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二次大战全彩实录
山雨欲来
1939年9月1日
September 1st 1939, German troops thrust deep
德军强行进入波兰
into Poland to win a swift and absolute victory.
赢得迅速而且绝对的胜利
仅仅在20年前
Barely 20 years earlier, their forefathers had also been
他们的先人也在行军
on the march, but back into their
只不过这支军队是因为战败而返回家乡
homeland as a defeated army.
In November 1918, after four years of World War One,
1918年11月 第一次世界大战爆发四年之后
Germany's Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II,
德意志皇帝威廉二世被迫退位
had been forced to abdicate.
His armies were being ground down by a remorseless
他的军队面对英法美国联军残酷的攻势
offensive by British, French and US troops.
溃不成军
His people faced starvation.
他的人民眼看就要饿死
不过一个危险的神话正在扎根
But already a dangerous myth was taking root.
The German generals and troops claimed that they
德军将领和军方宣称 他们在战场上并没有输
hadn't been defeated in battle,
but betrayed by their own cowardly politicians.
而是被国内懦弱的政客背叛
即使如此 1918年11月11日早上11点
Even so, at 11 in the morning on November 11th 1918,
the 11th hour of the 11th day of the
就在11月11日11点
11th month, World War One came to an end.
第一次世界大战结束了
接着12月 美国总统伍德罗威尔森来到欧洲
The following month, President Woodrow Wilson
of the United States arrived in Europe
promising to create a new world order.
承诺要建立世界新秩序
He persuaded the world's leaders
他说服世界各国领袖成立国际联盟
to sign up to a new League of Nations.
At the Treaty of Versailles, they agreed that from now on
在凡尔赛和约中，他们同意从今以后
disputes between countries would be resolved
任何国家之间的争端不应该诉诸武力
not by fighting, but by debate in the League.
而要透过国联来协商
The peoples of Europe were set free.
欧洲的人民获得自由
And Germany's ally, the Austro Hungarian
德国的同盟 奥匈帝国瓦解
empire, was dismembered.
并且分别建立新国家
Out of it, new nations were created.
像是奥地利，波兰，匈牙利
Austria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
捷克斯拉夫，南斯拉夫
Yugoslavia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.
拉脱维亚 立陶宛及爱沙尼亚
Germany itself was greatly reduced in size.
德国的领土则是大为缩减
不过这样的过程 埋下了一颗定时炸弹
But this process contained a time bomb.
Not everyone celebrated the birth
并不是所有人都庆祝新国家的诞生 例如捷克斯拉夫
of countries like Czechoslovakia.
其中九个国家 包含为数不少的德裔族群
Several of them contained substantial German minorities.
想要重新一统德意志民族的企图心
One day the desire to reunite the
German peoples would come to haunt Europe.
总有一天会再度困扰欧洲
历经战火摧残的德国人民 还得承受最后一个侮辱
The war torn German people also had
one final indignity inflicted on them.
They were forced to pay a massive 6.6 billion Pounds
他们被迫偿付66亿英镑的巨额赔款给英法两国
in reparations to France and Britain,
但是他们根本偿还不起
something they could ill afford.
And when he returned to America,
威尔森回到美国之后 他的世界新秩序计划立即生变
Wilson's new World order immediately fell apart.
The U.S. Congress decided it could not
美国国会决定不愿意冒险 再卷入另一场欧洲的战争
risk being sucked into another war in Europe.
所以拒绝加入国际联盟
It refused to join his League and
美国开始采取孤立主义
the U.S. withdrew into isolationism.
当时的德国也变得不同
Germany was now a very different nation.
It was still Europe's biggest country
它仍然是欧洲最大的国家
but its militaristic monarchy had gone.
但是事国主义君主政体已经瓦解 并且成为民主政体
It had become a democracy.
But its government, the so called Weimar Republic,
但是它的政府 就是所谓的威玛共和国
was soon struck by a series of hammer blows.
很快就会遭逢一连串的打击
Street battles erupted between extreme right wing
极端右派的民族主义者
和想要掀起革命的共产党员爆发街头抗争
nationalists and Communists trying start a revolution.
Then in 1923, the country was devastated by hyper inflation,
接着 在1923年 德国遭受恶性通货膨胀的冲击
which reached hundreds of per cent a month.
通膨率在一个月内爆增好几倍
Ordinary people's savings were wiped out.
一般民众的积蓄几手化为乌有
This was fertile ground for a new breed of
这大好的温床 助长了善于煽动暴民的新右派政客
rabble rousing right wing politicians.
Among them Adolf Hitler.
其中就包括希特勒
希特勒生于奥地利
Hitler had been born in Austria.
他在第一次世界大战的英勇表现
He had fought bravely as a soldier
in World War One and been awarded the Iron Cross.
让他获赠铁十字勋章
On returning to Germany he settled in Munich,
回到德国之后，他定居在慕尼黑
and his fiery oratory soon enabled him to seize
而他煽动性的演讲
让他很快控制住较小的民族社会党 也就是纳粹党
control of the small National Socialist or Nazi Party.
In October 1923, Hitler and his henchmen attempted an
在1923年10月
希特勒和他的党羽 企图对威玛政府发动武装政变
armed coup against the Weimar government.
It failed, and he was sentenced to nine months.
不过政变失败，他被判入狱九个月
在狱中，他写了一本书 叫做“我的奋斗”
In prison he wrote a book, Mein Kampf,
"My Struggle", in which he blamed
他在书中把德国的困境 怪罪到犹太人身上
Germany's ills on the Jews
and demanded that it rebuild its strength
并且主张重建德国军力 朝东方扩张领土
and seek new territories in the east.
出狱之后 他开始把纳粹党打造成有纪律的政党
On his release, he set about building the Nazis
into a proper, disciplined political party.
自此之后 他要利用民主制度争夺权力
From now on, he would use the democratic
system to achieve power.
但是接下来的五年 威玛德国经济繁荣
But for the next five years, Weimar Germany prospered.
让极端政党，不管是左派还是右派，支持率不断下滑
Support for extremist parties, left and right, dwindled.
不过突然间，希特勒的机会来了
Then suddenly, Hitler's opportunity arrived.
1929年10月，美国股市崩盘
In October 1929, the US stock market crashed.
损失超过数十亿美元
Billions of dollars were lost and an
经济萧条横扫全世界
economic depression swept across the world.
德国有超过六百万人失业
Unemployment in Germany soared to over six million.
Only extremist politicians seemed to offer a solution.
看似只有极端政客才有办法解决
Politicians like Hitler.
就像是希特勒这样的政客
到了1931年 纳粹党成为真正的群众运动
By 1931, his Nazis were a true mass movement.
旗下甚至拥有一支褐衫军
And they had their own brownshirted thugs,
the SA stormtroops who numbered almost three million.
就是所谓的“突击队”
队员几乎有三百万人
在1932年的大选 纳粹党成为德国国会的第一大党
In the 1932 elections, the Nazis became the
largest party in Germany's parliament, the Reichstag.
But Hitler refused to join a coalition,
但是希特勒拒绝加入联合政府 导致国会瘫痪
leaving parliament paralysed.
To break the impasse, President Hindenburg made
为了打破僵局
兴登堡总统在1989年1月任命他担任总理
him Chancellor in January 1933, head of the government.
成为政府领导人
不到一个月，国会大厦被烧毁
Within a month, the Reichstag burned down.
希特勒指控是共产党所为 要求颁布紧急命令
Hitler accused the communists and demanded emergency powers.
然后他利用这项命令 禁止其他政党的活动
He then used them to ban all other political parties.
1934年8月，兴登堡总统辞世
In August 1934 President Hindenburg died.
希特勒任命自己为总统
Hitler declared himself President.
He was now absolute leader, the Fuehrer, of Germany.
如今他成为德国货真价实的元首
胜利万岁 万岁
起初 希特勒并没有表现出他的野心
At first there was little sign of what was to come.
For the next three years the Fuehrer
成为元首的头三年
concentrated on rebuilding Germany's economy.
他全身心投入到重建德国经济中
大量财政支出用于兴建公共工程
He spent millions on public works, including the 5,000 mile
其中包括里程达8000公里的高速公路网
autobahn system, to soak up the unemployed.
从而吸纳了大量失业人员
不过在此期间
But, in secret Hitler was also spending
希特勒也在暗地里斥巨资重整军备
lavishly on a huge rearmament programme.
根据《凡尔赛条约》
Under the Versailles Treaty, the German army
德国陆军规模不得超过10万人
had been limited to 100,000 men.
同时禁止发展空军 坦克和潜艇
The country was forbidden to have
an air force, tanks or submarines.
将陆军规模扩大两倍后
This small army was trebled in size.
希特勒在1935年 公开了重整军备的计划
Then in 1935, Hitler came out into the open.
全新的德国空军 拥有2500架飞机
He unveiled a brand new air force, the Luftwaffe.
It had 2,500 planes, far more than Britain or France.
数量远超英法
随着失业率大幅下降
Unemployment plunged, and the Nazis
纳粹党获得了民众的广泛支持
became enormously popular.
此后 希特勒开始了他的第一次扩张行动
Now emboldened, the Fuehrer made
his first expansionist move.
一战后 德法边境上的萨尔地区划归国际联盟管辖
In 1935, he reoccupied the Saarland district
on the French border, after it voted to return
1935年 经过全民投票 这一地区重归德国
from League of Nations' to German rule.
A year later he sent German troops into the Rhineland,
一年后 希特勒派兵进入莱茵非军事区
根据《凡尔赛条约》
part of Germany which had been demilitarized at Versailles.
德国禁止在这一区域驻军设防
当时许多人认为 希特勒只是在收回原来就属于德国的领土
At the time, many felt that Hitler was only
claiming back what was rightfully Germany's.
因此 无论是英国还是法国 都没有反对
Neither Britain nor France objected.
在德国柏林举办的1936年夏季奥运会上
When Berlin hosted the 1936 Olympic games,
the Nazis were seen by many as
纳粹党给许多人留下的印象是
firm but fair, a government which
这届政府正在努力恢复民族自豪感
was restoring the nation's pride,
and which didn't threaten anyone.
没有对任何国家构成威胁
事实上 希特勒的意图还是有迹可循的
Of course there were signs.
1935年通过的《纽伦堡法案》
The 1935 Nuremberg Laws, forbade Jews to marry true
禁止犹太人与纯正的德国雅利人通婚
Aryan Germans and deprived them of their citizenship.
并剥夺了犹太人的公民身份
然而 对世界和平的威胁
But when the first threats came to world peace,
最初并非来自希特勒
they didn't come from Hitler at all,
而是世界上另一个地方
but from somewhere else entirely.
日本在20世纪初期 已经是军事强权
Japan at the start of the 20th century
was already a military power.
It had defeated Russia in a war in 1905 and it
曾经在1905年的战争中打败俄国
并且在第一次世界大战与盟军并肩作战
had fought alongside the Allies in World War One.
After the war, Japan was an acknowledged world power,
战争结束之后，日本被视为世界强国
也加入国际联盟
and it signed up to the League of Nations.
But politically, it was a mess of contradictions.
但是在政治上，日本充满了矛盾
Nominally a democracy, the feudal
名义上虽然施行民主 但是封建势力依旧强大
tradition was still strong.
Most Japanese revered their Emperor as a living god,
and regarded him as their true leader.
And the country faced major economic problems,
日本面对严重的经济问题
its population was exploding.
人口呈现爆炸性成长
And it had no natural resources
而且没有天然资源 供给快速扩张的工业
to fuel its rapidly expanding industries.
Its leaders needed solutions and
日本领导人亟需解决之道
they saw them in Chinese Manchuria.
因此看上了中国的满洲
Manchuria was a land of rich grain fields,
满洲有肥沃广阔的麦田
with plenty of coal and minerals.
还蕴藏许多煤矿跟各种矿物
是一个再好不过的目标
It was a perfect target.
Japanese troops were already stationed there.
日本军队也已经驻扎当地
其他可能的目标
Other possible targets were the colonies ruled by the
都已经是欧洲列强的殖民地
European powers, Burma, Malaya, and Hong Kong, controlled
英国控制了缅甸，马来亚和香港
by Britain; Indo China, ruled by
法国统治了印度支那
France; and the Dutch East Indies.
荷兰则占有东印度群岛
But at this stage Japan had to be cautious.
但是在这个阶段，日本得审慎行事
It didn't want to rouse the other great power
它可不想引起太平洋上另一个强权国家的注意
in the Pacific, the United States.
那就是美国
For all its anti imperialist slogans,
尽管嘴里打着反帝国主义口号
the U.S. actually ran an unofficial empire
美国其实也在太平洋控制一个非正式的帝国
in the Pacific.
The Philippines, Guam and several
比如菲律宾，关岛和其他几个岛屿
islands were under its direct rule.
就完全直属于美国
它绝对有能力轻取日本
It undoubtedly had the strength to take on Japan,
不过 自从第一次世界大战结束之后 美国正忙着处理其他事情
but since the end of World War One,
it had had other distractions.
This was America's jazz age.
美国正处于爵士年代
Throughout the 1920s, the nation concentrated
整个1920年 美国只顾着挥霍无尽的资源
on exploiting its vast resources.
这股经济繁荣的趋势看似不会停止
There was an economic boom that seemed without end.
Fortunes were made both in industry and the stock markets.
不管是产业还是股市 财富都不断累积
America seemed lost to the increasing pursuit of pleasure.
美国似乎迷失在追求享乐的气氛中
With distractions like these, Japan's growing
由于忙得不可开交
在太平洋彼端逐渐坐大的日本 似乎事不关己
pains in the Pacific seemed very far away.
America had slashed its army after World War One,
美国在第一次世界大战之后削减兵力
and agreed a naval reduction treaty
并且和英法日等国签署了海军限武协议
with Britain, France and Japan.
This, in effect, handed naval superiority
这无疑是把太平洋的海上优势 拱手让给日本
in the Pacific to the Japanese.
And then came the Great Depression.
接着经济大萧条来袭
As the economic devastation spread,
随着经济衰退的效应扩散
a quarter of the population lost their jobs.
四分之一的美国人失业
Tens of thousands were made homeless,
成千上万的人无家可归了，只好住在贫民区
living in Shanty towns.
之前是因为享乐而无暇他顾
Whereas before it had been distracted by pleasure,
now America was distracted by pain.
如今美国则是因为痛苦而心神不宁
It was time for Japan to make her move.
现在该轮到日本采取行动了
1931年 在没有知会民选政府的情况下
In 1931, without even informing their own elected
government, the Japanese forces in Manchuria seized the
在满洲的日军占领首府沈阳
capital Mukden and then overran the rest of the territory.
之后又占领其他地区
A puppet state, Manchukuo was proclaimed
扶植傀儡政权满洲国 由傀儡领导人执政
under a puppet ruler.
他就是溥仪，清朝最后一个皇帝
Henry Pu Yi, the last emperor of China, who had been
deposed in 1911, was dragged out of retirement.
他在1911年被罢黜 如今又复辟了
At its headquarters in Geneva,
在日内瓦的总部 国际联盟如今面对第一项严峻的考验
the League of Nations now faced its first great test.
Japan was universally condemned.
日本的行径得到全世界的谴责
但是日本的反应却很直率
But her response was blunt.
然而日本认为无法接受
Japan however finds it impossible to
accept the report adopted by the assembly.
大会采纳的报告
The Japanese then just walked out,
日本代表之后马上离席
and the League suddenly realized there was
国际联盟突然发现
他们对满洲事件无能为力
nothing it could do about Manchuria.
Japan was declared an international pariah,
日本被国际唾弃，但是他们毫不在手
but it didn't care.
Its leaders had turned their eyes
它的领导人着眼在对中国更进一步的侵略行动
to further conquests, in China.
These were easy pickings, China was in a state of chaos.
而且施行起来很容易
毕竟中国现在一片混乱
The government of Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek
蒋介石领导的国民政府
was locked in conflict with the Chinese
正与毛泽东领导的共产党发生冲突
communist party under Mao Tse Tung.
There was civil war.
中国爆发内战
1936年，就在大举侵华的前夕
In 1936, as a precursor to invasion,
the Japanese signed a pact with Hitler.
日本跟希特勒签署协议
目的是要在进军中国的同时
The aim was to guard against any attack
by Soviet Russia, were it to move on China.
不会受到苏俄的牵制
Then, in July 1937 the Japanese provoked an
接着在1937年7月
日军发动事变挑衅中国军队
incident with Chinese troops and invaded.
之后大举入侵
At first the Chinese were taken by surprise.
中国一开始措手不及
But they soon fought back fiercely,
但是他们立刻猛烈反击
the Communists even joining the
共产党甚至加入国民党组成统一战线
Kuomintang in a united front.
The Japanese responded with amphibious landings.
日军则派出两栖部队增援
By the end of 1937 they had
到了1937年底 日军已经占领大半个华北与沿海地区
overrun much of northern China and the coast.
侵华日军无所不军其极
The Japanese fought this war with exceptional brutality,
对城市实施战略轰炸
bombing cities indiscriminately.
生活在上海商业中心的西方人 已经撤离了
Westerners living in the commercial centre,
the port of Shanghai, were now evacuated.
这座城市被围困了三个月
The city was then besieged for three months.
上海变得满目疮痍
It suffered widespread damage, the Japanese forces
日军惨无人道
showing no pity or concern for the native population.
平民伤亡惨重
1937年12月13日 中国首都南京陷落
But it was after the capture of Nanking,
then the Chinese capital, on December the 17th, 1937
that the Japanese forces really ran amok.
日军此后犯下了屠杀 强奸 纵火
以及抢劫等惨无人道的战争罪行
Over 300,000 civilians are estimated to have been massacred
在长达6周的大规模杀戮中
during a six week orgy of rape and indiscriminate killing.
有超过30万中国军民遇难
The Japanese even attacked British and U.S. warships which
日军还对保护本国商船的英美战舰发动攻击
had been sent to protect their shipping and trade.
伤亡最大的一次攻击事件
The worst incident came on December the 12th 1937.
发生在1937年12月12日
The American gunboat Panay was sunk
美国炮舰帕奈号被日军击沉
by Japanese bombers, 50 crewmen died.
50名船员遇难
尽管如此 西方列强还是拒绝介入
Despite this, the Western powers refused to intervene.
So the League of Nations could do nothing.
所以国际联盟对此无能为力
In the United States President Roosevelt
在美国 罗斯福总统想对日本施行海上封锁
wanted to impose a naval blockade of Japan.
局势已经很明显
It has become clear that acts
在世界的另一方 其他国家的行动呢
and policies of nations in other parts of the world
have far reaching effects on us.
已经对我们产生深远影响
But the British would have none of it,
但是英国不赞同 担心会挑起一场大战
fearing that it might provoke a war.
所以罗斯福总统只提供2千5百万的贷款
So, all Roosevelt could offer was a $25 million
给蒋介石添置武器
loan to Chiang Kai Shek to buy arms.
即使共产党现在与国民党并肩作战
Even though the Communists were
now fighting alongside the Kuomintang,
苏联也没有帮上什么忙
the Soviet Union did little to help either.
唯一的动作 只是在满洲的边境有零星的冲突
Its only involvement was a series of clashes
along its own border with Manchuria.
中国没有得到任何外援
But China itself received nothing.
只能孤军奋战
Instead it had to fight on alone.
During 1938, the Japanese overran Canton, and pushed
1938年间 日军占领广东
把中国军队赶往西部地区
the Chinese forces deeper into the west of the country.
国际联盟浮夸的外交辞令
All the rhetoric of the League of Nations,
all those promises to stop international
以及所有阻止国际侵略的承诺
aggression had come to nothing.
都是空口说白话
And by now the Western powers were
这时西方列强本身也面临侵略的危机
facing aggression much closer to home.
今日要把墨索里尼当成笑话很容易
Today, it is easy to laugh at Benito Mussolini,
the fascist dictator of Italy.
他是意大利的法西斯独裁者
All that posturing seems faintly ridiculous now.
现在这些姿态看起来很可笑
但是在1922年 可不是这么一回事
But it didn't seem that way in 1922.
当时意大利似乎快变成无政府状态
Back then, Italy had seemed to be on the edge of anarchy.
全国到处都有罢工和抢夺土地的事件
The country was riven by strikes and land seizures.
The democratic government, just as in Germany,
这个民主政府就跟德国一样 对于动乱无能为力
seemed powerless in the face of such unrest.
因此墨索里尼 这位退伍军人兼记者
So Benito Mussolini, a war veteran
and a journalist, decided to take a stand.
决定采取行动
他成立了一个右翼民族主义党 又叫做法西斯党
He organised a right wing nationalist party, the Fascists.
在1922年8月 意大利因为全国大罢工而瘫痪
With the country paralysed by a general strike in August
1922, Mussolini ordered his followers to march on Rome.
墨索里尼要求支持者在罗马街头游行
由于担心爆发内战
Fearing a civil war, Italy's king,
意大利国王维克托伊曼纽尔请他组阁
Victor Emmanuel, asked him to form a government.
Mussolini swiftly stamped out any political opposition,
墨索里尼迅速扫荡在政治上的反对势力
and assumed dictatorial powers.
建立独裁统治
到了1928年 他的地位似乎已经稳固
By 1928, his position seemed secure.
Parliament was appointed rather than elected, and all power
国会不再经过选举而是直接任命
所有时权力 都被大法西斯议事会紧紧抓在手中
was firmly in the hands of the Fascist Grand Council.
Like Hitler, Mussolini's first
如同希特勒 墨索里尼早期的作为让他备受爱戴
acts made him immensely popular.
Massive programmes of public works provided
众多的公共工程提供就业机会
employment and transformed Italy's infrastructure.
并且改变了意大利的基础建设
彻底根除贪腐，黑手党势力也被歼灭
Corruption was rooted out and the
Mafia more or less eliminated.
Italy's armed forces were built up,
意大利的武装部队逐渐增强
including an advanced, modern air force.
包括先进的现代化空军
在地中海 墨索里尼建立强大的海军
In the Mediterranean, Mussolini launched a powerful navy,
bigger than the combined might of the
比英国和法国地中海舰队合并的战力还要优越
British and French Mediterranean fleets.
经济大萧条发生的时候 意大利似乎比其他国家禁得住打击
When the Great Depression came,
Italy seemed to weather it better than most.
墨索里尼成为全世界效法对象
Mussolini became a source of worldwide inspiration.
Political leaders, not least Adolf Hitler in Germany,
各国的政治领袖 特别是德国的希特勒
saw the Fascist system as a role model,
把法西斯主义当成楷模
strong and purposeful in contrast to the weakness
认为它有力又果决
相比较之下 英法的民主制度显得软弱无力
of the democracies in Britain and France.
但是墨索里尼要的不仅是奉承
But Mussolini wanted more than adulation.
He wanted to recreate the Roman empire.
他想重建罗马帝国
他心中已经有了第一个侵占的目标
And he already had a target in mind
for his first imperial land grab.
His target was Abyssinia, today's Ethiopia.
他的目标是阿比西尼亚
也就是今天的衣索比亚
Italy already had colonies on its borders
意大利已经在厄立特里亚
与意属索马利兰边境建立殖民地
in Eritrea and Italian Somaliland.
1934年12月 意军对阿比西尼亚部队挑起纷争
In December 1934, Italian forces provoked a clash
with Abyssinian troops at an oasis in the Ogaden region,
地点在欧加登地区的一处绿洲
well inside Abyssinian territory.
深入阿比西尼亚的领土
Mussolini then sent reinforcements to Eritrea
墨索里尼接着加派增援部队
进驻厄立特里亚与意属索马利兰
and Italian Somaliland, demanding
that Abyssinia pay reparations.
要求阿比西尼亚偿付赔款
The Emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Selassie appealed
阿比西尼亚皇帝海尔塞拉西亲自到国际联盟陈情
in person to the League of Nations.
He called on it to live up to its ideals.
他呼吁国际联盟实践理想
Here was a small nation under threat
如今有一个小国正被国际联盟的成员国侵略
from another member of the League.
This was the supreme test.
这是一个很大的考验
But the League did nothing.
但是国际联盟无能无力
英国外交大臣艾登 至少曾经试图促成和平协议
Britain's Foreign Minister Anthony Eden at least tried
to broker a peace deal, but Mussolini would have none of it.
但是墨索里尼不为所动
In early October 1935 the Italian army invaded
1935年10月初
意大利军队从厄立特里亚与意属索马利兰大举入侵
from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland.
The primitive Abyssinian forces stood little chance
阿比西尼亚根本无力招架
配备火炮和坦克的意大利现代化军队
against a modern army equipped with artillery and tanks.
The Italian air force had total command of the air,
意大利空军完全享有制空权
and harried the Abyssinians.
不断空袭阿比西尼亚
偶尔还会投下毒气弹
On occasions dropping gas bombs even though gas had been
而毒气弹早在凡尔赛和约中被禁用
outlawed at Versailles as a "crime against humanity".
因为这是有违人道的罪行
After six months, Abyssinia was completely overrun.
六个月之后 阿比西尼亚被全面占领
皇帝海尔塞拉西流亡到英国
The Emperor Haile Selassie fled into exile in Britain.
From its headquarters in Switzerland,
国际联盟位于瑞士的总部 虽然焦虑却无计可施
the League of Nations wrung its hands.
It did impose economic sanctions,
他们的确进行经济制裁
but they had little effect.
但是成效不彰
Mussolini's aggression had revealed two things.
墨索里尼的侵略揭露了两件事
身为和平希望的国际联盟 根本起不了作用
The League of Nations, that great
hope for peace, was impotent.
And both Europe's supposed major powers,
而欧洲的主要强权
两大民主政体英国和法国 根本不想参战
the democracies Britain and France,
no longer had the stomach for a fight.
Both Britain and France had been shattered by World War One
英法两国 都在第一次世界大战受到重创
and their economies had never really recovered.
而且经济也还没有真正复苏
Both had witnessed waves of strikes and unrest.
两国都面临一波又一波的罢工与动乱
Both had suffered mass unemployment
两国都有非常高的失业率
even before the Great Depression.
而且早在发生大萧条前就开始
Both also faced the cost of controlling empires,
他们也都面临统治帝国 而日益增加的成本
now swollen by taking on Germany's former colonies
像是接收之前属于德国的殖民地
and the Middle Eastern territories
还有曾被鄂图曼土耳其帝国统治的中东地区
once run by the Turkish Ottoman empire.
And above all, both had been traumatised
最重要的是 两国在第一次世界大战的伤亡惨重
by the horrific casualties of World War One.
A succession of British leaders, Lloyd George,
英国历任领导人
劳合乔治，麦克唐纳，特别是的德温
Ramsay Macdonald and above all Stanley Baldwin,
all resolved to keep Britain out of future conflicts.
都誓言不再让英国卷入战争
Despite horrific casualties on the Western Front,
尽管在西方战线的伤亡惨重
Britain had ended World War One with
第一次大战结束之后 英国依然拥有强大有效率的征召军队
a large and very effective conscript army.
This was immediately run down to a small professional
之后立刻缩编为小型的专业部队
force designed to police its sprawling empire.
特别用来维持帝国各区的治安
And when the Great Depression struck,
当经济大萧条来袭
any ideas of modernising the army were abandoned.
军队现代化的构想也被放弃
It meant that Britain went into the run up
意味着英国在战事逼近之初
to war economically and militarily weak.
经济和军事上都很脆弱
法国在第一次世界大战受到的创伤 比英国更严重
French losses during World War One
had been even worse than the British.
因为不信任德国人 法国依旧维持征兵制度
Ever mistrustful of the Germans,
a large conscript army was maintained,
but throughout the 1920s,
但是1920年代，法国出生率下降
France's birth rate had declined.
可以想见在1930年代后半叶
It became clear that there would be a
manpower shortage by the mid to late 1930s.
法国会面临劳动力短缺
France realised it could never compete with
法国发现光靠这种规模的军队 没有办法跟德国抗衡
Germany on the size of its army alone.
解决方法是完全采取防御策略
The solution was to adopt an entirely defensive mentality.
马其诺防线是一连串防御工事
The Maginot Line, a series of fortifications was begun
在1930年开始沿着德国边境兴建
in 1930 along the frontier with Germany
and ran as far as the Belgian border.
一路延伸到比利时边境
理论上可以和比利时的防御工事互相连接
There it theoretically linked up with
fortifications planned by the Belgians.
法国这项新的军事策略 意味着法国只能采取防御战
This new French military approach meant that France
was only capable of waging a defensive war.
It just did not have the ability to launch an attack
根本没有能力对意大利发动攻击
on Italy, even if the British had had the troops to help.
即使英国派兵援助也一样
And of course, both countries knew that their navies in the
而且两国都心知肚明
他们在地中海部署的海军
Mediterranean were outnumbered by Mussolini's new fleet.
在数量上远远比不上墨索里尼的新式舰队
所以当意大利占领了阿比西尼亚
So when Italy conquered Abyssinia,
it made sense for both powers to do nothing.
两大强权当然也不可能出面干涉
It just seemed too remote.
感觉似乎太遥远，太复杂
Too much someone else's problem.
跟自己没什么关系
现在英法都得面对大萧条造成的创伤
By now they both had to deal with
all the traumas of the Great Depression.
That seemed so much more pressing.
这件事情似乎重要多了
And above all, they were now faced with a
更重要的 是它们正面临愈来愈逼近的军事威胁
military threat far closer to home.
德国正在复苏并重整兵力
A resurgent and rearming Germany.
德国与意大利的军力 很快就有机会展现
And Germany's power and that of Italy too,
was soon about to be demonstrated.
它们会支持另一个新兴的独裁者
In supporting the rise of another dictator, in Spain.
就在西班牙
1936年西班牙爆发内战
In 1936, civil war erupted in Spain.
情况可以说残酷至极
It was exceptionally vicious, setting family against family,
让家人之间反目成仇
communist against fascist, believers against atheists.
共产党反对法西斯主义 信徒反对无神论者
1931年左翼政府取得政权
In 1931, a left wing government had come to power determined
决意要废止历史悠久的西班牙王室
to get rid of the centuries old Spanish monarchy.
The king was forced into exile and a republic was declared.
国王被迫流亡，共和政体建立
1936年2月 左翼各政党组成人民阵线
In February 1936, the parties of the left combined in a
Popular Front to take on the forces
在全国大选中跟右派势力较量
of the right in a general election.
人民阵线险胜
The Popular Front won narrowly.
尽管改革计划很温和
Even though its reform programme was modest,
但是一波又一波的罢工与土地抢夺事件
the wave of strikes and land seizures led the right
让右派担心 共产党的掌权将无法避免
to fear that a communist takeover was inevitable.
Within the Spanish army, long a bastion of conservative
西班牙军队长久以来思想守旧 受天主教影响很深
and Catholic thinking, senior officers began
资深军官开始商讨政变的可行性
to consider the possibility of a coup.
Among them was General Francisco Franco,
弗朗西斯佛朗哥将军就是其中之一
他是前任参谋总长
a former chief of staff who had been effectively exiled
曾经被外派到加纳利群岛指挥西班牙的军队
to command Spain's forces in the Canary Islands.
1936年7月17日
On July 17th 1936, the units of the army fighting
在摩洛哥西班牙殖民地
guerrillas in Spain's colony in Morocco mutinied.
负责弥平游击队的陆军部队发动叛变
第二天，佛朗哥将军前往加入他们
The next day Franco flew to join them,
proclaiming a new Nationalist movement which
发起一项新的民族运动
声称要把西班牙从共党手中拯救出来
would save Spain from communism.
Mainland garrisons now joined this revolt.
西班牙本土军队也起而响应
人民阵线的反应 是招募志愿军保卫共和国
The Popular Front responded by calling
for volunteers to defend the republic.
双方就此画下战线
Battle lines had been drawn.
佛朗哥将军一开始就面临问题
At first, Franco faced problems.
他跟旗下部队这个时候都在北非
He and his army were in North Africa and he had
to get across the straits of Gibraltar back to Spain.
他必须穿越直布罗陀海峡回到西班牙
因此他向一个可能帮忙的盟友求助
So he turned to the one person he thought might help.
那就是阿道夫希特勒
Adolf Hitler.
Within a month, transport aircraft from Hitler's
在一个月内 希特勒新组成的德国空军
new Luftwaffe had begun an air lift,
派出运输机开始空运
taking Franco's battle hardened
把佛朗哥骁勇善战的资深军队送到西班牙南部
veterans over to southern Spain.
在这个阶段 共和国似乎仍然占有优势
At this stage, the Republic still
seemed to have the advantage.
在马德里和巴塞隆纳
The pro Franco military uprisings in Madrid
起义支持佛朗哥军队的事件 很快就被弥平
and Barcelona, were quickly crushed leaving it
让他们只能控制西班牙东部地区
in control of most of the east of the country.
支持佛朗哥的民族主义者
Franco's Nationalists were confined largely
大多被局限在西北部跟南部地区
to the north west and part of the south.
但是民族主义者的处境很快就会改变
But the Nationalist situation was transformed when Hitler
因为希特勒和墨索里尼 开始派遣部队与武器进驻
and Mussolini started to pour in troops and weapons.
希特勒想利用这个机会
The German dictator seized the opportunity to test his
检验军队的建设成果和新式装备的威力
new equipment and expanding armed forces.
于是派出了一批坦克和大约12000名士兵
The first Panzer tanks were sent
along with some 12,000 troops.
德国空军还派出了
And the Luftwaffe deployed its Condor Legion with
装备有新式轰炸机和战斗机的秃鹰军团
its ultra modern new bombers and fighters.
Mussolini sent a so called volunteer corps
墨索里尼则派出了50000名士兵和700多架飞机
of 50,000 men and more than 700 aircraft.
In vain did the Republicans appeal to Britain,
共和政府向英法及苏联三国寻求援助 都没有结果
France and the Soviet Union for help.
But London and Paris were scared
伦敦与巴黎都担心会引发欧洲战争
of setting off a European war.
They declared a policy of non intervention.
所以他们采取不干预政策
Cynically, both Germany and Italy signed up to this.
讽刺的是 德国和意大利也同意这项政策
But when it became obvious that they were still sending
但是后来外界发现 他们持续向民族主义者提供军备之后
arms to the Nationalists, Josef Stalin, the Soviet leader,
苏联领导人斯大林宣布要援助共和政府
announced that he would help the Republic.
Stalin's worry was the rise of Fascism in Germany.
斯大林担心 德国的法西斯主义会日益壮大
Hitler had made it abundantly clear that he believed
希特勒曾说得很清楚
他相信共产主义是纳粹主义最大的敌人
communism to be Nazism's ultimate enemy.
Stalin saw the Spanish conflict as a way of keeping
斯大林认为西班牙的动乱
可以让德意两国忙得不可开交
Germany and Italy occupied while building up
藉此建立苏联军队的武力
the Soviet Union's military strength.
About 700 military advisers were sent
所以他派出大约700名军事顾问
along with tanks and fighter aircraft.
还有战车和战斗机前往支持
It was something, but no match for
虽然为数不少 但是比不上佛朗哥得到的支持
the support Franco had received.
事实上，共和政府最大的外来援助并不是来自任何一个国家
In fact the largest source of outside help for the Republic
didn't come from a country at all but
而是志愿者组成的国际志愿军
from volunteers, the International Brigades.
About 30,000 left wing Americans, British, French
大约三万名左翼的美国
英国，法国以及德国人都前往西班牙支持
and Germans signed up to fight in Spain.
With their new Fascist support, the Nationalists were
有了法西斯的支持
民族主义者得以打开两大战线
able to open two fronts, one advancing
一边从北部向巴塞隆纳进军
towards Barcelona from the North.
The other led by Franco pushing
另一边由佛朗哥领军 从南部向马德里逼近
up towards Madrid from the south.
By the end of 1936, Madrid was enveloped
1936年底，马德里遭到三面夹攻
on three sides and virtually under siege.
可以说被完全包围
战斗异常激烈
The fighting was intense and often accompanied
常常出现针对平民的暴行
by appalling atrocities against civilians.
The Republicans hunted down and
左翼人士加害天主教教士
murdered Roman Catholic priests.
The Nationalists slaughtered anyone
叛军对试图反抗的平民大开杀戒
accused of being communist.
德意空军不加选择地攻击民用目标
German and Italian air power was used
indiscriminately against civilian targets.
马德里遭到狂轰滥炸
Madrid was heavily bombed, but the worst incident came
而后果最严重的轰炸 发生在1937年4月
in April 1937, when the Basque town of Guernica was
中北部城镇格尔尼卡 几乎被夷为平地
virtually obliterated with 6,000 civilian deaths.
6000多平民遇难
西班牙共和国政府控制的地区 不断被摧毁
The area controlled by the Republic
was steadily ground down.
It's forces fought with great gallantry, but under trained
尽管共和军作战英勇
但缺乏训练 装备落后
and under equipped amateurs were no match for the
很难和佛朗哥手下的职业军人
professional soldiers led by Franco or for the
和德意的现代化武器抗衡
combined modern weaponry of Italy and Germany.
随着战事拖延
As the war dragged on, the fighting around Madrid became
在马德里周边作战已经成为左派意志的展现
a symbol of the left's determination not
一心不让自己被法西斯独裁主义者击垮
to be crushed by a Fascist dictatorship.
但是在幕后，共和联盟分崩离析
But behind the scenes, the Republican
alliance was falling apart.
共产党和社会主义者都想要赢得军事胜利
The communists and socialists wanted to
concentrate on winning a military victory.
但是怀抱理想主义的无政府主义者和工团主义者
But the more idealistic anarchists and syndicalists
saw the war as an opportunity for a
认为这场战争是发动大规模工人革命的大好机会
mass revolution by the workers.
彼此之间的歧见 终于在1937年5月爆发
These disagreements burst out into the open in May 1937.
Fighting broke out in Barcelona
无政府主义者和共产主义者在巴塞隆纳爆发冲突
between the anarchists and communists.
It was a fatal weakening of the Republican cause.
这对共和政府的努力来说 是致命的打击
到了1938年底
By the end of 1938,
民族主义阵营已经把敌军逼到巴塞隆纳附近一处孤立的小区域
the Nationalists had penned their enemy
into a small enclave around Barcelona,
另一边则由马德里向东推进到海岸
and another stretching eastward from Madrid to the coast.
马德里死守城池
Madrid continued to hold out, but the
但是国际志愿军已经撤退
international brigades were withdrawn.
愈来愈多国家开始承认佛朗哥的政府
More and more nations began to recognise Franco's government
as his forces closed in for the final assault on Madrid.
因为他的兵力已经逼近 并且要给马德里最后一击
1939年3月底
At the end of March 1939, its defenders exhausted
战争爆发将近三年之后
after nearly three years of fighting,
the capital finally surrendered.
马德里终于投降了
A month later, Franco formally declared
一个月之后 佛朗哥正式宣告内战结束
hostilities at an end.
西班牙内战结束后
The scars of Spain's civil war took years to heal
欧洲的政治关系和战略格局 发生了重大变化
and, in some ways, they never have.
就国际而言
And internationally, Franco's victory
佛朗哥向共和国夺权的胜利 无疑是一场大灾难
over the Republic proved a disaster.
希特勒和墨索里尼开始深信
Hitler and Mussolini were confirmed in their
belief that the democracies of Britain and France
施行民主制度的英法两国 根本无力抵抗任何压力
were impotent to resist any real pressure.
而斯大林则对英法两国
While Stalin despaired of their
不愿与法西斯主义对抗的态度 感到失望
willingness to confront Fascism.
在希特勒看来
Hitler in particular saw his way open to begin
他在《我的奋斗》一书中提出的政治目标
the aggressive policies outlined in Mein Kampf.
大有希望实现
在西班牙内战结束之前 他就做好了准备
Even before the Spanish civil war
ended his armies were on the march.
From the moment he became Chancellor of Germany
自从1933年1月30日 他成为德国总理的那天起
on January 30th 1933, Hitler had begun to put his
希特勒开始把长远的野心付诸实现
long term ambitions into action.
在2月3日，他对高层指挥官说
On February the 3rd he told his top commanders that
他终极的目标是要征服东方的领土
his ultimate aim was "to conquer territory in the"
"east and ruthlessly Germanise it".
并且无情地加以德意志化
They were instructed to prepare for a massive expansion.
指挥官接获命令，准备大规模扩张
虽然德国禁用坦克
Although Germany had been forbidden tanks, a secret treaty
但是在1921年与苏联签订的秘密条约中
with the Soviet Union in 1923, had allowed the
允许德国可以研发设计 并且实验新型的机动装甲战车
development of tank designs and experimentation
with new mobile armoured tactics.
精力充沛的年轻德国军官 像是海因兹古德瑞恩
Energetic young German officers like Heinz Guderian
read the theories of British thinkers like
饱读英国思想家的理论
Basil Liddell Hart and Colonel John Fuller.
包括李德尔哈特和富勒
他们甚至在1920年到英国沙利斯柏立平原观摩英军演习
They even watched exercises being carried out by
the British during the 1920s on Salisbury Plain.
而且从观摩中想出快速移动部队的点子
It was from these that they came up with the idea
of fast moving units combining tanks artillery and infantry
结合战车，火炮和步兵
that could thrust fast and deep into enemy territory.
可以快速推进，深入敌人领土
Hitler adopted their ideas with enthusiasm,
希特勒欣喜地采用这些构想
the new army was to have three Panzer divisions.
这支新军队会有三个装甲师
同样地，德国全新的空军
Similarly, the new air force, the Luftwaffe,
在第一次世界大战将领赫尔曼戈林指挥下
under former World War One fighter ace Hermann Goering,
had had a framework to build on.
也在既有的架构上增强实力
这些年来，德国空军虽然被明令禁止
Throughout the years in which its air force was
officially banned, Germany had kept up its design
但是德国人依然藉由打造民航机巩固设计技术
skills by building civilian machines.
And gliding and flying clubs provided
滑翔机与飞行俱乐部 也成为空军的后备兵力
a reserve of potential aircrew.
Hitler revealed the existence of
希特勒在1935年3月 向世人展示德国空军的实力
the Luftwaffe in March 1935.
He then announced that the army was to be increased to
他随即宣布要把兵力增加到30万人
300,000 men and conscription was reintroduced.
并且重新恢复征兵制
对德国公然违反《凡尔赛条约》的行径
Britain and France protested feebly at this
flagrant breach of the Versailles Treaty.
英国和法国只是提出无力的抗议
不过在不久后 英法也开始重整军备
But soon they reluctantly and slowly began to rearm.
直到这个时候 希特勒的目标还不算激进
Until this point, Hitler had been modest in his goals.
He had only taken back what was his,
他只要拿回德国的属地 莱茵兰和萨尔
the Rhineland and Saarland.
但是现在他有了更远大目标
But now he had a grander target in mind.
他的故乡，奥地利
His homeland Austria.
1934年，奥地利纳粹党企图夺权
In 1934, Austrian Nazis had attempted to seize
power and unify the country with Germany.
与德国统一
Austrians, after all spoke German, even if they
毕竟奥地利人说的是德语
尽管奥地利从来不是德国的领土
had never been part of a German state.
1938年2月 又破获另一个纳粹叛乱阴谋
In February 1938, another Nazi plot was discovered.
奥地利总理舒施尼格向希特勒抗议
Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg
protested to Hitler.
希特勒的回应是要求奥地利公平对待纳粹党
Hitler responded by demanding that Austria stop mistreating
the Austrian Nazis and unite with Germany.
并且与德国统一
Schuschnigg promptly called a referendum so that
舒施尼格很快地宣布举行公投
让奥地利人投票决定是否要维持独立
the Austrians could vote on whether to remain independent.
1938年3月12日 在公投的前夕
But on March 12th 1938, the eve of the referendum, Hitler,
由于希特勒担心会造成不良的后果
fearing that it might produce the wrong result,
而派兵进入奥地利
sent in his troops.
出乎意料之外 他们大受同情纳粹党人的欢迎
Complete surprise and an enthusiastic welcome
by Nazi sympathisers made it a bloodless invasion.
让这次行动成为不流血的入侵
几小时之内，希特勒就宣布奥地利并入第三帝国
Within hours Hitler announced Austria's
incorporation into the Third Reich.
A sovereign nation had for the first time,
这是第一次有主权国家被大德国统治
been subsumed into a greater Germany.
而西方民主政权又再一次的没有任何反应
Once again the western democracies failed to react.
1938年的夏天
In the summer of 1938 he turned
他转向下一个目标，捷克斯拉夫
on his next prey, Czechoslovakia.
A substantial German minority lived in the north west
为数不少的德裔族群
住在这个国家的西北部地区
of the country, an area known as the Sudetenland.
这个区域被称为苏台德
这些苏台德的德裔人民曾经属于奥匈帝国
These Sudeten Germans had been part of the old
Austrian empire but had been cut off when
但是在1919年捷克斯拉夫建国的时候与德国分割
Czechoslovakia was created in 1919.
这是早在签订凡尔赛和约的时候
This was the time bomb that had started ticking
at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
就开始倒数的定时炸弹
Hitler encouraged Sudeten German demands for autonomy,
希特勒鼓励苏台德的德裔人民要求自治权
and then threatened the Czech government
如果捷克政府不同意 他会以武力威胁
with force if it refused to agree.
Undaunted, the Czech government ordered
但是捷克政府不为所惧 下令动员兵力准备抵抗
general mobilisation and prepared to resist.
The Czechoslovak army was large and well equipped,
捷克军队人员众多 而且装备完善
with formidable fortifications on its frontier with Germany.
与德国边境交界的防御工事非常坚固
Hitler backed off.
希特勒只好缩手
但是就在九月初 因为担心战争即将发生
But then at the beginning of September,
concerned that war might be imminent,
the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain
英国首相张伯伦决定出面调停
decided to act as a peace maker.
He flew to meet Hitler twice.
他两度拜访希特勒
这位纳粹独夫向他保证 只要拿回苏台德
The Nazi dictator assured him that if he could
have the Sudetenland he would make no further
他就不再侵略欧洲其他领土
territorial demands in Europe.
1938年9月29日在慕尼黑
In Munich, on September 29th 1938,
with Mussolini acting as mediator, France and Britain
由墨索里尼充当中间人
英法签署协约，把苏台德归还给德国
signed an agreement giving the Sudetenland to
Germany in return for a formal declaration by
相对地 希特勒则正式宣布 他没有侵略其他国家的野心
Hitler that he had no more territorial ambitions.
Chamberlain flew back to Britain waving the piece
张伯伦飞回英国 挥舞着文件
of paper which he claimed "Guarantees peace in our time."
他宣称这张纸能够保障和平
So, on October the 1st, German troops occupied the
于是在10月10德军占领苏台德
Sudetenland and seized the Czech frontier fortifications.
并且夺取捷克边境的防御工事
Hitler now began sizing up his next target, Poland.
希特勒现在开始打量下一个目标 波兰
Again the nominal cause was a German minority
再一次拿出因为签订凡尔赛和约
而被孤立的德裔居民当作借口
marooned as a result of the Versailles Treaty.
希特勒要求归还但泽港，让德国管辖
Hitler demanded the return of the port of Danzig
to German control, so that East Prussia could be
好让东普鲁士跟德国其他地区相连
linked up with the rest of Germany.
波兰人断然拒绝 这让希特勒也犹豫了
The Poles refused, and Hitler hesitated.
He was not quite ready for all out war
他还没准备好全面开战
and he had unfinished business with Czechoslovakia.
因为跟捷克之间有些事情还没解决
1939年3月捷克东部的斯洛伐克
In March 1939, the Eastern part of the country,
Slovakia, which was ethnically different to the
当地族群跟捷克其他地区不同
Czech lands, appealed to Hitler for help
他们向希特勒请求援助并且希望独立
in achieving greater independence.
Hitler summoned the Czechoslovak prime minister Emil Hacha
希特勒请捷克总理艾弥尔哈察来到柏林
to Berlin, and browbeat him into putting
恫吓他把国家交由德国保护
his country under German "protection".
德军如今毫无阻碍地开进捷克斯拉夫的其他地区
German troops now marched into the
rest of Czechoslovakia, unopposed.
大部分的地区被并入帝国
Most of the country was annexed into the Reich.
斯洛伐克也宣布成为保护领地
Slovakia was declared a protectorate.
这是希特勒第一次夺取非德语系的领土
For the first time, Hitler had seized
non German speaking territory.
再一次 只听到英法无力的抗议
But again there was only a feeble
protest from Britain and France.
三月底，他重新要求波兰放弃但泽
At the end of March, he again repeated
his demand that Poland give up Danzig.
这一次，英法异口同声地宣布
This time France and Britain declared unequivocally that
只要他攻击波兰，英法就会宣战
they would declare war if he attacked Poland.
But by now Hitler cared little whether they did or not,
事到如今 希特勒根本不在乎英法要怎么做
he was sure that they would be weak
他认为英法两国是软弱又优柔寡断的对手
and indecisive opponents.
In Russia, Stalin had also become
在俄罗斯，斯大林愈来愈担心希特勒侵略的野心
increasingly concerned by Hitler's aggression.
所以四月 斯大林向英法提议建立联盟
In April Stalin proposed an alliance
with Britain and France.
But negotiations made little progress,
但是协商的进展不大
and finally Stalin despaired, deciding that there
最后斯大林放弃了
决定采用另一种解决方法来应付德国的威胁
was another solution to the German threat.
8月23日，苏联与第三帝国
On August the 23rd the Soviet Union and the Third Reich,
原本大家都以为是死对头的两国
who everyone had believed were sworn enemies,
announced a non aggression pact.
宣布互不侵犯条约
The agreement secretly specified that Poland would be
条约秘密规定波兰将由两国瓜分
split between the two countries and Stalin would have a
斯大林还可以自行接管爱沙尼亚
free hand to take over Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
拉脱维亚和立陶宛
Now free from any Russian threat, Hitler ordered his
如今俄国不会再是威胁
希特勒下令军队准备立即入侵
armed forces to prepare for an immediate invasion.
On the evening of August the 31st,
8月31日的傍晚，德军准备进攻
the German Wehrmacht prepared for the assault,
元首已经做出决定 要把全世界都卷进战争
its Fuehrer had made the decision
which would plunge the world into war.