖理论是在转移注意力？ Or is the inbreeding theory a red herring?
这是一个很有争议的问题，因为这具木乃伊 This has been quite a controversial question, because the mummy was
几年前进行了全面的ct扫描， comprehensively CAT-scanned a few years ago,
一些检查这些扫描的人确实做到了 and some of the people who examined those scans did
列出所有可能的事情 come up with a whole list of possible things
这是他的问题。 which were wrong with him.
问题是，其他专家说过， The trouble is that other experts have said,
“哦，不，一点也不。 "Well, no, not at all.
“其中一些实际上与笨拙的防腐者有关， "Some of them are actually more to do with clumsy embalmers,
“诸如此类的事情。” "and things like that."
如果我们找到物证，电脑断层扫描，其他的 Well, if we find the physical evidence, the CAT scans, the other
分析产生了不同的结果，有没有什么 analyses producing different results, is there anything in the
我们可以参考的考古证据？ archaeological evidence that we could look to?
坟墓里的人工制品或肖像，诸如此类的东西， Artefacts or iconography in the tomb, things like this,
也许能帮我们解决问题？ that might help us solve the question?
在这里，他有一根手杖， On this here, he's got a walking stick there,
坟墓里还发现了很多手杖。 and there are a lot of walking sticks found in the tomb.
然后人们会说， And people have then said,
“哦，这可能是因为他有一定程度的残疾， "Ooh, could that be because he has a degree of disability,
“所以需要一根棍子？” "and therefore needs a stick?"
这里有几个问题。首先，棒子， There are a couple of issues with that. First of all, staves,
棍棒在古埃及是地位的象征。 sticks were a sign of status in Ancient Egypt.
我们有很多古墓 And we have a number of tombs which have
里面有很多棍子。 got a huge number of staves in them.
也没有迹象表明那个坟墓的主人 And there's no indication that the owner of that tomb
无论如何都是残疾的。 was in any way disabled.
事实上，贵族的真正标志是一个拿着棍子的人。 Indeed, the actual sign for a noble is a man with a stick.
对吧?所以你的意思是我们可能完全被误导了 Right? So what you're saying is we can be completely misled
如果棍子的图像实际上是关于权力的。 if the iconography of a stick is actually about power.
但如果你把这两件事放在一起， But you put the two things together,
你完全走错了方向。 and you go off in completely the wrong direction.
有时候对人们来说真的很危险， It's really dangerous sometimes for people to go,
“哦，挑选这些东西”却不认识 "Ooh, cherry-pick all these things," without recognising
埃及肖像学的背景是什么。 what the context of Egyptian iconography in general is.
对这段时期感兴趣的人喜欢探索 People interested in this period love to explore
近亲繁殖和遗传的概念。 the idea of the inbreeding and the genetics.
这在一定程度上也受到了当时艺术风格的影响。 Partly this is also fostered by the art style of the period.
尤其是王室成员被描绘成雌雄同体， The royal body in particular was pictured as androgynous,
臀部很宽，很明显是尖的 with wide hips, and this has obviously been pointed
多次作为证据 to many times as evidence
他的实际外貌 of his actual physical appearance,
以及相关的条件。 and associated conditions.
重要的是要记住，埃及艺术不是真实的生活。 It's important to remember that Egyptian art isn't true to life.
埃及艺术并不总是表现一个人的长相， Egyptian art had always showed not how a person looked,
而是他们希望别人怎么看他们。 but how they wanted to be seen.
阿玛纳时期的艺术， It's unlikely that the art of the Amarna period,
以及对图坦卡蒙直系亲属的艺术描绘 and depictions of Tutankhamun's immediate family in art
都是外表的标志。 are indicative of physical appearance.
你说的是这个主意 What you're saying is this idea
图坦卡蒙是乱伦的产物 of Tutankhamun being the product of incest,
通向他死亡的道路漏洞百出。 and that leading to his death is full of holes.
是啊，我觉得他的祖先， Yeah, I think it's not impossible that the result of his ancestry,
基因结合的方式 the way the genes have come together,
让他对某种东西的抵抗力降低了。 made him less resistant to something or other.
但我认为，简单地说， But I think that just simply saying,
“因为他是几代人的后代 "Because he was the outcome of a number of generations
“近亲交配导致了他的死亡…” "of inbreeding caused his death..."
它可能是一个贡献者， It might have been a contributor,
但我不认为这是病因。 but I don't think there's any way it can actually be the cause.
虽然在我们看来很奇怪，娶你的兄弟姐妹或表亲 Strange as it might seem to us, marrying your sibling or your cousin
是一种完全正常的古埃及习俗。 was a perfectly normal Ancient Egyptian practice.
旨在强化血脉， Designed to strengthen the bloodline,
它可能起到了相反的作用。 it may have done the exact opposite.
病理证据表明图坦卡蒙的左脚有坏死。 The pathological evidence points to necrosis in Tutankhamun's left foot.
考古证据表明 The archaeological evidence suggests
他的坟墓里有手杖 that there were walking sticks in his tomb
也许他得了什么病。 Maybe he had an affliction.
也许走路对他来说很困难也很痛苦。 Maybe walking was difficult for him and painful.
但另一方面，棍棒和手杖可以表明地位。 But on the other hand, staves and canes could indicate status.
所以也许他根本就没有残疾。 So maybe he didn't have a disability at all.
就算他知道，也不会害死他。 And even if he did, it wouldn't have killed him.
所以最后，我认为我们必须排除乱伦的可能性 So in the end, I think we have to rule out incest
作为他的死因 as the cause of his death.
但如果近亲繁殖没有杀死图坦卡蒙，那是什么杀死了他？ But if inbreeding didn't kill Tutankhamun, then what did?
我了解到，当涉及到图坦卡蒙之死时， I am learning that, when it comes to Tutankhamun's death,
没有什么是肯定的。 nothing can be said with any certainty.
到目前为止，我们已经看到了a的理论 So far, we've seen the theory of a
对年轻法老头骨的一击让人怀疑， blow to the young pharaoh's skull discredited,
古埃及近亲繁殖的做法是不可能的 and that the ancient Egyptian practice of inbreeding is unlikely
是他死亡的主要原因。 to have been the main cause of his death.
这两种理论都没有触及谜团的表面， Neither theory really scratches the surface of the mystery,
但有一个病理证据我还没考虑。 but there is one piece of pathology evidence I haven't yet considered.
毫无疑问，身体 It is without question that the body
图坦卡蒙的雕像有许多物理损伤的迹象。 of Tutankhamun bears numerous signs of physical damage.
从断肋骨到缺心， Everything from broken ribs to a missing heart,
人们猜测他可能是死于一场事故。 leading to speculation that perhaps an accident could have killed him.
最近对尸体的检查 More recent examinations of the body
发现了一处致命伤似乎支持了这一理论。 revealed one devastating injury that seems to support this theory.
事实是我们有 The fact that we have
在这个案例中，图坦卡蒙国王的尸体很有启发性。 King Tut's body in this case is so illuminating.
2005年，CT扫描显示他的身体状况不佳， In 2005, a CT scan showed the body was in poor condition,
但关键是，它确实证实了左股骨骨折的存在。 but crucially, it did confirm the presence of a fractured left femur.
股骨是最大最强壮的骨头 The femur is the biggest and strongest bone
在整个身体里。 in the whole of the body.
这尤其适用于年轻的成年男性。 This particularly applies to a young adult male.
这是一块巨大的骨头， It's a massive bone,
显然，这是非常强大和关键的， incredibly powerful and crucial, obviously,
用于行走和运动。 for walking and locomotion.
没有支撑的股骨骨折意味着 To have a fractured femur without support would mean
这个人不能自己移动。 that the person could not move on their own.
有些疾病会削弱它， There are some diseases that can weaken it,
包括遗传的和后天的，比如感染。 both genetic and acquired, things like infection.
但我们知道，从图坦卡蒙的x光片来看， But we know, from the X-rays that Tut has had,
这些都不适用。 that none of those apply.
所以他股骨的损伤一定是外伤造成的。 So the damage to his femur must be due to trauma.
要打断股骨需要很大的力量。 To break the femur would have taken a huge amount of force.
那么是什么导致了这一切呢？ So what might have caused this?
考古发现被发现了吗 Do the archaeological finds uncovered
他的墓室里有什么线索吗？ in his burial chamber offer any clues?
在坟墓里有很多证据， There is much evidence, in the tomb,
国王的爱情，赛车和狩猎。 of the king's love, of chariot-racing and of hunting.
坟墓里有六辆战车。 There were six chariots in the tomb itself.
狩猎，长矛，比赛都被考虑过 Hunting, spearing, racing were considered
宗教对权力和控制的展示 religious demonstrations of power and control
越过大自然的混乱。 over the wild chaos of nature.
因此，通过仪式性地展示狩猎， And so, by ritualistically being shown hunting,
国王在维持秩序。 the king was maintaining order.
我骑着战车，就是这样 Might riding a chariot, the very thing
象征着图坦卡蒙法老的地位 that symbolised Tutankhamun's status as pharaoh,
也导致了他的垮台？ also have led to his downfall?
为了探索这一理论，我需要了解它是如何发生的 To explore this theory, I need to understand just how
皇室的追击可能会很危险。 dangerous this royal pursuit could be.
我现在的位置可能看起来很奇怪。我从埃及远道而来。 Now, where I am might seem strange. I am a long way from Egypt.
我来约克郡是为了见迈克·罗兹，他是一位历史学家。 I have come to Yorkshire to meet Mike Loades, who is a historian.
他是重建历史的大师 He's a master of historical reconstruction,
而且他对战车非常了解。 and he knows an awful lot about chariots.
古埃及的战车是他们那个时代的法拉利。 Ancient Egyptian chariots were the Ferraris of their day.
自公元前1600年起，法老和社会精英就开始使用它 Used since 1,600 BCE by pharaohs and the elite of society
用于战争、游行和狩猎。 for warfare, parades and hunting.
在图坦卡蒙时代，战车是皇室生活的关键 By Tutankhamun's time, chariots were so key to royal life
它们经常作为礼物从一个国王交换给另一个国王。 that they were frequently exchanged as gifts from one king to another.
很可能年轻的法老开始骑战车 It's likely that the young pharaoh began riding a chariot
大约16岁。 at around 16-years-old.
谢谢你！ Thank you.
我想马需要休息一下。 I think the horses need a rest.
这辆战车，是图坦卡蒙所拥有的吗？ This chariot, is this like something that Tutankhamun would have had?
一模一样。 It is exactly like it.
在图坦卡蒙的坟墓里发现了六辆战车， There were six chariots found in Tutankhamun's tomb,
这是其中一个的复制品。 and this is a replica of one of those.
还有图坦卡蒙墓中战车的样式 And the style of chariots in Tutankhamun's tomb
是这样的狩猎战车。 are hunting chariots like this.
我真的被轮子很窄的事实所震惊。 I'm really struck by the fact that the wheels are very narrow.
是啊，整件衣服看起来很精致，不是吗？ Yeah, the whole thing is very slight and delicate looking, isn't it?
那是因为我们有这些小马。 That's because we have these small horses.
它们承受不了太多的重量。 They can't take a lot of weight.
你要做到这一点的方法是使用这种弯木技术， The way you get that is with this bentwood technology,
因为曲线比直的木头更结实。 because a curve is stronger than a straight piece of wood.
如果你看这个轮子… If you look at the wheel here...
．．你知道这是怎么回事吗？是的。 ..you see how that comes like that? Yeah.
这里有一个连接。 There's a join inside there.
这是一块木头，可能是一根成熟的弯木。 That is one piece of wood and it's probably a grown bend.
所以你可以用最少的辐条获得非凡的强度。 So you get extraordinary strength with minimal spokes.
最小的重量。 Minimal weight.
这种战车设计得轻巧、灵活、快速。 The chariot was designed to be light, nimble and fast.
现在我有机会亲身体验一下到底有多快。 And now I have the chance to experience just how fast for myself.
祝我好运吧。 Wish me luck.
现在，这当然是法老获得刺激的一种方式。 Now, this is certainly one way for a pharaoh to get his thrills.
但在以每小时25英里的速度狩猎时， But hunting in them, travelling at speeds of 25mph,
是一项具有挑战性的壮举。 was a challenging feat.
迈克相信肯定会有这样的时刻 And Mike believes there are certainly moments
当事故可能发生时。 when accidents could happen.
所以我在射击瞪羚或鸵鸟。 So I'm shooting a gazelle or an ostrich.
好的。它会换边。 OK. And it changes sides.
我不能到你面前来，因为…… I can't come in front of you because...
因为我掌握了主动权，对吧……因为你掌握了主动权。 Because I've got the reins, right. ..because you've got the reins.
我说换衣服的时候，你就过来。改变。 So when I say, "Change," you scoot over here. Change.
我们在另一边，明白吗？改变。 And we're the other side, you see? Change.
我们在另一边。 And we're the other side.
是的，我想这需要一点编舞技巧。 Yes, that takes a little bit of choreography, I reckon.
但那是脆弱的时刻。 But that's the moment of vulnerability.
这是脆弱的时刻。我也很震惊 It is the moment of vulnerability. And I'm also really struck by
事实上，当我四处走动的时候， the fact that, when I was going around,
我是死里逃生。 I was hanging on for dear life.
如果你这样四处走动， And if you're moving around like that,
你根本就没有坚持下去。不，因为如果你在开枪 you're not hanging on at all. No, because if you're shooting,
你射击。你在射击。 you're shooting. And you're shooting.
如果图坦卡蒙在 If Tutankhamun had fallen out of the back of the chariot at
像这样脆弱的时刻 a vulnerable moment like that,
他倒在沙滩上， and he'd fallen onto the sand,
他肯定不可能摔断股骨。 he surely couldn't have broken his femur.
埃及的沙漠可以是沙堆， The desert in Egypt can be sand drifts,
但通常都是有坑洞和岩石的坚硬岩石。 but it's very often hard rock with potholes and rocks.
所以,改变。如果在那一刻我们越过了一个凸起， So, change. If at that moment we went over a bump,
那时候我就可能摔倒了。 that's when I could have fallen down.
如果我摔倒了， Now, if I've fallen down,
法老不会独自狩猎。 a pharaoh doesn't hunt alone.
法老有护卫，有护卫队。 A pharaoh has security, a posse.
有一个战车中队。 There's a squadron of chariots.
他摔倒了。 He's fallen down.
他刚站起来，要么被车轮撞了， He's just getting up and he either gets knocked by the wheel,
或者他刚起床，就被这个中心撞了。 or he's just getting up, gets knocked by this hub.
你可以看到我的膝盖有多疼。 You can see how that gets my knee.
所以人们想要避开他，这就是股骨骨折的原因。 So people trying to avoid him, this is what will break the femur.
不是从你身上碾过去，而是直接撞上它。 Not running over you, but just impact into it.
我觉得是狩猎意外。 I think it was a hunting accident.
迈克可能被说服了，但我不确定我们是否能确定 Mike may be convinced, but I'm not certain we can be sure
图坦卡蒙就是这样摔断了腿。 that Tutankhamun broke his leg in this way.
也就是说，有令人信服的考古证据 That said, there is compelling archaeological evidence
因为他喜欢坐马车打猎。 for his love of hunting in a chariot.
在他的坟墓中发现了一把鸵鸟羽毛扇子，这是一个惊人的发现 One stunning find from his tomb was an ostrich feather fan created
在法老多次狩猎探险之后。 after one of the pharaohs many hunting expeditions.
鸵鸟扇子很讨人喜欢，因为它是私人的。 The ostrich fan is delightful because it's personal.
它最初是用鸵鸟的羽毛做的 It originally had feathers in it from an ostrich
图坦卡蒙自己就骑着这样的战车打猎 that Tutankhamun himself hunted on a chariot like this one.
但我刚刚学到的是，获得这些 But what I've just learned is that acquiring those
羽毛涉及到非常危险的东西 feathers involved something so dangerous
有可能是其中之一 that it could have been one of
唯一可能打断他股骨的东西。 the only things that could have broken his femur.
但病理学是否支持腿骨骨折的观点 But does the pathology support the idea that a broken leg bone
会严重到要了他的命吗？ could have been serious enough to kill him?
股骨有两个关键的证据。 There were two key pieces of evidence of the femur.
最近的骨折 The recent fracture
没有显示出任何与愈合相关的变化。 did not show any changes associated with healing.
防腐液覆盖了整个现场。 And embalming fluid could be seen covering the entire site.
古埃及人的丧葬习俗意味着 Ancient Egyptian funeral practices mean
图坦卡蒙正在进行防腐处理 that Tutankhamun's embalming
应该发生在他死后不久 would have taken place very shortly after his death.
法老身上有新伤吗 So any fresh injuries to the pharaoh's body
应该涂了一层防腐液。 would have been coated with the embalming liquids.
他死的时候一定很接近 He must have died very close to
他受伤的时间。 the time that he received this injury.
在抗生素出现之前的埃及，有这么严重的骨折 And in pre-antibiotic Egypt, a fracture of this severity
这块骨头很可能是致命的。 in this bone is very likely to have proved fatal.
几千年前，意义重大 Thousands of years ago, the significant
这种程度的伤口失血过多， amount of blood loss from an injury on this scale,
对身体的冲击，甚至感染的 the shock to the body, and even infection of
这些伤口都可能危及生命。 the wound could all be life-threatening.
图坦卡蒙在战车撞车中丧生 Tutankhamun losing his life in a chariot crash
当然是一个令人激动的画面。 is certainly a thrilling image.
他受了伤直到他死的时候都没有痊愈 That he sustained an injury that hadn't healed by the time he died
确实提出了一些有趣的可能性。 does raise some intriguing possibilities.
但我是不是把一根断了的骨头看得太重了？ But am I making too much of one broken bone?
把法老的死单独归咎于这件事是不是太过分了？ Is it a leap too far to pin the Pharaoh's death on this alone?
还有最后一件证据需要检查。 There's one final piece of evidence that needs examining.
到目前为止，我了解到，当涉及到图坦卡蒙的死亡时， So far, I've learnt that, when it comes to Tutankhamun's death,
谋杀是不可能的。 murder is unlikely.
乱伦理论具有误导性， The theory of incest is misleading,
还有那辆战车撞车造成的股骨骨折，到那时还没有痊愈 and the broken femur from a chariot crash that hadn't healed by the time
他的死亡是令人信服的，但也许还不够。 of his death is compelling, but perhaps not sufficient.
我是不是漏掉了什么？ Is there something that I'm missing?
在我探索图坦卡蒙之死的过程中， Throughout my exploration of the death of Tutankhamun,
一项不寻常且独特的证据是关键。 one unusual and unique piece of evidence has been key.
法老的尸体。 The body of the pharaoh himself.
我觉得有必要再去看看这些木乃伊 I think it's worth revisiting the mummified remains
看看有没有什么我忽略了的 to see if there's anything I've overlooked.
埃及古物学家克里斯·瑙顿博士是 Egyptologist Dr Chris Naunton is
古代木乃伊制作专家 an expert in the ancient practice of mummification.
你好。你好。 Hello. Hello.
我们很幸运能找到他的木乃伊。 We're very fortunate to have his mummy.
在某种程度上，木乃伊让我们， And the mummy allows us to, to some extent,
看看他的健康状况。 see aspects of the condition of his health.
木乃伊化通常包括什么？ What does mummification normally involve?
一个很小的切口就可以， A very small incision could be made in the, sort of,
左下半身区域。 lower left torso area.
他们从中提取肝脏， And from this they extract the liver,
肺，肠和胃。 lungs, intestines and stomach.
然后将它们分别包裹并制成木乃伊。 Those are then wrapped and mummified separately.
然后对尸体进行防腐处理，然后用亚麻布绷带包裹起来。 The body is then embalmed and then wrapped in linen bandages.
尽管木乃伊幸存了下来， But although the mummy has survived,
我们可以看到一些迹象，在他的情况下， we can see telltale signs that, in his case,
事情做得不完全是应该做的。 things were not done quite as they should have been.
为什么呢？这看起来是个拙劣的工作。 And why is that? It seems like a botched job.
防腐伤疤放错地方了。它太大了。 The embalming scar's in the wrong place. It's too big.
心脏不是这些器官之一 The heart, which is not one of those organs
那本应该被去掉的，却不见了。 that should have been removed, is missing.
一种可能是他根本不是一个体面的防腐师。 One possibility is that he was nowhere near a decent embalmer.
他会不会离开了尼罗河谷？ Could he have been away from the Nile Valley?
他可能在埃及之外吗？ Could he have been outside Egypt?
这都是猜测。 It's all kind of speculation.
但如果我们要找死因 But if we're looking for a cause of death,
你不能忽视这个事实，他的妈妈有点奇怪。 you can't ignore the fact that his mummy is a bit strange.
也许，木乃伊的身体状况并不总是可信的 Perhaps, then, the physical state of the mummy can't always be trusted
当谈到图坦卡蒙的死因时 when it comes to the cause of Tutankhamun's death.
但它仍然存在的事实让我们 But the fact that it still exists has allowed us
应用最新的发展 to apply the latest developments
在医学上检查年轻法老的整体健康状况。 in medical science to examine the young pharaoh's general health.
其中一个，同样的DNA研究 And one of these, the same DNA study
这表明他有乱伦的血统， that suggested his incestuous origins,
却发现了其他可能导致他死亡的原因。 did reveal something else that might have been responsible for his death.
图坦卡蒙的尸体表明，他患了疟疾。 Tutankhamun's body suggested, quite heavily, prominence of malaria.
我们不知道古埃及人是否会这么做 We don't know if the ancient Egyptians would have
认识到疟疾是什么，或者是什么导致了它， recognised what malaria was, or what caused it,
但确实有很多证据表明 but there's certainly a lot of evidence that
疟疾在古埃及很流行。 malaria was rife in Ancient Egypt.
这是一个有蚊子的水边文明。 It was a civilisation along a water where there were mosquitoes.
这将是一个真实存在的问题。 It would have been a real and ever-present concern.
这种疾病至今仍影响着世界各地的人们。 It's a disease that still affects people around the world today.
但对于年轻的国王来说，这到底有多严重呢？ But just how serious could it have been for the young king?
通过观察皮肤下面 By looking beneath the skin
来检查3D数字人体的重要器官， to examine the vital organs of a 3D digital body,
法医病理学家 might forensic pathologist
谢博德医生能解释清楚吗？ Dr Shepherd be able to shed some more light?
疟疾是最古老的疾病之一， Malaria is one of the oldest diseases,
然而，全球每年仍有50万人死于疟疾。 and yet it still kills half a million people globally every year.
它被感染了 It's affected and infected
从一开始人类的数量。 the human population since the beginning of time.
疟原虫主要影响人体内的红细胞， The malaria parasite affects mainly the red blood cells in the body,
但这反过来又会对许多器官造成损害， but that, in turn, causes damage to many organs,
当这些红细胞四处移动时。 as those red cells move around.
尤其是，它会对脾脏造成损伤， In particular, it causes damage to the spleen,
塞在左手边的肋骨下面。 tucked under the ribs on the left-hand side.
当一个人感染了疟疾 When the person's infected by malaria,
脾脏变得越来越大， the spleen gets bigger and bigger and bigger,
可能会破裂， and may actually rupture,
导致腹腔突然出血， causing sudden haemorrhage into the abdominal cavity,
崩溃和死亡。 collapse and death.
所以病理学证实，疟疾如果不及时治疗， So the pathology confirms that malaria, if left untreated,
会有致命的后果。 can have deadly consequences.
但我们对图坦卡蒙的经历了解多少 But what do we know about Tutankhamun's experience of
这种疾病在古埃及人的日常生活中存在吗？ this illness in day to day life in Ancient Egypt?
克里斯，图坦卡蒙得了疟疾，是地方性的吗？ So, Chris, Tutankhamun had malaria, was it endemic?
古埃及的医学知识是怎样的？ And what was the sort of state of Ancient Egyptian medical knowledge?
他们有办法处理吗？ Did they have ways of dealing with it?
疟疾似乎是一个长期存在的问题 It does seem likely that malaria was a constant problem
这影响了社会的各个层面。 that affected all levels of society.
我们知道埃及人肯定知道 We know that the Egyptians were certainly aware
各种各样的条件影响 of a whole variety of conditions affecting
身体的各个部位。 all kinds of different parts of the body.
还有他们的治疗方法，我们都知道 And their remedies, which we know about
大部分来自文件，莎草纸文件， mostly from documents, papyrus documents,
大多是草药，在某些情况下也有魔力。 are mostly herbal, magical in some cases as well.
魔法之间有很多重叠之处 There's quite a lot of overlap between magic
为埃及人提供医药 and medicine for the Egyptians.
在这些纸莎草纸被书写的时候， By the time these papyri were written,
他们有很多观察环境的经验， they had an awful lot of experience of observing conditions,
以不同的方式对待他们，可能取得了一些成功。 treating them in various ways, probably with some success.
所以很有可能，如果图坦卡蒙受苦了 So it may well be that, had Tutankhamun been suffering
从疟疾中，他们可能确切地知道它是什么， from malaria, they might have known exactly what it was,
确切的病因，以及如何治疗。 exactly what caused it, and how to treat it.
这对他来说可能根本不是问题。 And it might not have been an issue for him really at all.
这很有趣，不是吗？因为我们遇到了这个混合物 It's interesting, isn't it? Because we come across this mixture
咒语和科学，你知道的， of incantation and science, you know,
草药。也许是其中的一些 herbal remedies. Maybe some of those things
并不像我们之前所想的那么矛盾。 are not quite so contradictory as we might previously have thought.
是的,当然。 Yeah, absolutely.
我认为很难进入一种古老文化的思维模式。 I think it's difficult to get into the mindset of an ancient culture.
在古埃及，宗教对每个人来说就是世界。 Religion for everybody in Ancient Egypt is the world.
这不是一件你可以摆脱的事情。 It's not a thing that you can step outside of.
虽然应用一个，你知道， While it might be useful to apply a, you know,
揉一揉揉碎的椰枣之类的东西， a rub of date palms crushed up or something like that,
如果你也能做到这一点，用正确的词来调用 if you can also do that with the right words to invoke
正确的灵魂或正确的神同时出现， the right spirits or the right gods at the same time,
这样就会更有效。 then it's going to be more effective.
埃及人似乎一直在观察 The Egyptians do seem to have been observing
实验和应用这些东西， and experimenting and applying these things,
想必也没有成功。 and presumably noting success as well.
所以我认为我们应该给他们一些信任。 So I think we have to give them some credit.
现存的文件，如埃伯斯纸莎草， Surviving documents, such as the Ebers Papyrus,
写于公元前1550年，表明古埃及人 written in 1550 BCE, show that Ancient Egyptians
我们已经习惯了疟疾的威胁。 were very used to the threat of malaria.
他们能够用草药治疗症状，比如 They were able to manage symptoms with herbal remedies such
大蒜和其他具有退烧特性的植物， as garlic, and other plants with anti-fever properties,
或者用灌肠之类的方法来清除体内的疾病。 or with practices like enemas to try and flush illness from the body.
那么，也许疟疾并不是这种情况下的最终罪魁祸首。 Perhaps, then, malaria isn't the definitive culprit in this case.
克里斯，你觉得最可能的原因是 So, Chris, do you think the most likely cause
图坦卡蒙死的原因是他得了疟疾 of Tutankhamun's death was that he had malaria?
我不确定这是最可能的原因。 I'm not sure it's the most likely cause.
有很好的证据表明 There's good evidence to suggest
他确实患有疟疾。 that he was suffering from malaria, sure.
如果不是因为别的原因，他很可能活了下来， Were it not for something else, he might well have survived,
克服了，也许这对他的影响没那么严重。 got over it, maybe it didn't affect him that badly.
我认为我们还需要考虑到什么程度 I think we also need to consider to what extent
疟疾在人群中并不常见， malaria was unusual in the population,
或者这是一种地方性疾病， or whether this was something that was endemic,
这并没有杀死所有人，而是由人们携带的。 that wasn't killing everybody off, but was carried by people.
这是一个有趣的可能性， It's an intriguing possibility,
但我们不能断定他就是这样死去的。 but we can't conclude that that is how he came to die.
历史和考古证据证明了这一点 Historical and archaeological evidence of how
古埃及人处理疾病，包括疟疾， the Ancient Egyptians dealt with diseases, including malaria,
对这是唯一原因的理论表示怀疑 cast doubt on the theory that it was the sole cause
年轻的国王之死 of the young king's death.
但这可能是一个促成因素吗？ But could it have been a contributing factor?
我们能在病理证据中找到答案吗？ Can we find the answer in the pathological evidence?
所以我们知道图坦卡蒙一定得过很多次疟疾， So we know Tut must have had malaria many times,
即使在他短暂的一生中， even in his short life,
那些疟疾发作会削弱他的免疫系统 and those episodes of malaria would have weakened his immune system
还可能通过破坏他的骨髓导致他贫血。 and possibly made him anaemic as well by damaging his bone marrow.
那会让他更容易受到影响 That would have made him more susceptible
其他疾病，尤其是传染病。 to other diseases, particularly infections.
这意味着疟疾本身，虽然没有杀死他， And that means that malaria itself, whilst it didn't kill him,
很可能是导致他死亡的原因之一 is highly likely to have contributed to the cause of his death.
所以图坦卡蒙受损的免疫系统 So Tutankhamun's compromised immune system,
加上其他伤，他的大腿骨骨折， combined with other injuries, his broken thighbone,
作为一个明显的候选人在他死的时候还没有痊愈 unhealed at the time of his death as an obvious candidate,
可能是致命的。 could have proved fatal.
随着我对图坦卡蒙之死的探索接近尾声， As my exploration into the death of Tutankhamun draws to a close,
在检查了所有证据之后， and after examining all the evidence,
关于其原因我们能得出什么结论？ what can we conclude about its cause?
著名的图坦卡蒙诅咒 The famed and fabulous curse of Tutankhamun
有发酵的想法吗 has fermented the idea that
年轻的法老死于谋杀。 the young pharaoh died as a result of murder.
但病理学并不支持这种说法。 But the pathology doesn't support this.
基因研究很有趣， The genetic study was fascinating,
但这不足以解释他的死因。 but didn't go far enough to explain his death.
我自己坐过马车，知道那有多危险。 Having ridden in a chariot myself, I know how dangerous it could be.
他的股骨骨折了 And he had a broken femur
他死的时候伤口还没完全愈合 that hadn't healed properly by the time of his death.
然后是疟疾。 And then there's malaria.
也许，只是也许，疟疾，然后休息一下 Maybe, just maybe, malaria, and a break to
他身上最大的两块骨头连在一起， the largest bone in his body were, together,
足以摧毁他的免疫系统 enough to overwhelm his immune system.
在没有抗生素和抗疟疾药物的年代， In an age before antibiotics and anti-malarials,
这足以置他于死地。 it certainly would have been enough to kill him.
我想，不管我们怎么戳他的身体， I imagine that, however much we poke and prod at his body,
我们不可能比这更确定了。 we'll never be able to be more definitive than that.
字幕由红蜂传媒制作 Subtitles by Red Bee Media