In the beginning was the darkness.
Suddenly it became explosive,
which put the principles of endless existence
time, space and matter.
See more than I imagined,
beyond the limits of our existence, in place that we call
Universe
In space, the threats may to come from everywhere.
Meteorite from deep space.
Invisible, but deadly solar flares.
Landslides rare Marsianskie earthquakes and underground.
Open space is the last place where you want to go.
Why is the fatal fire in space than on Earth?
What if someone is exposed to conditions in space.
The saliva and blood to pass fluid in the gaseous state.
Preparing for Space disasters.
Universe Disaster Area
Location: Earth
year: 2030
The year is 2030.
Crew of astronauts simply press button on the space elevator.
It will take the spacecraft, Which will bring them into orbit.
Are lucky that it must involve risk in a rocket attack.
We can create carbon fibers, which are stronger than steel.
As incredible as it may seem, are sufficiently strong,
to withstand increased the space elevator.
Thus we can ascend to heaven.
Cable with a length of 96 000 km, Attached to the orbital station
plane rotation.
As geosinhroniziran satellite is more than one place.
Space Elevator is a dream for each astronaut.
But the dream of a space elevator can become a nightmare.
Space elevators have Be attached to the Earth.
What happens in a storm?
Base can not stand.
Because the cable remains is attached to space station
will take place on the surface, in relation to everything in its path.
It is possible that some error navigation and electronic
platform to deviate from its course, cable break to it.
If the case cab is in motion,
This will be the last passengers.
A cable with a length of 96 000 kilometers. is long enough
uvie almost 3 times around Earth
creating a huge waste.
It would be catastrophic not only Participants on the trip.
Kinetic energy of something The drift through the atmosphere
create a horror to navigate.
This will hide potential for every person on Earth.
This is just one of many potential disasters
future researchers.
Life in space also large hidden dangers.
Colony on Mars or the Moon be surrounded by danger.
Especially the top.
Solar radiation can be fatal.
If you walk into surface of the moon,
His biggest concern should be the solar flares.
Protons of this eruption can kill astronauts.
During the past two decades had several eruptions,
that lethal to astronauts
walking on the surface.
On Earth we are protected most of the radiation.
The Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field as a fence,
permeable few particles.
On the moon and Mars, not have any protection.
The moon has no atmosphere or magnetic field.
Mars has an atmosphere very dilute and weak local magnetic fields.
NASA taking the threat of serious solar flare
because it is a threat to life of the astronauts on the Apollo missions.
The crew of Apollo boat.
In August 1972, there were large solar flares.
The call "the great storms.
It was only between the two Apollo missions in April and September.
If that had happened when There were astronauts on the moon,
I perish.
Injury to humans similar to those of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
What concerns survivors in the initial explosion
and suffered the consequences exposure to radiation.
If caught in such a situation,
astronauts will have little reaction time.
Mortal particle flow enter into his body,
killed all cells for a few seconds.
No wonder why space colonists
constantly is corridor.
We have reports time in space,
surveillance satellites and the Sun warning of eruptions.
Sunlight long to the moon for 8 minutes.
Immediately after the fatal and particulates.
Will half minutes time to hide in the shelter.
These storms can last few days.
One option for protection the subway is life.
But do not allow waste relief to deceive.
Moon and Mars are still active and natural disasters, like the Earth
can happen.
We are in the Mohave Desert,
where cave drain created by the lava
below 1.5 - 2 meters of rocks.
Life in the underground cave was worst of the Moon and Mars
due to the moon has radiation
Mars is a dusty storms.
If we are below ground, avoid these risks
but nataknem others.
Imagine what will be occur in an earthquake.
The rocks that fall on us.
Lunar or shocks Marsianskite
may endanger the and colonies on the surface.
Moon and Mars has no plate tectonics, like those that cause
most land clashes and volcanic activity.
And there is no trace of active volcanoes.
However, the Moon and Mars have hot cores.
When the pressure of this heat has approached the surface
earthquakes begin.
And where there are earthquakes, There is still a disaster.
Seen recently and draft landslides on Mars.
We know this happens.
Landslides are difficult to predict.
You can build your base apparently a safe place
After several years to find there is a risk of landslide.
Scientists are not sure what has caused the landslide
near the North Pole on Mars in 2008.
The area is frozen and researchers believe
most svlekliya material is ice.
This is a great place the establishment of a colony,
converted into ice in drinking water.
Even distant earthquakes can cause a landslide near the colony.
What if the epicenter is just below the buildings?
Future space colonists, living on the Moon and Mars
will face multiple hazards.
Including natural disasters as moles and Marsianskie shocks.
These are the earthquakes other than land
and can cause unexpected difficulties.
Given our current knowledge these worlds are very shallow,
possible to establish the basis an earthquake in the area
not even suspect that.
As weight space is variable,
light the buildings, especially foreign Its walls are very vulnerable.
If something happened to outer protective layer
this causes many problems.
Expired gas from building and people will be very fast
Dress Suits dekompresiyata to be saved.
If the buildings are still without oxygen and atmospheric pressure
Death is not instantaneous.
The atmosphere of Mars has complied but no respiratory
since it consists mainly carbon dioxide.
There in the moon only empty space.
However, We had the opportunity
as we know from events in vacuum chambers on Earth.
We can get around 1 minute in a vacuum environment.
If you stay longer in a vacuum, experience the lack of oxygen,
Your blood is full of nitrogen, the tissues begin to degrade,
and cause the appearance of bubbles as a result of dekompresiyata.
If you hold your breath, the pulmonary artery is clogged
and you have pulmonary embolism.
There are many factors can cause death.
Different exposures empty space.
Come online and extreme temperatures.
Temperatures on the moon range 115 to -140 degrees Celsius.
On Mars can be like cold
but if you're lucky, can enjoy
summer days with temperature 20 degrees.
Due to the lack of suitable environment exit without protective clothing
would be a bad idea.
Another danger for researchers living on the surface
Are meteorites.
Lunar craters are proof of that.
The moon is an easy target.
You feel comfortable in these coatings.
We have a thick atmosphere meteorite burning.
Although the moon has no protection.
There is no atmosphere and we will be exposed every drop of space.
Mars has a thin atmosphere but can not be measured by the Earth.
And there will be exposed to all the dangers of space.
Most often they are small meteoroids size of only a few centimeters,
known as mikrometeoriti.
That fall without notice.
If you walk on Mars
something the size of the sand strikes you on the stick,
this will be a serious problem.
Will result in the loss of pressure and possibly even death of the astronauts.
When many people work any other planet
these things are inevitable.
It will be something like a thunderbolt --
If rare, but deadly.
Mikrometeoritite can drill holes in the walls of buildings.
Like the space station
colony divided into modules.
As crews sealed a module in accident
that will and colonizer.
Large meteorites hit and cautioned colonizer.
But the evacuation may not useful.
Next attack will cause lethal shock wave.
Meteorite collision with a 3 meter is equivalent to
6 - 8 thousand tons T.N.T.
Flying debris can also irreparably damaged buildings.
A direct conflict
many tests remain that once had colonies.
Not very likely settlers living
nearly marsianskite volcanoes.
On the moon can not be Volcanic Activity
in recent several billion years.
But even the remains of ancient volcanoes can create problems.
vulkanat Olympus on Mars
Tharsis volcanoes
And the moon and Mars has Information on volcanic activity.
We expected to find and volcanic caves.
Imagine that, as unity on the surface,
sudden drop this cave.
This can damage transport of your vehicle.
You can fall into it and can not leave.
Even worse, can this caves, covered with a thin layer of dust.
If you go on such have disappeared in it.
But not all disasters be so dramatic.
One of the greatest threats is complete provisions.
Since the moon is closer, emergency provisions for the supply
can get a few days.
But Mars, which will be months or years
according to position of the planets.
If something went wrong on Mars and provisions remain
that can only receive after two or three years.
I thought adequate provisions
but if you lose half in an incident, the perishable.
In my opinion, it is necessary to store
with the provisions of 5 or 6 years ahead.
Life in space stations shuttles, which are close to Earth
We can learn much space hazards.
The biggest enemy fire crew.
The reason Fire is a threat
is that the space station oxygen level
is greater than in the atmosphere.
Concentration is higher.
Moreover, there are anywhere electrical equipment
heat emitted and often, sparks.
This is a bad combination.
Turn engineers are facilitated Fire behind the control panel
where there are miles woven wire.
This is a copy of the pilot room in a shuttle,
we use for training.
If you look at the control panel see as small holes
located in different places.
Its purpose is, in the case of fire extinguisher on them.
Andrew Thomas is familiar with fires in space.
In 1998, suddenly explodes a fire station Mir.
All smoke gathered in the cabin.
Go to space crew pressure shuttles,
try to keep suitable environment in them.
Here is one of the fires the greatest threats.
In 1998, NASA astronauts Andrew Thomas is on board the Mir station
along with two Russian astronauts.
Suddenly, during a fire.
Ironically, the fire explodes while cleaning the air filter
which aims to eliminate expired carbon dioxide
and other air toxins.
All smoke is unit in the cockpit,
the formation of dense fog in it.
Of course, the ventilation systems smoke spread everywhere
and about 2 hours throughout the season was filled with smoke.
I had to wait for air filters izsmuchat all this smoke.
It took about two days.
All studies, symptoms polluted air.
When the level of carbon monoxide is so high,
get dizziness, Disorientation and headache.
Feeling very uncomfortable.
Cosmic Fire Hazards are not related only to the fact
it can not open the window and call the fire department.
Fuego has a different behavior in zero gravity.
Here we see the flame of a candle in normal gravity.
It is directed, because hot gases are expelled.
More photos of the same candle, but in zero gravity.
fireproof Zero Gravity
... Fire burns after about 15 seconds.
Hot gases do not rise and obtained spherical flame.
We called and in particular, the measure module .
This means that the sensors for fire to put a ceiling
are useless in space.
Instead, the sensors are located near
to a small suction device and the smoke was so drawn to them.
To understand how dangerous fire is in space,
Peyo Prof. Fernandez and his team conducted experiments
At Berkeley Lab University of California.
And aircraft zero gravity.
In theory, the fire in zero gravity should be safer,
because the hot gases no place
ventilation and cool air is not to feed the flames.
It is that reality devices in space is more dangerous.
Air conditioning systems to create small air currents,
feeding the fire with fresh air as fuel.
Furthermore, poor circulation air and lack of seriousness
not take the heat as fast as on Earth.
The result is that these are above the fire
and more hazardous than normal gravity.
Fire will be even more dangerous
Orion in the new missile, which replace the space shuttle.
The engineers decided to reduce increased pressure and oxygen.
Therefore, reducing the time for training of astronauts
leave the space system.
We tried different materials in an environment of this type.
Found that the objects in this environment are burned with 20% faster
that in this environment.
The combination of high oxygen and low air flow
means that almost all can begin.
Even metal.
In the worst case, the crew potushi not rapid fire
and is growing very fast, be limited to one module.
Even to use oxygen masks, the heat of the flames will kill them.
But if still alive after fire Trapped air filters
and crew perish by smoke inhalation.
The best chance for survival in raging fires
leaves the ship with Rescue capsule, if any.
That was the key to survival the crew of the Apollo-13.
April 11, 1970.
Crew of three into space.
Two days later, on its way to the moon,
suddenly runs a oxygen tanks.
The explosion resulted in severe loss of oxygen
damaged and electronics work module.
The crew is forced to live Disadvantage in the lunar capsule.
Apollo-13 is a classic example nonfatal end damage.
It happened at the right time, to travel to the moon.
Therefore, they can use LEM as a lifeboat
and return to Earth.
If the same problem had occurred after landing on the moon,
which would to do to be saved.
Fire hazard is extremely largest in the spacesuits.
During spacewalks or activities izvanbordovi (IBD),
in a claim should be maintain low pressure.
Low pressure suits is the key to good mobility.
If the demand pressure an atmosphere
will feel in a balloon and you can not move.
At low pressure, as climber of Mount Everest,
astronauts must breathe highly flammable 100% oxygen.
This is a bag of Spacesuit
burning flame in space Johnson Center in 1980.
It has happened in the test systems with two different sources of oxygen.
It was a big surprise when the fire burst.
The suit had to be used the next day.
Could be fatal.
At that time, the example has cost $ 3.1 million
recovery of damages and own suit cost $ 20 million.
Izvanbordovite activities are dangerous in many other respects.
In fact, the first space walk almost ended tragically.
In 1965, Alexei Leonov place first spacewalk.
But in their haste to implement and anticipate the U.S.
Russians ignored some security measures.
He splashed like a balloon.
The demand could not bear the difference between the indoor environment
and empty space.
The problem was that the capsule was close
and, hatch was even closer.
Leonov decided to miss part of the air in his suit,
to enter through the hatch.
Even he himself was sure whether it will succeed.
Astronaut, who had to reduce pressure in the suit,
to move,
in the same situation as the diver, surface too quickly from the depths.
The formation of blood nitrogen bubbles, which is painful.
During IBD, simple things as nepodsigureno rope
inefficient emergency or pushers can cause accidents.
Go beyond the space of the apparatus is most dangerous for an astronaut.
Any wrong move can be lethal.
Especially if you start from space station or shuttle.
There was an incident in one of Russian space stations.
One of the crew observed colleagues, without being tied
and suddenly began be far away.
Colleagues saw and seized him.
Single man in space, and need-driven system
is a great need.
It's like lost at sea.
Even with the drive system, stocks the fuel can be exhausted
before it reached the station.
Astronauts continue to conduct space.
International Space Station not able to catch someone
if the wheel is spring, the disconnection take too long.
In this nightmare scenario, astronauts oxygen for several hours will
where he hopes to their destruction.
While demand is free, pressure will not be a problem.
Oxygen or more, or disposal system that
expired carbon dioxide stop working.
In both cases, astronauts would be oppressive
and continue to give In the vacuum of space.
Mikrometeoriti what may to destroy the entire colony
constitute a deadly threat izvanbordovite in activities
and to those buses.
Moreover enough space for waste.
All these things use with more than 35 000 km / h
At this speed, the size of objects only a few millimeters
can be fatal.
Mikrometeoritite The drift through space
as golf balls The drift in the air.
The difference is that mikrometeoritite are much smaller.
By moving so quickly, are much more destructive.
If you are mikrometeorit momentum in a lawsuit that
tap is the same as you be able to fix.
If no other astronaut, which closed the hole, which will perish.
The air that expires very quickly zakipi and blood.
Why the blood begins to KIPI?
Boil the blood in the space nothing to do with heat.
The reason is to break atmospheric pressure.
Outbreak of blood is fraudulent.
Fluid in your body undergo fluid in the gaseous state.
There are many rumors about what is happens unprotected person in space.
This is what is the truth.
While cosmic vacuum is filled probitiya astronaut suit
liquid in the language of the eyes and begin to which is filled with bubbles,
and saliva body fluids and blood.
The blood becomes a gas and can not to carry oxygen throughout the body.
After about 15 seconds, the brain stops working.
Therefore, the victim falls unconscious.
Shortly after death and other cells in the body.
Temperature Extremes may also play a role.
Sunny areas reached 120 degrees Celsius.
A temperature in shady areas is 120 degrees below zero.
What should be a big hole constitute a danger?
These very small particles moving at 7 kilometers per second.
Here we see the point of penetration.
He has gone through many layers to the special coating
responsible for maintain pressure.
This is the hole 2 to 3 mm,
that is considered lethal.
Fortunately, so far has not occurred to anyone.
Can cause collisions problems and treason in the form.
NASA makes a serious effort to simulate mikrometeoriti blows.
Researchers "Laboratory hiperskorostnata
The test site "White Sands" New Mexico
create conflicts with the help of hydrogen pressure cannon.
It shoots objects a rate of 30 000 km / h
in some parts of the ferries and space stations.
This speed can range from Los Angeles to New York
for about 8 minutes.
I will try some of ladder International Space Station
used by astronauts to move safely
outside the station.
He became Cut the gloves.
This is a serious problem because that hole in the suit
may mean the end of the mission.
Design Space Station
by NASA are very careful not leave sharp edges.
Technical processing a in a special room
loading and firing 0.2 centimeter in diameter in the holder,
who was shot after the break.
Then add the powder.
With the help of gunpowder driven piston pressing hydrogen
up to 18 000 kg/sm2.
Heavily pressured gas outbreaks ball with a speed of 30 000 km / h
We used 3 different cameras.
Makes an image second video capture,
and the third is a digital camera shot with 200 million frames per second.
Technical Leaving behind the precautionary glass and prepare to fire.
The chamber is empty oxygen and other gases
to simulate empty space.
Now place the moment of truth.
What harm is caused this artificial mikrometeorit.
Although the injury is minor,
astronaut is a sufficient to hang up his glove and ripped.
Once the ball with a diameter of 0.2 cm can cause such damage,
You can imagine what is capable of a larger object.
Test Site White Sands in New Mexico
investigators in charge small shot in the big guns,
to simulate mikrometeoritite waste and space.
They reach the parts of space stations a rate of 30 000 km / h,
and creating controlled damage
helps us manage space disasters.
In this incredible speed,
even a small object could create serious problems.
Located in the largest shooting 2.54 cm Chamber of arms
that is 53 meters long and can shot pellet size of 1.9 cm
This part has been affected slug size of 1.58 cm
As you can see it here and went through all the layers.
Impact of that scale is catastrophic in space.
The crew of the International Space station will be able to survive after stroke
only if they use oxygen masks and focus on the rescue capsule.
Purpose of less than 2.5 centimeters, compelled to leave
mnogomilionnoto installation.
Because the risk of occurrence Crews constantly
Additional layers of protection outside the station.
Guilty of other risk is entirely ours.
In 1997, a Russian astronaut had management problems
load robot apparatus where, together with the Mir station.
We know that 70% of incidents in Aviation is the result of human error.
Not surprisingly, most incidents in space
due to the same.
Run happened because a crew member
warned that not enough training to carry out the spring,
but the ground control for him to do.
Running a pressure loss.
As a result, of the station began to overturn.
Even the basics you lead to serious consequences.
But space disasters pale before the
happening in the course and returning from space.
It was claimed that the first and last 80 kilometers of each mission are the most dangerous.
To launch a disaster Chalanzhdzhar shuttle in 1986,
tragedy and the return of Colombia in 2003,
are indicative of this claim.
But if you ever want to travel Beyond the Solar System
must dorazviem Its missile technologies.
One of the interesting horrible, but the possibilities
known as "antimateriya engine.
Scientists create small amounts antimateriya
solid particles in accelerators.
Antimateriyata consists of atoms
unlike by ordinary atoms.
In antimateriyata, the electrons have a positive
and electrons - negatively charged.
When matter and is antimateriyata collide, they destroy each other
exempting large energy.
Antimateriya engines have 100% reversibility of matter into energy.
Atomic bomb with only 1% efficiency.
Only 1 percent of the nuclear issue pump is converted into energy.
In antimateriya engines Speaking to nearly 100% of the reversibility
of matter into energy.
It is a reaction system the future.
But there is a problem.
A teaspoon of antimateriya
be sufficient to move Solar system.
However, this teaspoon can destroy the entire city.
And when they go into space,
and the slightest incident can be fatal.
Traveling to Mars and beyond on long cruises,
possibility tied in space becomes greater.
For example, on a trip to Mars,
May mikrometeorit break oxygen tank.
You can then stay air to breathe.
The only thing for the case
is worthy of destruction.
Another reason for disasters especially on long trips
is something many people underestimate.
Thing on his mind are themselves astronauts.
If you close this capsule in close for one or more years
be crazy.
They may develop claustrophobia.
Some of his colleagues can damn nervous
and want to strangle him.
Although such incidents re silence
In the past there was controversy in the crew, with dangerous consequences.
In the 70 had a Russian team
whose members are not understand each other
and even get to fistic battle.
These contradictions are compounded during the missions themselves.
Anyone who thinks otherwise lying.
To make it interesting
and Russian astronauts had firearms on board.
This "precautionary measure was taken by the way after landing in 1965.
The ground crew in the forests of Siberia and spent three days there.
Be protect wolves.
After this mission, the Soviets decided to put a gun
in each capsule in the case that the incident is repeated.
Rumors abound that there are already weapons and escape capsules.
Nobody gives official information weapons in space.
And the danger of weapons on board is not associated with the scandal.
There is a case in which the shuttle It has a cargo specialist.
The experiment, which is preparing all his life, not
and began to speak suicide.
Necessary for other members crew on duty at the Hatch
to protect him and themselves.
After all the lessons for space travels we have learned
is clear - nothing can save us 100 percent of future disasters.
Before expanding the space flight, must accept the fact
there are many risks and dangers.
You will have to control risks
requires a sound technical and good governance.
However, disaster there's probably something else
in the study of space.
I think we've built Research style.
Flair to conclusions, that is useful for the development of our
because we find new places of settlement.
Besides, I think in our nature is the desire
know what is unknown and if possible go there.
A thrill of being first man testing a new territory
is simply fantastic.
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